RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Invigorate Program

The Company is committed to a program called Invigorate which is designed to reduce its cost structure and improve performance. Invigorate consists of several flagship programs, with structured plans in each, to drive savings and improve performance across the customer value chain. These flagship programs include: organization excellence; information technology excellence; procurement excellence; service excellence; lab excellence; and revenue services excellence. In addition to these programs, the Company identified key themes to change how it operates including reducing denials and patient concessions; further digitizing the business; standardization and automation; and optimization initiatives in the areas of lab network and patient service center network. The Invigorate program is intended to partially offset reimbursement pressures and labor and benefit cost increases; free up additional resources to invest in science, innovation and other growth initiatives; and enable the Company to improve service quality and operating profitability.

Restructuring Charges

The following table provides a summary of the Company's pre-tax restructuring charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Employee separation costs	$	6	$	—	$	13	$	(3)

The restructuring charges incurred for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily associated with various workforce reduction initiatives as the Company continued to simplify and restructure its organization. The $6 million of restructuring charges incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2020 were recorded in cost of services. Of the total restructuring charges incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, $9 million and $4 million were recorded in cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively.

The restructuring activity recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 represents a release of the liability relating to restructuring charges recorded in prior periods, which were determined to no longer be required. Of the total restructuring release recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, $(1) million and $(2) million were recorded in cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses, respectively.

Charges for all periods presented were primarily recorded in the Company's DIS business.

The restructuring liability as of both September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, was $9 million.