(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

a.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying financial statements reflect our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows on a consolidated basis. All intercompany account balances have been eliminated.

b.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and cash invested in short-term securities, which have remaining maturities at the date of purchase of less than 90 days. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

We have restricted cash associated with a collateral trust agreement with our insurance carrier related to our workers' compensation self-insurance program. The restricted cash subject to this agreement was $33,612 and $33,613 as of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, respectively, and is included in current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted cash consists primarily of U.S. Treasuries.

c.

Foreign Currency

Local currencies are the functional currencies for our operations outside the U.S., with the exception of certain foreign holding companies and our financing center in Switzerland, whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar. In those instances where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities are translated at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the applicable period. Resulting translation adjustments are reflected in the accumulated other comprehensive items, net component of Iron Mountain Incorporated Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gain or loss on foreign currency transactions, calculated as the difference between the historical exchange rate and the exchange rate at the applicable measurement date, including those related to (1) our 7¹/4% GBP Senior Subordinated Notes due 2014, (2) our 6³/4% Euro Senior Subordinated Notes due 2018, (3) the borrowings in certain foreign currencies under our revolving credit facilities and (4) certain foreign currency denominated intercompany obligations of our foreign subsidiaries to us and between our foreign subsidiaries, which are not considered permanently invested, are included in other expense (income), net, in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. The total gain or loss on foreign currency transactions amounted to a net loss of $11,761 and $9,186 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively. The total gain or loss on foreign currency transactions amounted to a net loss of $16,366 and $19,931 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively.

d.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but are reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Other than goodwill, we currently have no intangible assets that have indefinite lives and which are not amortized. Separable intangible assets that are not deemed to have indefinite lives are amortized over their useful lives. We annually assess whether a change in the life over which our intangible assets are amortized is necessary or more frequently if events or circumstances warrant.

We have selected October 1 as our annual goodwill impairment review date. We performed our most recent annual goodwill impairment review as of October 1, 2012 and noted no impairment of goodwill at such date. As of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, no factors were identified that would alter our October 1, 2012 goodwill assessment. In making this assessment, we relied on a number of factors including operating results, business plans, anticipated future cash flows, transactions and marketplace data. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and our judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. When changes occur in the composition of one or more reporting units, the goodwill is reassigned to the reporting units affected based on their relative fair values.

Our reporting units at which level we performed our goodwill impairment analysis as of October 1, 2012 were as follows: (1) North America; (2) United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Spain ("Western Europe"); (3) the remaining countries in Europe, excluding Russia and Ukraine, in which we operate ("Emerging Markets"); (4) Latin America; (5) Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore ("Asia Pacific"); and (6) India, Russia and Ukraine ("Emerging Market Joint Ventures"). As of December 31, 2012, the carrying value of goodwill, net amounted to $1,762,307, $365,303, $87,492, $56,893 and $62,764 for North America, Western Europe, Emerging Markets, Latin America and Asia Pacific, respectively. Our Emerging Market Joint Ventures reporting unit had no goodwill as of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013. Based on our goodwill impairment assessment, all of our reporting units with goodwill had estimated fair values as of October 1, 2012 that exceeded their carrying values by greater than 30%. As of June 30, 2013, the carrying value of goodwill, net amounted to $1,760,253, $349,592, $83,587, $68,483 and $55,242 for North America, Western Europe, Emerging Markets, Latin America and Asia Pacific, respectively.

Reporting unit valuations have been calculated using an income approach based on the present value of future cash flows of each reporting unit or a combined approach based on the present value of future cash flows and market and transaction multiples of revenues and earnings. The income approach incorporates many assumptions, including future growth rates, discount factors, expected capital expenditures and income tax cash flows. Changes in economic and operating conditions impacting these assumptions could result in goodwill impairments in future periods. In conjunction with our annual goodwill impairment reviews, we reconcile the sum of the valuations of all of our reporting units to our market capitalization as of such dates.

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment for the six months ended June 30, 2013 are as follows:

	North American Business			International Business			Total Consolidated

Gross Balance as of December 31, 2012	$	2,023,971		$	631,528		$	2,655,499
Deductible goodwill acquired during the year		9,821			16,560			26,381
Non-deductible goodwill acquired during the year		—			1,208			1,208
Fair value and other adjustments		191			(408	)		(217	)(1)
Currency effects		(12,696	)		(33,479	)		(46,175	)

Gross Balance as of June 30, 2013	$	2,021,287		$	615,409		$	2,636,696

Accumulated Amortization Balance as of December 31, 2012	$	261,664		$	59,076		$	320,740
Currency effects		(630	)		(571	)		(1,201	)

Accumulated Amortization Balance as of June 30, 2013	$	261,034		$	58,505		$	319,539

Net Balance as of December 31, 2012	$	1,762,307		$	572,452		$	2,334,759

Net Balance as of June 30, 2013	$	1,760,253		$	556,904		$	2,317,157

Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2012	$	85,909		$	46,500		$	132,409

Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of June 30, 2013	$	85,909		$	46,500		$	132,409

(1): Total fair value and other adjustments primarily include $(143) in adjustments to property, plant and equipment, net, customer relationships and deferred income taxes made within one year from the date of the acquisition, as well as $74 of cash received related to acquisitions made in previous years.

The components of our amortizable intangible assets as of June 30, 2013 are as follows:

	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount

Customer Relationships and Acquisition Costs	$	702,857	$	(245,147	)	$	457,710
Core Technology(1)		3,707		(3,317	)		390
Trademarks and Non-Compete Agreements(1)		5,824		(3,464	)		2,360
Deferred Financing Costs		64,140		(23,217	)		40,923

Total	$	776,528	$	(275,145	)	$	501,383

(1): Included in Other Assets, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Amortization expense associated with amortizable intangible assets (including deferred financing costs) was $9,606 and $19,207 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively. Amortization expense associated with amortizable intangible assets (including deferred financing costs) was $10,973 and $22,989 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively.

e.

Stock-Based Compensation

We record stock-based compensation expense, utilizing the straight-line method, for the cost of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and shares of stock issued under the 2003 employee stock purchase plan (together, "Employee Stock-Based Awards").

Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 was $6,317 ($5,061 after tax or $0.03 per basic and diluted share) and $16,117 ($11,908 after tax or $0.07 per basic and diluted share), respectively. Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 was $7,883 ($6,099 after tax or $0.03 per basic and diluted share) and $13,593 ($10,986 after tax or $0.06 per basic and diluted share), respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations related to continuing operations is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2012		2013		2012		2013
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	$	302	$	72	$	517	$	142
Selling, general and administrative expenses		6,015		7,811		15,600		13,451

Total stock-based compensation	$	6,317	$	7,883	$	16,117	$	13,593

The benefits associated with the tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost are required to be reported as financing activities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This requirement reduces reported operating cash flows and increases reported financing cash flows. As a result, net financing cash flows from continuing operations included $254 and $2,394 for the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013, respectively, from the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost. The tax benefit of any resulting excess tax deduction increases the Additional Paid-in Capital ("APIC") pool. Any resulting tax deficiency is deducted from the APIC pool.

Stock Options

Under our various stock option plans, options were granted with exercise prices equal to the market price of the stock on the date of grant. The majority of our options become exercisable ratably over a period of five years from the date of grant and generally have a contractual life of ten years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. Certain of the options we issue become exercisable ratably over a period of ten years from the date of grant and have a contractual life of 12 years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. As of June 30, 2013, ten-year vesting options represented 10.3% of total outstanding options. Beginning in 2011, certain of the options we issue become exercisable ratably over a period of three years from the date of grant and have a contractual life of ten years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. As of June 30, 2013, three-year vesting options represented 20.4% of total outstanding options. Our non-employee directors are considered employees for purposes of our stock option plans and stock option reporting. Options granted to our non-employee directors generally become exercisable one year from the date of grant.

The weighted average fair value of options granted for the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013 was $7.00 and $7.69 per share, respectively. These values were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used for grants in the respective period:

	Six Months Ended June 30,

Weighted Average Assumptions	2012			2013
Expected volatility		33.8	%		33.8	%
Risk-free interest rate		1.24	%		1.13	%
Expected dividend yield		3	%		3	%
Expected life		6.3 years			6.3 years

Expected volatility is calculated utilizing daily historical volatility over a period that equates to the expected life of the option. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. Expected dividend yield is considered in the option pricing model and represents our current annualized expected per share dividends over the current trade price of our common stock. The expected life (estimated period of time outstanding) of the stock options granted is estimated using the historical exercise behavior of our employees.

A summary of option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2013 is as follows:

			Weighted Average Exercise Price			Aggregate Intrinsic Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2012	5,908,102		$	23.39
Granted	261,698			33.03
Exercised	(746,486	)		22.41
Forfeited	(80,496	)		21.72
Expired	(1,961	)		23.86

Outstanding at June 30, 2013	5,340,857		$	24.02	5.71	$	17,521

Options exercisable at June 30, 2013	3,737,433		$	23.71	5.07	$	12,725

Options expected to vest	1,505,421		$	24.70	7.22	$	4,528

The following table provides the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2012		2013		2012		2013
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$	2,308	$	4,650	$	3,372	$	10,096

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

Under our various stock option plans, we may also issue grants of restricted stock or restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Our restricted stock and RSUs generally have a three- to five-year vesting period from the date of grant. As a result of an amendment to our RSUs approved by our Compensation Committee of our board of directors in October 2012, all RSUs now accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of RSUs in cash upon the vesting date of the associated RSU and will be forfeited if the RSU does not vest. We accrued approximately $34 of cash dividends on RSUs issued in June 2012. We accrued approximately $350 and $1,098 of cash dividends on RSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively. There were no cash dividends paid on RSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively. We paid approximately $187 and $553 of cash dividends on RSUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock and RSUs is the excess of the market price of our common stock at the date of grant over the purchase price (which is typically zero).

A summary of restricted stock and RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2013 is as follows:

			Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value

Non-vested at December 31, 2012	1,303,664		$	29.89
Granted	611,489			35.71
Vested	(407,310	)		29.65
Forfeited	(37,821	)		29.43

Non-vested at June 30, 2013	1,470,022		$	32.39

The total fair value of restricted stock vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 was $1. The total fair value of restricted stock vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 was $1. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 was $1,985 and $5,964, respectively. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 was $3,469 and $12,076, respectively.

Performance Units

Under our various equity compensation plans, we may also make awards of performance units ("PUs"). For the majority of PUs, the number of PUs earned is determined based on our performance against predefined calendar year targets of revenue growth and return on invested capital ("ROIC"). The number of PUs earned may range from 0% to 150% of the initial award. The number of PUs earned is determined based on the Company's actual performance as compared to the targets at the end of the one-year performance period. Certain PUs granted in 2013 will be earned based on a market condition associated with the total return on our common stock in relation to a subset of the S&P 500 rather than the revenue growth and ROIC targets noted above. The number of PUs earned based on this market condition may range from 0% to 200% of the initial award. All of our PUs will be settled in shares of our common stock and are subject to cliff vesting three years from the date of the original PU grant. Employees who subsequently terminate their employment after the end of the one-year performance period and on or after attaining age 55 and completing 10 years of qualifying service (the "retirement criteria") shall immediately and completely vest in any PUs earned based on the actual achievement against the predefined targets as discussed above (but delivery of the shares remains deferred). As a result, PUs are generally expensed over the shorter of (1) the vesting period, (2) achievement of the retirement criteria, which may occur as early as January 1 of the year following the year of grant, or (3) a maximum of three years. As a result of an amendment to our PUs approved by our Compensation Committee of our board of directors in October 2012, outstanding PUs now accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of PUs in cash upon the settlement date of the associated PU and will be forfeited if the PU does not vest. We accrued approximately $148 and $389 of cash dividends on PUs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2013, we issued 202,333 PUs. For PUs that are earned based on our performance against revenue growth and ROIC targets during the one-year performance period, we will forecast the likelihood of achieving the predefined annual revenue growth and ROIC targets in order to calculate the expected PUs to be earned. We will record a compensation charge based on either the forecasted PUs to be earned (during the one-year performance period) or the actual PUs earned (at the one-year anniversary date) over the vesting period for each of the awards. For the 2013 PUs that will be earned based on a market condition, we utilized a Monte Carlo simulation to fair value these awards at the date of grant, and such fair value will be expensed over the three-year performance period. The total fair value of earned PUs that vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 was $0 and $908, respectively. There were no cash dividends paid on PUs for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013. As of June 30, 2013, we expected 86.6% achievement of the predefined revenue and ROIC targets associated with the grants made in 2013.

A summary of PU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2013 is as follows:

							Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value

Non-vested at December 31, 2012	236,093		(4,447	)	231,646		$	29.12
Granted	202,333		(25,536	)	176,797			38.75
Vested	(31,361	)	558		(30,803	)		29.48
Forfeited	(3,347	)	—		(3,347	)		28.87

Non-vested at June 30, 2013	403,718		(29,425	)	374,293		$	33.64

(1): Represents an increase or decrease in the number of original PUs awarded based on either (a) the final performance criteria achievement at the end of the defined performance period of such PUs or (b) a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

We offer an employee stock purchase plan (the "ESPP") in which participation is available to substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees who meet certain service eligibility requirements. The ESPP provides a way for our eligible employees to become stockholders on favorable terms. The ESPP provides for the purchase of our common stock by eligible employees through successive offering periods. We generally have two six-month offering periods per year, the first of which begins June 1 and ends November 30 and the second of which begins December 1 and ends May 31. During each offering period, participating employees accumulate after-tax payroll contributions, up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, to pay the purchase price at the end of the offering. Participating employees may withdraw from an offering period before the purchase date and obtain a refund of the amounts withheld as payroll deductions. At the end of the offering period, outstanding options are exercised, and each employee's accumulated contributions are used to purchase our common stock. The price for shares purchased under the ESPP is 95% of the fair market price at the end of the offering period, without a look-back feature. As a result, we do not recognize compensation cost for the ESPP shares purchased. For the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2013, there were 88,672 shares and 74,732 shares, respectively, purchased under the ESPP. The number of shares available for purchase under the ESPP at June 30, 2013 was 204,494, which will be replaced subsequent to our June 1 offering, which ends on November 29, 2013, by the Iron Mountain Incorporated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which was approved by our stockholders at the 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 6, 2013. Beginning November 29, 2013, we will have 1,000,000 shares available under the ESPP.

As of June 30, 2013, unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested portion of our Employee Stock-Based Awards was $58,648 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

We generally issue shares of our common stock for the exercises of stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, PUs and shares of our common stock under our ESPP from unissued reserved shares.

f.

Income (Loss) Per Share—Basic and Diluted

Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted income (loss) per share is consistent with that of basic income (loss) per share but gives effect to all potential common shares (that is, securities such as options, warrants or convertible securities) that were outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2012			2013			2012			2013
Income (Loss) from continuing operations	$	41,441		$	27,538		$	102,514		$	45,888

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 10)	$	(2,524	)	$	(98	)	$	(7,617	)	$	2,086

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated	$	38,055		$	26,564		$	93,405		$	45,950

Weighted-average shares—basic		171,296,000			190,823,000			171,308,000			190,518,000
Effect of dilutive potential stock options		753,385			1,337,423			737,087			1,366,265
Effect of dilutive potential restricted stock, RSUs and PUs		181,292			408,103			181,580			455,039

Weighted-average shares—diluted		172,230,677			192,568,526			172,226,667			192,339,304

Earnings (Losses) per share—basic:
Income (Loss) from continuing operations	$	0.24		$	0.14		$	0.60		$	0.24

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 10)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.00	)	$	(0.04	)	$	0.01

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated—basic	$	0.22		$	0.14		$	0.55		$	0.24

Earnings (Losses) per share—diluted:
Income (Loss) from continuing operations	$	0.24		$	0.14		$	0.60		$	0.24

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 10)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.00	)	$	(0.04	)	$	0.01

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated—diluted	$	0.22		$	0.14		$	0.54		$	0.24

Antidilutive stock options, RSUs and PUs, excluded from the calculation		1,885,060			319,158			1,965,338			289,728

g.

Revenues

Our revenues consist of storage rental revenues as well as service revenues and are reflected net of sales and value added taxes. Storage rental revenues, which are considered a key driver of financial performance for the storage and information management services industry, consist primarily of recurring periodic rental charges related to the storage of materials or data (generally on a per unit basis). Service revenues include charges for related core service activities and a wide array of complementary products and services. Included in core service revenues are: (1) the handling of records, including the addition of new records, temporary removal of records from storage, refiling of removed records and the destruction of records; (2) courier operations, consisting primarily of the pickup and delivery of records upon customer request; (3) secure shredding of sensitive documents; and (4) other recurring services, including Document Management Solutions, which relate to physical and digital records, and recurring project revenues. Our complementary services revenues include special project work, customer termination and permanent withdrawal fees, data restoration projects, fulfillment services, consulting services, technology services and product sales (including specially designed storage containers and related supplies). Our secure shredding revenues include the sale of recycled paper (included in complementary services revenues), the price of which can fluctuate from period to period, adding to the volatility and reducing the predictability of that revenue stream.

We recognize revenue when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, services have been rendered, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Storage rental and service revenues are recognized in the month the respective storage rental or service is provided, and customers are generally billed on a monthly basis on contractually agreed-upon terms. Amounts related to future storage rental or prepaid service contracts for customers where storage rental fees or services are billed in advance are accounted for as deferred revenue and recognized ratably over the period the applicable storage rental or service is provided or performed. Revenues from the sales of products, which is included as a component of service revenues, is recognized when products are shipped and title has passed to the customer. Revenues from the sales of products have historically not been significant.

h.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Credit Memo Reserves

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memos for estimated losses resulting from the potential inability of our customers to make required payments and potential disputes regarding billing and service issues. When calculating the allowance, we consider our past loss experience, current and prior trends in our aged receivables and credit memo activity, current economic conditions and specific circumstances of individual receivable balances. If the financial condition of our customers were to significantly change, resulting in a significant improvement or impairment of their ability to make payments, an adjustment of the allowance may be required. We consider accounts receivable to be delinquent after such time as reasonable means of collection have been exhausted. We charge-off uncollectible balances as circumstances warrant, generally, no later than one year past due.

i.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 were 54.2% and 42.0%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 were 48.6% and 58.5%, respectively. The primary reconciling items between the federal statutory rate of 35% and our overall effective tax rate were differences in the rates of tax at which our foreign earnings are subject, including foreign exchange gains and losses in different jurisdictions with different tax rates and state income taxes (net of federal tax benefit). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, foreign currency gains were recorded in higher tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of debt and derivative instruments while foreign currency losses were recorded in lower tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of intercompany loan positions, which increased our 2012 effective tax rate by 10.2% and 0.9%, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, foreign currency gains were recorded in higher tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of debt and derivative instruments while foreign currency losses were recorded in lower tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of intercompany loan positions, which increased our 2013 effective tax rate by 2.5% and 12.8%, respectively.

On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (the "ATRA") was signed into law. In part, the ATRA retroactively reinstated and extended the controlled foreign corporation look-through rule, which provides for the exception from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013 of certain foreign earnings from U.S. federal taxation as Subpart F income. As a result, our income tax provision for the first quarter of 2013 included a discrete tax benefit of $4,025 relating to the previously expired period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.

We provide for income taxes during interim periods based on our estimate of the effective tax rate for the year. Discrete items and changes in our estimate of the annual effective tax rate are recorded in the period they occur. Our effective tax rate is subject to variability in the future due to, among other items: (1) changes in the mix of income from foreign jurisdictions; (2) tax law changes; (3) volatility in foreign exchange gains (losses); (4) the timing of the establishment and reversal of tax reserves; (5) our ability to utilize foreign tax credits and net operating losses that we generate; and (6) our proposed conversion to a real estate investment trust ("REIT"). We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to examination by various tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we have business operations or a taxable presence. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional assessments by tax authorities and provide for these matters as appropriate. Although we believe our tax estimates are appropriate, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could result in changes in our estimates.

Accounting for income taxes requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided when recovery of deferred tax assets does not meet the more likely than not standard as defined in GAAP.

We have elected to recognize interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of the provision (benefit) for income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recorded an increase of $247 and a reduction of $2 for gross interest and penalties for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively. We recorded an increase of $176 and $721 for gross interest and penalties for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively. We had $3,554 and $4,166 accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, respectively.

We have not recorded deferred taxes on book over tax outside basis differences related to our foreign subsidiaries, other than for certain Canadian subsidiaries, for which we recorded a deferred tax liability of $577 during the three months ended December 31, 2012, because such basis differences are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future and we intend to reinvest the undistributed earnings of such other foreign subsidiaries indefinitely outside the U.S. These basis differences arose primarily through the undistributed book earnings of such foreign subsidiaries. The basis differences could be reversed through a sale of such foreign subsidiaries, the receipt of dividends from such subsidiaries or certain other events or actions on our part, each of which would result in an increase in our provision for income taxes. It is not practicable to calculate the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on the book over tax outside basis difference because of the complexities of the hypothetical calculation. We may record deferred taxes on book over tax outside basis differences related to certain foreign subsidiaries in the future depending upon a number of factors, decisions and events in connection with our potential conversion to a REIT, including favorable indications from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service with regard to our private letter ruling requests, finalization of countries to be included in our plan to convert to a REIT, refinancing our revolving credit and term loan facilities, shareholder approval of certain modifications to our corporate charter and final board of director approval of our conversion to a REIT.

As of June 30, 2013, we have reclassified approximately $20,658 of long-term deferred income tax liabilities to current deferred income taxes (included within accrued expenses within current liabilities) and prepaid and other assets (included within current assets) in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the depreciation recapture associated with our recharacterization of certain racking structures as real estate rather than personal property and amortization associated with other intangible assets in conjunction with our potential conversion to a REIT.

j.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to market risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents (including money market funds and time deposits), restricted cash (primarily U.S. Treasuries) and accounts receivable. The only significant concentrations of liquid investments as of both December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013 relate to cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash held on deposit with five global banks and two "Triple A" rated money market funds, and five global banks and six "Triple A" rated money market funds, respectively, all of which we consider to be large, highly-rated investment-grade institutions. As per our risk management investment policy, we limit exposure to concentration of credit risk by limiting the amount invested in any one mutual fund to a maximum of $50,000 or in any one financial institution to a maximum of $75,000. As of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balance was $277,027 and $292,479, respectively, including money market funds and time deposits amounting to $218,629 and $231,245, respectively. A substantial portion of the money market funds is invested in U.S. Treasuries.

k.

Fair Value Measurements

Entities are permitted under GAAP to elect to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at either fair value or cost. We did not elect the fair value measurement option for any of our financial assets or liabilities.

Our financial assets or liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. A financial asset or liability's classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

        Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

        Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

        Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The following tables provide the assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, respectively:

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2012 Using

Description	Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2012		Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Money Market Funds(1)	$	68,800	$	—		$	68,800		$	—
Time Deposits(1)		149,829		—			149,829			—
Trading Securities		11,071		10,525	(2)		546	(1)		—
Derivative Liabilities(3)		1,522		—			1,522			—

			Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2013 Using

Description	Total Carrying Value at June 30, 2013		Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Money Market Funds(1)	$	98,620	$	—		$	98,620		$	—
Time Deposits(1)		132,625		—			132,625			—
Trading Securities		12,172		11,788	(2)		384	(1)		—
Derivative Assets(3)		2,946		—			2,946			—
Derivative Liabilities(3)		520		—			520			—

(1): Money market funds and time deposits (including certain trading securities) are measured based on quoted prices for similar assets and/or subsequent transactions.
(2): Securities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices.

(3): Our derivative assets and liabilities primarily relate to short-term (six months or less) foreign currency contracts that we have entered into to hedge our intercompany exposures denominated in British pounds sterling and Australian dollars. We calculate the fair value of such forward contracts by adjusting the spot rate utilized at the balance sheet date for translation purposes by an estimate of the forward points observed in active markets.

Disclosures are required in the financial statements for items measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. We did not have any material items that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013.

l.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and for the period then ended. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the estimates used. We base our estimates on historical experience, actuarial estimates, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

m.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Items, Net

Accumulated other comprehensive items, net consists of foreign currency translation adjustments as of December, 31, 2012 and June 30, 2013, respectively.

n.

Other Expense (Income), Net

Other expense (income), net consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2012			2013			2012			2013
Foreign currency transaction losses (gains), net	$	11,761		$	16,366		$	9,186		$	19,931
Other, net		(1,695	)		(1,091	)		(2,424	)		(1,917	)

	$	10,066		$	15,275		$	6,762		$	18,014

o.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Long-Lived Assets

We develop various software applications for internal use. Computer software costs associated with internal use software are expensed as incurred until certain capitalization criteria are met. Payroll and related costs for employees directly associated with, and devoting time to, the development of internal use computer software projects (to the extent time is spent directly on the project) are capitalized. Capitalization begins when the design stage of the application has been completed and it is probable that the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Depreciation begins when the software is placed in service. Computer software costs that are capitalized are periodically evaluated for impairment.

We review long-lived assets and all amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the operation to which the assets relate to their carrying amount. The operations are generally distinguished by the business segment and geographic region in which they operate. If the operation is determined to be unable to recover the carrying amount of its assets, then intangible assets are written down first, followed by the other long-lived assets of the operation, to fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending upon the nature of the assets.

Consolidated gain on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net was $1,663 and $2,202 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively, and consisted primarily of gains on the retirement of leased vehicles accounted for as capital lease assets associated with our North American Business and the sale of a building in the United Kingdom.