XML 67 R20.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v2.4.0.6
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2013
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

        Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but are reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Other than goodwill, we currently have no intangible assets that have indefinite lives and which are not amortized. Separable intangible assets that are not deemed to have indefinite lives are amortized over their useful lives. We annually assess whether a change in the life over which our intangible assets are amortized is necessary or more frequently if events or circumstances warrant.

        We have selected October 1 as our annual goodwill impairment review date. We performed our most recent annual goodwill impairment review as of October 1, 2012 and noted no impairment of goodwill at such date. As of December 31, 2012 and March 31, 2013, no factors were identified that would alter our October 1, 2012 goodwill assessment. In making this assessment, we relied on a number of factors including operating results, business plans, anticipated future cash flows, transactions and marketplace data. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and our judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. When changes occur in the composition of one or more reporting units, the goodwill is reassigned to the reporting units affected based on their relative fair values.

        Our reporting units at which level we performed our goodwill impairment analysis as of October 1, 2012 were as follows: (1) North America; (2) United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Spain ("Western Europe"); (3) the remaining countries in Europe, excluding Russia and Ukraine, in which we operate ("Emerging Markets"); (4) Latin America; (5) Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore ("Asia Pacific"); and (6) India, Russia and Ukraine ("Emerging Market Joint Ventures"). As of December 31, 2012, the carrying value of goodwill, net amounted to $1,762,307, $365,303, $87,492, $56,893 and $62,764 for North America, Western Europe, Emerging Markets, Latin America and Asia Pacific, respectively. Our Emerging Market Joint Ventures reporting unit had no goodwill as of December 31, 2012 and March 31, 2013. Based on our goodwill impairment assessment, all of our reporting units with goodwill had estimated fair values as of October 1, 2012 that exceeded their carrying values by greater than 30%. As of March 31, 2013, the carrying value of goodwill, net amounted to $1,757,571, $346,755, $83,521, $57,894 and $62,979 for North America, Western Europe, Emerging Markets, Latin America and Asia Pacific, respectively.

        Reporting unit valuations have been calculated using an income approach based on the present value of future cash flows of each reporting unit or a combined approach based on the present value of future cash flows and market and transaction multiples of revenues and earnings. The income approach incorporates many assumptions, including future growth rates, discount factors, expected capital expenditures and income tax cash flows. Changes in economic and operating conditions impacting these assumptions could result in goodwill impairments in future periods. In conjunction with our annual goodwill impairment reviews, we reconcile the sum of the valuations of all of our reporting units to our market capitalization as of such dates.

        The changes in the carrying value of goodwill attributable to each reportable operating segment for the three months ended March 31, 2013 are as follows:

 
  North
American
Business
  International
Business
  Total
Consolidated
 

Gross Balance as of December 31, 2012

  $ 2,023,971   $ 631,528   $ 2,655,499  

Fair value and other adjustments(1)

    191     484     675  

Currency effects

    (5,184 )   (22,161 )   (27,345 )
               

Gross Balance as of March 31, 2013

  $ 2,018,978   $ 609,851   $ 2,628,829  
               

Accumulated Amortization Balance as of December 31, 2012

  $ 261,664   $ 59,076   $ 320,740  

Currency effects

    (257 )   (374 )   (631 )
               

Accumulated Amortization Balance as of March 31, 2013

  $ 261,407   $ 58,702   $ 320,109  
               

Net Balance as of December 31, 2012

  $ 1,762,307   $ 572,452   $ 2,334,759  
               

Net Balance as of March 31, 2013

  $ 1,757,571   $ 551,149   $ 2,308,720  
               

Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of December 31, 2012

  $ 85,909   $ 46,500   $ 132,409  
               

Accumulated Goodwill Impairment Balance as of March 31, 2013

  $ 85,909   $ 46,500   $ 132,409  
               

(1)
Fair value and other adjustments primarily include $749 in adjustments to property, plant and equipment, net, customer relationships and deferred income taxes, as well as $74 of cash received related to acquisitions made in previous years.

        The components of our amortizable intangible assets as of March 31, 2013 are as follows:

 
  Gross Carrying
Amount
  Accumulated
Amortization
  Net Carrying
Amount
 

Customer Relationships and Acquisition Costs

  $ 684,473   $ (238,184 ) $ 446,289  

Core Technology(1)

    3,676     (3,133 )   543  

Trademarks and Non-Compete Agreements(1)

    4,942     (3,084 )   1,858  

Deferred Financing Costs

    64,038     (21,550 )   42,488  
               

Total

  $ 757,129   $ (265,951 ) $ 491,178  
               

(1)
Included in Other Assets, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

        Amortization expense associated with amortizable intangible assets (including deferred financing costs) was $9,601 and $12,016 for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-Based Compensation

        We record stock-based compensation expense, utilizing the straight-line method, for the cost of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and shares of stock issued under the 2003 employee stock purchase plan (together, "Employee Stock-Based Awards").

        Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013 was $9,800 ($6,847 after tax or $0.04 per basic and diluted share) and $5,710 ($4,887 after tax or $0.03 per basic and diluted share), respectively.

        Stock-based compensation expense for Employee Stock-Based Awards included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations related to continuing operations is as follows:

 
  Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
 
  2012   2013  

Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)

  $ 215   $ 70  

Selling, general and administrative expenses

    9,585     5,640  
           

Total stock-based compensation

  $ 9,800   $ 5,710  
           

        The benefits associated with the tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost are required to be reported as financing activities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This requirement reduces reported operating cash flows and increases reported financing cash flows. As a result, net financing cash flows from continuing operations included $190 and $1,705 for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, from the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost. The tax benefit of any resulting excess tax deduction increases the Additional Paid-in Capital ("APIC") pool. Any resulting tax deficiency is deducted from the APIC pool.

Stock Options

        Under our various stock option plans, options were granted with exercise prices equal to the market price of the stock on the date of grant. The majority of our options become exercisable ratably over a period of five years from the date of grant and generally have a contractual life of ten years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. Certain of the options we issue become exercisable ratably over a period of ten years from the date of grant and have a contractual life of 12 years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. As of March 31, 2013, ten-year vesting options represented 9.6% of total outstanding options. Beginning in 2011, certain of the options we issue become exercisable ratably over a period of three years from the date of grant and have a contractual life of ten years from the date of grant, unless the holder's employment is terminated sooner. As of March 31, 2013, three-year vesting options represented 19.2% of total outstanding options. Our non-employee directors are considered employees for purposes of our stock option plans and stock option reporting. Options granted to our non-employee directors generally become exercisable one year from the date of grant.

        The weighted average fair value of options granted for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013 was $7.00 and $7.69 per share, respectively. These values were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used for grants in the respective period:

 
  Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
Weighted Average Assumptions
  2012   2013  

Expected volatility

    33.8 %   33.8 %

Risk-free interest rate

    1.23 %   1.13 %

Expected dividend yield

    3 %   3 %

Expected life

    6.3 years     6.3 years  

        Expected volatility is calculated utilizing daily historical volatility over a period that equates to the expected life of the option. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury interest rates whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. Expected dividend yield is considered in the option pricing model and represents our current annualized expected per share dividends over the current trade price of our common stock. The expected life (estimated period of time outstanding) of the stock options granted is estimated using the historical exercise behavior of our employees.

        A summary of option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is as follows:

 
  Options   Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
  Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
  Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 

Outstanding at December 31, 2012

    5,908,102   $ 23.39              

Granted

    261,698     33.03              

Exercised

    (413,206 )   21.51              

Forfeited

    (52,931 )   21.00              

Expired

    (1,758 )   23.76              
                         

Outstanding at March 31, 2013

    5,701,905   $ 23.98     5.94   $ 70,286  
                   

Options exercisable at March 31, 2013

    3,678,624   $ 23.66     5.17   $ 46,537  
                   

Options expected to vest

    1,901,202   $ 24.54     7.32   $ 22,374  
                   

        The following table provides the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013:

 
  Three Months
Ended
March 31,
 
 
  2012   2013  

Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised

  $ 1,064   $ 5,446  

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

        Under our various stock option plans, we may also issue grants of restricted stock or restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Our restricted stock and RSUs generally have a three-to five-year vesting period from the date of grant. As a result of an amendment to our RSUs approved by our Compensation Committee of our board of directors in October 2012, all RSUs now accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of RSUs in cash upon the vesting date of the associated RSU and will be forfeited if the RSU does not vest. We accrued approximately $1,790 of cash dividends on RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The fair value of restricted stock and RSUs is the excess of the market price of our common stock at the date of grant over the purchase price (which is typically zero).

        A summary of restricted stock and RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is as follows:

 
  Restricted
Stock and RSUs
  Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 

Non-vested at December 31, 2012

    1,303,664   $ 29.89  

Granted

    546,711     35.88  

Vested

    (296,846 )   29.00  

Forfeited

    (19,303 )   27.21  
             

Non-vested at March 31, 2013

    1,534,226   $ 32.23  
           

        No restricted stock vested during the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013 was $3,979 and $8,607, respectively.

Performance Units

        Under our various equity compensation plans, we may also make awards of performance units ("PUs"). For the majority of PUs, the number of PUs earned is determined based on our performance against predefined calendar year targets of revenue growth and return on invested capital ("ROIC"). The number of PUs earned may range from 0% to 150% of the initial award. The number of PUs earned is determined based on the Company's actual performance as compared to the targets at the end of the one-year performance period. Certain PUs granted in 2013 will be earned based on a market condition associated with the total return on our common stock in relation to a subset of the S&P 500 rather than the revenue growth and ROIC targets noted above. The number of PUs earned may range from 0% to 200% of the initial award. All of our PUs will be settled in shares of our common stock and are subject to cliff vesting three years from the date of the original PU grant. Employees who subsequently terminate their employment after the end of the one-year performance period and on or after attaining age 55 and completing 10 years of qualifying service (the "retirement criteria") shall immediately and completely vest in any PUs earned based on the actual achievement against the predefined targets as discussed above (but delivery of the shares remains deferred). As a result, PUs are generally expensed over the shorter of (1) the vesting period, (2) achievement of the retirement criteria, which may occur as early as January 1 of the year following the year of grant, or (3) a maximum of three years. As a result of an amendment to our PUs approved by our Compensation Committee of our board of directors in October 2012, outstanding PUs now accrue dividend equivalents associated with the underlying stock as we declare dividends. Dividends will generally be paid to holders of PUs in cash upon the settlement date of the associated PU and will be forfeited if the PU does not vest. We accrued approximately $573 of cash dividends on PUs for the three months ended March 31, 2013.

        During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we issued 202,333 PUs. For PUs that are earned based on our performance against revenue growth and ROIC targets during the one-year performance period, we will forecast the likelihood of achieving the predefined annual revenue growth and ROIC targets in order to calculate the expected PUs to be earned. We will record a compensation charge based on either the forecasted PUs to be earned (during the one-year performance period) or the actual PUs earned (at the one-year anniversary date) over the vesting period for each of the awards. For the 2013 PUs that will be earned based on a market condition, we utilized a Monte Carlo simulation to fair value these awards at the date of grant and such fair value will be expensed over the three-year performance period. The total fair value of earned PUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $908. As of March 31, 2013, we expected 100% achievement of the predefined revenue and ROIC targets associated with the grants made in 2013.

        A summary of PU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is as follows:

 
  Original
PU
Awards
  PU
Adjustment(1)
  Total
PU
Awards
  Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 

Non-vested at December 31, 2012

    236,093     (4,447 )   231,646   $ 29.12  

Granted

    202,333     (25,698 )   176,635     38.76  

Vested

    (31,361 )   558     (30,803 )   29.48  

Forfeited

    (2,820 )       (2,820 )   28.96  
                     

Non-vested at March 31, 2013

    404,245     (29,587 )   374,658   $ 33.64  
                   

(1)
Represents an increase or decrease in the number of original PUs awarded based on either (a) the final performance criteria achievement at the end of the defined performance period of such PUs or (b) a change in estimated awards based on the forecasted performance against the predefined targets.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

        We offer an employee stock purchase plan (the "ESPP") in which participation is available to substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees who meet certain service eligibility requirements. The ESPP provides a way for our eligible employees to become stockholders on favorable terms. The ESPP provides for the purchase of our common stock by eligible employees through successive offering periods. We generally have two six-month offering periods per year, the first of which begins June 1 and ends November 30 and the second of which begins December 1 and ends May 31. During each offering period, participating employees accumulate after-tax payroll contributions, up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, to pay the exercise price of their options. Participating employees may withdraw from an offering period before the purchase date and obtain a refund of the amounts withheld as payroll deductions. At the end of the offering period, outstanding options are exercised, and each employee's accumulated contributions are used to purchase our common stock. The price for shares purchased under the ESPP is 95% of the fair market price at the end of the offering period, without a look-back feature. As a result, we do not recognize compensation cost for the ESPP shares purchased. In the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013, there were no offering periods which ended under the ESPP, and no shares were issued. The number of shares available for purchase under the ESPP at March 31, 2013 was 279,226.



        As of March 31, 2013, unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested portion of our Employee Stock-Based Awards was $65,956 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

        We generally issue shares of our common stock for the exercises of stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, PUs and shares of our common stock under our ESPP from unissued reserved shares.

Income (Loss) Per Share-Basic and Diluted
Income (Loss) Per Share—Basic and Diluted

        Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted income (loss) per share is consistent with that of basic income (loss) per share but gives effect to all potential common shares (that is, securities such as options, warrants or convertible securities) that were outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.

        The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share:

 
  Three Months Ended March 31,  
 
  2012   2013  

Income (Loss) from continuing operations

  $ 61,073   $ 18,350  
           

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 9)

  $ (5,093 ) $ 2,184  
           

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated

  $ 55,350   $ 19,386  
           

Weighted-average shares—basic

    171,320,000     190,213,000  

Effect of dilutive potential stock options

    720,788     1,395,106  

Effect of dilutive potential restricted stock, RSUs and PUs

    181,867     501,974  
           

Weighted-average shares—diluted

    172,222,655     192,110,080  
           

Earnings (Losses) per share—basic:

             

Income (Loss) from continuing operations

  $ 0.36   $ 0.10  
           

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 9)

  $ (0.03 ) $ 0.01  
           

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated—basic

  $ 0.32   $ 0.10  
           

Earnings (Losses) per share—diluted:

             

Income (Loss) from continuing operations

  $ 0.35   $ 0.10  
           

Total (loss) income from discontinued operations (see Note 9)

  $ (0.03 ) $ 0.01  
           

Net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated—diluted

  $ 0.32   $ 0.10  
           

Antidilutive stock options, RSUs and PUs, excluded from the calculation

    2,045,616     260,298  
           
Revenues
Revenues

        Our revenues consist of storage rental revenues as well as service revenues and are reflected net of sales and value added taxes. Storage rental revenues, which are considered a key driver of financial performance for the storage and information management services industry, consist primarily of recurring periodic rental charges related to the storage of materials or data (generally on a per unit basis). Service revenues include charges for related core service activities and a wide array of complementary products and services. Included in core service revenues are: (1) the handling of records, including the addition of new records, temporary removal of records from storage, refiling of removed records and the destruction of records; (2) courier operations, consisting primarily of the pickup and delivery of records upon customer request; (3) secure shredding of sensitive documents; and (4) other recurring services, including Document Management Solutions ("DMS"), which relate to physical and digital records, and recurring project revenues. Our complementary services revenues include special project work, customer termination and permanent withdrawal fees, data restoration projects, fulfillment services, consulting services, technology services and product sales (including specially designed storage containers and related supplies). Our secure shredding revenues include the sale of recycled paper (included in complementary services revenues), the price of which can fluctuate from period to period, adding to the volatility and reducing the predictability of that revenue stream.

        We recognize revenue when the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, services have been rendered, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Storage rental and service revenues are recognized in the month the respective storage rental or service is provided, and customers are generally billed on a monthly basis on contractually agreed-upon terms. Amounts related to future storage rental or prepaid service contracts for customers where storage rental fees or services are billed in advance are accounted for as deferred revenue and recognized ratably over the period the applicable storage rental or service is provided or performed. Revenues from the sales of products, which is included as a component of service revenues, is recognized when products are shipped and title has passed to the customer. Revenues from the sales of products have historically not been significant.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Credit Memo Reserves
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Credit Memo Reserves

        We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts and credit memos for estimated losses resulting from the potential inability of our customers to make required payments and potential disputes regarding billing and service issues. When calculating the allowance, we consider our past loss experience, current and prior trends in our aged receivables and credit memo activity, current economic conditions and specific circumstances of individual receivable balances. If the financial condition of our customers were to significantly change, resulting in a significant improvement or impairment of their ability to make payments, an adjustment of the allowance may be required. We consider accounts receivable to be delinquent after such time as reasonable means of collection have been exhausted. We charge-off uncollectible balances as circumstances warrant, generally, no later than one year past due.

Income Taxes
Income Taxes

        Our effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013 were 29.3% and 67.8%, respectively. The primary reconciling items between the federal statutory rate of 35% and our overall effective tax rate were differences in the rates of tax at which our foreign earnings are subject, including foreign exchange gains and losses in different jurisdictions with different tax rates and state income taxes (net of federal tax benefit). During the three months ended March 31, 2012, foreign currency losses were recorded in higher tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of debt and derivative instruments while foreign currency gains were recorded in lower tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of intercompany loan positions, which reduced our first quarter 2012 effective tax rate by 8.9%. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, foreign currency gains were recorded in higher tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of debt and derivative instruments while foreign currency losses were recorded in lower tax jurisdictions associated with our marking-to-market of intercompany loan positions, which increased our first quarter 2013 effective tax rate by 22.5%.

        On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (the "ATRA") was signed into law. In part, the ATRA retroactively reinstated and extended the controlled foreign corporation look-through rule, which provides for the exception from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013 of certain foreign earnings from U.S. federal taxation as Subpart F income. As a result, our income tax provision for the first quarter of 2013 includes a discrete tax benefit of $4,025 relating to the previously expired period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.

        We provide for income taxes during interim periods based on our estimate of the effective tax rate for the year. Discrete items and changes in our estimate of the annual effective tax rate are recorded in the period they occur. Our effective tax rate is subject to variability in the future due to, among other items: (1) changes in the mix of income from foreign jurisdictions; (2) tax law changes; (3) volatility in foreign exchange gains (losses); (4) the timing of the establishment and reversal of tax reserves; (5) our ability to utilize foreign tax credits and net operating losses that we generate; and (6) our proposed conversion to a real estate investment trust ("REIT"). We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to examination by various tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we have business operations or a taxable presence. We regularly assess the likelihood of additional assessments by tax authorities and provide for these matters as appropriate. Although we believe our tax estimates are appropriate, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could result in changes in our estimates.

        Accounting for income taxes requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are provided when recovery of deferred tax assets is not considered more likely than not.

        We have elected to recognize interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of the provision (benefit) for income taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. We recorded a reduction of $249 and an increase of $545 for gross interest and penalties for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively. We had $3,554 and $4,059 accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2012 and March 31, 2013, respectively.

        We have not recorded deferred taxes on book over tax outside basis differences related to our foreign subsidiaries, other than for certain Canadian subsidiaries, for which we recorded a deferred tax liability of $577 during the three months ended December 31, 2012, because such basis differences are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future and we intend to reinvest the undistributed earnings of such other foreign subsidiaries indefinitely outside the U.S. These basis differences arose primarily through the undistributed book earnings of such foreign subsidiaries. The basis differences could be reversed through a sale of such foreign subsidiaries, the receipt of dividends from such subsidiaries or certain other events or actions on our part, each of which would result in an increase in our provision for income taxes. It is not practicable to calculate the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on the book over tax outside basis difference because of the complexities of the hypothetical calculation. We may record deferred taxes on book over tax outside basis differences related to certain foreign subsidiaries in the future depending upon a number of factors, decisions and events in connection with our potential conversion to a REIT, including favorable indications from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service with regard to our private letter ruling requests, finalization of countries to be included in our plan to convert to a REIT, refinancing our revolving credit and term loan facilities, shareholder approval of certain modifications to our corporate charter and final board of director approval of our conversion to a REIT.

        During the first quarter of 2013, we reclassified $10,329 of long-term deferred income tax liabilities to current deferred income taxes (included within accrued expenses within current liabilities) and prepaid and other assets (included within current assets) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the depreciation recapture associated with our recharacterization of certain racking as real estate rather than personal property and amortization associated with other intangible assets in conjunction with our potential conversion to a REIT.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Long-Lived Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment and Long-Lived Assets

        We develop various software applications for internal use. Computer software costs associated with internal use software are expensed as incurred until certain capitalization criteria are met. Payroll and related costs for employees directly associated with, and devoting time to, the development of internal use computer software projects (to the extent time is spent directly on the project) are capitalized. Capitalization begins when the design stage of the application has been completed and it is probable that the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Depreciation begins when the software is placed in service. Computer software costs that are capitalized are periodically evaluated for impairment.

        We review long-lived assets and all amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is determined by comparing the forecasted undiscounted net cash flows of the operation to which the assets relate to their carrying amount. The operations are generally distinguished by the business segment and geographic region in which they operate. If the operation is determined to be unable to recover the carrying amount of its assets, then intangible assets are written down first, followed by the other long-lived assets of the operation, to fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows or appraised values, depending upon the nature of the assets.

        Consolidated gain on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net was $539 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and consisted primarily of gains on the retirement of leased vehicles accounted for as capital lease assets associated with our North American Business. Consolidated loss on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net was $719 for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and consisted primarily of write-offs associated with our European and Latin American operations.