During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2022, Universal recorded restructuring and impairment costs related to business changes and various initiatives to adjust certain operations and reduce costs. There were no restructuring costs incurred for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, the Company restructured operations at its Global Laboratory Services, Inc ("GLS") facility in Wilson, NC. GLS provides testing for crop protection agents and tobacco constituents in seed, leaf, and finished products, including e-cigarette liquids and vapors, and has capabilities for testing non-tobacco products. As a result of the restructuring of the GLS operations, the Company incurred $1.8 million of restructuring and impairment costs for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, the Company also incurred $1.7 million of termination and impairment costs in other areas of the Tobacco Operations segment.

As a result of efforts to exit the idled tobacco operations in Tanzania, the Company reevaluated the carrying values of property, plant, and equipment associated with the Tanzania operations. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, the Company determined the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair value of those assets and recognized a $9.4 million impairment charge. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold all outstanding common stock, which included all properties, of the idled companies in Tanzania for $8.5 million.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, the Company also incurred $2.2 million of termination costs for the Tobacco Operations segment.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, the Company recognized $1.2 million of net gains on the sale of the remaining property, plant, and equipment associated with the wind-down of the CIFI operations that was announced in fiscal year 2021.

A summary of the restructuring and impairment costs incurred during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is as follows:


	Fiscal Years Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Restructuring Costs:
Employee termination benefits	$	1,615	$	—	$	2,174
Other restructuring costs	(181)		—		(24)
	1,434		—		2,150
Impairment Costs:
Property, plant, and equipment and other noncurrent assets	2,089		—		8,307


Total restructuring and impairment costs	$	3,523	$	—	$	10,457

A reconciliation of the Company’s liability for employee termination benefits and other restructuring costs for fiscal years 2022 through 2024 is as follows:


	Employee Termination Benefits		Other Costs		Total
Balance at April 1, 2021	$	1,370	$	613	$	1,983
Fiscal Year 2022 Activity:
Costs charged to expense	2,174		(24)		2,150
Payments and write-offs	(3,544)		(589)		(4,133)
Balance at March 31, 2022	—		—		—
Fiscal Year 2023 Activity:
Costs charged to expense	—		—		—
Payments and write-offs	—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2023	—		—		—
Fiscal Year 2024 Activity:
Costs charged to expense	1,615		(181)		1,434
Payments and write-offs	(1,362)		181		(1,181)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	253	$	—	$	253

Universal continually reviews its business for opportunities to realize efficiencies, reduce costs, and realign its operations in response to business changes. The Company may incur additional restructuring and impairment costs in future periods as business changes occur and additional cost savings initiatives are implemented.