Unless the context otherwise requires, the use of the terms “PAG,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in these Notes to the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements refers to Penske Automotive Group, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

We are a diversified international transportation services company that operates automotive and commercial truck dealerships principally in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, and distributes commercial vehicles, diesel engines, gas engines, power systems and related parts and services principally in Australia and New Zealand.

Retail Automotive Dealership. We believe we are the second largest automotive retailer headquartered in the U.S. as measured by the $20.8 billion in total retail automotive dealership revenue we generated in 2018. As of September 30, 2019, we operated 333 retail automotive franchises, of which 149 franchises are located in the U.S. and 184 franchises are located outside of the U.S. The franchises outside the U.S. are located primarily in the U.K. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we retailed and wholesaled more than 478,000 vehicles. We are diversified geographically, with 56% of our total retail automotive dealership revenues in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 generated in the U.S. and Puerto Rico and 44% generated outside the U.S. We offer over 35 vehicle brands, with 70% of our retail automotive dealership revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 generated from premium brands, such as Audi, BMW, Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. Each of our franchised dealerships offers a wide selection of new and used vehicles for sale. In addition to selling new and used vehicles, we generate higher-margin revenue at each of our dealerships through maintenance and repair services and the sale and placement of third-party finance and insurance products, third-party extended service and maintenance contracts and replacement and aftermarket automotive products. We operate our franchised dealerships under franchise agreements with a number of automotive manufacturers and distributors that are subject to certain rights and restrictions typical of the industry.

We also operate fifteen used vehicle supercenters in the U.S. and the U.K. which retail and wholesale used vehicles under a one price, “no-haggle” methodology. Our CarSense operations in the U.S. consist of six locations operating in the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania market areas, including an additional used vehicle supercenter in the Philadelphia market that we opened in the third quarter of 2019. Our CarShop operations in the U.K. consist of nine retail locations and a vehicle preparation center.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we disposed of thirteen retail automotive franchises and were awarded one retail automotive franchise. Of the franchises disposed of, six represented franchises in the U.S., six represented franchises in Germany, and one represented a franchise in the U.K. In the first quarter of 2019, we acquired an additional 8.4% interest in the Jacobs Group, one of our German automotive dealership joint ventures, and now own an 87.8% interest in the Jacobs Group.

Retail Commercial Truck Dealership. We operate a heavy and medium duty truck dealership group known as Premier Truck Group (“PTG”) offering primarily Freightliner and Western Star branded trucks, with locations in Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Georgia, Utah, Idaho, and Canada. In July 2019, we acquired Warner Truck Centers, with six locations in Utah and Idaho. As of September 30, 2019, PTG operated 25 locations. PTG also offers a full range of used trucks available for sale as well as service and parts departments, providing a full range of maintenance and repair services.

Commercial Vehicle Distribution. We are the exclusive importer and distributor of Western Star heavy-duty trucks (a Daimler brand), MAN heavy and medium duty trucks and buses (a VW Group brand), and Dennis Eagle refuse collection vehicles, together with associated parts, across Australia, New Zealand and portions of the Pacific. This

business, known as Penske Commercial Vehicles Australia (“PCV Australia”), distributes commercial vehicles and parts to a network of more than 70 dealership locations, including ten company-owned retail commercial vehicle dealerships. One of these company-owned dealerships was acquired in February 2019 in New Zealand.

We are also a leading distributor of diesel and gas engines and power systems, principally representing MTU, Detroit Diesel, Allison Transmission, MTU Onsite Energy, and Rolls Royce Power Systems. This business, known as Penske Power Systems (“PPS”), offers products across the on- and off-highway markets, including in the construction, mining, marine, and defense sectors, in Australia, New Zealand and portions of the Pacific and supports full parts and aftersales service through a network of branches, field locations and dealers across the region. The on-highway portion of this business complements our PCV Australia distribution business, including integrated operations at retail locations selling PCV brands.

Penske Truck Leasing. We hold a 28.9% ownership interest in Penske Truck Leasing Co., L.P. (“PTL”), a leading provider of transportation and supply chain services. PTL is capable of meeting customers’ needs across the supply chain with a broad product offering that includes full-service truck leasing, truck rental and contract maintenance, along with logistic services such as dedicated contract carriage, distribution center management, transportation management, lead logistics provider services and dry van truckload carrier services. Effective September 1, 2019, Penske Transportation Solutions (PTS) has become the new universal brand name for PTL’s various business lines, Penske Truck Leasing, Penske Logistics, Epes Transport Systems, Penske Vehicle Services, and related products and services to better articulate the breadth of its capabilities. PTL is owned 41.1% by Penske Corporation, 28.9% by us, and 30.0% by Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (“Mitsui”). We account for our investment in PTL under the equity method, and we therefore record our share of PTL’s earnings on our statements of income under the caption “Equity in earnings of affiliates,” which also includes the results of our other equity method investments.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements of PAG have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and disclosures normally included in our annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the SEC rules and regulations. The information presented as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 is unaudited, but includes all adjustments which our management believes to be necessary for the fair presentation of results for the periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. These consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are included as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The accounts requiring the use of significant estimates include accounts receivable, inventories, income taxes, intangible assets and certain reserves.

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset, or paid to transfer a liability in the principal, or most advantageous market for the asset or liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and also establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:


Level 1		Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities


Level 2		Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted market prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities

Level 3		Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, debt, floor plan notes payable, and forward exchange contracts used to hedge future cash flows. Other than our fixed rate debt, the carrying amount of all significant financial instruments approximates fair value due either to length of maturity, the existence of variable interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates, or as a result of mark to market accounting.

Our fixed rate debt consists of amounts outstanding under our senior subordinated notes and mortgage facilities. We estimate the fair value of our senior unsecured notes using quoted prices for the identical liability (Level 2), and we estimate the fair value of our mortgage facilities using a present value technique based on current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments (Level 2). A summary of the carrying values and fair values of our senior subordinated notes and our fixed rate mortgage facilities are as follows:

We had no entities newly classified as held for sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or 2018 that met the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. The financial information for entities that were classified as discontinued operations prior to adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-08 are included in “Income from discontinued operations” in the accompanying consolidated condensed statements of income and “Liabilities held for sale” in the accompanying consolidated condensed balance sheets for all periods presented.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we disposed of thirteen retail automotive franchises and one retail commercial truck location. The results of operations for these businesses are included within continuing operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, as these franchises did not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale and treated as discontinued operations.

Tax regulations may require items to be included in our tax returns at different times than the items are reflected in our financial statements. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, such as the timing of depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that will be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax returns in future years which we have already recorded in our financial statements. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent deductions taken on our tax returns that have not yet been recognized as expense in our financial statements. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if the amount of expected future taxable income is not likely to allow for the use of the deduction or credit.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” Under this new guidance, a company will now recognize most leases on its balance sheet as lease liabilities with corresponding right-of-use assets. For public companies, this ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. The FASB has since issued further ASUs related to the standard providing additional practical expedients and an optional transition method allowing entities to not recast comparative periods. We adopted this ASU, including several practical expedients, on January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method. The package of practical expedients elected allows us to not reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases. We also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all leases and have accounted for the combined lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Under the optional transition method, we applied ASC 840 in the comparative periods presented and provide the disclosures required by ASC 840 for all periods that continue to be presented in accordance with ASC 840, in addition to the disclosures required per ASC 842. The expense recognition for operating leases under ASC 842 is substantially consistent with ASC 840 and the adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, or cash flows.

As part of the adoption of ASC 842, we performed an assessment of the impact the new lease recognition standard will have on our consolidated financial statements. We lease a significant amount of our dealership and other properties, which are classified as operating leases. We also have equipment leases that primarily relate to office and computer equipment, service and shop equipment, company owned vehicles, and other miscellaneous items. We do not have any material leases, individually or in the aggregate, classified as a finance leasing arrangement under the new lease recognition standard. Upon adoption of ASC 842, we recognized our lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on our consolidated condensed balance sheet at the present value of these future payments. We also made an accounting policy to exclude leases with an initial term of 12 months or less from the balance sheet as permitted under ASC 842.

We also evaluated, documented, and implemented required changes in internal controls as part of our adoption of the new lease recognition standard. These changes include implementing updated accounting policies affected by ASC 842 and implementing a new information technology application to calculate our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and required disclosures.

See Note 3 “Leases” for additional disclosures in accordance with the new lease standard.

As a result of the adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019, we recorded lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on our consolidated condensed balance sheet. The adoption also resulted in a net, after-tax cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings of approximately $5.0 million. The details of this adjustment are summarized below.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This ASU replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology of recognizing credit losses when a loss is probable, with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to assess credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We intend to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting standard update to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) — Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This ASU allows for a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Act”). The update also requires entities to disclose whether or not they elected to reclassify the tax effects related to the Act as well as their accounting policy for releasing income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income. This ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We did not adopt the optional guidance of this accounting standard update, as the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements is not material.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This ASU eliminates, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. For public companies, this ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities are permitted to early adopt any eliminated or amended disclosures and delay adoption of the additional disclosure requirements until the effective date. We intend to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting standard update to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software - Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.” Under this new guidance, certain implementation costs incurred in a hosted cloud computing service arrangement will be capitalized in accordance with ASC 350-40. For public companies, this ASU is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The amendments from this update are to be applied retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after adoption. We intend to adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting standard update to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.