Patents (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Patent costs	$ 614,152		$ 614,152		$ 558,873
Less accumulated amortization	(76,893)		(76,893)		(62,153)
Patent costs, less accumulated amortization	537,259		537,259		$ 496,720
Amortization expense	4,183	$ 3,394	14,741	$ 10,187
Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment and capitalized patents	$ 11,000	$ 9,051	$ 31,611	$ 24,938

The aggregate expense charged against earnings to allocate the cost of intangible assets (nonphysical assets not used in production) in a systematic and rational manner to the periods expected to benefit from such assets. As a noncash expense, this element is added back to net income when calculating cash provided by or used in operations using the indirect method.

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The aggregate expense recognized in the current period that allocates the cost of tangible assets, intangible assets, or depleting assets to periods that benefit from use of the assets.

+ References

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Accumulated amount of amortization of assets, excluding financial assets and goodwill, lacking physical substance with a finite life.

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Amount before amortization of assets, excluding financial assets and goodwill, lacking physical substance with a finite life.

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Amount after amortization of assets, excluding financial assets and goodwill, lacking physical substance with a finite life.

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