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Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Accounting Policies

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 

Principles of Consolidation

 

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Allegheny Technologies Incorporated and its subsidiaries, including the Chinese joint venture known as Shanghai STAL Precision Stainless Steel Company Limited (“STAL”), in which the Company has a 60% interest. The remaining 40% interest in STAL is owned by Baosteel Group, a state authorized investment company whose equity securities are publicly traded in the People's Republic of China. The financial results of STAL are consolidated into the Company's operating results and financial position, with the 40% interest of our minority partner recognized in the consolidated statement of income as net income attributable to noncontrolling interests and as equity attributable to the noncontrolling interest within total stockholders' equity. Investments in which the Company exercises significant influence, but which it does not control (generally a 20% to 50% ownership interest), including ATI's 50% interest in the industrial titanium joint venture known as Uniti LLC (“Uniti”), are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Unless the context requires otherwise, “Allegheny Technologies,” “ATI” and the “Company” refer to Allegheny Technologies Incorporated and its subsidiaries.

 

Use of Estimates

 

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management believes that the estimates are reasonable.

 

Cash Equivalents and Investments

 

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments valued at cost, which approximates fair value, acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.

 

Accounts Receivable

 

Accounts receivable are presented net of a reserve for doubtful accounts of $5.5 million at December 31, 2012 and $5.9 million at December 31, 2011. The Company markets its products to a diverse customer base, principally throughout the United States. Trade credit is extended based upon evaluations of each customer's ability to perform its obligations, which are updated periodically. Accounts receivable reserves are determined based upon an aging of accounts and a review for collectability of specific accounts. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales for all years presented. Accounts receivable from Uniti were $3.1 million and $18.5 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

 

Inventories

 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (last-in, first-out (LIFO), first-in, first-out (FIFO), and average cost methods) or market, less progress payments. Costs include direct material, direct labor and applicable manufacturing and engineering overhead, and other direct costs. Most of the Company's inventory is valued utilizing the LIFO costing methodology. Inventory of the Company's non-U.S. operations is valued using average cost or FIFO methods.

 

The Company evaluates product lines on a quarterly basis to identify inventory values that exceed estimated net realizable value. The calculation of a resulting reserve, if any, is recognized as an expense in the period that the need for the reserve is identified. It is the Company's general policy to write-down to scrap value any inventory that is identified as obsolete and any inventory that has aged or has not moved in more than twelve months. In some instances this criterion is up to twenty-four months.

 

Long-Lived Assets

 

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, including capitalized interest, and includes long-lived assets acquired under capital leases. The principal method of depreciation adopted for all property placed into service after July 1, 1996 is the straight-line method. For buildings and equipment acquired prior to July 1, 1996, depreciation is computed using a combination of accelerated and straight-line methods. Property, plant and equipment associated with the Company's titanium sponge facility in Rowley, UT is being depreciated utilizing the units of production method of depreciation, which the Company believes provides a better matching of costs and revenues. The Company periodically reviews estimates of useful life and production capacity assigned to new and in service assets. Significant enhancements, including major maintenance activities that extend the lives of property and equipment, are capitalized. Costs related to repairs and maintenance are charged to expense in the period incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of property and equipment retired or disposed of are removed from the accounts and any related gains or losses are included in income.

 

The Company monitors the recoverability of the carrying value of its long-lived assets. An impairment charge is recognized when an indicator of impairment occurs and the expected net undiscounted future cash flows from an asset's use (including any proceeds from disposition) are less than the asset's carrying value and the asset's carrying value exceeds its fair value. Assets to be disposed of by sale are stated at the lower of their fair values or carrying amounts and depreciation is no longer recognized.

 

Cost in Excess of Net Assets Acquired

 

At December 31, 2012, the Company had $740.1 million of goodwill on its balance sheet. Of the total, $600.8 million related to the High Performance Metals segment, $112.1 million related to the Flat-Rolled Products segment, and $27.2 million related to the Engineered Products segment. Goodwill increased $2.4 million as a result of the impact of foreign currency translation on goodwill denominated in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. The review for goodwill impairment requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit that has goodwill associated with its operations with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If this comparison reflects impairment, then the loss would be measured as the excess of recorded goodwill over its implied fair value. Implied fair value is the excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value of all recognized and unrecognized assets and liabilities.

 

Changes in accounting standards, which were adopted by the Company in 2011, provide the option to qualitatively assess goodwill for impairment before completing a quantitative assessment. Under the qualitative approach, if, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, including both macroeconomic, industry and market factors, and entity-specific factors, the Company determines it is likely (more likely than not) that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment analysis is not required. The quantitative assessment may be performed each year for a reporting unit at the Company's option without first performing a qualitative assessment. The Company's quantitative assessment of goodwill for possible impairment includes estimating the fair market value of a reporting unit which has goodwill associated with its operations using discounted cash flow and multiples of cash earnings valuation techniques, plus valuation comparisons to recent public sale transactions of similar businesses, if any. These impairment assessments and valuation methods require the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding future operating results, cash flows, changes in working capital and capital expenditures, selling prices, profitability, and the cost of capital. Many of these assumptions are determined by reference to market participants identified by the Company. Although management believes that the estimates and assumptions used were reasonable, actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. The Company performs the required annual goodwill impairment evaluation in the fourth quarter of each year. No impairment of goodwill was determined to exist for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 or 2010.

 

Environmental

 

Costs that mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination or extend the life, increase the capacity or improve the safety or efficiency of property utilized in current operations are capitalized. Other costs that relate to current operations or an existing condition caused by past operations are expensed. Environmental liabilities are recorded when the Company's liability is probable and the costs are reasonably estimable, but generally not later than the completion of the feasibility study or the Company's recommendation of a remedy or commitment to an appropriate plan of action. The accruals are reviewed periodically and, as investigations and remediations proceed, adjustments of the accruals are made to reflect new information as appropriate. Accruals for losses from environmental remediation obligations do not take into account the effects of inflation, and anticipated expenditures are not discounted to their present value. The accruals are not reduced by possible recoveries from insurance carriers or other third parties, but do reflect allocations among potentially responsible parties (“PRPs”) at Federal Superfund sites or similar state-managed sites after an assessment is made of the likelihood that such parties will fulfill their obligations at such sites and after appropriate cost-sharing or other agreements are entered. The measurement of environmental liabilities by the Company is based on currently available facts, present laws and regulations, and current technology. Such estimates take into consideration the Company's prior experience in site investigation and remediation, the data concerning cleanup costs available from other companies and regulatory authorities, and the professional judgment of the Company's environmental experts in consultation with outside environmental specialists, when necessary.

 

Foreign Currency Translation

 

Assets and liabilities of international operations are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The resulting net translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity.

 

Sales Recognition

 

Sales are recognized when title passes or as services are rendered.

 

Research and Development

 

Company funded research and development costs were $25.3 million in 2012, $19.3 million in 2011, and $16.5 million in 2010 and were expensed as incurred. Customer funded research and development costs were $1.5 million in 2012, $1.5 million in 2011, and $0.8 million in 2010. Customer funded research and development costs are recognized in the consolidated statement of income in accordance with revenue recognition policies.

 

Stock-based Compensation

 

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation transactions, such as stock options, restricted stock, and potential award payments under programs such as the Company's Total Shareholder Return Incentive Compensation Program (“TSRP”) awards, using fair value. Compensation expense for an award is estimated at the date of grant and is recognized over the requisite service period. Compensation expense is adjusted for equity awards that do not vest because service or performance conditions are not satisfied. However, compensation expense already recognized is not adjusted if market conditions are not met, such as the Company's total shareholder return performance relative to a peer group under the Company's TSRP awards, or for stock options which expire “out-of-the-money.”

 

Income Taxes

 

The provision for, or benefit from, income taxes includes deferred taxes resulting from temporary differences in income for financial and tax purposes using the liability method. Such temporary differences result primarily from differences in the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Future realization of deferred income tax assets requires sufficient taxable income within the carryback, carryforward period available under tax law.

 

The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis whether, based on all available evidence, it is probable that the deferred income tax assets are realizable. Valuation allowances are established when it is estimated that it is more likely than not that the tax benefit of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The evaluation includes the consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, regarding historical operating results including recent years with reported losses, the estimated timing of future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, estimated future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, and potential tax planning strategies which may be employed to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carryforward from expiring unused.

 

It is the Company's policy to classify interest and penalties recognized on underpayment of income taxes as income tax expense.

 

Net Income Per Common Share

 

Basic and diluted net income per share are calculated by dividing the net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted amounts assume the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding. The calculation of diluted net loss per share, if any, excludes the potentially dilutive effect of dilutive share equivalents since the inclusion in the calculation of additional shares in the net loss per share would result in a lower per share loss and therefore be anti-dilutive.

 

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

 

In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amendments to financial accounting standards related to the presentation of comprehensive income which requires entities to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. Additionally, these amendments require an entity to present on the face of the financial statements reclassification adjustments for items that are reclassified from other comprehensive income to net income in the statements where the components of net income and the components of other comprehensive income are presented. In December 2011, the FASB deferred the requirement for presenting the reclassification adjustments from comprehensive income to net income by component within the face of the financial statements. Finally, no changes were made to the calculation and presentation of earnings per share. These amendments, with retrospective application, were effective for interim and annual periods in fiscal year 2012. A separate consolidated statement of comprehensive income is included in these consolidated financial statements. Other than the change in presentation, these changes did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements. In February 2013, the FASB further amended the accounting standards adding new disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The newly issued guidance will require entities to disclose additional information about reclassification adjustments, including (1) changes in accumulated other comprehensive income balances by component and (2) significant items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The new disclosure requirements are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2012.

 

In July 2012, the FASB issued amended guidance that simplifies how entities test indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill for impairment. The changes are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after September 15, 2012 with early adoption permitted. The Company elected to early adopt this guidance, which provides the Company with the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not (more than 50%) that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill is less than its carrying amount. If an entity elects to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that an impairment is more likely than not, the entity is then required to perform the existing two-step quantitative impairment test, otherwise no further analysis is required. An entity also may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment and, instead, go directly to the two-step quantitative impairment test.

 

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2011, the FASB issued guidance enhancing disclosure requirements about the nature of an entity's right to offset and related arrangements associated with its financial instruments and derivative instruments. The new guidance requires the disclosure of the gross amounts subject to rights of set-off, amounts offset in accordance with the accounting standards followed, and the related net exposure. The new guidance will be effective for the Company beginning January 2013. We do not anticipate material impacts on our financial statements upon adoption