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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Equity [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions):
  
Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
Cost of sales
$
19

 
$
43

 
$
34

 
$
67

Fulfillment
320

 
360

 
564

 
594

Marketing
190

 
307

 
351

 
516

Technology and content
788

 
1,077

 
1,419

 
1,752

General and administrative
151

 
184

 
284

 
316

Total stock-based compensation expense
$
1,468

 
$
1,971

 
$
2,652

 
$
3,245


Nonvested Restricted Stock Units Activity
The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (in millions):
 
Number of Units
 
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018
15.9

 
$
1,024

Units granted
4.6

 
1,807

Units vested
(3.4
)
 
789

Units forfeited
(0.9
)
 
1,120

Outstanding as of June 30, 2019
16.2

 
$
1,287


Scheduled Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Activity
Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of June 30, 2019, is as follows (in millions):
 
Six Months Ended December 31,
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
Thereafter
 
Total
Scheduled vesting—restricted stock units
3.2

 
6.1

 
4.9

 
1.4

 
0.4

 
0.2

 
16.2


Changes in Stockholders Equity
The following table shows the changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions):
 
Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
Total beginning stockholders’ equity
$
31,463

 
$
48,410

 
$
27,709

 
$
43,549

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning and ending common stock
5

 
5

 
5

 
5

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning and ending treasury stock
(1,837
)
 
(1,837
)
 
(1,837
)
 
(1,837
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning additional paid-in capital
22,563

 
28,059

 
21,389

 
26,791

Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock
1,465

 
1,976

 
2,639

 
3,244

Ending additional paid-in capital
24,028

 
30,035

 
24,028

 
30,035

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning accumulated other comprehensive loss
(467
)
 
(1,010
)
 
(484
)
 
(1,035
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
(467
)
 
50

 
(450
)
 
75

Ending accumulated other comprehensive loss
(934
)
 
(960
)
 
(934
)
 
(960
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning retained earnings
11,199

 
23,193

 
8,636

 
19,625

Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles (1)

 

 
934

 
7

Net income
2,534

 
2,625

 
4,163

 
6,186

Ending retained earnings
13,733

 
25,818

 
13,733

 
25,818

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total ending stockholders’ equity
$
34,995

 
$
53,061

 
$
34,995

 
$
53,061

___________________
(1)
We recorded cumulative effect adjustments related to the new revenue and income tax standards in Q1 2018 and the new lease standard in Q1 2019. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies — Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted” for additional information.