Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2014

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

(a)Organization

Willis Lease Finance Corporation (“Willis” or the “Company”) is a provider of aviation services whose primary focus is providing operating leases of commercial aircraft engines and other aircraft-related equipment to air carriers, manufacturers and overhaul/repair facilities worldwide. Willis also engages in the selective purchase and resale of commercial aircraft engines. WLFC (Ireland) Limited, WLFC Funding (Ireland) Limited and WLFC Lease (Ireland) Limited are wholly-owned Irish subsidiaries of Willis formed to facilitate certain of Willis’ international leasing activities. Willis Aviation Finance Limited in Ireland is a wholly-owned subsidiary formed to facilitate the leasing and technical support of worldwide activities. Willis Lease France is a wholly-owned French subsidiary of Willis formed to facilitate sales and marketing activities in Europe. Willis Lease (China) Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Willis formed to facilitate the acquisition and leasing of assets in China.

Willis Engine Securitization Trust II (“WEST II”) is a bankruptcy remote special purpose vehicle which was established for the purpose of financing aircraft engines through an asset-backed securitization. WEST Engine Acquisition LLC and Facility Engine Acquisition LLC are wholly-owned subsidiaries of WEST II and own the engines which secure the notes issued by WEST II. Willis Engine Securitization (Ireland) Limited is another wholly-owned subsidiary of WEST II and was established to facilitate certain international leasing activities by WEST II.

Prior to September 18, 2013, we held a fifty percent membership interest in a joint venture, WOLF A340, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, (“WOLF”). On September 18, 2013, we completed the acquisition of the fifty percent membership interest held by the other joint venture partner in WOLF. As a result of the transaction, we now own one hundred percent of WOLF.  The WOLF assets and liabilities and the results of operations have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date, September 18, 2013.

In 2013, the Company launched Willis Aeronautical Services, Inc. (“Willis Aero”), awholly-owned subsidiary,

Principles of Consolidation

(b)Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Willis, WEST Engine Funding LLC, WEST Engine Funding (Ireland) Limited, WEST Engine Acquisition LLC, Facility Engine Acquisition LLC, WLFC (Ireland) Limited, Willis Lease (Ireland) Limited, WLFC Funding (Ireland) Limited, Willis Aviation Finance Limited, Willis Lease France, Willis Lease (China) Limited, WEST  Engine Securitization Trust II, Willis Engine Securitization (Ireland) Limited, WOLF A340 LLC, WOLF 149 LLC, WOLF 139 LLC, Willis Aero, Willis Lease Singapore Pte. Ltd. (together, the “Company”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Revenue Recognition

(c)Revenue Recognition

Revenue from leasing of aircraft equipment is recognized as operating lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the terms of the applicable lease agreements. Revenue is not recognized when cash collection is not reasonably assured. When collectability is not reasonably assured, the customer is placed on non-accrual status and revenue is recognized when cash payments are received.

We regularly sell equipment from our lease portfolio. This equipment may or may not be subject to a lease at the time of sale. The gain or loss on such sales is recognized as revenue and consists of proceeds associated with the sale less the net book value of the asset sold and any direct costs associated with the sale. To the extent that deposits associated with the engine are not included in the sale we include any such amount in our calculation of gain or loss.

The Company evaluates sales arrangements under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-25, Revenue Recognition: Multiple Element Arrangements (“FASB ASC 605-25”), formerly Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 00-21, Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables, which addresses accounting for multiple element arrangements. The Company has determined that two deliverables, the sale of the engines and the management services, are separate units of accounting. Therefore, revenue is recognized in accordance with FASB ASC 605-10-S99, Revenue Recognition: Overall: SEC Materials, formerly SAB 104, for each unit.

One requirement of FASB ASC 605-25 for the two deliverables to be accounted for as separate units of accounting is that management can determine the fair value of the undelivered item (the management services), when the first item (the sale of engines) is delivered. Assessing fair value evidence requires judgment. In determining fair value, the Company has reviewed information from management agreements entered into by other parties on a standalone basis, compared it to the management agreements entered into with the investor group and determined that the fees charged on a standalone basis were comparable to the fees charged when the Company entered into the management agreement concurrent with the sale of the portfolio of engines. Accordingly, the Company determined that the fees charged for its management services were comparable to those charged by other asset managers for the same service. As such, the Company has concluded that evidence exists to support its assessment of the fair value of the management services.

The Company recognizes revenue from management fees under equipment management agreements as earned on a monthly basis. Management fees are based upon a percentage of net lease rents of the investor group’s engine portfolio calculated on an accrual basis and recorded in Other revenue.

Under the terms of some of our leases, the lessees pay use fees (also known as maintenance reserves) to us based on usage of the leased asset, which are designed to cover expected future maintenance costs. Some of these amounts are reimbursable to the lessee if they make specifically defined maintenance expenditures. Use fees received are recognized in revenue as maintenance reserve revenue if they are not reimbursable to the lessee. Use fees that are reimbursable are recorded as a maintenance reserve liability until they are reimbursed to the lessee or the lease terminates, at which time they are recognized in revenue as maintenance reserve revenue.

Certain lessees may be significantly delinquent in their rental payments and may default on their lease obligations. As of December 31, 2014, we had an aggregate of approximately $1.4 million in lease rent and $1.9 million in maintenance reserve payments more than 30 days past due. Our inability to collect receivables or to repossess engines or other leased equipment in the event of a default by a lessee could have a material adverse effect on us. The Company estimates an allowance for doubtful accounts for lease receivables it does not consider fully collectible. The allowance for doubtful accounts includes the following: (1) specific reserves for receivables which are impaired for which management believes full collection is doubtful; and (2) a general reserve for estimated losses based on historical experience.

Our largest customer accounted for approximately 6.4% of total lease rent revenue during 2014. This customer had no past due rents as of December 31, 2014. No customer accounted for greater than 10% of total lease rent revenue in 2013 and 2012.

Equipment Held for Operating Lease

(d)Equipment Held for Operating Lease

Aircraft assets held for operating lease are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Certain costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of aircraft assets are capitalized as part of the cost of such assets. Major overhauls paid for by us, which improve functionality or extend the original useful life, are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the estimated period to the next overhaul (“deferral method”) or the remaining useful life of the equipment. We do not accrue for planned major maintenance. The cost of overhauls of aircraft assets under long term leases, for which the lessee is responsible for maintenance during the period of the lease, are paid for by the lessee or from reimbursable maintenance reserves paid to the Company in accordance with the lease, and are not capitalized.

Based on specific aspects of the equipment, we generally depreciate engines on a straight-line basis over a 15-year period from the acquisition date to a 55% residual value. We believe that this methodology accurately reflects our typical holding period for the assets and, that the residual value assumption reasonably approximates the selling price of the assets 15 years from date of acquisition.

For engines or aircraft that are unlikely to be repaired at the end of the current expected useful lives, we depreciate the engines or aircraft over their estimated lives to a residual value based on an estimate of the wholesale value of the parts after disassembly.

The spare parts packages owned by us are depreciated on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 14-15 years to a 25% residual value. The aircraft owned by us are depreciated on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 13 to 20 years to a 15% to 17% residual value.

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets to be disposed are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Impairment is identified by comparison of undiscounted forecasted cash flows, including estimated sales proceeds, over the life of the asset with the assets’ book value. If the forecasted undiscounted cash flows are less than the book value the asset is written down to its fair value. Fair value is determined per individual asset by reference to independent appraisals, quoted market prices (e.g. an offer to purchase) and other factors considered relevant by Management. We conduct a formal annual review of the carrying value of long-lived assets and also evaluate assets during the year if we note a triggering event indicating impairment is possible. Such review resulted in an impairment charge for engines and aircraft of $2.4 million in 2014 (disclosed separately as “Write-down of equipment” in the Consolidated Statements of Income).  No impairment charges were recorded in 2013 and 2012 as a result of our review.

Debt Issuance Costs and Related Fees

(e)Debt Issuance Costs and Related Fees

To the extent that we are required to pay fees in order to secure debt, such fees are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related loan using the effective interest method.

Maintenance and Repair Costs

(f)Maintenance and Repair Costs

Maintenance and repair costs under our leases are generally the responsibility of the lessees. Under many of our leases, lessees pay periodic use fees (often called maintenance reserves) to us based on the usage of the asset. Under the terms of some of our leases, the lessees pay amounts to us based on usage, which are designed to cover the expected maintenance cost. Some of these amounts are reimbursable to the lessee if they make specifically defined maintenance expenditures.

Use fees billed are recognized in maintenance reserve revenue if they are not reimbursable to the lessee. Use fees that are reimbursable are included in maintenance reserve liability until they are reimbursed to the lessee or the lease terminates, at which time they are recognized in maintenance reserve revenue. Our expenditures for maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that meet the criteria for capitalization are recorded as an addition to equipment recorded on the balance sheet. Major overhauls paid for by us, which improve functionality or extend the original useful life, are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the estimated period to the next overhaul (“deferral method”) or the remaining useful life of the equipment. We do not accrue for planned major maintenance.

Interest Rate Hedging

(g)Interest Rate Hedging

We enter into various derivative instruments periodically to mitigate the exposure on our variable rate borrowings. The derivative instruments are fixed-rate interest swaps that are recorded at fair value as either an asset or liability. The last of our hedge instruments matured in November 2013.

While substantially all our derivative transactions are entered into for the purposes described above, hedge accounting is only applied where specific criteria have been met and it is practicable to do so. In order to apply hedge accounting, the transaction must be designated as a hedge and it must be highly effective. The hedging instrument’s effectiveness is assessed utilizing regression analysis at the inception of the hedge and on at least a quarterly basis throughout its life. All of the transactions that we have designated as hedges are cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the change in fair value on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the period during which the transaction being hedged affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the hedges is recorded in earnings in the current period.

During the year ended December 31, 2013 the Company determined that it incorrectly applied the guidance in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging from 2006 to 2010. The effects of correcting the prior period errors were an increase to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income of $0.7 million, a decrease to Retained Earnings of $1.1 million and an increase to Deferred Tax Liabilities of $0.4 million from the amounts previously reported at December 31, 2012.

Income Taxes

(h)Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of “temporary differences” by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in the tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes in the financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs (See Note 7).

The Company files income tax returns in various states and countries which may have different statutes of limitations. The open tax years for federal and state tax purposes are from 2011-2013 and 2010-2013, respectively. The Company records penalties and accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Such adjustments have historically been minimal and immaterial to our financial results.

Property, Equipment and Furnishings

(i)Property, Equipment and Furnishings

Property, equipment and furnishings are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and depreciated by the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or useful life of the leasehold.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

(j)Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider highly liquid investments readily convertible into known amounts of cash, with original maturities of 90 days or less, as cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

(k)Restricted Cash

We have certain bank accounts that are subject to restrictions in connection with our WEST II borrowings. Under WEST II, cash is collected in a restricted account, which is used to service the debt and any remaining amounts, after debt service and defined expenses, are distributed to the Company. Additionally, a portion of maintenance reserve payments and all lease security deposits are accumulated in restricted accounts and are available to fund future maintenance events and to secure lease payments, respectively. Under WEST II, cash from maintenance reserve payments are held in the restricted cash account equal to the maintenance obligations projected for the subsequent six months, and are subject to a minimum balance of $9.0 million. Security deposits are held until the end of the lease, at which time provided return conditions have been met, the deposit will be returned to the lessee. To the extent return conditions are not met, these deposits may be retained by us.

Spare Parts Inventory

(l)   Spare Parts Inventory

Inventory consists of spare aircraft and engine parts and is stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. An impairment charge for excess or inactive inventory is recorded based upon an analysis that considers current inventory levels, historical usage patterns, future sales expectations and salvage value.

Intangible Assets

(m)   Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include customer relationships and goodwill arising from the Company’s acquisition of J.T. Power (see Footnote 6. Acquisition). Intangible assets are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC 350, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.”

Goodwill is assessed for impairment annually. Customer relationships are amortized on a straight line basis over their estimated useful life of five years. The Company has no intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.

Management Estimates

(n)   Management Estimates

These financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to residual values, estimated asset lives, impairments and bad debts. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Management believes that the accounting policies on revenue recognition, maintenance reserves and expenditures, useful life of equipment, asset residual values, asset impairment and allowance for doubtful accounts are critical to the results of operations.

If the useful lives or residual values are lower than those estimated by us, upon sale of the asset a loss may be realized. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasting of future operating results, which are used in the preparation of projected undiscounted cash-flows and should different conditions prevail, material impairment write-downs may occur.

Per share information

(o)   Per share information

Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The computation of fully diluted earnings (loss) per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings (loss) per share, except for the inclusion of all potentially dilutive common shares. The reconciliation between basic common shares and fully diluted common shares is presented below:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2014	2013	2012
	(in thousands)
Shares:
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding	7,917	8,029	8,490
Dilutive and potentially dilutive common shares	224	260	301
Total shares	8,141	8,289	8,791

Investments

(p)Investments

Our investment in the WMES and CASC Willis joint ventures, where we own 50% of the equity of the ventures, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The investments are recorded at the amount invested plus or minus our 50% share of net income or loss, less any distributions or return of capital received from the entities.

Prior to September 18, 2013, we held a fifty percent membership interest in a joint venture, WOLF A340, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, (“WOLF”). On September 18, 2013, we completed the acquisition of the fifty percent membership interest held by the other joint venture partner in WOLF. Prior to that date, the investment in the WOLF joint venture was accounted for using the equity method of accounting. As a result of the transaction, we now own one hundred percent of WOLF. The WOLF assets and liabilities and the results of operations have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date, September 18, 2013.

Stock Based Compensation

(q)Stock Based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense in the financial statements for share-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of those awards. Additionally, stock-based compensation expense includes an estimate for pre-vesting forfeitures and is recognized over the requisite service periods of the awards on a straight-line basis, which is generally commensurate with the vesting term.

Initial Direct Costs associated with Leases

(r)Initial Direct Costs associated with Leases

We account for the initial direct costs, including sales commission and legal fees, incurred in obtaining a new lease by deferring and amortizing those costs over the term of the lease. The amortization of these costs is recorded under General and Administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.  The amounts amortized were $1.5 million, $1.5 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Fair Value Measurements

(s)  Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs, to the extent possible. We use a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, to measure fair value which are the following:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We determine fair value of long-lived assets held and used, such as Equipment held for operating lease and Equipment held for sale, by reference to independent appraisals, quoted market prices (e.g. an offer to purchase) and other factors. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value.

The following table shows by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the gains (losses) recorded during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 on those assets:

	Assets at Fair Value																Total Losses
	December 31, 2014								December 31, 2013								December 31,
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		2014		2013
	(in thousands)																(in thousands)
Equipment held for sale	$	18,114		—	$	14,801	$	3,313	$	32,491		—	$	30,824	$	1,667	$	(5,602)	$	(6,461)
Total	$	18,114	$	—	$	14,801	$	3,313	$	32,491	$	—	$	30,824	$	1,667	$	—	$	(6,461)

At December 31, 2014, the Company used Level 2 inputs to measure the fair value of certain engines and equipment held for sale.  Due to the absence of quoted market prices of certain engines that were held for sale and not consigned to third parties, the fair values of these assets are categorized as Level 3.  The fair value of these assets were based on management’s estimate considering projected future sales proceeds at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value.

An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. A write-down of equipment totaling $2.6 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2014 due to a management decision to consign six engines for part-out and sale, in which the assets’ net book value exceeded the estimated proceeds from part-out. Write-downs on held for use equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, due to the adjustment of carrying values for certain impaired engines within the portfolio to reflect estimated market values. A further write-down of $0.6 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2014 to adjust the carrying value of engine parts for which market conditions for the sale of parts has changed.  An asset write-down of $3.7 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2013 based on a comparison of the asset net book values with the proceeds expected from the sale of engines. A further asset write-down of $2.8 million was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2013, based upon a comparison of the asset net book values with the revised net proceeds expected from part sales arising from consignment of the engines.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(t)Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes most of the current revenue recognition requirements.  The core principle of the new guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. New disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers are also required. This guidance is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2017 and early application is not permitted. Entities must adopt the new guidance using one of two retrospective application methods. We are currently evaluating the standard to determine the impact of its adoption on the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, “Income Taxes - Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists” which is part of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740: Income Taxes. The new guidance requires an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit and an NOL carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward on a net basis as part of a deferred tax asset, unless the unrecognized tax benefit is not available to reduce the deferred tax asset component or would not be utilized for that purpose, then a liability would be recognized. We adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2014.  The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements