fac-10k_20161231.htm

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of these shares on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2016, was $21,757,026. For the purposes of this disclosure only, the registrant has assumed that its directors, executive officers and beneficial owners of 10% or more of the registrant’s common stock are affiliates of the registrant. As of March 13, 2017, there were 41,160,011 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

The Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement pertaining to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, filed or to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, is incorporated herein by reference into Part III.

Market and industry data and other statistical information and forecasts used throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on independent industry publications, government publications and reports by market research firms or other published independent sources. We have not sought or obtained the approval or endorsement of the use of this third-party information. Some data also is based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from our review of internal surveys, as well as independent sources. Forecasts are particularly likely to be inaccurate, especially over long periods of time.

First Acceptance Corporation (the “Company,” “we” or “us”) is principally a retailer, servicer and underwriter of non-standard personal automobile insurance based in Nashville, Tennessee. Our insurance operations generate revenue from selling non-standard personal automobile insurance products and related products in 16 states. We conduct our servicing and underwriting operations in 14 states and are licensed as an insurer in 12 additional states. In December 2016, we closed all of our retail locations and ceased writing new business in the state of Missouri. We own and operate three insurance company subsidiaries: First Acceptance Insurance Company, Inc. (“FAIC”), First Acceptance Insurance Company of Georgia, Inc. (“FAIC-GA”) and First Acceptance Insurance Company of Tennessee, Inc. (“FAIC-TN”). Non-standard personal automobile insurance is sought after by individuals because of their inability or unwillingness to obtain standard insurance coverage due to various factors, including payment history, payment preference, failure in the past to maintain continuous insurance coverage or driving record and/or vehicle type. At December 31, 2016, we leased and operated 355 retail locations and a call center staffed with employee-agents. Our employee-agents primarily sell non-standard personal automobile insurance products underwritten by us as well as certain commissionable ancillary products. In most states, our employee-agents also sell a complementary insurance product providing personal property and liability coverage for renters underwritten by us. In addition, retail locations in some markets offer non-standard personal automobile insurance serviced and underwritten by other third-party insurance carriers for which we receive a commission. In addition to our retail locations, we are able to complete the entire sales process over the phone via our call center or through the internet via our consumer-based website or mobile platform. On a limited basis, we also sell our products through selected retail locations operated by independent agents.

Effective July 1, 2015, we acquired certain assets of Titan Insurance Services, Inc. and Titan Auto Insurance of New Mexico, Inc. (the “Titan Agencies”). These 82 retail locations, which are now rebranded under our Acceptance Insurance name, primarily sell private passenger non-standard automobile insurance policies underwritten by unrelated insurance companies for which our revenues are in the form of commission and fee income. A call center location that we acquired was closed during 2016 and consolidated into our existing call center. We currently offer our own product through these stores, on a limited basis, in California and Texas.

Personal automobile insurance is the largest line of property and casualty insurance in the United States with, according to SNL Financial, an estimated market size of $200 billion in premiums earned based on the most recent market data available. Personal automobile insurance provides drivers with coverage for liability to others for bodily injury and property damage and for physical damage to the driver’s vehicle from collision and other perils.

The market for personal automobile insurance is generally divided into three product segments: non-standard, standard and preferred. We believe that the premiums earned in the non-standard automobile insurance market segment in the United States represent between 15% and 25% of the total personal automobile insurance market.

Recent data has shown that miles driven across the United States has risen over the past two years. The following chart from the U.S. Federal Highway Administration shows how miles driven have increased from 2012 through November 2016.

Industry claim frequency has historically correlated closely with increases and decreases in miles driven. Miles driven have risen over the past two years as the economy has improved and gas prices have remained low. We believe this is a large contributing factor to the increased frequency we experienced in 2015 and 2016.

In addition, distracted driving as a cause of automobile claims has increased as the use of smartphones has become more commonplace. The National Safety Council estimated that motor-vehicle deaths were 8% higher in 2015 than they were in 2014 – the largest increase in 50 years. They cited human behavioral factors as some of the biggest hazards on the road. Distracted driving topped their list as one of the most dangerous factors on the roads today—especially when combined with high traffic congestion. This trend has continued with preliminary estimates from the National Safety Council indicating that motor-vehicle deaths were 9% higher through the first six months of 2016.

The non-standard personal automobile insurance business is highly competitive. Our primary competition comes not only from national companies or their subsidiaries, but also from non-standard insurers and independent agents that operate only in specific regions or states. We compete against other vertically integrated insurance companies and independent agents that market insurance on behalf of a number of insurers. We compete with these other insurers on factors such as initial down payment, availability of monthly payment plans, price, customer service and claims service.

We are a vertically integrated business that acts as the agency, servicer and underwriter of non-standard personal automobile insurance and other ancillary products. We believe our business model allows us to identify and satisfy the needs of our target customers and eliminates many of the inefficiencies associated with a non-integrated automobile insurance model. Our retail locations and call center are staffed with employee-agents who primarily sell non-standard personal automobile insurance products underwritten by us, as well as certain commissionable ancillary products. Our vertical integration, combined with our convenient sales channels, enables us to control the point of sale and to retain significant revenue that would otherwise be lost in a non-integrated insurance business model.

We offer customers automobile insurance with low down payments, competitive monthly payments, convenient sales channels and a high level of personal service. This strategy makes it easier for our customers to obtain automobile insurance, which is legally mandated in the states in which we currently operate. Currently, our policy life expectancy is lower than that of standard personal automobile insurance providers due to the payment patterns of our customers. However, we accept customers seeking insurance who have previously terminated coverage provided by us without imposing any additional requirements on such customers. Our business model and systems allow us to issue policies efficiently and, when necessary, cancel them to minimize the potential for credit loss while adhering to regulatory cancellation notice requirements.

In addition to a low down payment and competitive monthly rates, we offer customers valuable face-to-face contact and speed of service as many of our customers prefer not to purchase a new automobile insurance policy over the phone or through the internet. The majority of our customers make their payments through our retail locations. For many of our customers, our employee-agents are not only the face of the Company, but also the preferred interface for buying insurance. All of our policies are issued at the point of sale.

However, in response to the increasing consumer demand to purchase personal automobile insurance over the phone and through the internet, we offer customers the ability to purchase a policy through an employee-agent in our call center or via our www.acceptance.com website and mobile platform. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 8% of our policies-in-force were sold through a non-retail sales channel.

Our core business involves issuing automobile insurance policies categorized as “non-standard” to individuals based primarily on their inability or unwillingness to obtain insurance coverage from standard carriers due to various factors, including their payment history or need for monthly payment plans, failure to maintain continuous insurance coverage or driving record. We believe that a majority of our customers seek our non-standard insurance due to our flexible payment terms and positive customer service experience, including dependable and direct interaction through our retail locations.

In addition to non-standard personal automobile insurance, we also offer our customers optional products that provide ancillary reimbursements and benefits in the event of an automobile accident. Those products generally provide reimbursements for medical expenses and hospital stays as a result of injuries sustained in an automobile accident, automobile towing and rental, and ambulance services. We also offer and underwrite a tenant homeowner policy that provides contents and liability coverage to those of our customers who are renters.

Our marketing strategy is based on promoting brand recognition of our products and encouraging prospective customers to purchase personal automobile insurance by either visiting one of our retail locations or utilizing our phone or internet channels to bind a policy (“Call, click or come in.”). Our current advertising strategy is focused on outdoor media and digital advertising, as well as concentrated low-cost local efforts (“guerilla marketing”) by our employee-agents. We market our business under the name “Acceptance Insurance.”

We primarily distribute our products through our retail locations. We believe the local office concept remains attractive to many of our customers, as they desire the face-to-face assistance they cannot receive over the telephone or through the internet. Our vision is to be the market leader for auto insurance in the communities we serve. However, in response to the increasing consumer demand to purchase personal automobile insurance over the phone and through the internet, we offer customers the choice to purchase a policy through an employee-agent in our call center or via our www.acceptance.com website and mobile platform. Approximately 8% of our policies-in-force were sold through a non-retail sales channel.

Our underwriting and pricing systems are fully automated. We believe that these systems provide a competitive advantage to us because they give us the ability to capture relevant pricing information, improve efficiencies, increase the accuracy and consistency of underwriting decisions and reduce training costs.

Pricing is generally based on the specific type of vehicle and the driver’s age, gender, marital status, driving experience, insurance score and location. We also review loss trends in each of the states in which we operate to assess the adequacy of our rates and underwriting standards, and make comparisons with competitors’ rates to achieve optimum results. We adjust rates periodically, as necessary, and as permitted by applicable regulatory authorities, to maintain or improve underwriting results in each market.

Non-standard personal automobile insurance customers generally have a higher frequency of claims than preferred and standard personal automobile insurance customers. We strive to promptly assess and resolve claims and manage against fraud. Our claims process is designed to promote expedient, fair and consistent claims handling, while controlling loss adjustment expenses.

Our claims operation includes adjusters, appraisers, re-inspectors, special investigators and claims administrative personnel. We conduct our claims operations out of Nashville, Tennessee and through regional claims offices in Tampa, Florida and Chicago, Illinois. Our employees generally handle all claims from the initial report of the claim until the final settlement. We believe that directly employing claims personnel, rather than using independent adjusters, results in improved customer service and lower costs. In territories where we do not believe a staff appraiser would be cost-effective, we utilize the services of independent appraisers and a network of qualified repair facilities to inspect physical damage to automobiles. The work of independent appraisers and qualified repair facilities is reviewed and managed by our regional material damage team.

Automobile accidents generally result in insurance companies making payments (referred to as “losses”) to individuals or companies to compensate for physical damage to an automobile or other property and/or an injury to a person. Months and sometimes years may elapse between the occurrence of an accident, report of the accident to the insurer and payment of the claim. Insurers record a liability for estimates of losses that will be paid for accidents reported to them, which are referred to as case reserves. As accidents are not always reported promptly, insurers estimate incurred but not reported, or “IBNR,” reserves to cover expected losses for accidents that have occurred, but have not been reported to the insurer. Insurers also incur expenses in connection with the handling and settling of claims that are referred to as “loss adjustment expenses” and record a liability for the estimated costs to settle their expected unpaid losses.

We are directly liable for loss and loss adjustment expenses under the terms of the insurance policies underwritten by our insurance company subsidiaries. Each of our insurance company subsidiaries establishes a reserve for all of its unpaid losses, including case reserves and IBNR reserves, and estimates for the cost to settle the claims. We estimate our IBNR reserves by estimating our ultimate liability for loss and loss adjustment expense reserves first, and then reducing that amount by the amount of the cumulative paid claims and by the amount of our case reserves. We rely primarily on historical loss experience in determining reserve levels on the assumption that historical loss experience provides a good indication of future loss experience. We also consider other factors, such as inflation, claims settlement patterns, legislative activity and litigation trends. We review our loss and loss adjustment expense reserve estimates on a quarterly basis and adjust those reserves each quarter to reflect any favorable or unfavorable development as historical loss experience develops or new information becomes known. Our actuarial staff reviews our reserves and loss trends on a quarterly basis. We believe that the liabilities that we have recorded for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at December 31, 2016 are adequate to cover the final net cost of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred through that date.

At December 31, 2016, we had $160.3 million of net loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, which included $99.9 million in IBNR reserves and $60.4 million in case reserves. Reinsurance receivables of $0.8 million offset gross reserves of $161.1 million at December 31, 2016. For a reconciliation of net loss and loss adjustment expense reserves from the beginning to the end of the most recent periods presented, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements.

Loss and loss adjustment expense reserve estimates were reviewed on a quarterly basis and adjusted each quarter to reflect any favorable or adverse development. Development assumptions were based upon historical accident quarters. We analyzed our reserves for each type of coverage, for loss and loss adjustment expense separately to determine our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. To determine the best estimate, we reviewed the results of nine estimation methods, including the reported development method, the paid development method, the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson method, the paid Bornhuetter-Ferguson method, the Generalized Cape Cod method using exposures and reported losses, the Generalized Cape Cod method using exposures and paid losses, the Generalized Cape Cod method using ultimate claims and reported losses, the Generalized Cape Cod method using ultimate claims and paid losses, and the Taylor-McGuire method, for each set of data. In each quarterly review, we develop a point estimate for each subset of our business. We did not prepare separate point estimates for our entire business using each of the estimation methods. In determining our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, we selected different estimation methods as appropriate for the various subsets of our business.

The methods selected varied by coverage, and considerations included the number and value of the case reserves for open claims, incurred and paid loss relativities, and suspected strengths and weaknesses for each of the procedures. Other factors considered in establishing reserves include assumptions regarding loss frequency and loss severity. We believe assumptions regarding loss frequency are historically reliable because injured parties generally report their claims in a reasonably short period of time after an accident. Loss severity is more difficult to estimate because severity is affected by changes in underlying costs, including medical costs, settlements or judgments, and regulatory changes. Reserves recorded represent our best estimate of the ultimate amounts that will be paid.

A.M. Best has assigned our insurance companies a financial strength rating of “C++ (Marginal)”. A.M. Best assigns a “C++” rating to those companies that in A.M. Best’s opinion “have a marginal ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders, but are financially vulnerable to adverse changes in underwriting and economic conditions.” Financial institutions and reinsurance companies sometimes use the A.M. Best ratings to help assess the financial strength and quality of insurance companies. The current ratings of our insurance company subsidiaries or their failure to maintain such ratings may dissuade a financial institution from conducting business with us or increase our potential interest costs. We do not believe our A.M. Best rating is generally a consideration for our customers when purchasing our products and services.

Insurance Company Regulation. We and our insurance company subsidiaries are regulated by governmental agencies in the states in which we conduct business and by various federal statutes and regulations. These state regulations vary by jurisdiction but, among other matters, usually involve:

Required Licensing. We also operate under licenses issued by various state insurance authorities. Such licenses may be of perpetual duration or periodically renewable, provided we continue to meet applicable regulatory requirements. The licenses govern, among other things, the types of insurance coverages and products that may be offered in the licensing state. Such licenses are typically issued only after an appropriate application is filed and prescribed criteria are met. All of our licenses are in good standing. Currently, we hold property and casualty insurance licenses to underwrite policies in the following 26 states:

As required by our current operations, we hold managing general agency licenses in Texas and Florida. In addition, business written through other third party insurance carriers requires our agency operations to hold agency or broker licenses in those states. To expand into a new state or offer a new line of insurance or other new product, we must apply for and obtain the appropriate licenses.

Insurance Holding Company Regulation. We operate as an insurance holding company system and are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which our insurance company subsidiaries conduct business. These regulations require that each insurance company in the holding company system register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies in the holding company system which may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers in the holding company domiciled in that state. We have three insurance company subsidiaries that are organized and domiciled under the insurance statutes of Texas, Georgia and Tennessee. The insurance laws in each of these states similarly provide that all transactions among members of a holding company system be done at arm’s length and shown to be fair and reasonable to the regulated insurer. Transactions between insurance company subsidiaries and their parents and affiliates typically must be disclosed to the state regulators, and any material or extraordinary transaction requires prior approval of the applicable state insurance regulator. A change of control of a domestic insurer or of any controlling person requires the prior approval of the state insurance regulator. In general, any person who acquires 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities of the insurer or its parent company is deemed by statute to have acquired control of the domestic insurer.

Restrictions on Paying Dividends. We may in the future rely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet corporate cash requirements. State insurance regulatory authorities require insurance companies to maintain specified levels of statutory capital and surplus. The amount of an insurer’s capital and surplus following payment of any dividends must be reasonable in relation to the insurer’s outstanding liabilities and adequate to meet its financial needs. Prior approval from state insurance regulatory authorities is generally required in order for an insurance company to declare and pay extraordinary dividends. The payment of ordinary dividends is limited by the amount of capital and surplus available to the insurer, as determined in accordance with state statutory accounting practices and other applicable limitations. State insurance regulatory authorities that have jurisdiction over the payment of dividends by our insurance company subsidiaries may in the future adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the current ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends.

Regulation of Rates and Policy Forms. Most states in which our insurance company subsidiaries operate have insurance laws that require insurance companies to file premium rate schedules and policy or coverage forms for review and approval. In many cases, such rates and policy forms must be approved prior to use. State insurance regulators have broad discretion in judging whether an insurer’s rates are adequate, not excessive and not unfairly discriminatory. Generally, property and casualty insurers are unable to implement rate increases until they show that the costs associated with providing such coverage have increased. The speed at which an insurer can change rates in response to competition or increasing costs depends, in part, on the method by which the applicable state’s rating laws are administered. There are three basic rate administration systems: (i) the insurer must file and obtain regulatory approval of the new rate before using it; (ii) the insurer may file the new rate and begin using the new rate during regulatory review; or (iii) the insurer may begin using the new rate and file it in a specified period of time for regulatory review. Under all three rating systems, the state insurance regulators have the authority to disapprove the rate subsequent to its filing. Thus, insurers who begin using new rates before the rates are approved may be required to issue premium refunds or credits to policyholders if the new rates are ultimately deemed excessive and disapproved by the applicable state insurance authorities. In some states there has historically been pressure to reduce premium rates for automobile and other personal insurance or to limit how often an insurer may request increases for such rates.

Guaranty Funds. Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. Maximum contributions required by law in any one year vary between 1% and 2% of annual premiums written in that state. In most states, guaranty fund assessments are recoverable either through future policy surcharges or offsets to state premium tax liabilities. To date, we have not received any material unrecoverable assessments.

Investment Regulation. Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of their investment portfolios and limitations on the amount of investments in certain categories. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause non-conforming investments to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus and, in some instances, would require divestiture. If a non-conforming asset is treated as a non-admitted asset, it would lower the affected subsidiary’s surplus and thus, its ability to write additional premiums and pay dividends.

Restrictions on Cancellation, Non-Renewal or Withdrawal. Many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to exit a market. For example, certain states limit an automobile insurer’s ability to cancel or not renew policies. Some states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing one or more lines of business from the state, except pursuant to a plan approved by the state insurance department. The state insurance department may disapprove a plan that may lead to market disruption. Laws and regulations that limit cancellations and non-renewals and that subject business withdrawals to prior approval requirements may restrict an insurer’s ability to exit unprofitable markets.

Privacy Regulations. In 1999, the United States Congress enacted the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which protects consumers from the unauthorized dissemination of certain nonpublic personal information. Subsequently, the majority of states have implemented additional regulations to address privacy issues. These laws and regulations apply to all financial institutions, including insurance companies, and require us to maintain appropriate procedures for managing and protecting certain nonpublic personal information of our customers and to fully disclose our privacy practices to our customers. We may also be exposed to future privacy laws and regulations, which could impose additional costs and impact our results of operations or financial condition.

Licensing of Our Employee-Agents and Adjusters. All of our employees who sell, solicit or negotiate insurance are licensed, as required, by the state in which they work, for the applicable line or lines of insurance they offer. Our employee-agents generally must renew their licenses annually and adhere to minimum annual continuing education requirements. In certain states in which we operate, our insurance claims adjusters are also required to be licensed and are subject to annual continuing education requirements.

Unfair Claims Practices. Generally, insurance companies, adjusting companies and individual claims adjusters are prohibited by state statutes from engaging in unfair claims practices which could indicate a general business practice. We set business conduct policies and conduct regular training to ensure that our employee-adjusters and other claims personnel are aware of these prohibitions, and we require them to conduct their activities in compliance with these statutes.

Financial Reporting. We are required to file quarterly and annual financial reports with states utilizing statutory accounting practices that are different from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which generally reflect our insurance company subsidiaries on a going concern basis. The statutory accounting practices used by state regulators, in keeping with the intent to assure policyholder protection, are generally based on a liquidation concept. For statutory financial information on our insurance company subsidiaries, see Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

As a result of our recent reduction in statutory capital and surplus, effective August 31, 2016, the Texas Department of Insurance requested, and we now provide them, with financial statements and other additional information on a monthly basis. See Note 19 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Periodic Financial and Market Conduct Examinations. The state insurance departments that have jurisdiction over our insurance company subsidiaries conduct on-site visits and examinations of the insurers’ affairs, especially as to their financial condition, ability to fulfill their obligations to policyholders, market conduct, claims practices and compliance with other laws and applicable regulations. Generally, these examinations are conducted every five years. If circumstances dictate, regulators are authorized to conduct special or target examinations of insurers, insurance agencies and insurance adjusting companies to address particular concerns or issues. The results of these examinations can give rise to regulatory orders requiring remedial, injunctive or other corrective action on the part of the company that is the subject of the examination. FAIC has been examined for financial condition through December 31, 2015 by the state of Texas while examinations as of this date of FAIC-GA and FAIC-TN by the states of Georgia and Tennessee, respectively, are currently still in process. FAIC has been the subject of market conduct examinations by the states of Florida, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Ohio, and Texas.

Risk-Based Capital. In order to enhance the regulation of insurer solvency, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or “NAIC,” has adopted a formula and model law to implement risk-based capital, or “RBC,” requirements designed to assess the minimum amount of statutory capital that an insurance company needs to support its overall business operations and to ensure that it has an acceptably low expectation of becoming financially impaired. RBC is used to set capital requirements based on the size and degree of risk taken by the insurer and taking into account various risk factors such as asset risk, credit risk, underwriting risk, interest rate risk and other relevant business risks. The NAIC model law provides for increasing levels of regulatory intervention as the ratio of an insurer’s total adjusted capital decreases relative to its RBC, culminating with mandatory control of the operations of the insurer by the domiciliary insurance department at the so-called mandatory control level. This calculation is performed on a calendar year basis, and at December 31, 2016, each of our insurance companies all maintained an RBC level that was in excess of an amount that would require any corrective actions on their part.

RBC is a comprehensive financial analysis system affecting nearly all types of licensed insurers, including our insurance company subsidiaries. It is designed to evaluate the relative financial condition of the insurer by application of a weighting formula to the company’s assets and its policyholder obligations. The key RBC calculation is to recast total surplus, after application of the RBC formula, in terms of an authorized control level RBC. The authorized control level RBC is a number determined under the RBC formula in accordance with certain RBC instructions. Once the authorized control level RBC is determined, it is contrasted against the company’s total adjusted capital. A high multiple generally indicates stronger capitalization and financial strength, while a lower multiple reflects lesser capitalization and strength. Each state’s statutes also create certain RBC multiples at which either the company or the regulator must take action. For example, there are four defined RBC levels that trigger different regulatory events. The minimum RBC level is called the company action level RBC and is generally defined as the product of 2.0 and the company’s authorized control level RBC. Next is a regulatory action level RBC, which is defined as the product of 1.5 and the company’s authorized control level RBC. Below the regulatory action level RBC is the authorized control level RBC. Finally, there is a mandatory control level RBC, which means the product of 0.70 and the company’s authorized control level RBC.

As long as the company’s total adjusted capital stays above the company action level RBC (i.e., at greater than 2.0 times the authorized control level RBC), regulators generally will not take any corrective action. However, if an insurance company’s total adjusted capital falls below the company action level RBC, but remains above the regulatory action level RBC, the company is required to submit an RBC plan to the applicable state regulator(s) that identifies the conditions that contributed to the substandard RBC level and identifies a remediation plan to increase the company’s total adjusted capital above 2.0 times its authorized control level RBC. If a company’s total adjusted capital falls below its regulatory action level RBC but remains above its authorized control level RBC, then the regulator may require the insurer to submit an RBC plan, perform a financial examination or analysis on the company’s assets and liabilities, and may issue an order specifying corrective action for the company to take to improve its RBC number. In the event an insurance company’s total adjusted capital falls below its authorized control level RBC, the state regulator may require the insurer to submit an RBC plan or may place the insurer under regulatory supervision. If an insurance company’s total adjusted capital were to fall below its mandatory control level RBC, the regulator is obligated to place the insurer under regulatory control, which could ultimately include, among other actions, administrative supervision, rehabilitation or liquidation.

At December 31, 2016, FAIC’s total adjusted capital was 2.8 times its authorized control level RBC, requiring no corrective action on FAIC’s part. Likewise, at December 31, 2016, FAIC-GA and FAIC-TN had total adjusted capital of 3.2 and 3.6, respectively, times their authorized control level RBC.

At December 31, 2016, we had approximately 1,400 employees or “team members”. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreements.

We file reports with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and other reports from time to time. The public may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information about the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. We are an electronic filer, and the SEC maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and other information filed electronically. The SEC website address is provided as an inactive textual reference only, and the information provided on the SEC website is not part of this report and is therefore not incorporated by reference unless such information is otherwise specifically referenced elsewhere in this report.

We maintain a website at the following address: www.acceptance.com. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference in this report. We make available on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with, or furnish to, the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to these reports. We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

Investing in the Company involves risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, any of which could have a significant or material adverse effect on the Company. This information should be considered together with the other information contained in this report and in the other reports and materials filed by us with the SEC, as well as news releases and other information publicly disseminated by us from time to time.

Our business may be adversely affected by adverse economic conditions and other negative developments in the non-standard personal automobile insurance industry.

Substantially all of our revenues are generated from sales of non-standard personal automobile insurance policies. As a result of our concentration in this line of business, negative developments in the economic, competitive or regulatory conditions affecting the non-standard personal automobile insurance industry and our customers could reduce our revenues, increase our expenses or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Weak economic conditions, elevated unemployment levels, and low consumer confidence in the United States tend to result in fewer customers purchasing and maintaining non-standard personal automobile insurance policies and certain customers reducing their insurance coverage, which adversely impacts our revenues and profitability. Developments affecting the non-standard personal automobile insurance industry and our customers could have a greater effect on us compared with more diversified insurers that also sell other types of automobile insurance products or write other additional lines of insurance.

Our underwriting and agency results may fluctuate as a result of cyclical changes in the non-standard personal automobile insurance industry.

The non-standard personal automobile insurance industry is cyclical in nature. Likewise, adverse economic conditions impact our customers and many will choose to reduce their coverage or go uninsured during a weak economy. Conversely, favorable economic conditions may lead to lower gas prices which result in an increase in miles driven and consequently claim frequency. Employment rates, sales of used vehicles, consumer confidence and other factors affect our customers’ purchasing habits. In the past, the industry has also been characterized by periods of price competition and excess capacity followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity. If new competitors enter the market, existing competitors may attempt to increase market share by lowering rates. Such conditions could lead to reduced prices, which would negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Given the cyclical nature of the industry and the economy, these conditions may negatively impact our revenues and profitability.

Due to our largely fixed cost structure, our profitability may decline if our sales volume declines significantly or if we are unable to maintain agency contracts with a sufficient roster of third-party carriers.

Our reliance on leased retail locations and a call center staffed by employee-agents results in a cost structure that has a high proportion of fixed costs as compared with other more traditional insurers. In times of increasing sales volume, our acquisition cost per policy decreases, improving our expense ratio, which we believe is one of the significant advantages of our core business model. However, in times of declining sales volume, the opposite occurs. Decreases in our sales volume or the ability to sell third-party policies, without corresponding decreases in our costs, would adversely impact our results of operations and profitability.

Our loss and loss adjustment expenses may exceed our reserves, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We establish reserves for the estimated amount of claims under the terms of the insurance policies underwritten by our insurance company subsidiaries. The amount of the reserves is determined based on historical claims information, industry statistics and other factors. The establishment of appropriate reserves is an inherently uncertain process due to a number of factors, including the difficulty in predicting the frequency and severity of claims, the rate of inflation, changes in trends, ongoing interpretation of insurance policy provisions by courts, inconsistent decisions in lawsuits regarding coverage and broader theories of liability. Any changes in claims settlement practices can also lead to changes in loss payment patterns, which are used to estimate reserve levels. Our ability to accurately estimate our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves may be made more difficult by changes in our business, including entry into new markets, changes in sales practices, or changes in our customers’ purchasing habits. If our reserves prove to be inadequate, we will be required to increase our loss reserves and the amount of any such increase would reduce our income in the period that the deficiency is recognized. The historic development of reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses may not necessarily reflect future trends in the development of these amounts. Consequently, our actual losses could materially exceed our loss reserves, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to statutory capital and surplus requirements and other standards, and their failure to meet these requirements or standards could subject them to regulatory actions.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to RBC standards and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements imposed under the laws of their respective states of domicile. The RBC standards, which are based upon the RBC Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance company subsidiaries to annually report their results of RBC calculations to the state departments of insurance and the NAIC.

During 2016, our statutory capital and surplus and RBC levels decreased as a result of our recent operating results, and since August 31, 2016, we have been required to submit financial statements and other additional information (including estimated RBC) to the Texas Department of Insurance on a monthly basis.

Failure to meet applicable minimum RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements could subject our insurance company subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on their writing of additional business, state supervision or even liquidation. Any changes in existing minimum RBC standards or minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements may require our insurance company subsidiaries to increase their statutory capital and surplus levels, which they may be unable to do. These calculations are performed on a calendar year basis, and at December 31, 2016, our insurance company subsidiaries maintained RBC levels in excess of an amount that would require any corrective actions on their part.

State regulators also screen and analyze the financial condition of insurance companies using the NAIC IRIS system. As part of IRIS, the NAIC database generates key financial ratio results obtained from an insurer’s annual statutory statements. A ratio result falling outside the defined range of IRIS ratios may result in further examination by a state regulator to determine if corrective action is necessary. At December 31, 2016, each of our three insurance company subsidiaries had IRIS ratios outside the defined ranges. We cannot assure you that regulatory authorities will not conduct any such examination of the financial condition of our insurance company subsidiaries, or of the outcome of any such investigation. See “Business – Regulatory Environment” in Item 1 of this report.

Extra-contractual losses arising from bad faith claims could materially reduce our profitability.

In Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and other states where we have substantial operations, the judicial climate, case law or statutory framework are often viewed as unfavorable toward an insurer in litigation brought against it by policyholders and third-party claimants. This tends to increase our exposure to extra-contractual losses, or monetary damages beyond policy limits, in what are known as “bad faith” claims. Such claims may result in losses which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our investment portfolio may suffer reduced returns or other-than-temporary impairment losses, which could reduce our profitability.

Our results of operations depend, in part, on the performance of our investment portfolio. At December 31, 2016, the majority of our investments available-for-sale portfolio was invested either directly or indirectly in marketable, investment-grade debt securities and mutual funds, and included U.S. government securities, municipal bonds, corporate bonds and collateralized mortgage obligations. Declines in interest rates over the past few years have reduced the available returns on the reinvestment of securities in the portfolio as they mature or are redeemed. However, as rates have declined, the fair value of debt securities has increased above its amortized cost resulting in net unrealized gains on debt securities. Such gains are recognized in other comprehensive income and increased our stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2016, the amortized cost of our investments, available-for-sale, portfolio exceeded the fair value by approximately $0.7 million. An increase in interest rates could reduce the fair value of our investments in debt securities. At December 31, 2016, the impact of an immediate 100 basis point increase in market interest rates on our fixed maturities portfolio would have resulted in an estimated decrease in fair value of 5.2%, or approximately $5.0 million. In response to the decline in interest rates, we have also made certain “Other Investments” that are not readily marketable and have restrictions as to their redemption. Defaults by third parties who fail to pay or perform obligations could reduce our investment income and could also result in investment losses to our portfolio. See “Critical Accounting Estimates – Investments” in Item 7 of this report and Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements regarding determination of other-than-temporary impairment losses on investment securities and for further information about our “Other Investments.”

Our business is highly competitive, which may make it difficult for us to market our core products effectively and profitably.

The non-standard personal automobile insurance business is highly competitive. Our primary insurance company competition comes not only from national insurance companies or their subsidiaries, but also from non-standard insurers and independent agents that operate in a specific region or single state in which we also operate. Some of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do, and they may offer a broader range of products or competing products at lower prices, and may offer products through multiple distribution channels. Our revenues, profitability and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if we are required to decrease or are unable to increase prices to stay competitive, or if we do not successfully retain our current customers and attract new customers.

In addition, innovation by competitors or other market participants may increase the level of competition in the industry. This can include product, pricing, or marketing innovations, new or improved services, technology advances, or new modes of doing business that enhance the customer’s ability to shop and compare prices from multiple companies, among other initiatives. Our ability to react to such advances and navigate the new competitive environment is important to our success.

Our ability to attract, develop, and retain talented employees, managers, and executives, and to maintain appropriate staffing levels, is critical to our success.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, develop, and retain talented employees, including executives, other key managers and employee-agents. Our loss of certain key employees, or the failure to attract and develop talented new executives and managers, could have a materially adverse effect on our business. In addition, we must forecast volume and other factors in changing business environments with reasonable accuracy and adjust our hiring and training programs and employment levels accordingly. Our failure to recognize the need for such adjustments, or our failure or inability to react appropriately on a timely basis, could lead either to over-staffing (which would adversely affect our cost structure) or under-staffing (impairing our ability to service our business) in one or more locations. In either such event, our financial results, customer relationships, and brand could be materially adversely affected.

Pricing, claim and coverage issues and class action litigation are continually emerging in the automobile insurance industry, and these issues could adversely impact our revenues, profitability, or our methods of doing business.

As automobile insurance industry practices and regulatory, judicial and consumer conditions change, litigation and unexpected and unintended issues related to claims, coverages and business practices may emerge. These issues can have an adverse effect on our business by subjecting us to liability, changing the way we price and market our products, extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent, requiring us to obtain additional licenses or increasing the size of claims. Examples of some issues include:

The effects of these and other unforeseen emerging issues could subject us to liability or negatively affect our revenues, profitability, or our methods of doing business.

Our business may be adversely affected if we do not underwrite risks accurately and charge adequate rates to policyholders.

Our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations depend on our ability to underwrite and set rates accurately for a full spectrum of risks. The role of the pricing function is to ensure that rates are adequate to generate sufficient premium to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses, and to earn a profit. Pricing involves the acquisition and analysis of historical accident and loss data, and the projection of future accident trends, loss costs and expenses, and inflation trends, among other factors, for each of our products and in many different markets. As a result, our ability to price accurately is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation:

The realization of one or more of such risks may result in our pricing being based on inadequate or inaccurate data or inappropriate analyses, assumptions, or methodologies, and may cause us to estimate incorrectly future changes in the frequency or severity of claims. As a result, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our underwriting profit margins, or we could overprice risks, which could reduce our volume and competitiveness. In either event, our operating results, financial condition, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In addition, underpricing insurance policies over time could erode the surplus of one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, constraining our ability to write new business.

We must accurately evaluate and pay claims that are made under our insurance policies. Many factors can affect our ability to pay claims accurately, including the training, experience, and skill of our claims representatives, the extent of and our ability to recognize fraudulent or inflated claims, the effectiveness of our management, and our ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures, technologies, and systems to support our claims functions. Our failure to pay claims fairly, accurately, and in a timely manner, or to deploy claims resources appropriately, could result in unanticipated costs to us, lead to material litigation, undermine customer goodwill and our reputation in the marketplace, and impair our brand image and, as a result, materially adversely affect our competitiveness, financial results, prospects, and liquidity.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to regulatory restrictions on paying dividends to our holding company.

Our holding company may in the future, rely in part, on receiving dividends from the insurance company subsidiaries to pay its obligations. State insurance laws limit the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends and require our insurance company subsidiaries to maintain specified minimum levels of statutory capital and surplus. These restrictions affect the ability of our insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends to our holding company and may require our subsidiaries to obtain the prior approval of regulatory authorities, which could slow the timing of such payments or reduce the amount that can be paid. The limits on the amount of dividends that can be paid by our insurance company subsidiaries may affect the ability of our holding company to pay its obligations. The current dividend-paying ability of the insurance company subsidiaries is discussed in Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements.

We rely on our information technology and communication systems, and the failure of these systems could materially adversely affect our business.

Our business is highly dependent on the proprietary integrated technology systems that enable timely and efficient communication and data sharing among the various segments of our integrated operations. These systems are used in all our operations, including price quotation, policy issuance, customer service, underwriting, claims, accounting, communications, and the maintenance of our consumer-based website and mobile platform. We have a technical staff that develops, maintains and supports all elements of our technology infrastructure. However, disruption of power systems or communication systems or any failure of our systems could result in deterioration in our ability to respond to customers’ requests, write and service new business, and process claims in a timely manner. We believe we have appropriate types and levels of insurance to protect our real property, systems, and other assets. However, insurance does not provide full reimbursement for all losses, both direct and indirect, that may result from an event affecting our information technology and communication systems.

Severe weather conditions and other catastrophes may result in an increase in the number and amount of claims filed against us.

Our business is exposed to the risk of severe weather conditions and other catastrophes. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including natural events, such as severe winter weather, hurricanes, tornados, windstorms, earthquakes, hailstorms, thunderstorms and fires, and other events, such as explosions, terrorist attacks and riots. The incidence and severity of catastrophes and severe weather conditions are inherently unpredictable. Severe weather conditions generally result in more automobile accidents and damage, leading to an increase in the number of claims filed and/or the amount of compensation sought by claimants.

A single stockholder family has significant control over us, and his interests may differ from yours.

A single stockholder family, Gerald J. Ford, our former Chairman of the Board and his son, our current Chairman, together control approximately 59% of our outstanding common stock. Together, they have the power to control the election and removal of our directors. They would also have significant control over other matters requiring stockholder approval, including the approval of major corporate transactions and proposed amendments to our certificate of incorporation. This concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control of the Company, as well as frustrate attempts to replace or remove current management, even when a change may be in the best interests of our other stockholders. Furthermore, their interests may not always coincide with the interests of the Company or other stockholders.

We and our subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision that may restrict our ability to earn profits.

We and our subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision by the insurance departments in the states where our subsidiaries are domiciled and where our subsidiaries sell insurance and ancillary products, issue policies and handle claims. Certain regulatory restrictions and prior approval requirements may affect our subsidiaries’ ability to operate, change their operations or obtain necessary rate adjustments in a timely manner or may increase our costs and reduce profitability.

Among other things, regulation and supervision of us and our subsidiaries extends to:

Required Licensing. We and our subsidiaries operate under licenses issued by various state insurance authorities. These licenses govern, among other things, the types of insurance coverages, agency and claims services and motor club products that we and our subsidiaries may offer consumers in the particular state. If a regulatory authority denies or delays granting any such license, our ability to enter new markets or offer new products could be substantially impaired.

Transactions Between Insurance Companies and Their Affiliates. Our insurance company subsidiaries are organized and domiciled under the insurance statutes of Texas, Georgia and Tennessee. The insurance laws in these states provide that all transactions among members of an insurance holding company system must be done at arm’s length and shown to be fair and reasonable to the regulated insurer. Transactions between our insurance company subsidiaries and other subsidiaries generally must be disclosed to the state regulators, and prior approval of the applicable regulator generally is required before any material or extraordinary transaction may be consummated. State regulators may refuse to approve or delay approval of such a transaction, which may impact our ability to innovate or operate efficiently.

Regulation of Rates and Policy Forms. The insurance laws of most states in which our insurance company subsidiaries operate require insurance companies to file premium rate schedules and policy forms for review and approval. State insurance regulators have broad discretion in judging whether our rates are adequate, not excessive and not unfairly discriminatory. The speed at which we can change our rates in response to market conditions or increasing costs depends, in part, on the method by which the applicable state’s rating laws are administered. Generally, state insurance regulators have the authority to disapprove our requested rates. If as permitted in some states, we begin using new rates before they are approved, we may be required to issue premium refunds or credits to our policyholders if the new rates are ultimately disapproved by the applicable state regulator. In some states, there has been pressure in past years to reduce premium rates for automobile and other personal insurance or to limit how often an insurer may request increases for such rates. In states where such pressure is applied, our ability to respond to market developments or increased costs in that state may be adversely affected.

Investment Restrictions. Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of their investment portfolios and that limit the amount of investments in certain categories. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause non-conforming investments to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus and, in some instances, would require divestiture. If a non-conforming asset is treated as a non-admitted asset, it would lower the affected subsidiary’s surplus and thus, its ability to write additional premiums and pay dividends.

Restrictions on Cancellation, Non-Renewal or Withdrawal. Many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to exit a market. For example, certain states limit an automobile insurer’s ability to cancel or non-renew policies. Some states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing from one or more lines of business in the state, except pursuant to a plan approved by the state insurance department. The state insurance department may disapprove a plan that may lead to market disruption. These laws and regulations that limit cancellations and non-renewals and that subject business withdrawals to prior approval restrictions could limit our ability to exit unprofitable markets or discontinue unprofitable products in the future.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may prevent a takeover or a change in management that you may deem favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain the following provisions that could prevent or inhibit a third party from acquiring us:

Under our certificate of incorporation, we may issue shares of preferred stock on terms that are unfavorable to the holders of our common stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could also prevent or inhibit a third party from acquiring us. The existence of these provisions could depress the price of our common stock, could delay or prevent a takeover attempt or could prevent attempts to replace or remove incumbent management.

Our failure to prevent unauthorized access to confidential electronic information could result in a data breach that may negatively impact our business.

We are dependent upon automated information technology processes. A portion of our business operations is conducted over the Internet which increases the risk of improper third party attacks that could cause system failures and disruptions of operations. In addition, any failure to maintain the security of confidential information belonging to our customers could put us at a competitive disadvantage, result in a loss of customers’ confidence in us, and subject us to potential liabilities resulting from litigation, fines and penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Improper third party attacks may also result in a breach of our card and bank payment processes. Such breaches could cause interruptions to our operations, damage to our reputation and our customers’ willingness to purchase insurance from us, and subject us to additional potential liabilities resulting from litigation, fines and penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 contained a net deferred tax asset of $35.6 million. Realization of this asset is dependent upon our generation of sufficient taxable income in the future. If circumstances change, and we no longer believe that it is more likely than not that our future taxable income will be sufficient to recover the deferred tax asset, an increase in our deferred tax valuation allowance may occur. The amount of any reduction of our deferred tax asset could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which any write-off occurs. The deferred tax asset was determined using the current corporate income tax rate of 35%. Should the corporate income tax rate be reduced to either 15% or 20%, the deferred tax asset would be reduced by $19.6 million or $14.7 million, respectively, which would be charged against net income in the period that includes the enactment date.

As a result of purchase accounting from business combination transactions, our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2016 contained intangible assets designated as goodwill totaling $29.4 million and other identifiable intangible assets totaling $7.6 million. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate whether facts and circumstances indicate any impairment of value of these intangible assets. As circumstances change, the value of these intangible assets may not be realized by us. If we determine that a material impairment has occurred, we will be required to write-off the impaired portion of these intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which the write-off occurs.

We lease office space in Nashville, Tennessee for our corporate offices, claims, customer service and data center (approximately 81,000 square feet). We also lease office space for our regional claims office in Tampa, Florida and for our regional claims office and customer service center in Chicago, Illinois. Our retail locations are all leased and typically are located in storefronts in retail shopping centers, and each location typically contains approximately 1,300 square feet of space. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for further information about our leases.

We and our subsidiaries are named from time to time as defendants in various legal actions that are incidental to our business, including those which arise out of or are related to the handling of claims made in connection with our insurance policies and claims handling. The plaintiffs in some of these lawsuits have alleged bad faith or extra-contractual damages, and some have sought punitive damages or class action status. We believe that the resolution of these legal actions will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. However, the ultimate outcome of these matters is uncertain. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for further information about legal proceedings.

Our common stock is currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FAC.” The following table sets forth quarterly high and low sales prices for our common stock for the periods indicated. All price quotations represent prices between dealers, without accounting for retail mark-ups, mark-downs or commissions, and may not represent actual transactions.

According to the records of our transfer agent, there were 340 holders of record of our common stock on March 13, 2017, including record holders such as banks and brokerage firms who hold shares for beneficial holders, and 41,160,011 shares of our common stock were outstanding.

We paid no dividends during the two most recent years. We have no specific plans to pay cash dividends in the future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and contractual restrictions.

The following table provides information regarding repurchases by us of our common stock during the periods indicated. We repurchased 10,294 shares from an employee during the three months ended December 31, 2016 to cover payroll withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units.

The following tables provide selected historical consolidated financial and operating data of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated. In conjunction with the data provided in the following tables and in order to more fully understand our historical consolidated financial and operating data, you should also read our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in this report. We derived our selected historical consolidated financial data at December 31, 2016, and 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 from our consolidated financial statements included in this report. We derived our selected historical consolidated financial data at December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 from our consolidated financial statements which are not included in this report. The results for past periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period.

The actual results for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflect only the results of the Titan Agencies’ operations since the date of acquisition (July 1, 2015). The unaudited pro forma results for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 give effect to the Titan acquisition and related transactions as if they had been consummated on January 1, 2014.

The unaudited pro forma results should not be considered indicative of actual results that would have been achieved had the Titan acquisition and related transactions been consummated on January 1, 2014 and do not purport to indicate results of operations for any future periods.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			Actual 2015			Pro forma 2015 (unaudited)			Actual 2014			Pro forma 2014 (unaudited)			2013			2012
Statement of Operations Data:	(in thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:
Premiums earned	$	303,328		$	266,987		$	266,987		$	218,315		$	218,315		$	199,700		$	185,644
Commission and fee income		75,596			59,892			74,439			39,733			67,955			35,125			32,574
Investment income		4,649			5,024			5,024			5,123			5,123			5,716			6,599
Gain on sale of foreclosed real estate		1,237			—			—			—			—			—			—
Net realized gains (losses) on investments, available- for-sale		4,813			(11	)		(11	)		23			23			(29	)		3,242
		389,623			331,892			346,439			263,194			291,416			240,512			228,059
Costs and expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		309,002			219,031			219,031			161,302			161,302			142,839			148,223
Insurance operating expenses		116,510			105,254			119,728			87,328			114,653			82,822			82,127
Other operating expenses		1,219			1,126			1,126			996			996			987			922
Litigation settlement		—			3,677			3,677			187			187			—			—
Stock-based compensation		207			144			144			185			185			243			604
Depreciation		2,540			1,751			1,801			1,767			1,867			2,053			2,203
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets		956			514			834			—			942			—			—
Interest expense		4,319			2,967			4,157			1,706			4,132			1,738			3,025
		434,753			334,464			350,498			253,471			284,264			230,682			237,104
(Loss) income before income taxes		(45,130	)		(2,572	)		(4,059	)		9,723			7,152			9,830			(9,045	)
(Benefit) provision for income taxes ⁽¹⁾		(15,848	)		(642	)		(1,237	)		(18,345	)		(19,373	)		650			(5	)
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	(2,822	)	$	28,068		$	26,525		$	9,180		$	(9,040	)
Per Share Data:
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic	$	(0.71	)	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.68		$	0.65		$	0.22		$	(0.22	)
Diluted	$	(0.71	)	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.68		$	0.64		$	0.22		$	(0.22	)
Number of shares used to calculate net (loss) income per share:
Basic		41,085			41,030			41,030			40,985			40,985			40,930			40,861
Diluted		41,085			41,030			41,030			41,283			41,283			41,092			40,861

	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014		2013		2012
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and invested assets	$	245,887	$	258,425	$	238,044	$	209,794	$	198,150
Total assets		400,074		402,127		328,445		273,571		262,161
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves		161,079		122,071		96,613		84,286		79,260
Debentures payable and term loan		70,081		70,009		40,211		40,165		40,119
Total liabilities		327,586		298,457		221,481		196,639		189,368
Total stockholders' equity		72,488		103,670		106,964		76,932		72,793
Book value per common share	$	1.76	$	2.53	$	2.61	$	1.88	$	1.78

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements made in this report, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. You can identify these statements from our use of the words “may,” “should,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “plan,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intent,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target,” “is likely,” “will,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions. These statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements may include, among other things statements and assumptions relating to:

We believe that our expectations are based on reasonable assumptions. However, these forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results to differ materially from our expectations of future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. In addition, our past results of operations do not necessarily indicate our future results. We discuss these and other uncertainties in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A, as well as other sections, of this report.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as otherwise required by applicable laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or the risk factors described in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason after the date of this report.

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). On October 14, 2016, we received notice from the NYSE that we were not in compliance with the NYSE’s continued listing standards set forth in the NYSE Listed Company Manual, which require the average closing price of our common stock to be at least $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. On December 1, 2016, we received notice from the NYSE that the 30 trading-day average closing price of our common stock was now above $1.00 per share and that we were once again in compliance with this listing standard. We expect that our common stock will continue to be listed on the NYSE, subject to our continued compliance with all of the NYSE’s continued listing standards.

We are principally a retailer, servicer and underwriter of non-standard personal automobile insurance. Non-standard personal automobile insurance is made available to individuals because of their inability or unwillingness to obtain standard insurance coverage due to various factors, including payment history, payment preference, and failure in the past to maintain continuous insurance coverage, driving record and/or vehicle type. On May 4, 2016, we sold a tract of land at a gain of $1.2 million and as a result have only one single tract of land in San Antonio, Texas that remains for sale.

At December 31, 2016, we leased and operated 355 retail locations (or “stores”) and a call center staffed by employee-agents who primarily sell non-standard personal automobile insurance products underwritten by us as well as certain commissionable ancillary products. In most states, our employee-agents also sell a complementary insurance product providing personal property and liability coverage for renters underwritten by us. In addition, retail locations in some markets offer non-standard personal automobile insurance serviced and underwritten by other third-party insurance carriers for which we receive a commission.

Our insurance operations generate revenue from selling non-standard personal automobile insurance products and related products in 16 states. In December 2016, we closed all of our retail locations and ceased writing new business in the state of Missouri. We conduct our servicing and underwriting operations in 14 states and are licensed as an insurer in 12 additional states. After obtaining a license in California, we began selling our non-standard personal automobile insurance product there in late June 2016 on a limited basis.

At December 31, 2016, 273 of our 355 stores primarily sell non-standard personal automobile insurance products underwritten by us.

The following table shows the number of our retail locations. Retail location counts are based upon the date that a location commenced or ceased writing business. The 89 closed locations for the year included 53 that were part of our recent actions to improve profitability, 24 in the Chicago-area whose leases expired in January 2016, and 12 others closed in the normal course of business. The 4 opened locations were strategically-placed to replace and consolidate the closed Chicago-area locations.

	December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Alabama		23		24		24
Arizona		10		10		—
California		47		48		—
Florida		34		39		31
Georgia		50		60		60
Illinois		39		61		60
Indiana		16		17		17
Mississippi		6		7		7
Missouri		—		9		10
Nevada		4		4		—
New Mexico		5		5		—
Ohio		27		27		27
Pennsylvania		11		14		15
South Carolina		15		24		25
Tennessee		23		23		22
Texas		45		68		58
Total		355		440		356

Since August 2016, we have taken the following actions to reduce premiums written and increase statutory capital and surplus with the goal of returning our ratio of net premiums written to statutory capital and surplus to within regulatory guidelines and improving profitability:

Effective July 1, 2015, we acquired certain assets of Titan Insurance Services, Inc. and Titan Auto Insurance of New Mexico, Inc. (the “Titan Agencies”). These 82 retail locations, which are now rebranded under our Acceptance Insurance name, primarily sell private passenger non-standard automobile insurance policies underwritten by unrelated insurance companies for which our revenues are in the form of commission and fee income. We currently offer our own product through these stores, on a limited basis, in California and Texas.

Our primary focus is the selling, servicing and underwriting of non-standard personal automobile insurance. Our real estate and corporate segment consists of activities related to the disposition of real estate held for sale, interest expense associated with debt, and other general corporate overhead expenses.

The following table presents selected financial data for our insurance operations and real estate and corporate segments (in thousands).

In 2016, our insurance operations generated revenues from selling non-standard personal automobile insurance products and related products in 17 states. We conducted our servicing and underwriting operations in 14 states through three insurance company subsidiaries: First Acceptance Insurance Company, Inc., First Acceptance Insurance Company of Georgia, Inc. and First Acceptance Insurance Company of Tennessee, Inc. Our insurance revenues were primarily generated from:

The following table presents gross premiums earned by state (in thousands). Driven by a 13.6% year-over-year increase in our average in-force premium at the end of each year, net premiums earned for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased 13.6% compared with the prior year.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Gross premiums earned:
Georgia	$	63,332		$	51,287		$	40,792
Florida		45,880			41,102			33,519
Texas		41,154			35,771			28,017
Ohio		30,376			26,745			22,315
Alabama		28,163			24,611			21,717
South Carolina		25,515			20,254			16,407
Illinois		20,733			24,050			20,552
Tennessee		19,330			16,702			12,748
Pennsylvania		9,618			9,224			8,426
Indiana		9,244			7,954			6,155
Missouri		5,397			5,844			4,902
Mississippi		3,872			3,398			3,030
Virginia		848			417			—
California		316			—			—
Total gross premiums earned		303,778			267,359			218,580
Premiums ceded to reinsurer		(450	)		(372	)		(265	)
Total net premiums earned	$	303,328		$	266,987		$	218,315

Our insurance segment presents a combined ratio as a measure of their overall underwriting profitability. The components of the combined ratio are as follows.

Loss Ratio - Loss ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred to premiums earned and is a basic element of underwriting profitability. We calculate this ratio based on all direct and assumed premiums earned, net of ceded reinsurance.

Expense Ratio - Expense ratio is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of insurance operating expenses (including depreciation and amortization) to net premiums earned. Insurance operating expenses are reduced by commission and fee income. This is a measurement that illustrates relative management efficiency in administering our operations.

Combined Ratio - Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. If the combined ratio is at or above 100%, our insurance segment cannot be profitable without sufficient investment income.

The following table presents the loss, expense and combined ratios for our insurance operations.

We use the services of an independent investment manager to manage our investment portfolio. The investment manager conducts, in accordance with our investment policy, all of the investment purchases and sales for our insurance company subsidiaries. Our investment policy has been established by the Investment Committee of our Board of Directors and specifically addresses overall investment goals and objectives, authorized investments, prohibited securities, restrictions on sales by the investment manager and guidelines as to asset allocation, duration and credit quality. Management and the Investment Committee meet quarterly with our investment manager to review the performance of the portfolio and compliance with our investment guidelines.

The invested assets of the insurance company subsidiaries consist substantially of marketable, investment grade debt securities, and include U.S. government securities, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, mutual funds, and collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), in addition to other alternative investments made into limited partnership interests and a real estate investment trust. Investment income is comprised primarily of interest earned on these securities, net of related investment expenses. Although investments are generally purchased with the intention to hold them until maturity, realized gains and losses could occur from time to time as changes are made to our holdings based upon changes in interest rates or the credit quality of specific securities, or as we did in the recent year, to increase the statutory capital and surplus of the insurance company subsidiaries who carry fixed maturity securities at amortized cost.

The value of our consolidated available-for-sale investment portfolio was $117.2 million at December 31, 2016 and consisted of fixed maturity securities, preferred stock and investments in mutual funds, all carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2016, we had gross unrealized gains of $2.4 million and gross unrealized losses of $3.1 million in our consolidated investments available-for-sale portfolio.

The value of our other investments was $10.0 million at December 31, 2016 and consisted of two limited partnership interests carried at net asset value, which approximates fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as investment income, and a privately-held real estate investment trust carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2016, we had gross unrealized gains attributable to our privately-held real estate investment trust of $0.9 million in our consolidated other investments portfolio.

At December 31, 2016, 96% of the fair value of our fixed maturities portfolio was rated “investment grade” (a credit rating of AAA to BBB-) by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and have lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated or non-investment grade. We believe that a high quality investment portfolio is more likely to generate a stable and predictable investment return.

The following table summarizes our investments available-for-sale at December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
December 31, 2016	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. government and agencies	$	19,142	$	112	$	(303	)	$	18,951
Political subdivisions		4,233		—		(68	)		4,165
Revenue and assessment		5,539		185		(41	)		5,683
Corporate bonds		47,238		107		(1,805	)		45,540
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		23,093		73		(744	)		22,422
Non-agency backed – residential		2,411		529		(7	)		2,933
Non-agency backed – commercial		1,408		487		—			1,895
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		103,064		1,493		(2,968	)		101,589
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		3,025		198		(111	)		3,112
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		11,813		698		—			12,511
	$	117,902	$	2,389	$	(3,079	)	$	117,212

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased 17% to $389.6 million from $331.9 million in the prior year. Loss before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $45.1 million, compared with $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $29.3 million, compared with $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Basic and diluted net loss per share was $0.71, for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $0.05 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized $30.6 million of unfavorable prior period loss development. Conversely, the period was favorably impacted by a $1.2 million gain on the sale of foreclosed real estate along with net realized gains on investments of $4.8 million from the sales of fixed maturities that were sold to increase the statutory capital and surplus of our insurance company subsidiaries. The year ended December 31, 2015 included $3.7 million of costs related to a litigation settlement.

Revenues from insurance operations were $388.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $331.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Loss before income taxes from insurance operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $40.7 million, compared with income before income taxes from insurance operations of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Premiums earned increased by $36.3 million, or 13.6%, to $303.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, from $267.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This improvement was due to higher average premiums resulting from our rate increases throughout the year. While during 2016, our total policies-in-force declined 14.5%, this targeted decline was more than offset by a 13.6% year-over-year increase in our average in-force premium.

Commission and fee income increased by $15.7 million, or 26%, to $75.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, from $59.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Revenue from the former Titan retail locations acquired on July 1, 2015 accounted for the majority of this increase. The remaining increase in commission and fee income was a result of higher fee income related to commissionable ancillary products sold through our previously-existing retail locations.

Investment income decreased slightly to $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 from $5.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease in investment income was primarily a result of the lower returns on reinvested fixed maturities. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the book yields for our fixed maturities and cash equivalents portfolio were 1.5% and 2.3%, respectively, with effective durations of 2.52 and 3.04 years, respectively.

In September 2016, in order to increase the statutory capital and surplus of our insurance company subsidiaries by realizing gains on fixed maturities carried at amortized cost for statutory purposes, we sold $66.9 million of available-for-sale securities yielding 3.6% and reinvested the proceeds at 2.2%. As a result, our investment income in future periods will decline from the reduced yield in our fixed maturities portfolio.

Net realized gains on investments, available-for-sale during the year ended December 31, 2016 included $4.8 million from the previously-mentioned sale of fixed maturities. Net realized gains are net of $147 thousand of charges related to other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”) on a mutual fund and other net realized gains from redemptions.

The loss ratio was 101.9% for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with 82.0% for the year ended December 31, 2015. We experienced unfavorable development related to prior fiscal years of $30.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with unfavorable development of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The unfavorable loss development for the year ended December 31, 2016 was the result of increased losses primarily from the 2015 accident year across all major coverages. The most significant causes of the development were a greater than usual emergence of reported claims and higher bodily injury severity. The unfavorable loss development for the year ending December 31, 2015 was largely the result of an increase in bodily injury loss adjustment expenses (primarily outside legal costs) driven by the overall increase in claim frequency.

Excluding the development related to prior fiscal years, the loss ratios for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were 91.8% and 81.7%, respectively. The year-over-year increase in the loss ratio was primarily due to higher than expected claim frequency across all major coverages and higher bodily injury severity. We believe that an increase in the number of miles driven by insured drivers as a result of lower gas prices and a favorable economy, along with an increase in distracted driving has been a contributing factor to an industry-wide increase in frequency. In response, the Company has continued to implement aggressive rate and underwriting actions as warranted at a state and coverage level and strengthen its claims organization and processes. These rate actions, as well as changes in coverage mix, the number of vehicles and vehicle type insured, have resulted in a 13.6% year-over-year increase in our average in-force premium.

Insurance operating expenses increased 10.6% to $116.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $105.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is primarily due to the addition of the former Titan retail locations which were not acquired until July 1, 2015.

During the six months ended December 31, 2016, we closed 55 poorly-performing stores. The cost of these closures, primarily for lease buyouts, was $1.0 million and is included in insurance operating expenses.

The expense ratio was 14.6% for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with 17.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The year-over-year decrease in the expense ratio was primarily due to the increase in premiums earned which resulted in a lower percentage of fixed expenses in our retail operations (such as rent) and the Company’s efforts on cost containment.

Overall, the combined ratio increased to 116.5% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 99.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015.

The benefit for income taxes was $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $0.6 million at the year ended December 31, 2015. The year ended December 31, 2016 includes an increase in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (“DTA”) of $0.1 million.

In assessing our ability to realize the DTA, both positive and negative evidence are used to evaluate the allowance. Although we have incurred a pre-tax loss of $45.1 million which is a source of negative evidence, we placed greater weight on our outlook for future taxable income over the allowable time period for realization of the DTA and concluded that it is more likely than not that the remaining DTA will be realized. Regarding the length of time available to realize the DTA, at December 31, 2016, $24.2 million of the DTA related to net operating loss carryforwards do not expire until 2031 through 2036 and $2.0 million in AMT (“Alternative Minimum Tax”) carryforwards have no expiration date. The DTA valuation allowance may be adjusted in future periods if management determines that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTA will not be realized. In the event the DTA valuation allowance is adjusted, we would record an income tax expense for the adjustment. Likewise, we would record an income tax expense in the period in which any reduction in the corporate tax rate was enacted.

Loss before income taxes from real estate and corporate operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $4.4 million, compared with $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Segment losses consist of other operating expenses not directly related to our insurance operations, interest expense and stock-based compensation offset by offset by a gain on the sale of foreclosed real estate and investment income on corporate invested assets. On May 4, 2016, we sold one of our two remaining tracts of land resulting in a gain of $1.2 million.

We incurred $4.3 million of interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with interest expense of $3.0 during the year ended December 31, 2015. Interest expense related to the financing of the July 1, 2015 Titan acquisition account for $2.4 million and $1.2 million of the expense during 2016 and 2015, respectively. The remaining interest expense was related to the debentures issued in June 2007. For additional information, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 7 of this report.

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased 26% to $331.9 million from $263.2 million in the prior year. Loss before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $2.6 million, compared with income before income taxes of $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $1.9 million, compared with net income of $28.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The benefit for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease in the valuation allowance for the deferred tax asset of $22.4 million. Basic and diluted net loss per share was $0.05, for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with basic and diluted net income per share of $0.68 for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Excluding litigation settlement costs of $3.7 million and Titan acquisition and integration costs of $1.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 2015, income before income taxes was $2.7 million.

Revenues from insurance operations were $331.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $263.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Income before income taxes from insurance operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $0.3 million, compared with income before income taxes from insurance operations of $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Excluding acquisition and integration costs of $1.6 million, the contribution of the Titan Agencies to income (loss) before taxes, including amortization of identifiable intangible asset and interest expense, was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Premiums earned increased by $48.7 million, or 22%, to $267.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, from $218.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This improvement was primarily due to higher average premiums and an increase in the number of policies in force.

Commission and fee income increased by $20.2 million, or 51%, to $59.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, from $39.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Revenue from the former Titan retail locations acquired on July 1, 2015 accounted for $12.6 million of this increase. The remaining increase in commission and fee income was a result of higher fee income related to commissionable ancillary products sold through our previously-existing retail locations and the increase in the number of policies in force.

Investment income decreased slightly to $5.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 from $5.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2014. This decrease in investment income was primarily a result of the lower returns on reinvested fixed maturities. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the book yields for our fixed maturities and cash equivalents portfolio were 2.3% and 2.8%, respectively, with effective durations of 3.04 and 3.10 years, respectively.

Net realized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale during the year ended December 31, 2015 included $11 thousand of net realized losses on redemptions, compared with $23 thousand of net realized gains on redemptions during the year ended December 31, 2014.

The loss ratio was 82.0% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 73.9% for the year ended December 31, 2014. We experienced unfavorable development related to prior fiscal years of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with favorable development of $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The unfavorable loss development for the year ended December 31, 2015 was largely the result of an increase in bodily injury loss adjustment expenses (primarily outside legal costs) driven by the overall increase in claim frequency. The favorable loss development for the year ending December 31, 2014 was primarily related to bodily injury loss costs occurring in accident years 2010 through 2013.

Excluding the development related to prior fiscal years, the loss ratios for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were 81.7% and 76.1%, respectively. The year-over-year increase in the loss ratio was primarily due to higher than expected claim frequency and severity across multiple coverages principally in property damage liability and collision claims. We believe that an increase in the number of miles driven by insured drivers as a result of lower gas prices and a favorable economy has been a contributing factor to an industry-wide increase in frequency. In response, the Company has continued to implement aggressive rate and underwriting actions as warranted at a state and coverage level.

Insurance operating expenses increased 20.6% to $105.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $87.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Operating expenses and acquisition and integration expenses from the former Titan retail locations acquired on July 1, 2015 accounted for $12.0 million of the increase. There was also an increase in variable cost associated with higher PIF, primarily commissions for the sales organization.

The expense ratio was 17.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 22.7% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The year-over-year decrease in the expense ratio was primarily due to the increase in premiums earned which resulted in a lower percentage of fixed expenses in our retail operations (such as rent and base salary) and the Company’s efforts on cost containment.

Overall, the combined ratio increased to 99.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015 from 96.6% for the year ended December 31, 2014.

The benefit for income taxes was $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $18.3 million at the year ended December 31, 2014. The benefit for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 included a decrease in the valuation allowance for the deferred tax asset of $22.4 million resulting from a change in management’s judgment regarding the realizability of the deferred tax asset. A valuation allowance is established to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing our ability to support the realizability of our deferred tax asset, we considered both positive and negative evidence and we placed greater weight on historical results rather than on our outlook for future profitability. In recent years, the Company incurred losses resulting in a source of negative evidence. With the conclusion of 2014, the Company’s historical results reflected a twelve-quarter cumulative taxable income which management considered to be a trend of positive evidence in accessing the realizability of its deferred tax asset. Based on this fact and our outlook for future profitability, the deferred tax asset valuation allowance was adjusted during that period and resulted in the aforementioned income tax benefit. A valuation allowance of $1.7 million remained at December 31, 2015 for certain amounts that are not more likely than not expected to be realized.

Loss before income taxes from real estate and corporate operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $2.9 million, compared with a loss from real estate and corporate operations before income taxes of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Segment losses consist of other operating expenses not directly related to our insurance operations, interest expense and stock-based compensation offset by investment income on corporate invested assets. We incurred $3.0 million of interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with interest expense of $1.7 during the year ended December 31, 2014. Interest expense related to the financing of the Titan acquisition account for $1.2 million of the expense and the remaining expense related to the debentures issued in June 2007. For additional information, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 7 of this report.

Our primary sources of funds are premiums, fees and investment income from our insurance company subsidiaries and commissions and fee income from our non-insurance company subsidiaries. Our primary uses of funds are the payment of claims and operating expenses. Net cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $13.6 million, compared with net cash provided by operating activities of $29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This change was primarily a result of the net loss in the current year. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $16.7 million, compared with net cash used in investing activities of $46.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments, available-for-sale, net of purchases, resulted in an increase of $14.9 million in cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016. Investing activities for the current year were impacted by the sale of certain fixed maturities in an unrealized gain position to increase the statutory capital and surplus of the insurance company subsidiaries and their subsequent reinvestment. The current year also included $1.8 million of proceeds from the sale of foreclosed real estate. The year ended December 31, 2015 included the Titan business acquisition of $33.8 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 included $30.0 million from a term loan from our principal stockholder to partially fund the Titan acquisition.

Our holding company requires cash for general corporate overhead expenses and for debt service related to our debentures and term loan payable. The holding company’s primary source of unrestricted cash to meet its obligations is the sale of ancillary products and insurance policies on behalf of third-party carriers by our agency operations, including the 2015 Titan acquisition. At December 31, 2016, our holding company had $3.5 million available in unrestricted cash and investments. These funds and the additional unrestricted cash from the sources noted above will be used to pay our future cash requirements outside of the insurance company subsidiaries.

The holding company has debt service requirements related to the debentures payable and the term loan to a principal stockholder. The debentures are interest-only and mature in full in July 2037. The debentures accrue interest at a variable rate equal to Three-Month LIBOR plus 375 basis points, which resets quarterly. The interest rate related to the debentures for the year ended December 31, 2016 ranged from 4.366% to 4.637%. In January 2017 the interest rate reset to 4.789% through April 2017. The term loan is interest-only and matures in full in June 2025. The interest rate on the term loan is 8%.

State insurance laws limit the amount of dividends that may be paid from our insurance company subsidiaries. At December 31, 2016, our insurance company subsidiaries could not pay any dividends due to a negative unassigned surplus position.

We have three insurance company subsidiaries that are organized and domiciled under the insurance statutes of Texas, Georgia, and Tennessee. Our insurance company subsidiaries also operate under licenses issued by various state insurance authorities. Such licenses may be of perpetual duration or periodically renewable, provided we continue to meet applicable regulatory requirements.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the insurance company subsidiaries experienced a reduction in statutory capital and surplus of $39.9 million primarily as a result of unfavorable loss development. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Model Act for risk-based capital provides formulas to determine each December 31 on an annual basis the amount of statutory capital and surplus that an insurance company needs to ensure that it has an acceptable expectation of not becoming financially impaired. Failure to meet applicable risk-based capital requirements could subject our insurance company subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on their writing of additional business, state supervision or even liquidation. As of December 31, 2016 the insurance company subsidiaries remain above the company action levels. There are also statutory guidelines that suggest that on an annual calendar year basis an insurance company should not exceed a ratio of net premiums written to statutory capital and surplus of 3-to-1. On a combined basis, the ratio for our insurance company subsidiaries of net premiums written for the last twelve months to statutory capital and surplus was 5.08-to-1 at December 31, 2016 which is in excess of the suggested guidelines.

Management is currently operating under a business plan to reduce premium writings and increase statutory capital and surplus to address the net premiums written to statutory capital and surplus guidelines. We believe that existing cash and investment balances, when combined with anticipated cash flows as noted above, will be adequate to meet our expected liquidity needs, for both the holding company and our insurance company subsidiaries, in both the short-term and the foreseeable future.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations by period at December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

On June 15, 2007, First Acceptance Statutory Trust I (“FAST I”), our wholly-owned unconsolidated subsidiary trust entity, completed a private placement whereby FAST I issued 40,000 shares of preferred securities at $1,000 per share to outside investors and 1,240 shares of common securities to us, also at $1,000 per share. FAST I used the proceeds from the sale of the preferred securities to purchase $41.2 million of junior subordinated debentures from us. The debentures will mature on July 30, 2037 and are currently redeemable by the Company in whole or in part and the preferred securities are callable. The debentures paid a fixed rate of 9.277% until July 30, 2012, after which the rate became variable (Three-Month LIBOR plus 375 basis points, resetting quarterly). During 2016, the interest rate related to the debentures ranged from 4.366% to 4.637%. The obligations of the Company under the junior subordinated debentures represent full and unconditional guarantees by the Company of FAST I’s obligations for the preferred securities. Dividends on the preferred securities are cumulative, payable quarterly in arrears and are deferrable at the Company’s option for up to five years. The dividends on these securities, which have not been deferred, are the same as the interest on the debentures. The Company cannot pay dividends on its common stock during any such deferments. FAST I does not meet the requirements for consolidation of FASB ASC 810, Consolidation.

On June 29, 2015, to finance the Titan acquisition, the Company borrowed the full amount under a $30 million Loan Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Diamond Family Investments, LP, an affiliate of Gerald J. Ford, the Company’s controlling stockholder. The Loan Agreement provided a $30 million interest-only senior term loan facility, maturing in full on June 29, 2025. Commencing June 29, 2016, the Company has the right to prepay the loan in whole or in part, in cash, without premium or penalty, upon written notice to the lender. Amounts prepaid under the Loan Agreement may not be reborrowed. The term loan outstanding under the Loan Agreement bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum. The Loan Agreement contains certain representations, warranties and covenants. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including but not limited to: nonpayment; material inaccuracy of representations and warranties; violations of covenants; cross-default to material indebtedness; certain material judgments; certain bankruptcies and liquidations; invalidity of the loan documents and related events; and a change of control (as defined in the Loan Agreement).

We use off-balance sheet arrangements (e.g., operating leases) where the economics and sound business principles warrant their use. For additional information with respect to our operating leases, see “Contractual Obligations” above and Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions could change, thus having an impact on the amounts reported in the future. The following are considered to be our critical accounting estimates.

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method, whereby deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences. Temporary differences are differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Valuation of the deferred tax asset is considered a critical accounting estimate because the determination of our ability to utilize the asset involves a number of management assumptions relating to future operations and our ability to generate future taxable income. This could materially affect the determination of the ultimate value and, therefore, the carrying amount of our deferred tax asset.

In establishing a valuation allowance at December 31, 2016, both positive and negative evidence were used to evaluate the allowance and the greatest weight was placed on our outlook for future taxable income and the allowable time period for realization of the DTA. We estimated our future taxable income from our 2017 budget and the long-term forecasts we use to manage our business and concluded that it is more likely than not that the remaining DTA will be realized. A key consideration in our current analysis was the fact that no deferred tax assets have had expiration dates that we believed would be a factor in the timing of their ultimate realization. Regarding the length of time available to realize the DTA, at December 31, 2016, $24.2 million of the DTA related to net operating loss carryforwards that do not expire until 2031 through 2036 and $2.0 million in AMT (“Alternative Minimum Tax”) carryforwards that have no expiration date.

The resultant valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 was specifically related to capital losses that are deductible only to the extent of capital gains (which we do not currently anticipate) and state income taxes for specific entities in certain jurisdictions where we do not forecast future taxable income.

Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets are attributable to our insurance operations and were initially recorded at their estimated fair values at their dates of acquisition. Some have an indefinite useful life and are not amortized for financial statement purposes while those with a definite life are amortized. Effective October 1, 2015, we made a voluntary accounting change and now perform our required annual impairment test as of each October 1st instead of the previous date of June 30th. We consider the July 1, 2015 acquisition of the Titan Agencies to be a separate reporting unit for goodwill impairment analysis purposes.

We follow the accounting guidelines, which allows companies to waive comparing the fair value of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets to their carrying amounts in assessing their recoverability if, based on qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets is greater than their carrying amounts. The qualitative factors include such things as our financial performance, legal and regulatory factors, industry and market considerations, and entity-specific events, all of which are subjective. Based on recent entity-specific events, the Company elected to prepare a quantitative analysis for its annual impairment testing as of October 1, 2016. This review did not indicate any impairment.

In the event that facts and circumstances indicate that the goodwill or identifiable intangible assets may be impaired, quantitative impairment tests would be required. The valuation techniques utilized would include a discounted cash flow model using revenue and profit forecasts and an analysis of quoted market prices of our common stock for our goodwill. Other quantitative methods would be used for evaluating our acquired identifiable intangible assets: policy renewal rights and customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, and insurance licenses.

These quantitative impairment tests all require us to make significant estimates and judgements in determining what assumptions to use in the calculating the estimated fair value of the goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. These evaluations include multiple assumptions that may change over time. If unfavorable events or trends occur, goodwill and identifiable intangible assets impairment charges may become necessary that could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations in the period in which the write-off occurs.

Losses and loss adjustment expense reserves represent our best estimate of our ultimate liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses relating to events that occurred prior to the end of any given accounting period but have not been paid. Months and potentially years may elapse between the occurrence of an automobile accident covered by one of our insurance policies, the reporting of the accident and the payment of the claim. We record a liability for estimates of losses that will be paid for accidents that have been reported, which is referred to as case reserves. As accidents are not always reported when they occur, we estimate liabilities for accidents that have occurred but have not been reported (“IBNR”).

We are directly liable for loss and loss adjustment expenses under the terms of the insurance policies underwritten by our insurance company subsidiaries. Each of our insurance company subsidiaries establishes a reserve for all of its unpaid losses, including case reserves and IBNR reserves, and estimates for the cost to settle the claims. We estimate our IBNR reserves by estimating our ultimate liability for loss and loss adjustment expense reserves first, and then reducing that amount by the amount of cumulative paid claims and by the amount of our case reserves. We rely primarily on historical loss experience in determining reserve levels, on the assumption that historical loss experience provides a good indication of future loss experience. We also consider various other factors, such as inflation, claims settlement patterns, legislative activity and litigation trends. Our actuarial staff continually monitors these estimates on a state and coverage level. We utilize our actuarial staff to determine appropriate reserve levels. As experience develops or new information becomes known, we increase or decrease the level of our reserves in the period in which changes to the estimates are determined. These estimates involve a high level of subjectivity and judgement, and accordingly, the actual losses and loss adjustment expenses may differ materially from the estimates we have recorded.

We believe that our estimate regarding changes in loss severity is the most significant factor that can potentially impact our IBNR reserve estimate. We believe that there is a reasonable possibility of increases or decreases in our estimated claim severities, with the largest potential changes occurring in the most recent accident years. Dependent upon the accident year, an increase in loss severity of unpaid losses, ranging from 0.5% to 3.0% would result in adverse development of net loss and loss adjustment expense reserve levels at December 31, 2016 and a decrease in income before income taxes of approximately $14.1 million. Conversely, a comparable decrease in loss severity would result in favorable development of net loss and loss adjustment expense reserve levels at December 31, 2016 and an increase in income before income taxes of approximately $14.1 million.

Regarding our past estimates, for the year ended December 31, 2016, we experienced unfavorable development on reserves at December 31, 2015 of $30.6 million, which increased our loss and loss adjustment expense for prior accident periods. This unfavorable development was the result of increased losses primarily from the 2015 accident year across all major coverages. The most significant causes of the development were a greater than usual emergence of reported claims and higher bodily injury severity than we had originally estimated.

See “Business – Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in Item 1 of this report and Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Our investments are recorded at fair value, which is typically based on publicly available quoted prices. From time to time, the carrying value of our investments may be temporarily impaired because of the inherent volatility of publicly-traded investments. Management reviews investments for impairment on a quarterly basis. Any decline in the fair value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other-than-temporary would result in a reduction in the amortized cost of the security.

The determination of whether unrealized losses are “other-than-temporary” requires judgment based on the length of time the security’s market value has been below its cost, as well as other subjective and objective factors. We routinely monitor our investment portfolio for changes in fair value that might indicate potential impairments and perform detailed reviews on such securities. Changes in fair value are evaluated to determine the extent to which such changes are attributable to (i) fundamental factors specific to the issuer or (ii) market-related factors such as interest rates or sector declines.

Securities with declines attributable to issuer-specific fundamentals are reviewed to identify all available evidence to estimate the potential for impairment. Resources used include historical financial data included in SEC filings for corporate bonds and performance data regarding the underlying loans for CMOs. Securities with declines attributable solely to market or sector declines where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security before the full recovery of its amortized cost basis are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

In reviewing our investment portfolio for impairment at December 31, 2016, we were able to rely upon the objective factor that the unrealized losses as of this date were related to the increase in market interest rates.

Market risk represents the potential economic loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. Our exposures to market risk relate primarily to our investment portfolio, which is exposed primarily to interest rate risk and credit risk. The fair value of our investment portfolio is directly impacted by changes in market interest rates. Generally, the fair value of fixed-income investments moves inversely with movements in market interest rates. Our fixed maturity portfolio is comprised of substantially all fixed rate investments with primarily short-term and intermediate-term maturities. Likewise, the underlying investments of our mutual fund investments are also fixed-income investments. This portfolio composition allows flexibility in reacting to fluctuations of interest rates. Other investments offer additional risk through the diversity of their underlying investments and their lack of marketability. The portfolios of our insurance company subsidiaries are managed to achieve an adequate risk-adjusted return while maintaining sufficient liquidity to meet policyholder obligations.

The fair values of our fixed maturity investments fluctuate in response to changes in market interest rates. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases, respectively, in the fair values of those instruments. Additionally, the fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument, and other general market conditions.

The following table summarizes the estimated effects of hypothetical increases and decreases in interest rates resulting from parallel shifts in market yield curves on our fixed maturities portfolio (in thousands). It is assumed that the effects are realized immediately upon the change in interest rates. The hypothetical changes in market interest rates do not reflect what could be deemed best or worst case scenarios. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of repayments due to prepayment options available. For these and other reasons, actual results might differ from those reflected in the table.

The following table provides information about our fixed maturity investments at December 31, 2016 which are sensitive to interest rate risk. The table shows expected principal cash flows (at par value, which differs from amortized cost as a result of premiums or discounts at the time of purchase and expected impairment) by expected maturity date for each of the next five fiscal years and collectively for all fiscal years thereafter (in thousands). Callable bonds and notes are included based on call date or maturity date depending upon which date produces the most conservative yield. CMOs and sinking fund issues are included based on maturity year adjusted for expected payment patterns. Actual cash flows may differ from those expected.

On June 15, 2007, our wholly-owned unconsolidated trust entity, FAST I, used the proceeds from its sale of trust preferred securities to purchase $41.2 million of junior subordinated debentures. The debentures paid a fixed rate of 9.277% until July 30, 2012, after which the rate became variable (Three-Month LIBOR plus 375 basis points, resetting quarterly). The interest rate related to the debentures ranged from 4.366% to 4.637% during 2016. Interest rates on these debentures therefore will reset quarterly based on changes in the Three-Month LIBOR rate.

Credit risk is managed by diversifying our investment portfolio to avoid concentrations in any single industry group or issuer and by limiting investments in securities with lower credit ratings. Our largest single investment, excluding U.S. government and agency securities, is our investment in a single mutual fund with a fair value of $7.6 million, or 6% of our investments, available-for-sale, portfolio. Our five largest investments make up 24% of our investments, available-for-sale, portfolio.

The following table presents the underlying ratings of our fixed maturities portfolio by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations at December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

Comparable Rating	Amortized Cost	% of Amortized Cost	Fair Value	% of Fair Value
AAA	$ 1,375	1%	$ 1,387	1%
AA+, AA, AA-	57,434	56%	56,329	55%
A+, A, A-	30,212	29%	29,138	29%
BBB+, BBB, BBB-	10,868	11%	10,579	10%
Total investment grade	99,889	97%	97,433	96%

Not rated	—	0%	—	0%

BB+, BB, BB-	500	0%	513	1%
B+, B, B-	628	1%	666	1%
CCC+, CCC, CCC-	682	1%	1,226	1%
CC+, CC, CC-	54	0%	241	0%
C+, C, C-	445	0%	444	0%
D	866	1%	1,066	1%
Total non-investment grade	3,175	3%	4,156	4%
Total	$ 103,064	100%	$ 101,589	100%

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the index at Item 15(a)(2). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule referred to above, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) and our report dated March 14, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

We have audited First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (the “COSO criteria”). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting listed as item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of First Acceptance Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 14, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

	December 31,
	2016			2015
ASSETS
Investments, available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $117,902 and $128,304, respectively)	$	117,212		$	131,582
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		118,681			115,587
Premiums, fees, and commissions receivable, net of allowance of $279 and $454		66,393			69,881
Deferred tax assets, net		35,641			18,301
Other investments		9,994			11,256
Other assets		6,078			6,950
Property and equipment, net		4,213			5,141
Deferred acquisition costs		4,852			5,509
Goodwill		29,384			29,429
Identifiable intangible assets, net		7,626			8,491
TOTAL ASSETS	$	400,074		$	402,127

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	161,079		$	122,071
Unearned premiums and fees		78,861			83,426
Debentures payable		40,302			40,256
Term loan from principal stockholder		29,779			29,753
Accrued expenses		7,089			7,345
Other liabilities		10,476			15,606
Total liabilities		327,586			298,457
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 10,000 shares authorized		—			—
Common stock, $.01 par value, 75,000 shares authorized; 41,160 and 41,060 issued and outstanding, respectively		412			411
Additional paid-in capital		457,750			457,476
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax of $(1,110) and $62, respectively		1,316			3,491
Accumulated deficit		(386,990	)		(357,708	)
Total stockholders’ equity		72,488			103,670
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	400,074		$	402,127

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Revenues:
Premiums earned	$	303,328		$	266,987		$	218,315
Commission and fee income		75,596			59,892			39,733
Investment income		4,649			5,024			5,123
Gain on sale of foreclosed real estate		1,237			—			—
Net realized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale (includes $4,745 of accumulated other comprehensive loss reclassification for net unrealized gains in 2016)		4,813			(11	)		23
		389,623			331,892			263,194
Costs and expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		309,002			219,031			161,302
Insurance operating expenses		116,510			105,254			87,328
Other operating expenses		1,219			1,126			996
Litigation settlement		—			3,677			187
Stock-based compensation		207			144			185
Depreciation		2,540			1,751			1,767
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets		956			514			—
Interest expense		4,319			2,967			1,706
		434,753			334,464			253,471
(Loss) income before income taxes		(45,130	)		(2,572	)		9,723
Benefit for income taxes		(15,848	)		(642	)		(18,345	)
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	28,068
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic	$	(0.71	)	$	(0.05	)	$	0.68
Diluted	$	(0.71	)	$	(0.05	)	$	0.68
Number of shares used to calculate net (loss) income per share:
Basic		41,085			41,030			40,985
Diluted		41,085			41,030			41,283
Reconciliation of net (loss) income to other comprehensive (loss) income:
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	28,068
Unrealized change in investments:
Unrealized change in investments arising during the period, net of tax of $489, $(861) and $923, respectively	$	909		$	(1,599	)	$	1,715
Reclassification of net realized gains on investments, available-for- sale, included in net loss, net of tax of $(1,661) in 2016		(3,084	)		—			—
Comprehensive (loss) income	$	(31,457	)	$	(3,529	)	$	29,783

Detail of net realized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale:
Net realized gains (losses) on sales and redemptions	$	4,960		$	(11	)	$	23
Other-than-temporary impairment charges		(147	)		—			—
Net realized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale	$	4,813		$	(11	)	$	23

	Common Stock					Additional paid-in			Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total stockholders'
	Shares			Amount		capital			income (loss)			deficit			equity
Balances at December 31, 2013		40,983		$	410	$	456,993		$	3,375		$	(383,846	)	$	76,932
Net income		—			—		—			—			28,068			28,068
Net unrealized change on investments (net of tax of $923)		—			—		—			1,715			—			1,715
Forfeitures and repurchases of restricted common stock		(4	)		—		(10	)		—			—			(10	)
Stock-based compensation		6			—		185			—			—			185
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan		31			—		74			—			—			74
Balances at December 31, 2014		41,016			410		457,242			5,090			(355,778	)		106,964
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(1,930	)		(1,930	)
Net unrealized change on investments (net of tax benefit of $861)		—			—		—			(1,599	)		—			(1,599	)
Stock-based compensation		7			—		144			—			—			144
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan		37			1		90			—			—			91
Balances at December 31, 2015		41,060			411		457,476			3,491			(357,708	)		103,670
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(29,282	)		(29,282	)
Net unrealized change on investments (net of tax benefit of $1,172)		—			—		—			(2,175	)		—			(2,175	)
Stock-based compensation		7			—		207			—			—			207
Vested restricted stock units, net of repurchases		29			—		(10	)		—			—			(10	)
Issuance of shares under Employee Stock Purchase Plan		64			1		77			—			—			78
Balances at December 31, 2016		41,160		$	412	$	457,750		$	1,316		$	(386,990	)	$	72,488

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	28,068
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		2,540			1,751			1,767
Amortization of identifiable intangible assets		956			514			—
Stock-based compensation		207			144			185
Deferred income taxes		(16,176	)		(917	)		(19,223	)
Other-than-temporary impairment on investments, available-for-sale		147			—			—
Net realized (gains) losses on sales and redemptions of investments		(4,960	)		11			(23	)
Investment income from other investments		(427	)		(396	)		(85	)
Gain on sale of foreclosed real estate, net		(1,237	)		—			—
Other		108			261			224
Change in:
Premiums, fees, and commission receivable		3,663			(13,457	)		(10,197	)
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves		39,008			25,458			12,327
Unearned premiums and fees		(4,565	)		15,484			11,959
Other liabilities		(5,130	)		1,500			510
Other		1,520			884			1,497
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(13,628	)		29,307			27,009
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investments, available-for-sale		(62,982	)		(25,383	)		(12,314	)
Maturities and redemptions of investments, available-for-sale		11,028			15,988			19,941
Sales of fixed maturities, available-for-sale		66,880			—			—
Purchases of other investments		(957	)		(2,190	)		(3,080	)
Distributions from other investments		3,270			2,088			195
Capital expenditures		(2,263	)		(2,768	)		(1,427	)
Acquisition of identifiable intangible assets		(91	)		(205	)		(2	)
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed real estate, net		1,769			—			—
Business acquired through asset purchase		—			(33,770	)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		16,654			(46,240	)		3,313
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from term loan from principal stockholder		—			30,000			—
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock		68			91			74
Net cash provided by financing activities		68			30,091			74
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		3,094			13,158			30,396
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period		115,587			102,429			72,033
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	118,681		$	115,587		$	102,429

First Acceptance Corporation (the “Company”) is a holding company based in Nashville, Tennessee with operating subsidiaries whose primary operations include the selling, servicing, and underwriting of non-standard personal automobile insurance and related products. In 2016, our insurance operations generated revenue from selling non-standard personal automobile insurance products and related products in 17 states and conducted our servicing and underwriting operations in 14 states. In December 2016, we closed all of our retail locations and ceased writing new business in the state of Missouri. The Company issued policies of insurance through three wholly-owned subsidiaries: First Acceptance Insurance Company, Inc., First Acceptance Insurance Company of Georgia, Inc. and First Acceptance Insurance Company of Tennessee, Inc. (collectively, the “Insurance Companies”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries which are all wholly owned. The accounts of First Acceptance Statutory Trust I (“FAST I”) are not consolidated since it does not meet the requirements for consolidation of FASB ASC 810, Consolidation (see Note 10). These financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. It also requires disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Investments, available-for-sale at fair value, include bonds with fixed principal payment schedules and mortgage-backed securities which are amortized using the retrospective method. These securities and investments in mutual funds are carried at fair value with the corresponding unrealized appreciation or depreciation, net of deferred income taxes, reported in other comprehensive (loss) income.

Premiums and discounts on collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations. The most significant determinants of prepayments are the difference between interest rates on the underlying mortgages and the current mortgage loan rates and the structure of the security. Other factors affecting prepayments include the size, type, and age of underlying mortgages, the geographic location of the mortgaged properties, and the credit worthiness of the borrowers. Variations from anticipated prepayments will affect the life and yield of these securities.

Investment securities are exposed to various risks such as interest rate, market, and credit risk. Fair values of securities fluctuate based on changing market conditions. Significant changes in market conditions could materially affect portfolio value in the near term. Management reviews investments for impairment on a quarterly basis. Fair values of investments are based on prices quoted in the most active market for each security. If quoted prices are not available, fair value is estimated based on the fair value of comparable securities, discounted cash flow models or similar methods. Any decline in the fair value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other-than-temporary would result in a reduction in the amortized cost of the security.

If management can assert that it does not intend to sell an impaired fixed maturity security and it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, then an entity must separate other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) into the following two components: (i) the amount related to credit losses, which are charged against income, and (ii) the amount related to all other factors, which are recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income. The credit-related portion of an OTTI is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the impairment charge. If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment charge is required to reduce the amortized cost of that security to fair value.

Realized gains and losses on sales and redemptions of securities are computed based on specific identification.

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash consist of bank demand deposits and other highly-liquid investments. All investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase are considered cash equivalents. At December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 the Company had restricted cash equivalents of $18.6 million and $9.4 million, respectively.

Other investments consist of limited partnership interests and an investment in the common stock of a real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Limited partnership interests are recorded at net asset value which approximates fair value. Valuations are based upon the GAAP financial statements of the partnerships which are required to be audited annually. The common stock of the REIT is recorded at a fair value with the corresponding unrealized appreciation or depreciation, net of deferred income taxes, reported in other comprehensive (loss) income.

The change in net asset value of limited partnership interests and any dividends paid by the REIT are recorded in investment income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

Insurance premiums earned include policy and renewal fees and are recognized on a pro-rata basis over the respective terms of the policies. Written premiums are recorded as of the effective date of the policies for the full policy premium, although most policyholders elect to pay on a monthly installment basis. Premiums and fees are generally collected in advance of providing risk coverage, minimizing the Company’s exposure to credit risk. Premiums receivable are recorded net of an estimated allowance for uncollectible amounts.

Commission and fee income includes installment fees recognized when billed, commissions and fees from ancillary products recognized on a pro-rata basis over the respected terms of the contracts, and commissions and related policy fees, written for third-party insurance companies, recognized, at the date the customer is initially billed or as of the effective date of the insurance policy, whichever is later. A liability for returned commissions is established for the amount of commission income received that the Company estimates (based on historical experience) will be returned to third-party insurance companies as a result of policy cancellations.

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance for the deferred taxes is established based upon management’s estimate of whether it is more likely than not that the Company would not realize tax benefits in future periods to the full extent available. Changes in the valuation allowance are recognized in income during the period in which the circumstances that cause such a change in management’s estimate occur.

The Company accounts for income tax uncertainties under the provisions of FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company has recognized no additional liability or reduction in deferred tax assets for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2016 and 2015. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of the provision for income taxes. The Company is generally not subject to U.S. federal, state or local income tax examinations by tax authorities for taxable years prior to 2012.

Property and equipment are initially recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets (generally ranging from three to five years) using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lives of the respective leases or the service lives of the improvements. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Equipment under capitalized lease obligations is stated at the present value of the minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease term.

Foreclosed real estate held for sale is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. The Company periodically reviews its portfolio of foreclosed real estate held for sale using current information including (i) independent appraisals, (ii) general economic factors affecting the area where the property is located, (iii) recent sales activity and asking prices for comparable properties and (iv) costs to sell and/or develop that would serve to lower the expected proceeds from the disposal of the real estate. Gains (losses) realized on liquidation are recorded directly to operations and included in revenues. Foreclosed real estate held for sale assets of $0.2 million and $0.8 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, are included within other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

On May 4, 2016, the Company sold one tract of land resulting in a gain of $1.2 million.

Deferred acquisition costs include premium taxes and other variable underwriting and direct sales costs incurred in connection with writing successful new and renewal business. These costs are deferred and amortized over the policy period in which the related premiums are earned, to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future unearned premiums and anticipated investment income. Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are not a part of deferred acquisition costs. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $18.9 million, $16.3 million and $11.4 million, respectively, and is included within insurance operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets are attributable to the Company’s insurance operations and were initially recorded at their estimated fair values at their dates of acquisition. Identifiable intangible assets with an indefinite life, (trade name and state insurance licenses) are not amortized for financial statement purposes while those with a definite life (policy renewal rights, customer relationships, and software licenses) are amortized in proportion to projected policy expirations or life of the asset. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, identifiable intangible assets were $7.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, stated net of accumulated amortization expense of $1.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The estimated amortization expense for the five succeeding fiscal years is $0.8 million, $0.6 million, $0.5 million, $0.4 million, and $0.3 million.

Effective with an accounting change made during the quarter ended December 31, 2015, the Company performs required annual impairment tests of its goodwill and identifiable intangible assets as of October 1st of each year. In the event that facts and circumstances indicate that goodwill or identifiable intangible assets may be impaired, an interim impairment test would be required. For goodwill impairment analysis purposes, the Company considers the Titan Agencies to be a separate reporting unit (see note 18).

The Company follows the accounting guidelines, which allows companies to waive comparing the fair value of goodwill and intangible assets to their carrying amounts in assessing the recoverability of these assets if, based on qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the goodwill and intangible assets is greater than their carrying amounts. Based on recent entity-specific events, the Company elected to prepare a quantitative analysis for its annual impairment testing as of October 1, 2016. This review did not indicate any impairment.

Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are undiscounted and represent case-basis estimates of reported losses and estimates based on certain actuarial assumptions regarding the past experience of reported losses, including an estimate of losses incurred but not reported. Management believes that the loss and loss adjustment reserves are adequate to cover the ultimate associated liability. However, such estimates may be more or less than the amount ultimately paid when the claims are finally settled.

Conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements are issued. Management’s evaluation determined that the Company does not have substantial doubt continuing one year after the financial statements are issued.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) jointly issued a new revenue recognition standard, Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” that will supersede virtually all revenue recognition guidance in GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). This guidance had an effective date for public companies for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption not permitted. In July 2015, the FASB issued a one-year deferral of this effective date with the option for entities to early adopt at the original effective date. The standard is intended to increase comparability across industries and jurisdictions. The underlying principle of the new standard is that a business or other organization will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects what it expects in exchange for the goods or services. The new standard will not change accounting guidance for insurance contracts. The Company has revenue from non-insurance arrangements, such as commissionable ancillary products, which will fall under this guidance. The Company has not finalized the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements at this time. However, based on the initial evaluation of this guidance as it relates to these non-insurance arrangements, the Company does not expect the future impacts to be material.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern” which requires companies to evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements are issued. The evaluation will be required for each annual and interim reporting period. This guidance has an effective date for public companies for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 and interim reporting periods thereafter, with e arly adoption permitted. The Company adopted this requirement effective December 31, 2016 which did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement” to clarify how customers in cloud computing arrangements should determine whether the arrangement includes a software license. The amendment also eliminates today’s requirement that customers analogize to the leases standard when determining the assets acquired in a software licensing arrangement. For calendar year-end entities, the guidance was effective January 1, 2016 with the option to apply the guidance either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company has elected to apply this guidance prospectively, which resulted in $5 thousand of software licenses included in identifiable intangibles assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016. Prior to this guidance, these licenses would have been included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheet.

In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-09, “Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944): Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts” which requires insurance companies to make additional disclosures about short-term duration contracts. This guidance has an effective date for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this requirement effective December 31, 2016, and these disclosures are included in note 9.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-20): Recognition and Measure of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” which requires entities to measure many equity investments at fair value and recognize changes in fair value in net income (loss), as opposed to the current practice of other comprehensive income (loss). The requirement does not apply to equity investments that result in consolidation, those accounted for under the equity method and certain others. The guidance provides a new measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the net asset value practical expedient. Under this alternative, these investments can be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. The Company believes that its other investment in a REIT will fall under the guidance of the new measurement alternative and that future changes in fair value will be recognized in net income (loss), as opposed to the current practice of other comprehensive income (loss). The Company has not determined the impact on future consolidated financial statements once this is adopted.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” which requires lessees to record most leases on their balance sheets as lease liabilities with corresponding right-of-use assets, but recognize expense in a manner similar to the current accounting treatment. The guidance also eliminates the current real estate-specific provisions and changes the guidance on sale-leaseback transactions, initial direct costs and lease executory costs for all entities. The guidance could have broad implications for an entity’s finances and operations and will require additional disclosures. The guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in their financial statements. The Company’s lease arrangements fall under this guidance and will be required to be shown on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company is currently evaluating controls and processes to ensure this guidance is reflected properly on future consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” which requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses will be based on relevant information, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The expected increases and decreases in the credit loss will be reflected on the consolidated statement of comprehensive (loss) income. The guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the impact on future consolidated financial statements once this is adopted.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” which clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments, including how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. Entities will have to apply the guidance retrospectively, but if it is impracticable to do so for an issue, the amendments related to that issue would be applied prospectively. The Company has not determined the impact on future consolidated financial statements once this is adopted.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure an impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The standard will be applied prospectively. The guidance is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed by public business entities for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company believes that it will be reasonably able to comply with these requirements.

During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company paid $0.2 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively, in income taxes and $4.2 million, $1.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively, in interest.

Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares, while diluted net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income available to

common shareholders by the weighted average number of such common shares and dilutive share equivalents. Dilutive share equivalents may result from the assumed exercise of employee stock options and restricted stock units and are calculated using the treasury stock method.

Fair value is the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are generally based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are based on market data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. All assets and liabilities that are carried at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:

NAV - Calculated net asset value (“NAV”) based on an ownership interest to which a proportionate share of net assets is attributed.

The Company categorizes valuation methods used in both its identifiable intangible assets initial measurement and impairment tests as Level 3. To determine the fair value of acquired trademarks and trade names, the Company uses the relief-from-royalty method, which requires the Company to estimate the future revenue for the related brands, the appropriate royalty rate and the weighted average cost of capital. To determine the fair value of the acquired policy renewal rights and customer relationships, the Company uses an “excess earnings” method that relied on projected future net cash flows and included key assumptions for the customer retention and renewal rates. The data used in these methods is not observable in the market.

The carrying values and fair values of certain of the Company’s financial instruments were as follows (in thousands).

The fair values as presented represent the Company’s best estimates and may not be substantiated by comparisons to independent markets. The fair value of the debentures payable and the term loan from principal stockholder are categorized as Level 3, since they were based on current market rates offered for debt with similar risks and maturities, an unobservable input categorized as Level 3. Carrying values of certain financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents and premiums and fees receivable, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments and are not required to be disclosed. Therefore, the aggregate of the fair values presented in the preceding table do not purport to represent the Company’s underlying value.

The following tables present the fair-value measurements for each major category of assets that are measured on a recurring basis (in thousands). Certain other investments are carried at net asset value which approximates fair value.

			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant		Proportionate
			Markets for		Observable		Unobservable		Share of
			Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Net Assets
December 31, 2016	Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		(NAV)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agencies	$	18,951	$	18,951	$	—	$	—	$	—
Political subdivisions		4,165		—		4,165		—		—
Revenue and assessment		5,683		—		5,683		—		—
Corporate bonds		45,540		—		45,540		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		22,422		—		22,422		—		—
Non-agency backed – residential		2,933		—		2,933		—		—
Non-agency backed – commercial		1,895		—		1,895		—		—
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		101,589		18,951		82,638		—		—
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		3,112		3,112		—		—		—
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		12,511		12,511		—		—		—
Total investments, available-for-sale		117,212		34,574		82,638		—		—
Other investments		9,994		—		—		4,858		5,136
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		118,681		118,681		—		—		—
Total	$	245,887	$	153,255	$	82,638	$	4,858	$	5,136

			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant		Proportionate
			Markets for		Observable		Unobservable		Share of
			Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Net Assets
December 31, 2015	Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		(NAV)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. government and agencies	$	13,113	$	13,113	$	—	$	—	$	—
State		702		—		702		—		—
Political subdivisions		4,363		—		4,363		—		—
Revenue and assessment		12,644		—		12,644		—		—
Corporate bonds		80,785		—		80,785		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		873		—		873		—		—
Non-agency backed – residential		3,455		—		3,455		—		—
Non-agency backed – commercial		2,507		—		2,507		—		—
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		118,442		13,113		105,329		—		—
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		1,723		1,723		—		—		—
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		11,417		11,417	—			—		—
Total investments, available-for-sale		131,582		26,253		105,329		—		—
Other investment		11,256		—		—		3,276		7,980
Cash and cash equivalents		115,587		115,587		—		—		—
Total	$	258,425	$	141,840	$	105,329	$	3,276	$	7,980

The fair values of the Company’s investments are determined by management after taking into consideration available sources of data. All of the portfolio valuations classified as Level 1 or Level 2 in the above tables are priced exclusively by utilizing the services of independent pricing sources using observable market data. The Level 2 classified security valuations are obtained from a single independent pricing service. The Level 3 classified security in the table above consists of an investment in the common stock of a REIT for which fair value has been determined using a model driven valuation that does not have observable market data. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels at the end of the reporting period based on specific identification. The Company has not made any adjustments to the prices obtained from the independent pricing source.

The Company has reviewed the pricing techniques and methodologies of the independent pricing service for Level 2 investments and believes that its policies adequately consider market activity, either based on specific transactions for the security valued or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield and structure that were recently traded. The Company monitored security-specific valuation trends and has made inquiries with the pricing service about material changes or the absence of expected changes to understand the underlying factors and inputs and to validate the reasonableness of the pricing. Likewise, the Company reviews the Level 3 valuation model to understand the underlying factors and inputs and to validate the reasonableness of the pricing.

The following table represents the quantitative disclosure for those assets classified as Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2016 (in thousands).

The following tables summarize the Company’s investment securities (in thousands).

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
December 31, 2016	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. government and agencies	$	19,142	$	112	$	(303	)	$	18,951
Political subdivisions		4,233		—		(68	)		4,165
Revenue and assessment		5,539		185		(41	)		5,683
Corporate bonds		47,238		107		(1,805	)		45,540
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		23,093		73		(744	)		22,422
Non-agency backed – residential		2,411		529		(7	)		2,933
Non-agency backed – commercial		1,408		487		—			1,895
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		103,064		1,493		(2,968	)		101,589
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		3,025		198		(111	)		3,112
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		11,813		698		—			12,511
	$	117,902	$	2,389	$	(3,079	)	$	117,212
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
December 31, 2015	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
U.S. government and agencies	$	13,036	$	162	$	(85	)	$	13,113
State		698		4		—			702
Political subdivisions		4,354		9		—			4,363
Revenue and assessment		11,770		895		(21	)		12,644
Corporate bonds		79,426		2,022		(663	)		80,785
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		793		80		—			873
Non-agency backed – residential		2,877		579		(1	)		3,455
Non-agency backed – commercial		1,891		616		—			2,507
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		114,845		4,367		(770	)		118,442
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		1,500		223		—			1,723
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		11,959		120		(662	)		11,417
	$	128,304	$	4,710	$	(1,432	)	$	131,582

The following table sets forth the scheduled maturities of the Company’s fixed maturity securities based on their fair values (in thousands). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.

					Securities
	Securities		Securities		with No		All
	with		with		Unrealized		Fixed
	Unrealized		Unrealized		Gains or		Maturity
December 31, 2016	Gains		Losses		Losses		Securities
One year or less	$	2,302	$	6,577	$	—	$	8,879
After one through five years		7,596		23,015		—		30,611
After five through ten years		—		33,098		—		33,098
After ten years		1,751		—		—		1,751
No single maturity date		5,507		21,743		—		27,250
	$	17,156	$	84,433	$	—	$	101,589

The fair value and gross unrealized losses of investments, available-for-sale, by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position follows (in thousands).

	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer
December 31, 2016	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Total Gross Losses
U.S. government and agencies	$	14,837	$	(303	)	$	—	$	—	$	(303	)
Political subdivisions		4,166		(68	)		—		—		(68	)
Revenue and assessment		2,783		(41	)		—		—		(41	)
Corporate bonds		41,057		(1,805	)		—		—		(1,805	)
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		21,637		(744	)		—		—		(744	)
Non-agency backed – residential		105		(7	)		—		—		(7	)
Non-agency backed – commercial		—		—			—		—		—
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		84,585		(2,968	)		—		—		(2,968	)
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		1,415		(111	)		—		—		(111	)
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		—		—			—		—		-
	$	86,000	$	(3,079	)	$	—	$	—	$	(3,079	)

	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer
December 31, 2015	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Total Gross Losses
U.S. government and agencies	$	8,946	$	(85	)	$	—	$	—		$	(85	)
State		—		—			—		—			—
Political subdivisions		—		—			—		—			—
Revenue and assessment		1,733		(21	)		—		—			(21	)
Corporate bonds		30,172		(422	)		7,689		(241	)		(663	)
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Agency backed		—		—			—		—			—
Non-agency backed – residential		5		(1	)		—		—			(1	)
Non-agency backed – commercial		189		—			—		—			—
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale		41,045		(529	)		7,689		(241	)		(770	)
Preferred stock, available-for-sale		—		—			—		—			—
Mutual funds, available-for-sale		8,839		(662	)		—		—			(662	)
	$	49,884	$	(1,191	)	$	7,689	$	(241	)	$	(1,432	)

The following table reflects the number of fixed maturity securities with gross unrealized gains and losses. Gross unrealized losses are further segregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

There were no fixed maturity securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months as of December 31, 2016.The following table reflects the fair value and gross unrealized losses of those fixed maturity securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months as of December 31, 2015. Gross unrealized losses are further segregated by the percentage of amortized cost (in thousands, except number of securities).

The following tables set forth the amount of gross unrealized losses by current severity (as compared to amortized cost) and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands).

	Fair Value of
	Securities with
Length of	Gross		Gross			Severity of Gross Unrealized Losses
Gross Unrealized Losses	Unrealized		Unrealized			Less			5% to			Greater
at December 31, 2016:	Losses		Losses			than 5%				10%		than 10%
Less than or equal to:
Three months	$	58,550	$	(1,886	)	$	(1,461	)	$	(425	)	$	—
Six months		27,193		(1,186	)		(232	)		(954	)		—
Nine months		152		—			—			—			—
Twelve months		105		(7	)		—			(7	)		—
Greater than twelve months		—		—			—			—			—
Total	$	86,000	$	(3,079	)	$	(1,693	)	$	(1,386	)	$	—

	Fair Value of
	Securities with
Length of	Gross		Gross			Severity of Gross Unrealized Losses
Gross Unrealized Losses	Unrealized		Unrealized			Less			5% to			Greater
at December 31, 2015:	Losses		Losses			than 5%				10%		than 10%
Less than or equal to:
Three months	$	20,899	$	(130	)	$	(130	)	$	—		$	—
Six months		7,036		(465	)		—			(465	)		—
Nine months		14,057		(395	)		(197	)		(197	)		(1	)
Twelve months		7,892		(201	)		(201	)		—			—
Greater than twelve months		7,689		(241	)		(241	)		—			—
Total	$	57,573	$	(1,432	)	$	(769	)	$	(662	)	$	(1	)

Other investments consist of the common stock of a REIT and limited partnership interests in two funds that invest in (i) commercial real estate and secured commercial real estate loans acquired from financial intuitions and (ii) undervalued international publicly-traded equities. These investments have redemption and transfer restrictions. The Company recently withdrew from one limited partnership investment and received the final withdrawal installment in July 2016. The Company does not intend to sell the remaining investments, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell them before the expiration of such restrictions. At December 31, 2016, the Company had unfunded commitments of $0.2 million with two of these investments.

At December 31, 2016, fixed maturities and cash equivalents with a fair value and amortized cost of $6.4 million were on deposit with various insurance departments as a requirement of doing business in those states. Cash equivalents with a fair value and amortized cost of $17.0 million were on deposit with another insurance company as collateral for an assumed reinsurance contract.

The components of net realized gains (losses) on investments, available-for-sale follow (in thousands).

Realized gains and losses on sales and redemptions are computed based on specific identification. The non-credit related portion of OTTI is included in other comprehensive (loss) income. The amounts of non-credit OTTI for securities still owned was $1.0 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company separates OTTI into the following two components: (i) the amount related to credit losses, which is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income and (ii) the amount related to all other factors, which is recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income. The credit-related portion of an OTTI is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the impairment charge.

The determination of whether unrealized losses are “other-than-temporary” requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors. The Company routinely monitors its investment portfolio for changes in fair value that might indicate potential impairments and performs detailed reviews on such securities. Changes in fair value are evaluated to determine the extent to which such changes are attributable to (i) fundamental factors specific to the issuer or (ii) market-related factors such as interest rates or sector declines.

Securities with declines attributable to issuer-specific fundamentals are reviewed to identify all available evidence to estimate the potential for impairment. Resources used include historical financial data included in filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for corporate bonds and performance data regarding the underlying loans for CMOs. Securities with declines attributable solely to market or sector declines where the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the security before the full recovery of its amortized cost basis are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

The issuer-specific factors considered in reaching the conclusion that securities with declines are not other-than-temporary include (i) the extent and duration of the decline in fair value, including the duration of any significant decline in value, (ii) whether the security is current as to payments of principal and interest, (iii) a valuation of any underlying collateral, (iv) current and future conditions and trends for both the business and its industry, (v) changes in cash flow assumptions for CMOs and (vi) rating agency actions. Based on these factors, the Company makes a determination as to the probability of recovering principal and interest on the security.

The Company recognized an OTTI charge for one mutual fund resulting in a loss of $147 thousand for the year ending December 31, 2016. The Company did not recognize any OTTI charges in net (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The following is a progression of the credit-related portion of OTTI on investments owned at December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 (in thousands).

The Company believes that the remaining securities having unrealized losses at December 31, 2016 were impacted by the recent change in interest rates and are not other-than-temporarily impaired. The Company also does not intend to sell any of these securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of these securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis.

Assumed business represents private-passenger non-standard automobile insurance premiums in Texas written through a program with a county mutual insurance company and assumed by the Company through 100% quota-share reinsurance. The percentages of premiums assumed to net premiums written was 13% for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Insurance Companies utilize excess-of-loss reinsurance with an unaffiliated reinsurer to limit their exposure to losses under liability coverages for automobile policies issued with limits greater than the minimum statutory requirements and for tenant homeowner policies with higher liability limits. Although the reinsurance agreements contractually obligate the reinsurer to reimburse the Company for their share of losses, they do not discharge the primary liability of the Company, which remains contingently liable in the event the reinsurer is unable to meet their contractual obligations.

At December 31, 2016, the Insurance Companies had unsecured aggregate reinsurance receivables of $0.8 million.

Ceded premiums earned and reinsurance recoveries on losses and loss adjustment expenses were as follows (in thousands):

The Company has issued stock options (“Stock Option Awards”) and restricted stock units (“Restricted Stock Units”) to employees and directors under its Amended and Restated First Acceptance Corporation 2002 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) and accounts for such issuances in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. At December 31, 2016, there were 7,332,533 shares remaining available for issuance under the Plan.

Stock Option Awards were all granted with an exercise price equal to or greater than the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. Stock Option Awards expire over five or ten years from the date of grant and were all fully vested as of January 2016. Compensation expense related to Stock Option Awards was calculated under the fair value method and recorded on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. No Stock Option Awards have been granted since January 2012, and of those outstanding, 750,000 expired unexercised at January 31, 2017 and 220,000 having a $3.04 exercise price expire on March 17, 2018.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s Stock Option Awards is presented below (in thousands, except per share data).

On March 15, 2016 and March 10, 2015 respectively, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company awarded 146 thousand and 141 thousand Restricted Stock Units to executive officers. Such Restricted Stock Units will vest, and an equal number of shares of common stock will be deliverable upon the third anniversary of the dates of grants. Compensation expense related to the units was calculated based upon the closing market prices of the common stock on the dates of grants ($2.30 and $2.44) and is recorded on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The Company’s Board of Directors adopted the First Acceptance Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) whereby eligible employees may purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to the lower of the closing market price on the first or last trading day of a six-month period. ESPP participants can authorize payroll deductions, administered through an independent plan custodian, of up to 15% of their salary to purchase semi-annually (June 30 and December 31) up to $25,000 of the Company’s common stock during each calendar year. The Company has reserved 600,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. Employees purchased approximately 64,000, 37,000, and 31,000 shares during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Compensation expense attributable to subscriptions to purchase shares under the ESPP was $19 thousand, $12 thousand and $11 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2016, 186,174 shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP.

The Company sponsors a defined contribution retirement plan (“401k Plan”) under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The 401k Plan covers substantially all employees who meet specified service requirements. Under the 401k Plan, the Company may, at its discretion, match 100% of the first 3% of an employee’s salary plus 50% of the next 2% up to the maximum allowed by the Internal Revenue Code. The Company’s contributions to the 401k Plan for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and are included within insurance operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $2.5 million, $1.8 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company is committed under various operating lease agreements for office space. Certain lease agreements contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses. Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $11.3 million, $11.2 million and $8.9 million, respectively, and is included within insurance operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. Future minimum lease payments under these agreements follow (in thousands).

Information regarding the reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) is as follows (in thousands).

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year, gross	$	122,071		$	96,613		$	84,286
Reinsurance balances receivable		(464	)		(362	)		(305	)
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year, net		121,607			96,251			83,981
Add: Provision for losses and LAE:
Current year		278,366			218,186			166,179
Prior year		30,636			845			(4,877	)
Net losses and LAE incurred		309,002			219,031			161,302
Less: Losses and LAE paid:
Current year		163,792			129,216			98,437
Prior year		106,507			64,459			50,595
Net losses and LAE paid		270,299			193,675			149,032
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE at end of year, net		160,310			121,607			96,251
Reinsurance balances receivable		769			464			362
Liability for unpaid losses and LAE at end of year, gross	$	161,079		$	122,071		$	96,613

The unfavorable change in the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of $30.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 was the result of increased losses primarily from the 2015 accident year across all major coverages. The most significant causes of the development were a greater than usual emergence of reported claims and higher bodily injury severity.

The unfavorable change in the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was largely the result of an increase in bodily injury loss adjustment expenses (primarily outside legal costs) driven by the overall increase in claim frequency.

The favorable change in the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily related to bodily injury claims occurring in accident years 2010 through 2013.

The information about incurred and paid claims development for the 2007 to 2015 years, and the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age as of December 31, 2016, is presented as required supplementary information.

Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, by accident year are as follows (in thousands).

	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
Accident year	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
2007	$	233,004	$	230,360	$	228,601	$	228,716	$	231,729	$	231,931	$	231,058	$	230,931	$	230,877	$	230,862
2008				187,583		174,921		174,312		175,044		175,849		176,468		176,947		177,190		177,226
2009						146,584		140,539		140,501		141,936		142,819		142,772		142,546		142,705
2010								135,458		133,283		134,470		134,446		134,191		134,144		133,983
2011										126,384		126,886		126,272		126,373		125,810		125,670
2012												144,231		140,111		140,249		140,673		141,375
2013														145,878		140,775		142,053		144,076
2014																166,179		165,991		171,827
2015																		218,186		240,419
2016																				278,366
Total																			$	1,786,509

Cumulative paid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, by accident year are as follows (in thousands).

	For the years ended December 31,
Accident	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
year	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
2007	$	157,162	$	210,678	$	222,406	$	225,978	$	228,304	$	231,493	$	230,891	$	230,892	$	230,873	$	230,860
2008				122,207		160,366		169,373		172,768		174,688		175,700		176,331		176,907		177,154
2009						92,372		127,355		135,701		139,436		141,399		142,294		142,441		142,654
2010								87,319		120,301		128,843		131,878		132,989		133,648		133,896
2011										82,945		113,199		120,790		123,888		125,012		125,383
2012												89,159		123,869		133,397		137,968		139,781
2013														88,726		124,021		134,931		141,444
2014																98,437		144,943		162,702
2015																		129,216		208,533
2016																				163,792
Total																			$	1,626,199
Total outstanding reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance																			$	160,310

As of December 31, 2016, frequency of claims by accident based on number of claimants is as follows.

The average historical annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance is as follows. The amounts reflected below represent the average length of time between the occurrence of a loss and its payment. These percentages are averages of the years present and therefore may not equal 100%.

In June 2007, First Acceptance Statutory Trust I (“FAST I”), a wholly-owned unconsolidated subsidiary trust of the Company, issued 40,000 shares of preferred securities at $1,000 per share to outside investors and 1,240 shares of common securities to the Company, also at $1,000 per share. FAST I used the proceeds from the sale of the preferred securities to purchase $41.2 million of junior subordinated debentures from the Company. The sole assets of FAST I are $41.2 million of junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company. The debentures will mature on July 30, 2037 and are currently redeemable by the Company in whole or in part and the preferred securities are callable. The debentures paid a fixed rate of 9.277% until July 30, 2012, after which the rate became variable (Three-Month LIBOR plus 375 basis points, resetting quarterly). The interest rate related to the debentures ranged from 4.366% to 4.637% during 2016. In January 2017, the interest rate reset to 4.789% through April 2017.

The obligations of the Company under the junior subordinated debentures represent full and unconditional guarantees by the Company of FAST I’s obligations for the preferred securities. Dividends on the preferred securities are cumulative, payable quarterly in arrears and are deferrable at the Company’s option for up to five years. The dividends on these securities, which have not been deferred, are the same as the interest on the debentures. The Company cannot pay dividends on its common stock during such deferments.

The debentures are classified as debentures payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the interest paid on these debentures is classified as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. At December 31, 2016, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $0.9 million are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the debentures.

On June 29, 2015, to finance the acquisition of the Titan Agencies, the Company borrowed the full amount under a $30 million Loan Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Diamond Family Investments, LP, an affiliate of Gerald J. Ford, the Company’s controlling stockholder. The Loan Agreement provided a $30 million interest-only senior term loan facility, maturing in full on June 29, 2025. Commencing June 29, 2016, the Company has the right to prepay the loan in whole or in part, in cash, without premium or penalty, upon written notice to the lender. Amounts prepaid under the Loan Agreement may not be reborrowed. The term loan outstanding under the Loan Agreement bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum. The Loan Agreement contains certain representations, warranties and covenants. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including but not limited to: nonpayment; material inaccuracy of representations and warranties; violations of covenants; cross-default to material indebtedness; certain material judgments; certain bankruptcies and liquidations; invalidity of the loan documents and related events; and a change of control (as defined in the Loan Agreement). At December 31, 2016 the unamortized loan issuance costs of $0.2 million are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan.

The benefit for income taxes differs from the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal corporate tax rate of 35% to (loss) income before income taxes as a result of the following (in thousands).

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the net deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below (in thousands).

	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	24,208		$	6,859
Stock-based compensation		404			421
Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves		6,752			6,797
Goodwill and identifiable intangible assets		2,832			4,252
Alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credit carryforwards		2,015			2,015
Accrued expenses and other nondeductible items		1,345			1,551
Other		3,619			3,528
		41,175			25,423
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisition costs		(1,698	)		(1,928	)
Identifiable intangible assets		(1,872	)		(1,872	)
Net unrealized gain on investments		(73	)		(1,244	)
Other		(19	)		(332	)
		(3,662	)		(5,376	)
Total net deferred tax asset		37,513			20,047
Less: Valuation allowance		(1,872	)		(1,746	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	35,641		$	18,301

The Company had a valuation allowance of $1.9 and $1.7 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, relating to certain amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. In assessing our ability to realize the deferred tax asset (“DTA”), both positive and negative evidence are used to evaluate the allowance. Although the Company has incurred a pre-tax loss of $45.1 million which is a source of negative evidence, greater weight was placed on the Company’s outlook for future taxable income over the allowable time period for realization of the DTA and concluded that it is more likely than not that the remaining DTA will be realized. Regarding the length of time available to realize the DTA, at December 31, 2016, $24.2 million of the DTA related to net operating loss carryforwards do not expire until 2031 through 2036 and $2.0 million in AMT (“Alternative Minimum Tax”) carryforwards have no expiration date. The DTA valuation allowance may be adjusted in future periods if management determines that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTA will not be realized. In the event the DTA valuation allowance is adjusted, the Company would record an income tax expense for the adjustment.

Prior to December 31, 2014, the Company had a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax asset based upon past negative evidence in the form of historical taxable losses. Based upon positive evidence from recent taxable income at the time and the Company’s then outlook for future profitability, the deferred tax valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2014 was decreased by $22.4 million.

Basic EPS are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted EPS are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding adjusted for the incremental shares attributed to outstanding securities with a right to purchase or convert into common stock.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share (in thousands, except per share data).

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the computation of diluted net income per share did not include options to purchase approximately 750 thousand shares, a dilutive effect of 127 thousand shares, and restricted stock units convertible into 169 thousand shares, a dilutive effect of 17 thousand shares, since their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Options to purchase 220 thousand shares for the year ended December 31, 2016 were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their exercise prices were in excess of the average stock prices for the year.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the computation of diluted net income per share did not include options to purchase approximately 825 thousand shares, a dilutive effect of 319 thousand shares, and restricted stock units convertible into 141 thousand shares, a dilutive effect of 26 thousand shares, since their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Options to purchase 260 thousand shares for the year ended December 31, 2015 were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share as their exercise prices were in excess of the average stock prices for the year.

For the year ended December 31, 2014, the computation of diluted net income per share included exercisable options to purchase approximately 0.8 million shares that had a dilutive effect of 298 thousand shares. Options to purchase 295 thousand shares for the year ended December 31, 2014 were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share as their exercise prices were in excess of the average stock prices for the year.

At December 31, 2016, the Company had certain concentrations of credit risk with several financial institutions in the form of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, which amounted to $118.7 million. For purposes of evaluating credit risk, the stability of financial institutions conducting business with the Company and the amount of available Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance is periodically reviewed. If the financial institutions failed to completely perform under terms of the financial instruments, the exposure for credit loss would be the amount of the financial instruments less amounts covered by regulatory insurance.

The Company primarily transacts business either directly with its policyholders or through independently-owned insurance agencies who write non-standard personal automobile insurance policies on behalf of the Company. Direct policyholders make payments directly to the Company. Balances due from policyholders are generally secured by the related unearned premium. The Company requires a down payment at the time the policy is originated and subsequent scheduled payments are monitored in order to prevent the Company from providing coverage beyond the date for which payment has been received. If subsequent payments are not made timely, the policy is generally canceled at no loss to the Company. Policyholders whose premiums are written through the independent agencies make their payments to these agencies that in turn remit these payments to the Company. Balances due to the Company resulting from premium payments made to these agencies are unsecured.

The Company is named as a defendant in various lawsuits, arising in the ordinary course of business, generally relating to its insurance operations. All legal actions relating to claims made under insurance policies are considered by the Company in establishing its loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The Company also faces lawsuits from time to time that seek damages beyond policy limits, commonly known as bad faith claims, as well as class action and individual lawsuits that involve issues arising in the course of the Company’s business. The Company continually evaluates potential liabilities and reserves for litigation of these types using the criteria established by FASB ASC 450, Contingencies (“FASB ASC 450”). Pursuant to FASB ASC 450, reserves for a loss may only be recognized if the likelihood of occurrence is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a loss, while not probable, is judged to be reasonably possible, management will disclose, if it can be estimated, a possible range of loss or state that an estimate cannot be made. Management evaluates each legal action and records reserves for losses as warranted by establishing a reserve in its consolidated balance sheets in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for bad faith claims and in other liabilities for other lawsuits. Amounts incurred are recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income in losses and loss adjustment expenses for bad faith claims and in insurance operating expenses for other lawsuits unless otherwise disclosed.

In 2015, in order to avoid lengthy and costly litigation, the Company and the plaintiffs involved entered into a stipulation of settlement providing for the release and dismissal of all asserted claims related to two cases involving alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act in exchange for an aggregate payment $3.2 million. The total financial impact of this litigation on the Company, including the aggregate settlement payment, related payroll taxes and the Company’s legal costs in connection with the defense of the litigation, has been presented separately in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income under the litigation settlement expense line item for all periods presented.

The Company operates in two business segments with its primary focus being the selling, servicing and underwriting of non-standard personal automobile insurance. The real estate and corporate segment consists of the activities related to the disposition of foreclosed real estate held for sale, interest expense associated with all debt and other general corporate overhead expenses.

The insurance segment includes the former Titan retail locations since their July 1, 2015 acquisition. See Note 18 for additional information on this business combination.

The following table presents selected financial data by business segment (in thousands).

The statutory-basis financial statements of the Insurance Companies are prepared in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance in each respective state of domicile. Each state of domicile requires that insurance companies domiciled in the state prepare their statutory-basis financial statements in accordance with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual subject to any deviations prescribed or permitted by the insurance commissioner in each state of domicile. The Insurance Companies are required to report their risk-based capital (“RBC”) each December 31. Failure to maintain an adequate RBC could subject the Insurance Companies to regulatory action and could restrict the payment of dividends. At December 31, 2016, the RBC levels of the Insurance Companies did not subject them to regulatory action other than monthly financial reporting to the Texas Department of Insurance.

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, on a consolidated statutory basis, the capital and surplus of the Insurance Companies was $58.9 million and $98.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, consolidated statutory net (loss) income of the Insurance Companies was ($52.0) million, ($7.3) million and $1.0 million, respectively.

The maximum amount of dividends which can be paid by First Acceptance Insurance Company, Inc. (“FAIC”) to the Company, without the prior approval of the Texas insurance commissioner, is limited to the greater of 10% of statutory capital and surplus at December 31^st of the next preceding year or net income for the year. In addition, dividends may only be paid from unassigned funds (surplus) and an insurance company’s remaining surplus must be both reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs. At December 31, 2016, FAIC could not pay any dividends to the Company due to a negative unassigned surplus position.

In April 2016, the Company entered into standard agreements for Treasury and Custodial Services with a bank indirectly owned 15% by our principal stockholder. The fees under these agreements for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $112 thousand.

As further detailed in note 10, in June 2015, the Company borrowed $30 million from Diamond Family Investments, LP, an affiliate of Gerald J. Ford, the Company’s controlling stockholder, to finance the acquisition described in note 18.

On July 1, 2015, in order to expand its geographic presence, the Company completed the acquisition of certain assets of Titan Insurance Services, Inc. and Titan Auto Insurance of New Mexico, Inc. (the “Titan Agencies”). These agencies sell private passenger non-standard automobile insurance and complimentary products, principally in California, but also in Texas, Arizona, Florida, Nevada and New Mexico. The Titan Agencies were previously owned and operated by Nationwide. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement (the “APA”), the Company acquired the assets of 83 retail stores for total consideration of $36.0 million, which included liabilities assumed estimated to be $2.3 million. The Company has accounted for the acquisition as a business combination applying the acquisition method. The results of the acquired retail locations have been included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive (loss) income from the July 1,2015 acquisition date.

Liabilities assumed included a $2.0 million estimate of the expected liability for returned commissions as of the closing date. This liability was subject to change based on the actual amount of returned commissions and the Company’s final estimation of this liability resulted in a $0.8 million reduction in goodwill through June 30, 2016.

The Company has $70.0 million in long-term borrowings of which $40.0 million matures in 2037 and $30.0 million matures in 2025. At December 31, 2016, the Company was in compliance with the covenants related to these borrowings. Such borrowings are not obligations of the Company’s regulated insurance company subsidiaries who at December 31, 2016 had combined statutory capital and surplus of $58.9 million. The Company believes that it has sufficient liquidity to meet its current obligations in the foreseeable future, including the payment of interest on its long-term borrowings which it currently funds through the cash flows of its agency operations which are generated outside the Company’s regulated insurance company subsidiaries and are not subject to any limitation on the payment of dividends to the holding company.

The Company has three insurance company subsidiaries that are organized and domiciled under the insurance statutes of Texas, Georgia, and Tennessee. The insurance company subsidiaries operate under licenses issued by various state insurance authorities. Such licenses may be of perpetual duration or periodically renewable, provided the insurance company subsidiaries continue to meet applicable regulatory requirements.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the insurance company subsidiaries experienced a reduction in combined statutory capital and surplus of $39.9 million, primarily as a result of unfavorable loss development. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Model Act for risk-based capital provides formulas to determine each December 31 on an annual basis the amount of statutory capital and surplus that an insurance company needs to ensure that it has an acceptable expectation of not becoming financially impaired. Failure to meet applicable minimum risk-based capital requirements could subject our insurance company subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on their writing of additional business, state supervision or even liquidation. Risk-based capital calculations are only made as of each December 31, and the three insurance company subsidiaries were each above the minimum regulatory company action levels as of December 31, 2016. There are also statutory guidelines that suggest that on an annual calendar year basis an insurance company should not exceed a ratio of net premiums written to statutory capital and surplus of 3-to-1. On a combined basis, the ratio for the insurance company subsidiaries of net premiums written for the last twelve months to statutory capital and surplus was 5.08-to-1 at December 31, 2016 which is in excess of the suggested guidelines. Management is currently operating under a business plan to reduce premium writings and increase statutory capital and surplus to address the net premiums written to statutory capital and surplus guidelines.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of fiscal year performance because of the impact of seasonal and short-term variations. Selected quarterly financial data is summarized as follows (in thousands, except per share data).

	Total Revenues		(Loss) Income Before Income Taxes			Net (Loss) Income			Basic and Diluted Net (Loss) Income Per Share
Year Ended December 31, 2016:
December 31, 2016	$	87,806	$	(5,822	)	$	(3,545	)	$	(0.09	)
September 30, 2016		102,115		(327	)		(333	)		(0.01	)
June 30, 2016		102,754		(30,607	)		(19,899	)		(0.48	)
March 31, 2016		96,948		(8,374	)		(5,505	)		(0.13	)
Year Ended December 31, 2015:
December 31, 2015	$	88,536	$	458		$	287		$	-
September 30, 2015		87,620		(4,524	)		(3,018	)		(0.07	)
June 30, 2015		80,631		690			315			0.01
March 31, 2015		75,105		804			486			0.01

Income before income taxes for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 included unfavorable loss development of $25.8 million.

Income before income taxes for the quarter ended September 31, 2015 included a $3.4 million litigation settlement.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management team, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act”) at December 31, 2014. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at December 31, 2016 to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment under the Internal Control – Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2016.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, which such report appears herein.

During the fourth fiscal quarter of the period covered by this report, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Information with respect to our directors and executive officers, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to our code of business conduct and ethics, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to our corporate governance disclosures, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to the compensation of our executive officers, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Information with respect to the fees paid to and services provided by our principal accountants, set forth in our Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 9, 2017, is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit Number
3.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation of First Acceptance Corporation.

3.2		Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of First Acceptance Corporation.

4.1		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2002, by and between the Company and Donald J. Edwards.

4.2		Form of certificate representing shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed December 26, 2002).

10.1		Amended and Restated First Acceptance Corporation 2002 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 23, 2009).†

10.3		Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Company’s 2002 Long Term Incentive Plan.†

10.4		Amended and Restated First Acceptance Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 17, 2010).

10.5		Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement of Outside Directors under the Company’s 2002 Long Term Incentive Plan.†

10.6		Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and each of the Company’s directors and executive officers.†

10.7		Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated June 15, 2007, between First Acceptance Corporation and Wilmington Trust Company.

10.8		Guarantee Agreement, dated June 15, 2007, between First Acceptance Corporation and Wilmington Trust Company.

10.9		Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated June 15, 2007, among First Acceptance Corporation, Wilmington Trust Company and the Administrative Trustees Named Therein.

10.10		Loan Agreement, dated June 29, 2015, amount First Acceptance Corporation and the Lenders party thereto.

14		First Acceptance Corporation Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

21		Subsidiaries of First Acceptance Corporation.*

23.1		Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.*

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).*

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a).*

32.1		Principal Executive Officer’s Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*

32.2		Principal Financial Officer’s Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*

101 –		XBRL *

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
Statement of Cash Flows	2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	28,068
Equity in (income) loss of subsidiaries, net of tax		27,428			441			(23,804	)
Stock-based compensation		207			144			185
Deferred income taxes		(17,179	)		(684	)		(7,871	)
Other		95			(203	)		28
Change in assets and liabilities		17,300			2,385			3,197
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(1,431	)		153			(197	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Dividends from subsidiary		1,225			2,025			7,425
Loan to wholly-owned subsidiary		6,400			(30,010	)		—
Investments in subsidiaries		(10,900	)		(10,000	)		(44	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(3,275	)		(37,985	)		7,381
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from term loan from principal stockholder		—			30,000			—
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock		68			91			74
Net cash provided by financing activities		68			30,091			74
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(4,638	)		(7,741	)		7,258
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		8,095			15,836			8,578
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	3,457		$	8,095		$	15,836

Delaware		75-1328153
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3813 Green Hills Village Drive, Nashville, Tennessee		37215
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Title of Each Class		Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange

Large accelerated filer	☐		Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer	☐	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller Reporting Company	☒

			Page
PART I
	Item 1.	Business	1
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	16
	Item 2.	Properties	16
	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	16
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	16
PART II
	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	17
	Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	18
	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
	Item 7A.	Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	36
	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	66
	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	66
	Item 9B.	Other Information	66
PART III
	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	67
	Item 11.	Executive Compensation	67
	Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	67
	Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	67
	Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	67
PART IV
	Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	68
	Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	69
SIGNATURES			70

	Price Range
	High		Low
Year Ended December 31, 2015:
First Quarter	$	2.52	$	2.16
Second Quarter		3.39		2.35
Third Quarter		3.27		2.60
Fourth Quarter		2.95		1.96
Year Ended December 31, 2016:
First Quarter	$	2.39	$	1.79
Second Quarter		2.03		1.01
Third Quarter		2.40		0.87
Fourth Quarter		1.35		0.74

Alabama	Iowa	Oklahoma
Arizona	Kansas	Pennsylvania
Arkansas	Kentucky	South Carolina
California	Louisiana	Tennessee
Colorado	Mississippi	Texas
Florida	Missouri	Utah
Georgia	Nevada	Virginia
Illinois	New Mexico	West Virginia
Indiana	Ohio

Period Beginning	Period Ending	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2016	October 31, 2016	$	10,294	$	0.91		—	$	—
Total			10,294	$	0.91		—	$	—

	Payments Due By Period
	Total	Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	More than 5 years
Net loss and loss adjustment expense reserves ⁽¹⁾	$ 161,079	$ 106,434	$ 47,405	$ 6,065	$ 1,175
Debentures payable ⁽²⁾	82,715	1,975	3,950	3,950	72,840
Term loan from principal stockholder ⁽³⁾	50,400	2,400	4,800	4,800	38,400
Operating leases ⁽⁴⁾	16,807	6,339	6,057	1,741	2,670
Total contractual cash obligations	$ 311,001	$ 117,148	$ 62,212	$ 16,556	$ 115,085

	Sensitivity to Instantaneous Interest Rate Changes (basis points)
	(100)	(50)	0	50	100	200
Fair value of fixed maturities portfolio	$ 106,624	$ 104,108	$ 101,589	$ 99,073	$ 96,556	$ 91,525

Year Ending December 31,	Securities with Unrealized Gains	Securities with Unrealized Losses	Securities with No Unrealized Gains or Losses	All Fixed Maturity Securities
2017	$ 5,216	$ 10,495	$ —	$ 15,711
2018	3,940	5,920	—	9,860
2019	4,281	6,920	—	11,201
2020	2,072	8,902	—	10,974
2021	572	16,533	—	17,105
Thereafter	3,483	36,131	—	39,614
Total	$ 19,564	$ 84,901	$ —	$ 104,465
Fair value	$ 17,156	$ 84,433	$ —	$ 101,589

	Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		37

Consolidated Balance Sheets		39

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)		40

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity		41

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		42

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		43

	December 31, 2016				December 31, 2015
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value		Value		Value
Assets:
Investments, available-for-sale	$	117,212	$	117,212	$	131,582	$	131,582
Other investments		9,994		9,994		11,256		11,256
Liabilities:
Debentures payable		40,302		11,488		40,256		20,275
Term loan from principal stockholder		29,779		15,000		29,753		28,504

	Fair Value
	Measurements Using
	Significant Unobservable
	Inputs (Level 3)

	Common Stock
	at Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	3,276
Gains included in net loss		—
Gains included in comprehensive loss		625
Investments and capital calls		957
Distributions received		—
Transfers into and out of Level 3		—
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	4,858

	Number				Gross
Gross Unrealized Losses	of		Fair		Unrealized
at December 31, 2015:	Securities		Value		Losses
Less than or equal to 10%		4	$	7,689		(241	)
Greater than 10%		—		—		—
		4	$	7,689	$	(241	)

	Options			Exercise Price		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregated Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2013		1,237		$1.45-$8.13		$	2.19
Forfeited		(117	)	$	5.22	$	5.22
Options outstanding at December 31, 2014		1,120		$1.45-$3.04		$	1.87
Forfeited		(35	)	$	3.04	$	3.04
Options outstanding at December 31, 2015		1,085		$1.45-$3.04		$	1.83
Forfeited		(115	)	$1.45-$3.04		$	2.00
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016		970		$1.45-$3.04		$	1.81	$	-
Options exercisable/vested at December 31, 2016		970				$	1.81	$	-

For the Year Ended December 31,	Amount
2017	$	6,339
2018		4,036
2019		2,021
2020		1,041
2021		700
Thereafter		2,670
Total	$	16,807

Accident year	Incurred losses and LAE, net of reinsurance		Total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims		Cumulative number of reported claims
2007	$	230,862	$	3		117,206
2008		177,226		33		100,188
2009		142,705		26		78,607
2010		133,983		62		71,008
2011		125,670		211		65,831
2012		141,375		597		73,164
2013		144,076		1,784		73,714
2014		171,827		6,003		84,791
2015		240,419		21,968		108,755
2016		278,366		69,261		112,441

	(Unaudited)
	Year 1			Year 2			Year 3			Year 4			Year 5			Year 6			Year 7			Year 8			Year 9			Year 10
Non-standard auto		62.7	%		25.2	%		6.6	%		2.7	%		1.1	%		0.7	%		0.1	%		0.2	%		0.1	%		0.0	%

		FIRST ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION

Date: March 14, 2017	By	/s/ Kenneth D. Russell
		Kenneth D. Russell Chief Executive Officer

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Kenneth D. Russell	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	March 14, 2017
Kenneth D. Russell

/s/ Brent J. Gay	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	March 14, 2017
Brent J. Gay

/s/ Jeremy B. Ford	Chairman of the Board of Directors	March 14, 2017
Jeremy B. Ford

/s/ Rhodes R. Bobbitt	Director	March 14, 2017
Rhodes R. Bobbitt

/s/ Harvey B. Cash	Director	March 14, 2017
Harvey B. Cash

/s/ Donald J. Edwards	Director	March 14, 2017
Donald J. Edwards

/s/ Mark A. Kelly	Director	March 14, 2017
Mark A. Kelly

/s/ Tom C. Nichols	Director	March 14, 2017
Tom C. Nichols

/s/ Lyndon L. Olson	Director	March 14, 2017
Lyndon L. Olson

/s/ William A. Shipp, Jr.	Director	March 14, 2017
William A. Shipp, Jr.

	December 31,
Balance Sheets	2016		2015
Assets:
Investment in subsidiaries, at equity in net assets	$	112,479	$	132,430
Cash and cash equivalents		3,457		8,095
Loan to wholly-owned subsidiary		23,610		30,010
Deferred tax asset		25,828		8,649
Other assets		1,655		2,142
	$	167,029	$	181,326
Liabilities:
Debentures payable	$	40,302	$	40,256
Term loan from principal stockholder		29,779		29,753
Other liabilities		24,460		7,647
Stockholders' equity		72,488		103,670
	$	167,029	$	181,326

	Year Ended December 31,
Statement of Operations	2016			2015			2014
Interest income	$	2,283		$	1,328		$	61
Equity in (loss) income of subsidiaries, net of tax		(27,428	)		(441	)		23,804
Expenses		(4,508	)		(4,238	)		(2,887	)
(Loss) income before income taxes		(29,653	)		(3,351	)		20,978
Benefit for income taxes		(371	)		(1,421	)		(7,090	)
Net (loss) income	$	(29,282	)	$	(1,930	)	$	28,068