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Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue from Contracts with Customers Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202220212020
Revenue:
Subscription lease licenses$687,665 $617,643 $500,105 
Perpetual licenses301,313 328,154 280,745 
Software licenses988,978 945,797 780,850 
Maintenance1,004,245 896,037 840,597 
Service72,330 64,881 59,850 
Maintenance and service1,076,575 960,918 900,447 
Total revenue$2,065,553 $1,906,715 $1,681,297 
Direct revenue, as a percentage of total revenue76.1 %76.3 %77.8 %
Indirect revenue, as a percentage of total revenue23.9 %23.7 %22.2 %

Our software licenses revenue is recognized up front, while maintenance and service revenue is generally recognized over the term of the contract.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue consists of billings made or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from customer agreements. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of billings to customers. Payment terms vary by the type and location of customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.
The changes in deferred revenue, inclusive of both current and long-term deferred revenue, during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
(in thousands)20222021
Beginning balance – January 1$412,781 $388,810 
Acquired deferred revenue5,818 3,831 
Deferral of revenue2,099,550 1,937,974 
Recognition of deferred revenue(2,065,553)(1,906,715)
Currency translation(16,838)(11,119)
Ending balance – December 31$435,758 $412,781 

Total revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2022 will be recognized as revenue as follows:
(in thousands) 
Next 12 months$846,312 
Months 13-24356,075 
Months 25-36170,977 
Thereafter43,482 
Total revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations$1,416,846 

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes both deferred revenue and backlog. Our backlog represents deferred revenue associated with installment billings for periods beyond the current quarterly billing cycle and committed contracts with start dates beyond the end of the current period. Revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included amounts in deferred revenue and backlog at the beginning of the period of $764.9 million, of which $391.5 million was in deferred revenue, and $606.8 million, of which $372.1 million was in deferred revenue, respectively.