DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:

The Company actively monitors its exposure to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks and uses derivative financial instruments to manage the impact of these risks. The Company uses derivatives only for purposes of managing risk associated with underlying exposures. The Company does not trade or use derivative instruments with the objective of earning financial gains on the interest rate or exchange rate fluctuations alone, nor does the Company use derivative instruments where it does not have underlying exposures. Complex instruments involving leverage or multipliers are not used. The Company manages its hedging position and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and does not anticipate losses due to counterparty nonperformance. Management believes its use of derivative instruments to manage risk is in the Company's best interest. However, the Company's use of derivative financial instruments may result in short-term gains or losses and increased earnings volatility. The Company's financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in prepaid expenses and other, other assets, net, accrued expenses or other long-term liabilities.

The Company may designate derivatives as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or a hedge of the variability of the cash flows to be received or paid in the future related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). The portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative used as a cash flow hedge that is offset by changes in the expected cash flows related to a recognized asset or liability (the effective portion) is recorded in other comprehensive income. As the hedged item is realized, the gain or loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) is reported in the consolidated statements of operations on the same line item as the hedged item. The portion of the changes in the fair value of derivatives used as cash flow hedges that is not offset by changes in the expected cash flows related to a recognized asset or liability (the ineffective portion) is immediately recognized in earnings on the same line item as the hedged item.

The Company matches the hedge instrument to the underlying hedged item (assets, liabilities, firm commitments or forecasted transactions). At inception of the hedge and at least quarterly thereafter, the Company assesses whether the derivatives used to hedge transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in either the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. When it is determined that a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting, and any gains or losses on the derivative instrument thereafter are recognized in earnings during the period in which it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.

From time to time, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for accounting purposes. For example, to mitigate currency exposures related to intercompany debt, the Company may enter into cross-currency swap contracts for periods consistent with the underlying debt. The Company believes such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus reducing the associated risk. The gains or losses from the changes in the fair value of derivative instruments not accounted for using hedge accounting are recognized in current period earnings within other income, net.

Interest Rate Risk Management

The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to manage its exposure to the changes in interest rates on the Company's variable rate debt. These swap agreements are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the swap agreements are recorded in net income or other comprehensive income, based on whether the agreements are designated as part of a hedge transaction and whether the agreements are effective in offsetting the change in the value of the future interest payments attributable to the underlying portion of the Company's variable rate debt. Interest payments accrued each reporting period for these interest rate swaps are recognized in interest expense. The Company formally documents its hedge relationships, including identifying the hedge instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the hedge transaction.

The following table summarizes the terms of the Company's outstanding interest rate swap agreements entered into to manage the Company's exposure to changes in interest rates on its variable rate debt (amounts in thousands):

Notional Amount

Effective Date

Expiration Date

Date

Amount

Pay Fixed Rate

Receive Variable Rate

9/30/2016

9/30/2026

100,000

2.76%

1-month LIBOR

9/30/2016

9/30/2026

100,000

2.74%

1-month LIBOR

9/30/2016

9/30/2026

100,000

2.73%

1-month LIBOR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

93,150

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

93,150

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

93,150

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

93,150

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

55,373

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

55,373

2.44%

AUD-BBR

12/1/2016

12/1/2021

34,155

2.44%

AUD-BBR

On November 9, 2012, the Company entered into multiple 10-year forward starting interest rate swap agreements to manage the exposure to changes in interest rates on the Company's variable rate debt. On September 30, 2016, the Company amended its forward starting swaps which included moving the mandatory settlement date from September 30, 2016 to September 30, 2020, with a final termination date of September 30, 2026, changing from 3-month LIBOR to 1-month LIBOR and adjusting the fixed rate. The amended forward starting swaps continue to qualify for hedge accounting. In addition, it remains probable that the Company will either issue $300.0 million of fixed-rate debt or have $300.0 million of variable-rate debt under the Company's commercial banking lines throughout the term of the outstanding swap agreements. The Company expects to amortize any gains or losses on the settlements over the life of the respective swap.

The following table summarizes the Company's interest rate swap agreements that expired during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):



		Notional Amount				Receive Variable Rate
Effective Date	Expiration Date	Date	Amount		Paid Fixed Rate	Receive Variable Rate
9/30/2014	9/30/2015	9/30/2014	$	1,150,000	0.54%	1-month LIBOR
		12/31/2014	$	1,100,000	0.54%	1-month LIBOR
		3/31/2015	$	1,050,000	0.54%	1-month LIBOR
		6/30/2015	$	1,000,000	0.54%	1-month LIBOR
9/30/2015	9/30/2016	9/30/2015	$	350,000	0.93%	1-month LIBOR

The fair values of the Company's interest rate swap agreements were estimated based on Level 2 inputs. The Company's effectiveness testing during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 resulted in no amount of gain or loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings due to ineffectiveness. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, existing net losses associated with the Company's interest rate swaps of $2.1 million, $2.1 million and $2.9 million, respectively, were realized and recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Based on the fair value of these interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2017, the Company expects to reclassify $2.0 million of net losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings within the next 12 months. See Note 16, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss), for additional information regarding the Company's cash flow hedges.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2017, the Company's foreign subsidiaries had United States dollar equivalent of $1.1 billion of third-party debt denominated in the local currencies in which the Company's foreign subsidiaries operate, including the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Euro. The debt service obligations associated with this foreign currency debt are generally funded directly from those foreign operations. As a result, foreign currency risk related to this portion of the Company's debt service payments is limited. However, in the event the foreign currency debt service is not paid by the Company's foreign subsidiaries and is paid by United States subsidiaries, the Company may face exchange rate risk if the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar or the Euro were to appreciate relative to the United States dollar and require higher United States dollar equivalent cash.

The Company is also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to its foreign subsidiaries, including non-functional currency intercompany debt, typically associated with intercompany debt from the Company's United States subsidiaries to its foreign subsidiaries, associated with acquisitions and any timing difference between announcement and closing of an acquisition of a foreign business. To mitigate currency exposures of non-United States dollar-denominated acquisitions, the Company may enter into foreign currency forward purchase contracts. To mitigate currency exposures related to non-functional currency denominated intercompany debt, the Company may enter into cross-currency swaps or foreign currency forward contracts for periods consistent with the underlying debt. In determining the fair value of the derivative contract, the significant inputs to valuation models are quoted market prices of similar instruments in active markets. However, cross-currency swap contracts and foreign currency forward contracts used to mitigate exposures on foreign currency intercompany debt may not qualify for hedge accounting. In cases where the cross-currency swap contracts and foreign currency forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting, the Company believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus reducing the associated risk. The gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in current period earnings within other income, net.

On February 25, 2015, the Company announced its entry into an agreement to acquire all of the outstanding share capital of RailInvest Holding Company Limited, the parent company of Freightliner, for cash consideration of approximately £490 million (or approximately $755 million at the exchange rate on February 25, 2015). Shortly after the announcement of the acquisition, the Company entered into British pound forward purchase contracts to fix £307.1 million of the purchase price to US$475.0 million and £84.7 million of the purchase price to A$163.8 million. The subsequent decrease in value of the British pound versus the United States and Australian dollars between the dates the British pound forward purchase contracts were entered into and March 23, 2015, the date that the £391.8 million in funds were delivered, resulted in a loss on settlement of foreign currency forward purchase contracts of $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.

On March 25, 2015, the Company closed on the Freightliner transaction and paid cash consideration for the acquisition of £492.1 million (or $733.0 million at the exchange rate on March 25, 2015). The Company financed the acquisition through a combination of available cash and borrowings under the Company's Credit Agreement. A portion of the funds was transferred from the United States to the U.K. through an intercompany loan with a notional amount of £120.0 million (or $181.0 million at the exchange rate on the effective date of the loan) and accumulated accrued interest as of December 31, 2017 of £21.7 million (or $29.3 million at the exchange rate on December 31, 2017), each of which are expected to remain until maturity of the loan. To mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to this non-functional currency intercompany loan and the related interest, the Company entered into British pound forward contracts, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

The fair values of the Company's British pound forward contracts were estimated based on Level 2 inputs. The Company's effectiveness testing during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 resulted in no amount of gain or loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings due to ineffectiveness. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of net gains were recorded as interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Based on the Company's fair value assumptions as of December 31, 2017, it expects to realize $0.6 million of existing net gains that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings within the next 12 months. See Note 16, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss), for additional information regarding the Company's cash flow hedges.

The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding British pound forward contracts (British pounds in thousands):



Effective Date	Settlement Date	Notional Amount	Exchange Rate
3/25/2015	3/31/2020	£60,000	1.51
3/25/2015	3/31/2020	£60,000	1.50
6/30/2015	3/31/2020	£2,035	1.57
9/30/2015	3/31/2020	£1,846	1.51
12/31/2015	3/31/2020	£1,873	1.48
3/31/2016	3/31/2020	£1,881	1.45
6/30/2016	3/31/2020	£1,909	1.35
9/30/2016	3/31/2020	£1,959	1.33
12/30/2016	3/31/2020	£1,989	1.28
3/31/2017	3/31/2020	£1,975	1.30
6/30/2017	3/31/2020	£2,026	1.34
10/2/2017	3/31/2020	£2,079	1.36
12/29/2017	3/31/2020	£2,111	1.39

On December 1, 2016, GWAHLP and the Company's subsidiary, GWI Holding B.V. (GWBV), entered into an A$248.9 million non-recourse subordinated Partner Loan Agreement (GRail Intercompany Loan), which is eliminated in consolidation. GWBV used the proceeds from this loan to fund a portion of the acquisition of GRail. See Note 8, Long-Term Debt, for additional information regarding the Partner Loan Agreement. To mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to the non-functional currency intercompany loan, the Company entered into two Euro/Australian dollar floating-to-floating cross-currency swap agreements (the Swaps) on December 22, 2016, which effectively convert the A$248.9 million intercompany loan receivable in the Netherlands into a €171.7 million loan receivable. These agreements did not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. The first swap requires the Company to pay Australian dollar BBR plus 4.50% based on a notional amount of A$123.9 million and allows the Company to receive EURIBOR plus 2.68% based on a notional amount of €85.5 million on a semi-annual basis. EURIBOR is the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, which the Company believes is generally considered the Euro equivalent to LIBOR. The second swap requires the Company to pay Australian dollar BBR plus 4.50% based on a notional amount of A$125.0 million and allows the Company to receive EURIBOR plus 2.90% based on a notional amount of €86.3 million on a semi-annual basis. The Swaps require semi-annual net settlement payments beginning on December 31, 2017. The Company realized a net expense of $3.5 million within interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result of the mark-to-market impact of the intercompany loan compared to the mark-to-market of the Swaps, the Company realized a net expense of $2.5 million and $3.3 million within other income, net for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Over the life of the Swaps, the Company expects the cumulative impact of net gains and losses from the mark-to-market of the intercompany loan and Swaps to be approximately zero. These agreements expire on June 30, 2019.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's derivative instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):



		Fair Value
	Balance Sheet Location	2017		2016
Asset Derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedges:
British pound forward contracts	Other assets, net	$	13,657	$	26,359
Total derivatives designated as hedges		$	13,657	$	26,359
Derivatives not designated as hedges:
Cross-currency swap contract	Prepaid expenses and other	$	5,775	$	174
Cross-currency swap contract	Other assets, net	2,887		506
Total derivatives not designated as hedges		$	8,662	$	680
Liability Derivatives:
Derivatives designated as hedges:
Interest rate swap agreements	Accrued expenses	$	1,972	$	1,747
Interest rate swap agreements	Other long-term liabilities	12,410		13,411
British pound forward contracts	Other long-term liabilities	829		17
Total derivatives designated as hedges		$	15,211	$	15,175

The following table shows the effect of the Company's derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 in other comprehensive income/(loss) (OCI) (dollars in thousands):



	Total Cash Flow Hedge OCI Activity, Net of Tax
	2017		2016			2015
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges:
Effective portion of changes in fair value recognized in OCI:
Interest rate swap agreement	$	372	$	(1,676	)	$	(4,749	)
British pound forward contracts, net^(a)	1,498		(3,990		)	912
	$	1,870	$	(5,666	)	$	(3,837	)

(a) The year ended December 31, 2017 represents a net gain of $9.8 million for the mark-to-market of the U.K. intercompany loan, partially offset by a net loss of $8.3 million for the mark-to-market of the British pound forward contracts. The year ended December 31, 2016 represents a net loss of $18.7 million for the mark-to-market of the U.K. intercompany loan, partially offset by a net gain of $14.7 million for the mark-to-market of the British pound forward contracts. The year ended December 31, 2015 represents a net gain of $0.9 million for the mark-to-market of the British pound forward contracts.

The following table shows the effect of the Company's derivative instruments not designated as hedges for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 in the consolidated statements of operations (dollars in thousands):



	Location of Amount Recognized in Earnings	Amount Recognized in Earnings
	Location of Amount Recognized in Earnings	2017			2016			2015
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedges:
Cross-currency swap agreements	Interest (expense)/income	$	(3,505	)	$	—		$	—
Cross-currency swap agreements, net^(a)	Other (expense)/income, net	(2,451		)	(3,267		)	—
British pound forward purchase contracts	Loss on settlement of foreign currency forward purchase contracts	—			—			(18,686		)
		$	(5,956	)	$	(3,267	)	$	(18,686	)

(a) The year ended December 31, 2017 represents a net gain of $8.4 million for the mark-to-market of the Swaps, partially offset by a net loss of $10.8 million for the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan. The year ended December 31, 2016 represents a net gain of $0.7 million for the mark-to-market of the Swaps, partially offset by a net loss of $3.9 million for the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan.