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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Current accounting guidance on fair value measurements includes the application of a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Our financial instruments that are recorded at fair value are categorized into a three-level hierarchy, which is based upon the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (i.e., Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (i.e., Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial instrument.

Financial instruments recorded at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy as follows:

•Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments that we have the ability to access.

•Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar financial instruments, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, in markets that are not active or on inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3: Valuations are based on pricing or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument.

We review our fair value hierarchy categorizations on a quarterly basis at which time the classification of certain financial instruments may change if the input observations have changed. Transfers between levels, if any, are recorded as of the beginning of the reporting period.

To determine the fair value of the majority of our investments, we utilize prices obtained from independent, nationally recognized pricing services. We obtain one price for each security. When the pricing services cannot provide a determination of fair value for a specific security, we obtain non-binding price quotes from broker-dealers with whom we have had several years of experience and who have demonstrated knowledge of the subject security. We request and utilize one broker quote per security.

In order to determine the proper classification in the fair value hierarchy for each security where the price is obtained from an independent pricing service, we obtain and evaluate the vendors' pricing procedures and inputs used to price the security, which include unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities, such as a New York Stock Exchange closing price, and quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. For fixed maturity securities, an evaluation of interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, volatility, prepayment speeds, credit risks and default rates may also be performed. We have determined that these processes and inputs result in fair values and classifications consistent with the applicable accounting guidance on fair value measurements.

When possible, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of fixed maturities, equity securities, trading securities and short-term investments. When quoted market prices do not exist, we base estimates of fair value on market information obtained from independent pricing services and brokers or on valuation techniques that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument. Our valuation techniques are discussed in more detail throughout this section.

The mortgage loan portfolio consists entirely of commercial mortgage loans. The fair value of our mortgage loans is determined by modeling performed by our third party fund manager based on the stated principal and coupon payments provided for in the loan agreements. These cash flows are then discounted using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate to determine the security's fair value.

Our other long-term investments consist primarily of our interests in limited liability partnerships that are recorded on the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the partnerships is obtained from the fund managers, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held in the partnerships. In management's opinion, these values represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. We have not adjusted the net asset value provided by the fund managers.

For cash and cash equivalents and accrued investment income, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The Company formed a rabbi trust in 2014 to fund obligations under the United Fire & Casualty Company Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan and United Fire Group Supplemental Executive Retirement and Deferral Plan (collectively the "Executive Retirement Plans"). Within the rabbi trust, corporate-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies are utilized as an investment vehicle and source of funding for the Company's Executive Retirement Plans. The COLI policies invest in mutual funds, which are priced daily by independent sources. As of December 31, 2021, the cash surrender value of the COLI policies was $10,755, which is equal to the fair value measured using Level 2 inputs, based on the underlying assets of the COLI policies, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A summary of the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments from at December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:


	December 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities:

Available-for-sale securities	$	1,719,790	$	1,719,790	$	1,825,443	$	1,825,438

Equity securities	213,401		213,401		206,685		206,685


Mortgage loans	48,815		47,130		48,932		47,614

Other long-term investments	84,090		84,090		69,305		69,305
Short-term investments	275		275		175		175
Cash and cash equivalents	132,104		132,104		87,948		87,948
Corporate-owned life insurance	10,755		10,755		8,557		8,557
Liabilities



Long term debt	46,047		50,000		50,000		50,000

The following tables present the categorization for our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The tables include financial instruments at December 31, 2021 and 2020:


			Fair Value Measurements
Description	December 31, 2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	41,923	$	—	$	41,923	$	—
U.S. government agency	61,667		—		61,667		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	74,346		—		74,346		—
Northeast	22,762		—		22,762		—
South	94,044		—		94,044		—
West	99,078		—		99,078		—
Special revenue
Midwest	122,289		—		122,289		—
Northeast	59,732		—		59,732		—
South	215,670		—		215,670		—
West	134,649		—		134,649		—
Foreign bonds	30,906		—		30,906		—
Public utilities	107,493		—		107,493		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	32,681		—		32,681		—
Industrials	57,171		—		57,171		—
Consumer goods and services	72,844		—		72,844		—
Health care	27,429		—		27,429		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	57,497		—		57,497		—
Financial services	102,615		—		102,465		150
Mortgage-backed securities	25,013		—		25,013		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	110,518		—		110,518		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	119,989		—		119,989		—
Federal national mortgage association	48,549		—		48,549		—
Asset-backed securities	925		—		—		925

Total Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,719,790	$	—	$	1,718,715	$	1,075
































Equity securities
Public utilities	17,940		17,940		—		—
Energy	13,593		13,593		—		—
Industrials	31,400		31,400		—		—
Consumer goods and services	56,233		56,233		—		—
Health care	13,845		13,845		—		—
Technology, Media & Telecommunications	33,973		33,973		—		—
Financial Services	45,822		45,822		—		—


Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595		—		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	213,401	$	212,806	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	275	$	275	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	43,351	$	43,351	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	10,755	$	—	$	10,755	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	1,987,572	$	256,432	$	1,729,470	$	1,670


			Fair Value Measurements
Description	December 31, 2020		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	149,938	$	—	$	149,938	$	—
U.S. government agency	64,518		—		64,518		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	81,980		—		81,980		—
Northeast	30,450		—		30,450		—
South	109,970		—		109,970		—
West	110,021		—		110,021		—
Special revenue
Midwest	125,098		—		125,098		—
Northeast	61,076		—		61,076		—
South	226,706		—		226,706		—
West	139,399		—		139,399		—
Foreign bonds	29,602		—		29,602		—
Public utilities	83,502		—		83,502		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	25,336		—		25,336		—
Industrials	43,257		—		43,257		—
Consumer goods and services	50,567		—		50,567		—
Health care	7,576		—		7,576		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	41,636		—		41,636		—
Financial services	101,031		—		100,781		250
Mortgage-backed securities	20,577		—		20,577		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	86,152		—		86,152		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	152,843		—		152,843		—
Federal national mortgage association	83,282		—		83,282		—
Asset-backed securities	926		—		—		926

Total Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,825,443	$	—	$	1,824,267	$	1,176









































Equity securities
Public utilities	$	16,320	$	16,320	$	—	$	—
Energy	9,918		9,918		—		—
Industrials	36,556		36,556		—		—
Consumer goods and services	32,061		32,061		—		—
Health care	24,549		24,549		—		—
Financial Services	17,109		17,109		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	69,577		69,577		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595				—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	206,685	$	206,090	$	—	$	595


Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	24,790	$	24,790	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	8,557	$	8,557			$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	2,065,650	$	239,612	$	1,824,267	$	1,771

The fair value of securities that are categorized as Level 1 is based on quoted market prices that are readily and regularly available.

We use a market-based approach for valuing all of our Level 2 securities and submit them primarily to a third-party valuation service provider. Any of these securities not valued by this service provider are submitted to another third-party valuation service provider. Both service providers use a market approach to find pricing of similar financial instruments. The market inputs our service providers normally seek to value our securities include the following, listed in approximate order of priority: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. The method and inputs for these securities classified as Level 2 are the same regardless of industry category, credit quality, duration, geographical concentration or economic characteristics. For our mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, our service providers use additional market inputs to value these securities, including the following: new issue data, periodic payment information, monthly payment information, collateral performance and real estate analysis from third parties. Our service providers prioritize inputs based on market conditions, and not all inputs listed are available for use in the valuation process for each security on any given day.

At least annually, we review the methodologies and assumptions used by our valuation service providers and verify that they are reasonable and representative of the fair value of the underlying securities held in the investment portfolio. We validate the prices obtained from independent pricing services and brokers prior to their use for reporting purposes by evaluating their reasonableness on a monthly basis. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we also test all securities in the portfolio and independently corroborate the valuations obtained from our third-party valuation service providers. Quarterly, we also perform deep dive analysis of the pricing method used by our third-party valuation service provider by selecting a random sample of securities by asset class and reviewing methodologies. In our opinion, the pricing obtained at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was reasonable.

Securities categorized as Level 3 include holdings in certain private placement fixed maturity and equity securities for which an active market does not currently exist. The fair value of our Level 3 private placement securities is determined by management relying on pricing received from our independent pricing services and brokers consistent with the process to estimate fair value for Level 2 securities. However, securities are categorized as Level 3 if these quotes cannot be corroborated by other market observable data due to the unobservable nature of the brokers’ valuation processes. The following table provides a quantitative information about our Level 3 securities at December 31, 2021.

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value at

Valuation Technique(s)

Unobservable inputs

Range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs

December 31, 2021

Corporate bonds - financial services

150

Fair value equals cost

Fixed Maturities asset-backed securities

925

Discounted cash flow

Probability of default

4% - 6%

Nonredeemable preferred stocks

595

Discounted cash flow

Multiplier

3x - 4x

During the twelve month period ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no securities transferred in or out of Level 3.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for 2021:


	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	250	$	926	$	595	$	1,771

Unrealized gains (losses) (1)	—		(1)		—		(1)




Transfers out	(100)		—		—		(100)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	150	$	925	$	595	$	1,670

(1) Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for 2020:


	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	250	$	750	$	595	$	1,595

Unrealized gains (losses) (1)	—		176		—		176




Balance at December 31, 2020	$	250	$	926	$	595	$	1,771

(1) Unrealized gains (losses) are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

The fixed maturities reported as disposals relate to the receipt of principal on calls or sinking fund bonds, in accordance with the indentures.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

The following tables present the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loans and additional information at December 31, 2021 and 2020:


Commercial Mortgage Loans
Loan-to-value	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020

Less than 65%	$	29,924	30,361
65%-75%	17,277		17,329

Total amortized cost	$	47,201	$	47,690
Valuation allowance	(71)		(76)
Total mortgage loans	$	47,130	$	47,614


Mortgage Loans by Region
	December 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
East North Central	$	3,245	6.9	%	$	3,245	6.8	%
Southern Atlantic	9,578		20.3		9,752		20.5
East South Central	8,028		17.0		8,197		17.2
New England	6,588		14.0		6,588		13.8
Middle Atlantic	14,789		31.3		14,936		31.2
Mountain	2,227		4.7		2,227		4.7
Other	2,746		5.8		2,745		5.8
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,201	100.0	%	$	47,690	100.0	%


Mortgage Loans by Property Type
	December 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Commercial
Multifamily	$	16,986	36.0	%	$	17,038	35.7	%
Office	11,571		24.5		11,861		24.9
Industrial	10,124		21.5		10,124		21.2
Retail	2,227		4.7		2,227		4.7
Mixed use/Other	6,293		13.3		6,440		13.5
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,201	100.0	%	$	47,690	100.0	%


Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator
	2020		2019		2018		Total
Commercial mortgage loans:
Risk Rating:
1-2 internal grade	$	5,245	$	8,580	$	18,292	$	32,117
3-4 internal grade	—		8,496		6,588		15,084
5 internal grade	—		—		—		—
6 internal grade	—		—		—		—
7 internal grade	—		—		—		—
Total commercial mortgage loans	$	5,245	$	17,076	$	24,880	$	47,201
Current-period write-offs	—		—		—		—
Current-period recoveries	—		—		—		—
Current-period net write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial mortgage loans carrying value excludes accrued interest of $166. As of December 31, 2021, all loan receivables were current, with no delinquencies. The commercial mortgage loans originate with an initial loan-to-value ratio to provide sufficient collateral to absorb losses should a loan be required to foreclose. Mortgage loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for impairment on an individual basis through a monitoring process and review of key credit indicators, such as economic trends, delinquency rates, property valuations, occupancy and rental rates and loan-to-value ratios. A loan is considered impaired when the Company believes it will not collect the contractual principal and interest set forth in the contractual terms of the loan. An internal grade is assigned to each mortgage loan, with a grade of 1 being the highest and least likely for an impairment and the lowest rating of 7 being the most likely for an impairment. An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established on each loan recognizing a loss for amounts which we believe will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreement. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had an allowance for mortgage loan losses of $71, summarized in the following rollforward:


Rollforward of allowance for mortgage loan losses:
	As of
	December 31, 2021
Beginning balance, January 1, 2021	$	76


Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	(5)
Ending balance of the allowance for mortgage loan losses, December 31, 2021	$	71

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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