10-Q

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 001-34257

________________________

 UNITED FIRE GROUP INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Iowa	45-2302834
(State of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

118 Second Avenue SE
Cedar Rapids	Iowa	52401
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (319) 399-5700

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value	UFCS	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐

No ☒

As of November 2, 2020, 25,031,234 shares of common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

United Fire Group, Inc.

Index to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

September 30, 2020

	Page
Forward-Looking Information	1
Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	2
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	3
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019	6
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	54
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	54
Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	55
Item 1A. Risk Factors	55
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	55
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	55
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	55
Item 5. Other Information	56
Item 6. Exhibits	57
Signatures	58

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This report may contain forward-looking statements about our operations, anticipated performance and other similar matters. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act") and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), for forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those expected and/or projected. Such forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about United Fire Group, Inc. ("UFG," the "Registrant," the "Company," "we," "us," or "our"), the industry in which we operate, and beliefs and assumptions made by management. Words such as "expect(s)," "anticipate(s)," "intend(s)," "plan(s)," "believe(s)," "continue(s)," "seek(s)," "estimate(s)," "goal(s)," "remain(s) optimistic," "target(s)," "forecast(s)," "project(s)," "predict(s)," "should," "could," "may," "will," "might," "hope," "can" and other words and terms of similar meaning or expression in connection with a discussion of future operations, financial performance or financial condition, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. See Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") for more information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

Risks and uncertainties that may affect the actual financial condition and results of the Company include, but are not limited to, the following:

•The frequency and severity of claims, including those related to catastrophe losses and the impact those claims have on our loss reserve adequacy; the occurrence of catastrophic events, including international events, significant severe weather conditions, climate change, acts of terrorism, acts of war and pandemics, including the ongoing impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic;

•The adequacy of our reserves for property and casualty insurance losses and loss settlement expenses;

•Geographic concentration risk in our property and casualty insurance business;

•The potential disruption of our operations and reputation due to unauthorized data access, cyber-attacks or cyber-terrorism and other security breaches;

•Developments in general economic conditions, domestic and global financial markets, interest rates and other-than-temporary impairment losses that could affect the performance of our investment portfolio;

•Litigation or regulatory actions that could require us to pay significant damages, fines or penalties or change the way we do business;

•Our ability to effectively underwrite and adequately price insured risks;

•Changes in industry trends, an increase in competition and significant industry developments;

•Lowering of one or more of the financial strength ratings of our operating subsidiaries or our issuer credit ratings and the adverse impact such action may have on our premium writings, policy retention, profitability and liquidity;

•Governmental actions, policies and regulations, including, but not limited to, domestic health care reform, financial services regulatory reform, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") and other federal stimulus relief legislation, corporate governance, new laws or regulations or court decisions interpreting existing laws and regulations or policy provisions; changes in laws, regulations and stock exchange requirements relating to corporate governance and the cost of compliance;

•Our relationship with and the financial strength of our reinsurers; and

•Competitive, legal, regulatory or tax changes that affect the distribution cost or demand for our products through our independent agent/agency distribution network.

These are representative of the risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual outcomes and results to differ materially from what is expressed in forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they are made. Except as required under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the SEC, we do not have any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United Fire Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Investments
Fixed maturities
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $1,612,626 in 2020 and $1,659,760 in 2019; allowance for credit losses $8 in 2020 and $— in 2019)	$	1,717,039	$	1,719,607
Trading securities, at fair value (amortized cost $12,258 in 2020 and $11,941 in 2019)	14,811		15,256
Equity securities at fair value (cost $61,467 in 2020 and $67,529 in 2019)	198,791		299,203
Mortgage loans	47,809		42,520
Less: allowance for mortgage loan losses	76		72
Mortgage loans, net	47,733		42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903		78,410
Short-term investments	175		175
	2,041,452		2,155,099
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604		120,722
Accrued investment income	15,028		15,182
Premiums receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $812 in 2020 and $1,239 in 2019)	352,150		357,632
Deferred policy acquisition costs	94,223		94,292
Property and equipment (primarily land and buildings, at cost, less accumulated depreciation of $54,145 in 2020 and $50,183 in 2019)	127,990		116,989
Reinsurance receivables and recoverables (net of allowance for credit losses of $241 in 2020 and $— in 2019)	199,920		72,369
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	12,284		9,550
Goodwill and intangible assets	6,920		22,542
Income taxes receivable	57,388		19,190
Other assets	41,521		29,905
TOTAL ASSETS	$	3,048,480	$	3,013,472
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities
Future policy benefits and losses, claims and loss settlement expenses
Losses and loss settlement expenses	$	1,555,083	$	1,421,754
Unearned premiums	499,730		505,162
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	156,874		155,498
Deferred tax liability	16,511		20,586
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	2,228,198	$	2,103,000
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value; authorized 75,000,000 shares; 25,031,234 and 25,015,963 shares issued and outstanding in 2020 and 2019, respectively	$	25	$	25
Additional paid-in capital	200,849		200,179
Retained earnings	568,501		697,116
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	50,907		13,152
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	820,282	$	910,472
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	3,048,480	$	3,013,472

The Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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United Fire Group, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	259,061	$	274,942	$	791,519	$	813,742
Investment income, net of investment expenses	7,244		13,291		22,303		43,923
Net realized investment gains (losses) (includes reclassifications for net unrealized investment gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities of $54 and $13 in 2020 and $130 and $257 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	15,212		9,822		(62,416)		50,126
Other income	604		—		6,323		—
Total revenues	$	282,121	$	298,055	$	757,729	$	907,791
Benefits, Losses and Expenses
Losses and loss settlement expenses	$	234,693	$	211,752	$	626,169	$	596,001
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	52,095		54,828		158,440		161,842
Other underwriting expenses (includes reclassifications for employee benefit costs of $1,072 and $3,217 in 2020 and $1,124 and $3,372 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	35,470		36,003		114,020		104,370
Goodwill impairment	15,091		—		15,091		—
Total benefits, losses and expenses	$	337,349	$	302,583	$	913,720	$	862,213
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(55,228)	$	(4,528)	$	(155,991)	$	45,578
Federal income tax expense (benefit) (includes reclassifications of $213 and $672 in 2020 and $209 and $654 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	(17,987)		(2,186)		(52,176)		7,595
Net Income (loss)	$	(37,241)	$	(2,342)	$	(103,815)	$	37,983
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Change in net unrealized appreciation on investments	$	4,116	$	15,410	$	44,586	$	77,360
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income, before tax and reclassification adjustments	$	4,116	$	15,410	$	44,586	$	77,360
Income tax effect	(864)		(3,237)		(9,363)		(16,246)
Other comprehensive income, after tax, before reclassification adjustments	$	3,252	$	12,173	$	35,223	$	61,114
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment (gains) losses included in income	$	(54)	$	(130)	$	(13)	$	(257)
Reclassification adjustment for employee benefit costs included in expense	1,072		1,124		3,217		3,372
Total reclassification adjustments, before tax	$	1,018	$	994	$	3,204	$	3,115
Income tax effect	(213)		(209)		(672)		(654)
Total reclassification adjustments, after tax	$	805	$	785	$	2,532	$	2,461
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(33,184)	$	10,616	$	(66,060)	$	101,558
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,176,334		25,023,401		25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	(1.49)	$	(0.09)	$	(4.15)	$	1.51
Diluted	(1.49)		(0.09)		(4.15)		1.48

The Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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United Fire Group, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

	Common Stock
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	Shares outstanding	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retaining Earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive income		Total
Balance, January 1, 2020	25,015,963	$	25	$	200,179	$	697,116	$	13,152	$	910,472
Net income (loss)	—	—		—		(72,534)		—		(72,534)
Shares repurchased	(70,467)	—		(2,741)		—		—		(2,741)
Stock based compensation	70,597	—		879		—		—		879
Dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)	—	—		—		(8,249)		—		(8,249)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—	—		—		—		4,500		4,500
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—	—		—		—		847		847
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	—	—		—		(30)		—		(30)
Balance, March 31, 2020	25,016,093	$	25	$	198,317	$	616,303	$	18,499	$	833,144
Net income	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,960	$	—	$	5,960
Stock based compensation	15,141	—		1,479		—		—		1,479
Dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)	—	—		—		(8,267)		—		(8,267)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—	—		—		—		27,504		27,504
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—	—		—		—		847		847
Balance, June 30, 2020	25,031,234	$	25	$	199,796	$	613,996	$	46,850	$	860,667
Net income (loss)	—	$	—	$	—	$	(37,241)	$	—	$	(37,241)
Stock based compensation	—	—		1,053		—		—		1,053
Dividends on common stock ($0.33 per share)	—	—		—		(8,254)		—		(8,254)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—	—		—		—		3,209		3,209
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—	—		—		—		848		848
Balance, September 30, 2020	25,031,234	$	25	$	200,849	$	568,501	$	50,907	$	820,282

(1)The change in net unrealized appreciation is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

(2)The change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

.

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	Common Stock
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	Shares outstanding		Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retaining Earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive income		Total
Balance, January 1, 2019	25,097,408		$	25	$	203,350	$	715,472	$	(30,472)	$	888,375
Net income	—		—		—		44,521		—		44,521
Stock based compensation	70,414		—		3,438		—		—		3,438
Dividends on common stock $0.31 per share)	—		—		—		(7,797)		—		(7,797)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—		—		—		—		26,279		26,279
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—		—		—		—		888		888
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	—		—		—		(513)		—		(513)
Balance, March 31, 2019	25,167,822		$	25	$	206,788	$	751,683	$	(3,305)	$	955,191
Net income (loss)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4,196)	$	—	$	(4,196)
Shares repurchased	(1,507)		—		(69)		—		—		(69)
Stock based compensation	78,885		—		2,252		—		—		2,252
Dividends on common stock $0.33 per share)	—		—		—		(8,325)		—		(8,325)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—		—		—		—		22,562		22,562
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—		—		—		—		888		888
Balance, June 30, 2019	25,245,200		$	25	$	208,971	$	739,162	$	20,145	$	968,303
Net income (loss)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(2,342)	$	—	$	(2,342)
Shares repurchased	(177,249)		—		(8,058)		—		—		(8,058)
Stock based compensation	13,775		—		1,591		—		—		1,591
Dividends on common stock $0.33 per share)	—		—		—		(8,284)		—		(8,284)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation(1)	—		—		—		—		12,070		12,070
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans(2)	—		—		—		—		888		888
Balance, September 30, 2019	25,081,726		$	25	$	202,504	$	728,536	$	33,103	$	964,168

(1)The change in net unrealized appreciation is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

(2)The change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

The Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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United Fire Group, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2020		2019
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$	(103,815)	$	37,983
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net accretion of bond premium	7,719		7,074
Depreciation and amortization	5,009		4,235
Goodwill impairment	15,091		—
Stock-based compensation expense	3,979		5,248
Net realized investment (gains) losses	62,416		(50,126)
Net cash flows from equity and trading investments	37,552		911
Deferred income tax benefit	(21,824)		8,829
Changes in:
Accrued investment income	154		170
Premiums receivable	5,482		(40,792)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	69		(5,704)
Reinsurance receivables	(127,551)		3,664
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(2,734)		(887)
Income taxes receivable	(38,198)		3,029
Other assets	(11,616)		(17,645)
Losses and loss settlement expenses	133,329		48,056
Unearned premiums	(5,432)		35,296
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	4,593		16,821
Deferred income taxes	7,713		(434)
Other, net	15,196		437
Cash from operating activities	90,947		18,182
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(12,868)	$	56,165
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investments	$	16,907	$	36,490
Proceeds from call and maturity of available-for-sale investments	239,438		206,478
Proceeds from sale of other investments	5,391		3,607
Purchase of investments in mortgage loans	(5,564)		(10,723)
Purchase of investments available-for-sale	(216,001)		(151,528)
Purchase of other investments	(4,829)		(16,939)
Purchase of property and equipment	$	(15,506)	(27,796)
Net cash provided by investing activities	19,836		39,589
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Issuance of common stock	$	(568)	$	2,033
Repurchase of common stock	(2,741)		(8,127)
Payment of cash dividends	(24,777)		(24,406)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(28,086)	(30,500)
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	(21,118)	$	65,254
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period	120,722		64,454
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	99,604	$	129,708

The Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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UNITED FIRE GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts or as otherwise noted)

NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Business

United Fire Group, Inc. ("UFG," the "Registrant," the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates are engaged in the business of writing property and casualty insurance through a network of independent agencies. Our insurance company subsidiaries are licensed as property and casualty insurers in 48 states and the District of Columbia.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X promulgated by the SEC. Certain financial information that is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, including certain financial statement footnote disclosures, is not required by the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting and has been condensed or omitted.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The financial statement categories that are most dependent on management estimates and assumptions include: investments; deferred policy acquisition costs; reinsurance receivables and recoverables; loss settlement expenses; and pension and post-retirement benefit obligations.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Management of UFG believes the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results reported for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year. The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Segment Information

On September 19, 2017, the Company announced that it had agreed to sell its subsidiary, United Life Insurance Company ("United Life"), to Kuvare US Holdings, Inc. ("Kuvare"). The sale closed on March 30, 2018. Prior to the announcement to sell United Life, we had two reportable business segments in our operations: property and casualty insurance and life insurance. The property and casualty insurance business has six domestic locations from which it conducts its direct business. The life insurance segment operated from our home office in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Because all of our insurance is sold domestically, we have no revenues from foreign operations.

After the announcement of the United Life transaction, our continuing operations, the property and casualty insurance business, was reported as one reportable segment. The property and casualty insurance business profit or loss is consistent with consolidated reporting as disclosed on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. We analyze the property and casualty insurance business results based on profitability (i.e., loss ratios), expenses and return on equity. The Company's property and casualty insurance business was determined using a management approach to make decisions on operating matters, including allocating resources, assessing performance, determining which products to market and sell, determining distribution networks with insurance

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agents and monitoring the regulatory environment. The property and casualty insurance business products have similar economic characteristics and use a similar marketing and distribution strategy with our independent agents. The property and casualty insurance business geographic concentration did not change after the announcement of the sale of the life insurance business. We will continue to evaluate our continuing operations on the basis of both statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by our states of domicile and GAAP.

Discontinued Operations

On September 18, 2017, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell its subsidiary, United Life, to Kuvare for $280,000 in cash, less a $21 adjustment as set forth in the definitive agreement, for a net amount of $279,979. The sale closed on March 30, 2018 (the "closing date") and we reported an after-tax gain on the sale of discontinued operations of $27,307. The life insurance business (previously reported as a separate segment) was considered held for sale and reported as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows were reported separately for all periods presented, as applicable, unless otherwise noted.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, money market accounts, and non-negotiable certificates of deposit with original maturities of three months or less.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we made payments for income taxes totaling $125 and $1,556, respectively. We did not receive a tax refund during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 and we received a tax refund of $5,401 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we made no interest payments (excluding interest credited to policyholders’ accounts).

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs ("DAC")

Certain costs associated with underwriting new business (primarily commissions, premium taxes and variable underwriting and policy issue expenses associated with successful acquisition efforts) are deferred. The following table is a summary of the components of DAC, including the related amortization recognized for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020.

	Total
Recorded asset at beginning of period	$	94,292
Underwriting costs deferred	158,371
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(158,440)
Recorded asset at September 30, 2020	$	94,223

Property and casualty insurance policy acquisition costs deferred are amortized as premium revenue is recognized. The method followed in computing DAC limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This takes into account the premium to be earned, losses and loss settlement expenses expected to be incurred and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned.

Goodwill

Goodwill assets arise as a result of business combinations and consist of the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. All of our goodwill assets relate to the acquisition of Mercer Insurance Group, Inc. on March 28, 2011. We evaluate goodwill assets for impairment at least on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of goodwill assets may exceed their implied fair value. Any impairment is recognized in the period that the impairment is identified. During the third quarter of 2020, we completed a quantitative analysis of our goodwill as a

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result of the following factors: (i) disruptions in the equity markets, specifically for property and casualty insurance companies, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and due to the current year weather related catastrophes; and (ii) the fair value of our stock trading significantly below book value. As a result of the quantitative analysis, we recorded an impairment charge of $15,091 as of September 30, 2020. The impairment charge was determined based on completion of both a discounted cash flow and market value analysis.

Income Taxes

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating loss ("NOL") carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100 percent of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has considered the implications of the CARES Act on its tax provision and has included an income tax benefit of $17.8 million as the result of this Act.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are established based on differences between the financial statement bases of assets and liabilities and the tax bases of those same assets and liabilities, using the currently enacted statutory tax rates. Deferred income tax expense is measured by the year-to-year change in the net deferred tax asset or liability, except for certain changes in deferred tax amounts that affect stockholders' equity and do not impact federal income tax expense.

We reported consolidated federal income tax benefit of $52,176 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to income tax expense of $7,595 during the same period of 2019. Our effective tax rate is different than the federal statutory rate of 21 percent, due principally to the impact of the provisions of the CARES Act.

The Company performs a quarterly review of its tax positions and makes a determination of whether it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. If, based on review, it appears not more likely than not that the positions will be sustained, the Company will calculate any unrecognized tax benefits and, if necessary, calculate and accrue any related interest and penalties. We did not recognize any liability for unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. In addition, we have not accrued for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. However, if interest and penalties would need to be accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, such amounts would be recognized as a component of federal income tax expense.

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. We also file income tax returns in various state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal or state income tax examination for years before 2015. The Internal Revenue Service is conducting an examination of our federal income tax return for the 2017 tax year.

Leases

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception of the contract. The Company's inventory of leases consists of operating leases which are recorded as a lease obligation liability disclosed in the "Accrued expenses and other liabilities" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as a lease right-of-use asset disclosed in the "Other assets" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's operating leases consist of office space, vehicles, computer equipment and office equipment. The lease right-of-use asset represents the Company's right to use each underlying asset for the lease term and the lease obligation liability represents the Company's obligation over the lease term. The Company's lease obligation is recorded at the present value of the lease payments based on the term of the applied lease. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and lease payments are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For more information on leases refer to Note 10 "Leases."

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Variable Interest Entities

The Company and certain related parties are equity investors in one investment in which the Company determined is a variable interest entity ("VIE") as a result of participation in the risks and rewards of the VIE based on the objectives and strategies of the VIE. The VIE is a limited liability company that primarily invests in commercial real estate. The Company and certain related parties are not the primary beneficiary largely due to their inability to influence management or direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance. Based on these facts and circumstances, the Company has a variable interest in the VIE, but has not consolidated the VIE's financial results as it is not the primary beneficiary. The Company's investment is reported in other long-term investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the VIE at September 30, 2020 was $3,638 and there are no future funding commitments.

Credit Losses

The Company recognizes credit losses for our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables, mortgage loans and premium receivables by setting up allowances which are remeasured each reporting period and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

For our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio an allowance for credit losses is recorded net of available-for-sale fixed maturities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and a corresponding credit loss recognized as a realized loss or gain in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company determines if an allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history.

The Company does not recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities, which is recorded in "Accrued investment income" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and "Investment income, net of investment expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company considers collections of accrued investment income within six months to be timely and therefore not requiring a write-off. If a write-off is required for accrued investment income outstanding greater than six months, the Company writes off accrued interest by reversing net investment income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, see Note 2 "Summary of Investments."

An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established based on historical loss information of the collective pool of the Company's commercial mortgage loan investments which have similar risk characteristics. To calculate the allowance for mortgage loan losses, the Company starts with historical loan experience to predict the future expected losses and then layers on a market-linked adjustment. On a quarterly basis, quantitative credit risk metrics, including for example, cash-flows, rent rolls and financial statements are reviewed for each loan to determine if it is performing in line with its expectations. This allowance is presented as a separate line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets beneath the asset value as well as presented net and recorded through "Net realized investment gains (losses)" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for our investment in mortgage loans see Note 3 "Fair Value of Financial Instruments."

For reinsurance receivables, the Company's model estimates expected credit loss by multiplying the exposure at default by both the probability of default and loss given default ("LGD"). The LGD is estimated by the rating of the Company, historical relationship with UFG, existence of letters of credit and known regulation the Company may be held accountable for. The ultimate LGD percentage is estimated after considering Moody’s experience with unsecured year 1 bond recovery rates from 1983-2017. The allowance calculated as of September 30, 2020 is recorded through the line "Reinsurance receivables and recoverables" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and through the line "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Other Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had a credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivables of $241.

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Rollforward of credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivable:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	38
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	203
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for reinsurance receivable, September 30, 2020	$	241

With respect to premiums receivable, the Company utilizes an aging method to estimate credit losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a periodic evaluation of the aging and collectability of amounts due from agents and policyholders. "Premiums receivable" are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts and recorded through "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Subsequent Events

In the preparation of the accompanying financial statements, the Company has evaluated all material subsequent events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date on which the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the Company's financial statements.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant financial market volatility, economic uncertainty and interruptions to normal business activities in the first nine months of 2020. As of the date of this report, we expect the effect of COVID-19 on claims currently under our coverages to be manageable, based on the information presently available. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to evolve and we cannot predict the extent to which our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, capital position, the value of investments we hold in our investment portfolio, premiums and the demand for our products and our ability to collect premiums or requirement to return premiums to our policyholders, will ultimately be impacted. Additionally, if established written contract policy exclusions of business interruption coverage for losses attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic are voided or changed through legislation, regulations or interpretations by the courts, such changes have the potential to materially increase claims, losses and legal expenses which may impact our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. See further discussion in Item 2, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2020

Intangibles - Other Internal Use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance requires the Company to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

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Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on the measurement of credit losses for most financial instruments. The new guidance replaces the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses with an expected loss model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires allowances to be recorded for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount. These allowances are remeasured each reporting period. The new guidance was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those years. The new guidance impacted the Company's impairment model related to our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables and mortgage loans. The Company has performed a run of the credit loss models as of January 1, 2020. These models resulted in an immaterial expected credit loss at January 1, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new guidance, the Company utilized an aging method to estimate credit losses on premiums receivable. This aging method is permitted under the new guidance. The Company adopted the new guidance prospectively as of January 1, 2020 with an immaterial estimated cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. This cumulative effect adjustment is an allowance related to the Company's reinsurance receivables. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

Goodwill

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance eliminates the implied fair value calculation when measuring a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new guidance, impairment charges are based on the excess of the carrying value over fair value of goodwill. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Financial Instruments - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements of financial instruments. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance also requires additional disclosures on the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption modified existing fair value disclosures, but did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Pending Adoption of Accounting Standards

Defined Benefit Plans - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs in the next year and the sensitivity of postretirement health plans to one-percentage-point changes in medical trend rates. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company will adopt the new guidance as of January 1, 2021. Management currently believes the new guidance will modify existing disclosures, but will not have an impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

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NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS

Fair Value of Investments

A reconciliation of the amortized cost (cost for equity securities) to fair value of investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities, presented on a consolidated basis, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, is provided below:

September 30, 2020
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Carrying Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	53,877	$	730	$	8	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599
U.S. government agency	60,503		4,457		—		64,960		—		64,960
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	79,872		4,106		—		83,978		—		83,978
Northeast	29,124		1,426		—		30,550		—		30,550
South	105,290		5,295		—		110,585		—		110,585
West	102,772		7,175		—		109,947		—		109,947
Special revenue:
Midwest	126,251		8,590		—		134,841		—		134,841
Northeast	58,287		4,557		—		62,844		—		62,844
South	220,904		17,446		—		238,350		—		238,350
West	133,934		9,168		—		143,102		—		143,102
Foreign bonds	26,413		1,835		230		28,018		—		28,018
Public utilities	77,147		7,155		—		84,302		—		84,302
Corporate bonds
Energy	24,912		2,589		—		27,501		—		27,501
Industrials	39,558		3,499		—		43,057		—		43,057
Consumer goods and services	45,250		3,790		12		49,028		—		49,028
Health care	6,674		895		—		7,569		—		7,569
Technology, media and telecommunications	37,241		4,330		—		41,571		—		41,571
Financial services	95,696		7,030		267		102,459		8		102,451
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		305		109		14,529		—		14,529
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	71,992		5,206		1		77,197		—		77,197
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	119,006		3,019		349		121,676		—		121,676
Federal national mortgage association	83,276		2,579		406		85,449		—		85,449
Asset-backed securities	314		621		—		935		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,612,626	$	105,803	$	1,382	$	1,717,047	$	8	$	1,717,039

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December 31, 2019
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,300	$	203	$	12	$	69,491
U.S. government agency	97,962		2,344		104		100,202
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	85,607		2,987		—		88,594
Northeast	30,120		1,150		—		31,270
South	111,688		3,515		—		115,203
West	105,569		4,748		—		110,317
Special revenue:
Midwest	133,717		6,175		—		139,892
Northeast	58,665		2,878		—		61,543
South	224,214		10,452		—		234,666
West	138,557		6,287		—		144,844
Foreign bonds	4,936		181		—		5,117
Public utilities	60,950		2,701		—		63,651
Corporate bonds
Energy	28,695		1,429		—		30,124
Industrials	52,249		1,766		—		54,015
Consumer goods and services	47,131		2,335		—		49,466
Health care	8,998		482		—		9,480
Technology, media and telecommunications	25,931		1,739		—		27,670
Financial services	96,613		3,870		230		100,253
Mortgage-backed securities	6,250		127		21		6,356
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	78,400		2,053		97		80,356
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	123,572		1,150		220		124,502
Federal national mortgage association	70,322		1,631		108		71,845
Asset-backed securities	314		436		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,659,760	$	60,639	$	792	$	1,719,607

Maturities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and trading fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following tables. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations may be subject to prepayment risk and are therefore not categorized by contractual maturity.

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Maturities
	Available-For-Sale				Trading
September 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	53,911	$	54,386	$	1,957	$	3,935
Due after one year through five years	365,831		388,192		9,221		9,265
Due after five years through 10 years	401,105		433,321		—		—
Due after 10 years	502,858		541,362		1,080		1,611
Asset-backed securities	314		935		—		—
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		14,529		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	274,274		284,322		—		—
Allowance for credit losses	—		(8)		—		—
	$	1,612,626	$	1,717,039	$	12,258	$	14,811

Net Realized Investment Gains and Losses

Net realized gains on disposition of investments are computed using the specific identification method and are included in the computation of net income. A summary of the components of net realized investment gains (losses) is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale	$	52	$	129	$	52	$	271
Allowance for credit losses	2		—		(8)		—
Trading securities
Change in fair value	248		43		(760)		2,290
Sales	134		8		(20)		100
Equity securities
Change in fair value	21,962		9,692		(38,876)		46,825
Sales	(7,186)		(50)		(22,772)		655
Mortgage loans allowance for credit losses	—		—		(4)		(15)
Real estate	—		—		(28)		—
Total net realized investment gains (losses)	$	15,212	$	9,822	$	(62,416)	$	50,126

The proceeds and gross realized gains on the sale of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Proceeds from sales	$	—	$	—	$	16,907	$	36,490
Gross realized gains	—		—		198		30
Gross realized losses	—		—		495		13

Our investment portfolio includes trading securities with embedded derivatives. These securities are primarily convertible securities which are recorded at fair value. Income or loss, including the change in the fair value of these trading securities, is recognized currently in earnings as a component of net realized investment gains. Our portfolio of trading securities had a fair value of $14,811 and $15,256 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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Funding Commitment

Pursuant to an agreement with one of our limited liability partnership investments, we are contractually committed through July 10, 2030 to make capital contributions upon request of the partnership. Our remaining potential contractual obligation was $10,284 at September 30, 2020.

In addition, the Company invested $25,000 in December 2019 in a limited liability partnership investment fund which is subject to a 3-year lockup with a 60 day minimum notice, with 4 possible repurchase dates per year, after the 3-year lockup period is met. The fair value of the investment at September 30, 2020 was $24,035 and there are no remaining capital contributions with this investment.

Unrealized Appreciation

A summary of the changes in net unrealized investment appreciation during the reporting period is as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation
Available-for-sale fixed maturities	$	44,574	$	77,103
Income tax effect	(9,361)		(16,192)
Total change in net unrealized investment appreciation, net of tax	$	35,213	$	60,911

Credit Risk

An allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history. The following table contains a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020:

Rollforward of allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	—
Additions to the allowance for credit losses for which credit losses were not previously recorded	8
Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized)	—
Writeoffs charged against the allowance	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off	—
Ending balance, September 30, 2020	$	8

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The following tables summarize our fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position reported on a consolidated basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The securities are presented by the length of time they have been continuously in an unrealized loss position. Non-credit related unrealized losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income and represent other market movements that are not credit related, for example interest rate changes. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

September 30, 2020	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	2	$	11,804	$	8	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,804	$	8
Foreign bonds	1	$	2,776	$	230	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,776	$	230
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	1	2,196		12		—	—		—		2,196		12
Financial services	1	2,998		2		1	3,000		9		5,998		11
Mortgage-backed securities	2	9,118		107		6	157		2		9,275		109
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	14	48,062		348		1	57		1		48,119		349
Federal national mortgage association	10	43,684		406		—	—		—		43,684		406
Government national mortgage association	—	—		—		1	76		1		76		1
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	31	$	120,638	$	1,113	9	$	3,290	$	13	$	123,928	$	1,126

The unrealized losses on our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturities were the result of interest rate movements. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

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December 31, 2019	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	4,733	$	12	$	4,733	$	12
U.S. government agency	3	13,846		104		—	—		—		13,846		104
Corporate bonds
Financial services	3	10,906		142		1	4,913		88		15,819		230
Mortgage-backed securities	—	—		—		13	1,585		21		1,585		21
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	12	50,829		183		3	4,844		37		55,673		220
Federal national mortgage association	4	23,515		90		3	1,102		18		24,617		108
Government national mortgage association	2	8,444		38		5	3,053		59		11,497		97
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	24	$	107,540	$	557	27	$	20,230	$	235	$	127,770	$	792

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NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Current accounting guidance on fair value measurements includes the application of a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Our financial instruments that are recorded at fair value are categorized into a three-level hierarchy, which is based upon the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (i.e., Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (i.e., Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial instrument.

Financial instruments recorded at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy as follows:

•Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments that we have the ability to access.

•Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar financial instruments, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, in markets that are not active or on inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3: Valuations are based on pricing or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument.

We review our fair value hierarchy categorizations on a quarterly basis at which time the classification of certain financial instruments may change if the input observations have changed. Transfers between levels, if any, are recorded as of the beginning of the reporting period.

To determine the fair value of the majority of our investments, we utilize prices obtained from independent, nationally recognized pricing services. When the pricing services cannot provide a determination of fair value for a specific security, we obtain non-binding price quotes from broker-dealers with whom we have had several years' experience and who have demonstrated knowledge of the subject security.

In order to determine the proper classification in the fair value hierarchy, we obtain and evaluate the vendors' pricing procedures and inputs used to price the security, which include unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities, such as a New York Stock Exchange closing price, and quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. For fixed maturity securities, an evaluation of interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, volatility, prepayment speeds, credit risks and default rates may also be performed. We have determined that these processes and inputs result in fair values and classifications consistent with the applicable accounting guidance on fair value measurements.

When possible, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of fixed maturities, equity securities, trading securities and short-term investments. When quoted market prices do not exist, we base estimates of fair value on market information obtained from independent pricing services and brokers or on valuation techniques that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument. Our valuation techniques are discussed in more detail throughout this section.

The mortgage loan portfolio consists entirely of commercial mortgage loans. The fair value of our mortgage loans is determined by modeling performed by our third party fund manager based on the stated principal and coupon payments provided for in the loan agreements. These cash flows are then discounted using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate to determine the security's fair value.

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Our other long-term investments consist primarily of our interests in limited liability partnerships that are recorded on the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the partnerships is obtained from the fund managers, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held in the partnerships. In management's opinion, these values represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. We have not adjusted the net asset value provided by the fund managers.

For cash and cash equivalents and accrued investment income, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The Company formed a rabbi trust in 2014 to fund obligations under the United Fire & Casualty Company Supplemental Executive Retirement and Deferral Plan (the "Executive Retirement Plan"). Within the rabbi trust, corporate-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies are utilized as an investment vehicle and source of funding for the Company's Executive Retirement Plan. The COLI policies invest in mutual funds, which are priced daily by independent sources. As of September 30, 2020, the cash surrender value of the COLI policies was $7,670, which is equal to the fair value measured using Level 2 inputs, based on the underlying assets of the COLI policies, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A summary of the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	$	1,717,047	$	1,717,039	$	1,719,607	$	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811		14,811		15,256		15,256
Equity securities	198,791		198,791		299,203		299,203
Mortgage loans	48,977		47,733		43,992		42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903		62,903		78,410		78,410
Short-term investments	175		175		175		175
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604		99,604		120,722		120,722
Corporate-owned life insurance	7,670		7,670		6,777		6,777

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The following tables present the categorization for our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The table includes financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

September 30, 2020			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599	$	—
U.S. government agency	64,960		—		64,960		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	83,978		—		83,978		—
Northeast	30,550		—		30,550		—
South	110,585		—		110,585		—
West	109,947		—		109,947		—
Special revenue
Midwest	134,841		—		134,841		—
Northeast	62,844		—		62,844		—
South	238,350		—		238,350		—
West	143,102		—		143,102		—
Foreign bonds	28,018		—		28,018		—
Public utilities	84,302		—		84,302		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	27,501		—		27,501		—
Industrials	43,057		—		43,057		—
Consumer goods and services	49,028		—		49,028		—
Health care	7,569		—		7,569		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	41,571		—		41,571		—
Financial services	102,459		—		102,209		250
Mortgage-backed securities	14,529		—		14,529		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	77,197		—		77,197		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	121,676		—		121,676		—
Federal national mortgage association	85,449		—		85,449		—
Asset-backed securities	935		—		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,717,047	$	—	$	1,715,862	$	1,185
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Industrials	$	2,004	$	—	$	2,004	$	—
Consumer goods and services	1,171		—		1,171		—
Health care	4,965		—		4,965		—
Financial services	1,622		—		1,622		—

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Redeemable preferred stocks	5,049		5,049		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	14,811	$	5,049	$	9,762	$	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,344	$	16,344	$	—	$	—
Energy	8,833		8,833		—		—
Industrials	30,935		30,935		—		—
Consumer goods and services	31,432		31,432		—		—
Health care	24,646		24,646		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	16,003		16,003		—		—
Financial services	63,957		63,957		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,641		6,046		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	198,791	$	198,196	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	54,590	$	54,590	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	7,670	$	—	$	7,670	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	1,993,084	$	258,010	$	1,733,294	$	1,780

December 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,491	$	—	$	69,491	$	—
U.S. government agency	100,202		—		100,202		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	88,594		—		88,594		—
Northeast	31,270		—		31,270		—
South	115,203		—		115,203		—
West	110,317		—		110,317		—
Special revenue
Midwest	139,892		—		139,892		—
Northeast	61,543		—		61,543		—
South	234,666		—		234,666		—
West	144,844		—		144,844		—
Foreign bonds	5,117		—		5,117		—
Public utilities	63,651		—		63,651		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	30,124		—		30,124		—
Industrials	54,015		—		54,015		—
Consumer goods and services	49,466		—		49,466		—
Health care	9,480		—		9,480		—

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Technology, media and telecommunications	27,670		—		27,670		—
Financial services	100,253		—		100,003		250
Mortgage-backed securities	6,356		—		6,356		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	80,356		—		80,356		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	124,502		—		124,502		—
Federal national mortgage association	71,845		—		71,845		—
Asset-backed securities	750		—		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,719,607	$	—	$	1,718,607	$	1,000
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	$	2,276	$	—	$	2,276	$	—
Health care	4,701		—		4,701		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	1,732		—		1,732		—
Financial services	2,460		—		2,460		—
Redeemable preferred stocks	4,087		4,087		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	15,256	$	4,087	$	11,169	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,295	$	16,295	$	—	$	—
Energy	14,639		14,639		—		—
Industrials	57,330		57,330		—		—
Consumer goods and services	29,935		29,935		—		—
Health care	27,285		27,285		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	19,265		19,265		—		—
Financial services	127,780		127,780		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,674		6,079		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	299,203	$	298,608	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	9,334	$	9,334	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	6,777	$	—	$	6,777	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	2,050,352	$	312,204	$	1,736,553	$	1,595

The fair value of securities that are categorized as Level 1 is based on quoted market prices that are readily and regularly available.

We use a market-based approach for valuing all of our Level 2 securities and submit them primarily to a third-party valuation service provider. Any of these securities not valued by this service provider are submitted to another third-party valuation service provider. Both service providers use a market approach to find pricing of similar financial instruments. The market inputs our service providers normally seek to value our securities include the following, listed in approximate order of priority: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. The method and inputs for these securities classified as Level 2 are the same regardless of industry category, credit

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quality, duration, geographical concentration or economic characteristics. For our mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, our service providers use additional market inputs to value these securities, including the following: new issue data, periodic payment information, monthly payment information, collateral performance and real estate analysis from third parties. Our service providers prioritize inputs based on market conditions, and not all inputs listed are available for use in the valuation process for each security on any given day.

At least annually, we review the methodologies and assumptions used by our valuation service providers and verify that they are reasonable and representative of the fair value of the underlying securities held in the investment portfolio. We validate the prices obtained from independent pricing services and brokers prior to their use for reporting purposes by evaluating their reasonableness on a monthly basis. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we also test all securities in the portfolio and independently corroborate the valuations obtained from our third-party valuation service providers. Quarterly, we also perform deep dive analysis of the pricing method used by our third-party valuation service provider by selecting a random sample of securities by asset class and reviewing methodologies. In our opinion, the pricing obtained at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was reasonable.

For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the change in our available-for-sale securities categorized as Level 1 and Level 2 is the result of investment purchases that were made using funds held in our money market accounts, disposals and the change in unrealized gains on both fixed maturities and equity securities.

Securities categorized as Level 3 include holdings in certain private placement fixed maturity and equity securities for which an active market does not currently exist. The fair value of our Level 3 private placement securities is determined by management relying on pricing received from our independent pricing services and brokers consistent with the process to estimate fair value for Level 2 securities. However, securities are categorized as Level 3 if these quotes cannot be corroborated by other market observable data due to the unobservable nature of the brokers’ valuation processes. The following table provides a quantitative information about our Level 3 securities at September 30, 2020:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Fair Value at		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable inputs	Range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2020
Corporate bonds - financial services	$	250	Fair value equals cost	NA	NA
Fixed Maturities asset-backed securities	935		Discounted cash flow	Probability of default	4% - 6%
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595		Discounted cash flow	Multiplier	3x - 4x

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, there were no securities transferred in or out of Level 3.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	250	$	927	$	595	$	1,772
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		8		—		8
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

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The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	250	$	750	$	595	$	1,595
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		185		—		185
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

The following tables present the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loans and additional information at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Commercial Mortgage Loans
	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Loan-to-value	Carrying Value		Carrying Value
Less than 65%	$	30,467	$	34,024
65%-75%	17,342		8,496
Total amortized cost	$	47,809	$	42,520
Allowance for mortgage loan losses	(76)		(72)
Mortgage loans, net	$	47,733	$	42,448

Mortgage Loans by Region
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
East North Central	$	3,245	6.8	%	$	3,245	7.6	%
Southern Atlantic	9,794		20.5		7,026		16.5
East South Central	8,238		17.2		8,358		19.7
New England	6,588		13.8		6,588		15.5
Middle Atlantic	14,971		31.3		15,076		35.5
Mountain	2,227		4.6		2,227		5.2
West North Central	2,746		5.8		—		—
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

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Mortgage Loans by Property Type
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Commercial
Multifamily	$	17,051	35.6	%	$	11,741	27.6	%
Office	11,932		25.0		11,848		27.9
Industrial	10,124		21.2		10,124		23.8
Retail	2,227		4.7		2,227		5.2
Mixed use/Other	6,475		13.5		6,580		15.5
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator
	2020		2019		2018		Total
Commercial mortgage loans:
Risk Rating:
1-2 internal grade	$	5,551	$	8,404	$	18,770	$	32,725
3-4 internal grade	—		8,496		6,588		15,084
5 internal grade	—		—		—		—
6 internal grade	—		—		—		—
7 internal grade	—		—		—		—
Total commercial mortgage loans	$	5,551	$	16,900	$	25,358	$	47,809
Current-period write-offs	—		—		—		—
Current-period recoveries	—		—		—		—
Current-period net write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial mortgage loans carrying value excludes accrued interest of $167. As of September 30, 2020, all loan receivables were current, with no delinquencies. The commercial mortgage loans originate with an initial loan-to-value ratio to provide sufficient collateral to absorb losses should a loan be required to foreclose. Mortgage loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for impairment on an individual basis through a monitoring process and review of key credit indicators, such as economic trends, delinquency rates, property valuations, occupancy and rental rates and loan-to-value ratios. A loan is considered impaired when the Company believes it will not collect the contractual principal and interest set forth in the contractual terms of the loan. An internal grade is assigned to each mortgage loan, with a grade of 1 being the highest and least likely for an impairment and the lowest rating of 7 being the most likely for an impairment. An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established on each loan recognizing a loss for amounts which we believe will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreement. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an allowance for mortgage loan losses of $76, summarized in the following rollforward:

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Rollforward of allowance for mortgage loan losses:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	72
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	4
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for mortgage loan losses, September 30, 2020	$	76

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NOTE 4. RESERVES FOR LOSSES AND LOSS SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

Property insurance indemnifies an insured with an interest in physical property for loss of, or damage to, such property or the loss of its income-producing abilities. Casualty insurance primarily covers liability for damage to property of, or injury to, a person or entity other than the insured. In most cases, casualty insurance also obligates the insurance company to provide a defense for the insured in litigation, arising out of events covered by the policy.

Liabilities for losses and loss settlement expenses reflect management's best estimates at a given point in time of what we expect to pay for claims that have been reported and those that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR"), based on known facts, circumstances, and historical trends. Because property and casualty insurance reserves are estimates of the unpaid portions of incurred losses that have been reported to us, as well as losses that have been incurred but not reported, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses and related loss settlement expenses may vary materially from recorded amounts. We regularly update our reserve estimates as new information becomes available and as events unfold that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in prior year reserve estimates, which may be material, are reported as a component of losses and loss settlement expenses incurred in the period such changes are determined.

The determination of reserves (particularly those relating to liability lines of insurance that have relatively longer lag in claim reporting) requires significant work to reasonably project expected future claim reporting and payment patterns. If, during the course of our regular monitoring of reserves, we determine that coverages previously written are incurring higher than expected losses, we will take action that may include, among other things, increasing the related reserves. Any adjustments we make to reserves are reflected in operating results in the year in which we make those adjustments. We engage an independent actuary, Regnier Consulting Group, Inc., to render an opinion as to the reasonableness of our statutory reserves annually. The actuarial opinion is filed in those states where we are licensed.

On a quarterly basis, UFG's internal actuary performs a detailed actuarial review of IBNR reserves. This review includes a comparison of results from the most recent analysis of reserves completed by both our internal and external actuaries. Senior management meets with our internal actuary to review, on a regular and quarterly basis, the adequacy of carried reserves based on results from this actuarial analysis. There are two fundamental types or sources of IBNR reserves. We record IBNR reserves for "normal" types of claims and also specific IBNR reserves related to unique circumstances or events. A major hurricane is an example of an event that might necessitate establishing specific IBNR reserves because an analysis of existing historical data would not provide an appropriate estimate.

We do not discount loss reserves based on the time value of money. 

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The following table provides an analysis of changes in our property and casualty losses and loss settlement expense reserves at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (net of reinsurance amounts):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,421,754	$	1,312,483
Ceded losses and loss settlement expenses	(68,536)		(57,094)
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,353,218	$	1,255,389
Losses and loss settlement expenses incurred for claims occurring during
Current year	$	656,207	$	835,507
Prior years	(30,038)		(5,335)
Total incurred	$	626,169	$	830,172
Losses and loss settlement expense payments for claims occurring during
Current year	$	263,898	$	333,975
Prior years	330,190		398,368
Total paid	$	594,088	$	732,343
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of year	$	1,385,299	$	1,353,218
Ceded loss and loss settlement expenses	169,784		68,536
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of period	$	1,555,083	$	1,421,754

There are a multitude of factors that can impact loss reserve development. Those factors include, but are not limited to: historical data, the potential impact of various loss reserve development factors and trends including historical loss experience, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in imposition of damages, experience with alternative dispute resolution, results of our medical bill review process, the potential impact of salvage and subrogation and changes and trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. All of these factors influence our estimates of required reserves and for long tail lines these factors can change over the course of the settlement of the claim. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the specific monetary impact of any individual factor on the development of reserves.

Generally, we base reserves for each claim on the estimated ultimate exposure for that claim. We believe that it is appropriate and reasonable to establish a best estimate for reserves within a range of reasonable estimates, especially when we are reserving for claims for bodily injury, disabilities and similar claims, for which settlements and verdicts can vary widely. Our reserving philosophy may result in favorable reserve development in future years that will decrease losses and loss settlement expenses for prior year claims in the year of adjustment. We realize that this philosophy, coupled with what we believe to be aggressive and successful claims management and loss settlement practices, has resulted in year-to-year redundancies in reserves. We believe our approach produces recorded reserves that are reasonably consistent as to their relative position within a range of reasonable reserves from year-to-year. However, conditions and trends that have affected the reserve development for a given year do change. Therefore, such development cannot be used to project future reserve redundancies or deficiencies.

We are not aware of any significant contingent liabilities related to environmental issues. Because of the type of property coverage we write, we have potential exposure to environmental pollution, mold and asbestos claims. Our underwriters are aware of these exposures and use riders or endorsements to limit exposure.

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Reserve Development

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, the majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation and commercial liability lines of business. This favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development of commercial auto and reinsurance assumed lines. All other lines combined contributed a relatively modest amount of overall favorable development during this three-month period. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 the majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation and commercial fire and allied lines of business. This favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development of the assumed reinsurance and commercial auto lines of business. All other lines combined contributed a relatively modest amount of overall favorable development during this nine-month period.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, the majority of favorable development came from workers'

compensation with a partial offset coming primarily from unfavorable development for commercial liability. The

favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from reductions in reserves for reported claims

which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. The unfavorable development for commercial liability is due to

paid losses and an increase in loss adjustment expenses. All other lines combined contributed additional overall

favorable development during this three-month period. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019 the

majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation, which was more than offset by unfavorable

development for commercial liability. The favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from

reductions in reserves for reported claims, which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. Also, loss adjustment

expense contributed favorable development with reductions in reserves more than sufficient to offset payments. The

unfavorable development for commercial liability is due to paid losses and an increase in loss adjustment expenses.

All other lines combined contributed additional overall favorable development during this nine-month period.

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NOTE 5. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of the net periodic benefit cost for our pension and postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Three Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	2,707	$	1,997	$	432	$	456
Interest cost	2,066		2,080		253		319
Expected return on plan assets	(3,385)		(2,696)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(2,021)		(2,221)
Amortization of net loss	979		901		94		224
Net periodic benefit cost	$	2,367	$	2,282	$	(1,242)	$	(1,222)

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Nine Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	8,122	$	5,991	$	1,296	$	1,368
Interest cost	6,199		6,240		760		956
Expected return on plan assets	(10,154)		(8,088)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(6,063)		(6,463)
Amortization of net loss	2,936		2,703		282		671
Net periodic benefit cost	$	7,103	$	6,846	$	(3,725)	$	(3,468)

A portion of the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs is capitalized and amortized as part of deferred acquisition costs and is included in the line "Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The portion not related to the compensation and the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs is included in the income statement line titled "other underwriting expenses."

Employer Contributions

We previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 that we expected to contribute $10,000 to the pension plan in 2020. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, we contributed $10,000 to the pension plan.

NOTE 6. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Non-Qualified Employee Stock Award Plan

The United Fire Group, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan (the "2008 Stock Plan") authorized the issuance of restricted and unrestricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, incentive stock options, and non-qualified stock options for up to 1,900,000 shares of UFG common stock to employees. In May 2014, the Registrant's shareholders approved an additional 1,500,000 shares of UFG common stock issuable at any time and from time to time pursuant to the 2008 Stock Plan, among other amendments, and renamed such plan as the United Fire Group, Inc. Stock Plan (as amended, the "Stock Plan"). At September 30, 2020, there were 704,760 authorized shares remaining available for future issuance. The Stock Plan is administered by the Board of Directors, which determines those employees who will receive awards, when awards will be granted, and the terms and conditions of the awards. The Board of Directors may also take any action it deems necessary and appropriate for the administration of the

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Stock Plan. Pursuant to the Stock Plan, the Board of Directors may, at its sole discretion, grant awards to our employees.

Options granted pursuant to the Stock Plan are granted to buy shares of UFG's common stock at the market value of the stock on the date of grant. Options granted prior to March 2017 vest and are exercisable in installments of 20.0 percent of the number of shares covered by the option award each year from the grant date, unless the Board of Directors authorizes the acceleration of vesting. Options granted after March 2017 vest and are exercisable in installments of 33.3 percent of the number of shares covered by the option award each year from the grant date, unless the Board of Directors authorizes the acceleration of vesting. To the extent not exercised, vested option awards accumulate and are exercisable by the awardee, in whole or in part, in any subsequent year included in the option period, but not later than 10 years from the grant date. Restricted and unrestricted stock awards granted pursuant to the Stock Plan are granted at the market value of UFG's common stock on the date of the grant. Restricted stock units fully vest after 3 years or 5 years from the date of grant, unless accelerated upon the approval of the Board of Directors, at which time UFG common stock will be issued to the awardee.

The activity in the Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	834,910	1,900,000
Additional shares authorized	—	1,500,000
Number of awards granted	(165,024)	(3,281,445)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	34,874	586,205
Ending balance	704,760	704,760
Number of option awards exercised	7,200	1,450,389
Number of unrestricted stock awards granted	—	10,090
Number of restricted stock awards vested	63,600	164,378

Non-Qualified Non-Employee Director Stock Plan

The United Fire Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Stock Plan (formerly known as the 2005 Non-Qualified Non- Employee Director Stock Option and Restricted Stock Plan) (the "Director Stock Plan") authorizes the issuance of restricted stock awards and non-qualified stock options to purchase shares of UFG's common stock to non-employee directors. On May 20, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved amendments to the Director Stock Plan, previously approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, to (i) increase the number of shares available for future awards under the Director Stock Plan from 300,000 to 450,000, (ii) extend the expiration date of the Director Stock Plan from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2029, (iii) allow for the grant of awards of restricted stock units, and (iv) rename the Director Stock Plan as the "United Fire Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Stock Plan." At September 30, 2020, the Company had 160,135 authorized shares available for future issuance.

The Board of Directors has the authority to determine which non-employee directors receive awards, when restricted stock, restricted stock units and options shall be granted, the option price, the option expiration date, the date of grant, the vesting schedule of options or whether the options shall be immediately vested, the terms and conditions of options, restricted stock and restricted stock units (other than those terms and conditions set forth in the plan) and the number of shares of common stock to be issued pursuant to an option, restricted stock or restricted stock unit agreements (subject to limits set forth in the Director Stock Plan). The Board of Directors may also take any action it deems necessary and appropriate for the administration of the Director Stock Plan.

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The activity in the Director Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	34,863	300,000
Additional authorization	150,000	150,000
Number of awards granted	(24,728)	(313,868)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	—	24,003
Ending balance	160,135	160,135
Number of option awards exercised	14,183	133,275
Number of restricted stock awards vested	14,300	98,491

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1,052 and $1,203, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $3,979 and $5,248, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of the stock options.

As of September 30, 2020, we had $5,004 in stock-based compensation expense that has yet to be recognized through our results of operations. We expect this compensation to be recognized over the remainder of 2020 and subsequent years according to the table below, except with respect to awards that are accelerated by the Board of Directors, in which case we will recognize any remaining compensation expense in the period in which the awards are accelerated.

2020	$	1,060
2021	2,584
2022	1,056
2023	211
2024	82
2025	11
Total	$	5,004

NOTE 7. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive shares we consider in our diluted earnings per share calculation relate to our outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards.

We determine the dilutive effect of our outstanding stock options using the "treasury stock" method. Under this method, we assume the exercise of all of the outstanding stock options whose exercise price is less than the weighted-average market value of our common stock during the reporting period. This method also assumes that the proceeds from the hypothetical stock option exercises are used to repurchase shares of our common stock at the weighted-average market value of the stock during the reporting period. The net of the assumed stock options exercised and assumed common shares repurchased represents the number of dilutive common shares, which we add to the denominator of the earnings per share calculation.

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The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(37,241)	$	(37,241)	$	(2,342)	$	(2,342)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		—
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		—
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(1.49)	$	(1.49)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.09)
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		820,124		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(103,815)	$	(103,815)	$	37,983	$	37,983
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,172,716
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		249,605
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		221,423
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(4.15)	$	(4.15)	$	1.51	$	1.48
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		515,984		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

NOTE 8. CREDIT FACILITY

On March 31, 2020, United Fire & Casualty Company (the "Borrower"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a credit agreement (the "New Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo"), as administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent"), issuing lender, swing-line lender and lender, and the other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively with Wells Fargo, the "Lenders"), providing for a $50,000 revolving credit facility, which includes a $20,000 letter of credit sub-facility and a $5,000 swing-line loan for working capital and other general corporate purposes. The New Credit Agreement is provided by the Lenders on an unsecured basis, and the Borrower has the option to increase the New Credit Agreement by $100,000 if agreed to by the Lenders providing such incremental facility.

The New Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, including default in payments of principals, default in payment of other indebtedness, change of control and voluntary and involuntary insolvency proceedings, the occurrence of which would allow the Lenders to accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding thereunder and terminate any further commitments to lend.

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The entry into the New Credit Agreement was completed as part of the Company’s regular course of financial planning and was not initiated as a result of market conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prior to February 2, 2020, the Company had a credit agreement (the "Previous Credit Agreement") which it entered into on February 2, 2016. The Company, as borrower, entered into the Previous Credit Agreement with the lenders from time to time party thereto and KeyBank National Association ("Key Bank"), as administrative agent, swingline lender and letter of credit issuer. The Previous Credit Agreement provided for a $50,000 four-year unsecured revolving credit facility that included a $20,000 letter of credit subfacility and a swingline subfacility in the amount up to $5,000. The Previous Credit Agreement allowed the Company to increase the aggregate amount of the commitments thereunder by up to $100,000, provided that no event of default had occurred and was continuing and certain other conditions were satisfied. The Previous Credit Agreement was available for the Company's general corporate purposes, including liquidity, acquisitions and working capital. All unpaid principal and accrued interest under the Previous Credit Agreement was due and payable in full at maturity on February 2, 2020. Based on the type of loan, advances under the Previous Credit Agreement bore interest on either the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or a base rate plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount.

There was no outstanding balance on either the New Credit Agreement or the Previous Credit Agreement at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not incur any interest expense related to either credit facility. We were in compliance with all covenants of the New Credit Agreement at September 30, 2020.

NOTE 9. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of June 30, 2020	79,283		(32,433)		$	46,850
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,252		—		3,252
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(43)		848		805
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31.

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The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2020	47,279		(34,127)		$	13,152
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	35,223		—		35,223
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(10)		2,542		2,532
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31.

NOTE 10. LEASES

The Company has operating leases consisting of office space, vehicle leases, computer equipment, and office equipment. Lease terms and options vary in the Company's operating leases dependent upon the underlying leased asset. We exclude options to extend or terminate a lease from our recognition as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities until those options are known and/or executed, as we typically do not exercise options to purchase the underlying leased asset. As of September 30, 2020, we have leases with remaining terms of 1 year to 7 years, some of which may include no options for renewal and others with options to extend the lease terms from 6 months to 5 years.

The components of our operating leases were as follows for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	1,832	$	1,910	$	5,788	$	5,730
Less sublease income	53		119		239		371
Net lease expense	1,779		1,791		5,549		5,359
Cash flows information related to leases:
Operating cash outflow from operating leases	1,796		1,812		5,265		5,420

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements."

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are representative of significant judgments and uncertainties and that potentially may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We base our discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations on the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). As we prepare these Consolidated Financial Statements, we must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our critical accounting policies are more fully described in our Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations presented in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. There have been no changes in our critical accounting policies from December 31, 2019.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this Management's Discussion and Analysis is to provide an understanding of our results of operations and consolidated financial condition. Our Management's Discussion and Analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes, including those in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared on the basis of GAAP. We also prepare financial statements for each of our insurance company subsidiaries based on statutory accounting principles and file them with insurance regulatory authorities in the states where they do business.

When we provide information on a statutory or other basis, we label it as such, otherwise all other data is presented in accordance with GAAP.

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Founded in 1946 as United Fire & Casualty Company, United Fire Group, Inc. ("UFG," the "Registrant," the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") and its consolidated insurance subsidiaries provide insurance protection for individuals and businesses through several regional offices. Our property and casualty insurance company subsidiaries are licensed in 48 states plus the District of Columbia and are represented by approximately 1,000 independent agencies.

Our primary sources of revenue are premiums and investment income. Major categories of expenses from our continuing operations include losses and loss settlement expenses, underwriting and other operating expenses.

Reportable Segments

Subsequent to the announcement of the sale of the life insurance business on September 19, 2017, we have operated and report as one business segment. For more information, refer to Part I, Item 1, Note 1. "Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation."

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Personal Lines Business

In May 2020, the Company entered into a renewal rights agreement for our personal lines business, providing our independent insurance agents with the opportunity to transfer their personal lines policies to Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company beginning in the third quarter of 2020, subject to the receipt of applicable regulatory approvals.

As part of this agreement, Nationwide will offer contracts to all of our personal lines agents across the country, with the exception of agents in Louisiana and Florida. We are continuing to evaluate our strategic plan for the personal lines business in Louisiana and Florida.

Nationwide will provide replacement policies to most of our personal lines policyholders at the time of renewal. However, recently Nationwide has identified three categories of policies where they are refusing to offer replacement coverage directly. We remain in active discussions on that topic.

UFG’s entry into a renewal rights agreement with Nationwide was completed as part of our long-term strategic planning, allowing us to focus on the success of our core commercial lines business, which represented 94 percent of our business mix at the time of the agreement. It was not initiated as a result of market conditions from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Company recognized other income of $6.3 million before tax during 2020 as a result of the personal lines renewal rights agreement with Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company.

Pooling Arrangement

All of our property and casualty insurance subsidiaries are members of an intercompany reinsurance pooling arrangement. The Company's pooling arrangement permits the participating companies to rely on the capacity of the entire pool's capital and surplus, rather than being limited to policy exposures of a size commensurate with each participant’s own surplus level.

Geographic Concentration

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, approximately 50.4 percent of our property and casualty premiums were written in Texas, California, Iowa, Missouri, and New Jersey.

Profit Factors

Our profitability is influenced by many factors, including price, competition, economic conditions, investment returns, interest rates, catastrophic events and other natural disasters, man-made disasters, state regulations, court decisions, and changes in the law. To manage these risks and uncertainties, we seek to achieve consistent profitability through strong agency relationships, exceptional customer service, fair and prompt claims handling, disciplined underwriting, superior loss control services, prudent management of our investments, appropriate matching of assets and liabilities, effective use of ceded reinsurance and effective and efficient use of technology.

COVID-19

The spread of the COVID-19 virus, beginning in mid-March 2020, caused significant financial market volatility, economic uncertainty and interruptions to normal business activities. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on day-to-day life, financial markets and the economy in the United States. The Company, in response to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, activated its pre-existing business continuity plans to respond to a pandemic in mid-March 2020. With the exception of our essential services employees, UFG has dispatched its staff to work remotely for the safety, health and well-being of our employees. We are fully operational, but have limited some non-essential travel. Our essential services employees are following recommended health and safety policies. We are and will continue to monitor the state and federal responses to the pandemic and, when appropriate, will adjust our operations in response. We are developing a return to workplace plan for our employees, but have not

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finalized plans as of the date of this report. Our return to workplace plan will be implemented at the appropriate time and in a way that is designed to ensure the health and safety of our employees.

The implementation of our business continuity plans did not have a material effect on our internal control environment. We believe our operational processes, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosures, and financial reporting systems are operating effectively in the present environment. Our business teams are working remotely and continue to support our customers, agents and claimants as they did when we were in the office.

Nearly all of the policies we have issued contain contract language that specifically excludes business interruption coverage for losses due to viruses such as the COVID-19 pandemic, but we continue to carefully scrutinize each claim and will afford coverage when appropriate. At this time, we expect the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on claims currently under our coverages to be manageable, based on the information presently available. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to evolve and we cannot predict the extent to which our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity will ultimately be impacted. Additionally, if established written contract policy exclusions of business interruption coverage for losses attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic are voided or changed through legislation, regulations or interpretations by the courts, such changes have the potential to materially increase claims, losses and legal expenses which could impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

We anticipate that the larger impact on our financial condition and results of operations will likely result from developments in the economy as a whole and the effect on financial markets and the investments we hold in our investment portfolio, premiums and demand for our products, and our ability to collect premiums or any requirement to return premiums to policyholders. We believe our current liquidity position is sufficient to maintain our current operations and we have the ability to access our credit facility if needed, but we have not yet had the need to do so. See Part 1, Item 1, Note 8 "Credit Facility" for more information. We implemented state-mandated and optional payment leniency programs for our policyholders, all of which have expired as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, we did not see a significant impact to cash flows or an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts as a result of these programs. During the third quarter of 2020, management did not repurchase any shares of stock, and the share repurchase program has been suspended since mid-March 2020. Also, the Company maintained the same level of cash dividend payments of $0.33 per share during the third quarter of 2020 as were paid in each of the first and second quarters of 2020.

Stockholders' equity decreased to $820.3 million at September 30, 2020, from $910.5 million at December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributed to a net loss of $103.8 million, shareholder dividends of $24.8 million and share repurchases of $2.7 million, partially offset by an increase in net unrealized investment gains on fixed maturity securities of $35.2 million, net of tax, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Statutory capital and surplus decreased to $605.5 million at September 30, 2020, from $707.6 million at December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributed to the change in the fair value of equity security investments. We are directed by the state insurance departments' solvency regulations to calculate a required minimum level of statutory capital and surplus based on insurance risk factors, which the Company reviews on a monthly basis. The risk-based capital results are used by the NAIC and state insurance departments to identify companies that merit regulatory attention or the initiation of regulatory action. United Fire & Casualty Company and its property and casualty insurance subsidiaries and affiliates had statutory capital and surplus in regards to policyholders in excess of their required levels at September 30, 2020.

We evaluate goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment at least on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of goodwill and other intangible assets may exceed their implied fair value. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level. Any impairment is charged to operations in the period that the impairment is identified. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on equity markets and the economy, we performed a quantitative impairment assessment of our goodwill at September 30, 2020. As a result of this assessment, we recorded an impairment charge of $15.1 million on our remaining goodwill balance at September 30, 2020.

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As of September 30, 2020, we intend to keep all assets currently leased and honor the terms of the contracts. Also, we have four lease contracts where we are the lessor which we evaluated for impairment. As of September 30, 2020, all payments on these contracts had been received and we fully expect to receive all future payments on time. In the event that we receive any lease-related relief provided to mitigate the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we elect not to evaluate whether or not the relief represents a lease modification.

The decline in equity markets in the first nine months of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic did have a material impact on the fair value of our investments in equity securities and limited liability partnerships. The Company's investment philosophy, objectives, approach and program have not changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2020 we had a recovery in the fair value of equity securities of $22.0 million and a decrease in value of our investments in limited liability partnerships of $4.7 million from the values reported at June 30, 2020. Year-to-date in 2020 the decrease in the fair value of equity securities from December 31, 2019 was $38.9 million.

The Company has a highly rated fixed maturity portfolio, with low credit risk. The Company recognized an unrealized gain of $35.2 million, net of tax, at September 30, 2020 on its available-for-sale fixed maturity portfolio. In addition, we also adopted new accounting guidance on January 1, 2020, which changes the measurement of credit losses for our investment in available-for-sale fixed maturities and our mortgage loans and also impacts our reinsurance receivables. The adoption of this new guidance resulted in an immaterial allowance for credit losses to be recorded for each of these assets on our balance sheet as of September 30, 2020. For more information on credit losses recognized in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, please refer to the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.

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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Ratios)	2020			2019			%		2020			2019			%
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	259,061		$	274,942		(5.8)	%	$	791,519		$	813,742		(2.7)	%
Investment income, net of investment expenses	7,244			13,291			(45.5)		22,303			43,923			(49.2)
Net realized investment gains (losses)	15,212			9,822			54.9		(62,416)			50,126			(224.5)
Other income	604			—			NM		6,323			—			NM
Total revenues	$	282,121		$	298,055		(5.3)	%	$	757,729		$	907,791		(16.5)	%
Benefits, Losses and Expenses
Losses and loss settlement expenses	$	234,693		$	211,752		10.8	%	$	626,169		$	596,001		5.1	%
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	52,095			54,828			(5.0)		158,440			161,842			(2.1)
Other underwriting expenses	35,470			36,003			(1.5)		114,020			104,370			9.2
Goodwill impairment	15,091			—			NM		15,091			—			NM
Total benefits, losses and expenses	$	337,349		$	302,583		11.5	%	$	913,720		$	862,213		6.0	%
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(55,228)		$	(4,528)		NM		$	(155,991)		$	45,578		NM
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(17,987)			(2,186)			NM		(52,176)			7,595			NM
Net income (loss)	$	(37,241)		$	(2,342)		NM		$	(103,815)		$	37,983		NM
GAAP Ratios:
Net loss ratio (without catastrophes)	69.2		%	70.0		%	(1.1)	%	63.8		%	67.8		%	(5.9)	%
Catastrophes - effect on net loss ratio	21.4			7.0			205.7		15.3			5.5			178.2
Net loss ratio(1)	90.6		%	77.0		%	17.7	%	79.1		%	73.3		%	7.9	%
Expense ratio(2)	33.8			33.0			2.4		34.4			32.7			5.2
Combined ratio(3)	124.4		%	110.0		%	13.1	%	113.5		%	106.0		%	7.1	%

(1) The net loss ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of losses and loss settlement expenses by net premiums earned. We use the net loss ratio as a measure of the overall underwriting profitability of the insurance business we write and to assess the adequacy of our pricing. Our net loss ratio is meaningful in evaluating our financial results as reported in our unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2) The expense ratio is calculated by dividing other underwriting expenses and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs by net premiums earned. The expense ratio measures a company's operational efficiency in producing, underwriting and administering its insurance business.

(3) The combined ratio is a commonly used financial measure of property and casualty underwriting performance. A combined ratio below 100.0 percent generally indicates a profitable book of business. The combined ratio is the sum of the net loss ratio and the underwriting expense ratio.

NM = Not meaningful

The following is a summary of our financial performance for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020:

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, the net loss was $37.2 million compared to a net loss of $2.3 million for the same period of 2019. In the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, the increase in the net loss was primarily due to an increase in losses and loss settlement expenses, namely from catastrophe losses, and decrease in net premiums earned.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the net loss was $103.8 million compared to net income of $38.0 million for the same period of 2019. In the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the decrease in net

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income was primarily due to a decrease in the fair value of equity securities, a decrease in net investment income, a decrease in net premiums earned and increases in losses and loss settlement expenses.

Net premiums earned decreased 5.8 percent and 2.7 percent during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2019. The decrease in both the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to our focus on improving profitability through non-renewal of under-performing accounts in our commercial auto line of business. Also, during the third quarter of 2020, we paid $9.0 million of reinstatement premium with our reinsurance program as a result of the August Midwest derecho catastrophe exceeding the reinsurance contract stated retention. The COVID-19 pandemic also impacted net premiums earned, but the impact was less significant than the impact from our commercial auto profitability initiatives in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020. During 2020, the Company implemented state-mandated and optional payment leniency programs for our policyholders as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of September 30, 2020, this has not significantly impacted cash flows or an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts as a result of these programs. These payment modifications did not have a material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or capital position.

Net investment income was $7.2 million for the third quarter of 2020 as compared to net investment income of $13.3 million for the same period in 2019. Year-to date, net investment income was $22.3 million, compared to net investment income of $43.9 million for the same period in 2019. The decrease in net investment income in both periods in 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019 was due to a combination of a decrease in the fair value of our investments in limited liability partnerships and an overall decrease in invested assets. The valuation of these investments in limited liability partnerships varies from period to period due to the current equity market conditions, specifically related to financial institutions.

The Company recognized net realized investment gains of $15.2 million during the third quarter of 2020, compared to net realized investment gains of $9.8 million for the same period in 2019. Year-to-date, the Company recognized net realized investment losses of $62.4 million compared to net realized gains of $50.1 million in the same period in 2019. The change in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019 was primarily due to the change in the fair value of equity securities and net realized losses on sales of equity securities.

Losses and loss settlement expenses increased by 10.8 percentage points and by 5.1 percentage points during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2019. The increase in losses and loss settlement expenses primarily was due to an increase in catastrophe losses as compared to the same period in 2019.

The GAAP combined ratio increased by 14.4 percentage points to 124.4 percent for the third quarter of 2020, compared to 110.0 percent in the same period in 2019. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the GAAP combined ratio increased 7.5 percentage points to 113.5 percent compared to 106.0 percent for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019. The increase in the combined ratio was primarily driven by an increase in the net loss ratio.

The GAAP net loss ratio deteriorated 13.6 percentage points and 5.8 percentage points, respectively, during three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019. The increase in the net loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in catastrophe losses.

Pre-tax catastrophe losses in the third quarter of 2020 were higher when compared to third quarter of 2019, with catastrophe losses adding 21.4 percentage points to the combined ratio in 2020 as compared to 7.0 percentage points in 2019. During the third quarter of 2020, the Company incurred losses from 25 catastrophe events, with the most significant losses from the August Midwest derecho and Hurricane Laura. Our 10-year historical average for third quarter catastrophe losses is 8.9 percentage points added to the combined ratio. Year-to-date, catastrophe losses totaled $121.3 million ($3.83 per diluted share) compared to $44.9 million ($1.38 per diluted share) for the same period in 2019.

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The expense ratio for the third quarter of 2020 was 33.8 percent compared to 33.0 percent for the third quarter in 2019. Year-to-date, the expense ratio was 34.4 percent compared to 32.7 percent in the same period in 2019. The increase in the expense ratio during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019 is primarily due to our continued investment in technology, including our multi-year Oasis project, an upgrade to our technology platform designed to enhance core underwriting decisions, selection of risks and productivity.

For a detailed discussion of our investment results, refer to the "Investment Portfolio" section below.

Reserve Development

For many liability claims, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years, and for certain construction defect claims, more than a decade, may elapse between the occurrence of the loss, the reporting of the loss to us and the settlement or other disposition of the claim. As a result, loss experience in the more recent accident years for the long-tail liability coverages has limited statistical credibility in our reserving process because a relatively small proportion of losses in these accident years are reported claims and an even smaller proportion are paid losses. In addition, long-tail liability claims are more susceptible to litigation and can be significantly affected by changing contract interpretations and the legal environment. Consequently, the estimation of loss reserves for long-tail coverages is more complex and subject to a higher degree of variability. Reserves for these long-tail coverages represent a significant portion of our overall carried reserves.

When establishing reserves and monitoring reserve adequacy, we analyze historical data and consider the potential impact of various loss development factors and trends, including historical loss experience, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in imposition of damages, experience with alternative dispute resolution, results of our medical bill review process, the potential impact of salvage and subrogation and changes and trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. All of these factors influence our estimates of required reserves and, for long-tail lines these factors can change over the course of the settlement of the claim. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the specific dollar impact of any individual factor on the development of reserves.

Our reserving philosophy is to reserve claims to their ultimate expected loss amount as soon as practicable after information about a claim becomes available. This approach tends to produce, on average, prudently conservative case reserves, which we expect to result in some level of favorable development over the course of settlement.

2020 Development

The property and casualty insurance business experienced $6.3 million and $30.0 million of favorable development in our net reserves for prior accident years for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, the majority of favorable development was from the combination of workers' compensation with $5.6 million favorable development and commercial liability with $5.5 million favorable development. Partially offsetting favorable development was commercial automobile with $2.2 million of unfavorable development and reinsurance assumed with $1.6 million of unfavorable development. The favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from reductions in claim reserves which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. The favorable development for commercial liability was due to the combination of both loss and loss adjustment expense where reserve reductions were more than sufficient to offset payments. The adverse development for commercial automobile was attributed to an increase in severity of losses with paid losses greater than the reductions of unpaid claim reserves, paid loss adjustment expense was more than offset by reductions of reserves for unpaid loss adjustment expense. All other lines of insurance, in total, contributed $1.0 million of unfavorable development during the third quarter of 2020.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 the majority of favorable development was from workers' compensation with $21.6 million favorable development, followed by commercial fire and allied lines which contributed $12.6 million of favorable development. Partially offsetting favorable development was reinsurance assumed with $4.4 million of unfavorable development and commercial automobile with $2.1 million of unfavorable

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development. The favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from reductions in claim reserves which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. The adverse development for reinsurance assumed was attributed to paid loss which was greater than the reductions of unpaid claim reserves. All other lines of insurance, in total, contributed $2.3 million of favorable development during the third quarter of 2020.

2019 Development

The property and casualty insurance business experienced $5.5 million and $0.8 million of favorable development in

our net reserves for prior accident years for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019,

respectively. For the three-month period ended September 30, 2019 the majority of favorable development was from

workers' compensation with $14.9 million favorable development, followed by assumed reinsurance which

contributed $1.2 million of favorable development. The favorable development for workers' compensation was

primarily from reductions in reserves for reported claims which were more than sufficient to offset paid losses. The

favorable development for assumed reinsurance was primarily from reductions in incurred but not reported

("IBNR") reserves which were more than sufficient to offset paid losses. The favorable development was partially

offset by unfavorable development for two lines, primarily from commercial liability which experienced $11.5

million of unfavorable development due to paid loss and loss adjustment expense. Commercial fire and allied lines also contributed $1.1 million of unfavorable development due to paid loss and paid loss adjustment expense. All

other lines of insurance, in total, contributed an additional $2.0 million of favorable development during the quarter.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019 the majority of favorable development was from workers'

compensation with $26.3 million favorable development, followed by fidelity and surety which was $3.1 million

favorable. The favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from reductions in reserves for

reported claims, which were more than sufficient to offset paid losses; loss adjustment expense also contributed

favorable development with reductions in reserves more than sufficient to offset payments. The favorable

development for fidelity and surety was from reductions in IBNR reserves, reductions in claim reserves and salvage

recoveries. The favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development for two lines, primarily from commercial liability which experienced $27.4 million of unfavorable development due to paid loss and loss

adjustment expense. Commercial fire and allied lines also contributed $3.5 million of unfavorable development due

to paid losses. All other lines of insurance, in total, contributed an additional $2.3 million of favorable year-to-date

development.

Development amounts can vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year depending on a number of factors, including the number of claims settled and the settlement terms, and are subject to reallocation between accident years and lines of business. At September 30, 2020, our total reserves were within our actuarial estimates.

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The following tables display our net premiums earned, net losses and loss settlement expenses and net loss ratio by line of business:

Three Months Ended September 30,	2020						2019
			Net Losses						Net Losses
			and Loss						and Loss
	Net		Settlement		Net		Net		Settlement		Net
(In Thousands, Except Ratios)	Premiums		Expenses		Loss		Premiums		Expenses		Loss
Unaudited	Earned		Incurred		Ratio		Earned		Incurred		Ratio
Commercial lines
Other liability	$	78,302	$	45,111	57.6	%	$	80,421	$	50,656	63.0	%
Fire and allied lines	59,267		52,436		88.5		61,628		49,628		80.5
Automobile	73,403		82,675		112.6		80,574		85,227		105.8
Workers' compensation	19,245		10,250		53.3		22,041		3,076		14.0
Fidelity and surety	7,356		(128)		(1.7)		6,755		1,437		21.3
Miscellaneous	378		78		20.6		428		63		14.7
Total commercial lines	$	237,951	$	190,422	80.0	%	$	251,847	$	190,087	75.5	%
Personal lines
Fire and allied lines	$	5,144	$	29,451	NM		$	10,370	$	13,469	129.9	%
Automobile	7,055		8,322		118.0		7,870		6,946		88.3
Miscellaneous	295		(97)		(32.9)		312		(130)		(41.7)
Total personal lines	$	12,494	$	37,676	NM		$	18,552	$	20,285	109.3	%
Reinsurance assumed	$	8,616	$	6,595	76.5	%	$	4,543	$	1,380	30.4	%
Total	$	259,061	$	234,693	90.6	%	$	274,942	$	211,752	77.0	%

NM = Not meaningful

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Nine Months Ended September 30,	2020						2019
			Net Losses						Net Losses
			and Loss						and Loss
	Net		Settlement		Net		Net		Settlement		Net
(In Thousands, Except Ratios)	Premiums		Expenses		Loss		Premiums		Expenses		Loss
Unaudited	Earned		Incurred		Ratio		Earned		Incurred		Ratio
Commercial lines
Other liability	$	235,018	$	135,748	57.8	%	$	238,300	$	146,513	61.5	%
Fire and allied lines	183,528		171,416		93.4		181,417		142,265		78.4
Automobile	225,103		205,994		91.5		234,280		225,564		96.3
Workers' compensation	57,873		24,205		41.8		66,537		18,399		27.7
Fidelity and surety	20,106		14		0.1		19,276		536		2.8
Miscellaneous	1,158		266		23.0		1,291		63		4.9
Total commercial lines	$	722,786	$	537,643	74.4	%	$	741,101	$	533,340	72.0	%
Personal lines
Fire and allied lines	$	24,933	$	55,372	222.1	%	$	30,892	$	34,137	110.5	%
Automobile	22,203		15,935		71.8		23,050		19,422		84.3
Miscellaneous	905		2,561		283.0		920		354		38.5
Total personal lines	$	48,041	$	73,868	153.8	%	$	54,862	$	53,913	98.3	%
Reinsurance assumed	$	20,692	$	14,658	70.8	%	$	17,779	$	8,748	49.2	%
Total	$	791,519	$	626,169	79.1	%	$	813,742	$	596,001	73.3	%

Below are explanations regarding significant changes in the net loss ratios by line of business:

•Commercial fire and allied lines - The net loss ratio deteriorated 8.0 and 15.0 percentage points in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The deterioration in both periods is attributable to an increase in catastrophe losses.

•Workers compensation - The net loss ratio deteriorated 39.3 and 14.1 percentage points in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The deterioration is attributable to a few large claims. The current periods loss ratios are more in line with an average year vs. 2019 which had less than average losses.

•Fidelity and surety - The net loss ratio improved 23.0 and 2.7 percentage points in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The improvement is attributable to the absence of large single claims in 2020 vs. the presence of large claims in 2019.

•Personal fire and allied lines - The net loss ratio deteriorated significantly in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The deterioration in both periods is attributable to an increase in catastrophe losses.

•Personal automobile - The net loss ratio deteriorated 29.7 and improved 12.5 percentage points in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The quarterly deterioration was attributed to increased claims in 2020 vs. a decrease in 2019. The year-to-date improvement is attributable to continued attention to careful underwriting resulting in lower paid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

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•Reinsurance assumed - The net loss ratio deteriorated in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same periods of 2019. The deterioration in both periods is due to an increase in loss reserves and assumed catastrophe losses in 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019.

Financial Condition

Stockholders' equity decreased to $820.3 million at September 30, 2020, from $910.5 million at December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributed to a net loss of $103.8 million, shareholder dividends of $24.8 million and share repurchases of $2.7 million, partially offset by an increase in net unrealized investment gains on fixed maturity securities of $35.2 million, net of tax, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The Company's book value per share was $32.77, which is a decrease of $3.63 per share, or 10.0 percent from December 31, 2019. During the third quarter of 2020 we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock as we suspended share repurchases in mid-March. During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, 70,467 shares of common stock were repurchased for a total of $2.7 million. Under our share repurchase program, which is scheduled to expire on August 31, 2022, we were authorized to repurchase an additional 1,786,977 shares of our common stock as of September 30, 2020.

Investment Portfolio

Our invested assets totaled $2.0 billion at September 30, 2020, compared to $2.2 billion at December 31, 2019, a decrease of $113.6 million. At September 30, 2020, fixed maturity securities and equity securities made up 84.8 percent and 9.7 percent of the value of our investment portfolio, respectively. Because the primary purpose of our investment portfolio is to fund future claims payments, we use a conservative investment philosophy, investing in a diversified portfolio of high-quality, intermediate-term taxable corporate bonds, taxable U.S. government bonds and tax-exempt U.S. municipal bonds.

Composition

We develop our investment strategies based on a number of factors, including estimated duration of reserve liabilities, short- and long-term liquidity needs, projected tax status, general economic conditions, expected rates of inflation, regulatory requirements, interest rates and credit quality of assets. We administer our investment portfolio based on investment guidelines approved by management and the investment committee of our Board of Directors that comply with applicable statutory regulations.

The composition of our investment portfolio at September 30, 2020 is presented at carrying value in the following table:

	Property & Casualty Insurance
			Percent
(In Thousands, Except Ratios)			of Total
Fixed maturities (1)
Available-for-sale	$	1,717,039	84.1	%
Trading securities	14,811		0.7
Equity securities	198,791		9.7
Mortgage loans	47,733		2.3
Other long-term investments	62,903		3.2
Short-term investments	175		—
Total	$	2,041,452	100.0	%

(1) Available-for-sale securities and trading fixed maturities are carried at fair value.

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At both September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we classified $1.7 billion, or 99.1 percent, and $1.7 billion, or 99.1 percent, respectively, of our fixed maturities portfolio as available-for-sale. We classify our remaining fixed maturities as trading. We record available-for-sale fixed maturity securities at fair value, with any changes in fair value recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. We record trading securities, primarily convertible redeemable preferred debt securities, at fair value, with any changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we did not have direct exposure to investments in subprime mortgages or other credit enhancement vehicles.

Credit Quality

The table below shows the composition of fixed maturity securities held in our available-for-sale and trading security portfolios, by credit rating at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Information contained in the table is generally based upon the issued credit ratings provided by Moody's, unless the rating is unavailable, in which case we obtain credit ratings from Standard & Poor's.

(In Thousands, Except Ratios)	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
Rating	Carrying Value		% of Total		Carrying Value		% of Total
AAA	$	679,729	39.3	%	$	721,446	41.6	%
AA	666,448		38.5		664,238		38.3
A	187,467		10.8		179,553		10.3
Baa/BBB	184,209		10.6		157,350		9.1
Other/Not Rated	13,997		0.8		12,276		0.7
	$	1,731,850	100.0	%	$	1,734,863	100.0	%

Duration

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in fixed maturity securities whose fair value is susceptible to market risk, specifically interest rate changes. Duration is a measurement we use to quantify our inherent interest rate risk and analyze our ability to match our invested assets to our reserve liabilities. If our invested assets and reserve liabilities have similar durations, then any change in interest rates will have an equal effect on these accounts. The primary purpose for matching invested assets and reserve liabilities is liquidity. With appropriate matching, our investments will mature when cash is needed, preventing the need to liquidate other assets prematurely. Mismatches in the duration of assets and liabilities can cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations.

Investment Results

We invest the premiums received from our policyholders in order to generate investment income, which is an important component of our revenues and profitability. The amount of investment income that we are able to generate is affected by many factors, some of which are beyond our control. Some of these factors are volatility in the financial markets, economic growth, inflation, interest rates, world political conditions, terrorist attacks or threats of terrorism, adverse events affecting other companies in our industry or the industries in which we invest and other unpredictable national or world events. Our net investment income decreased by 45.5 percent and 49.2 percent, respectively, in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, compared with the same period of 2019.

We hold certain investments in limited liability partnerships that are recorded on the equity method of accounting, with changes in value of these investments recorded in investment income. In the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the change in value of our investments in limited liability partnerships resulted in investment losses of $4.7 million and $13.8 million, respectively, as compared to an investment loss $0.7 million and income of $1.9 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2019. This resulted in a decrease of $4.0 million and a decrease of $15.7 million, respectively, in investment income in the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020.

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We had net realized investment gains of $15.2 million and net realized investment losses of $62.4 million, respectively, during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, as compared to net realized investment gains of $9.8 million and $50.1 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2019. The change in the fair value of equity securities resulted in gains of $22.0 million and losses of $38.9 million, respectively, during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 as compared to gains of $9.7 million and $46.8 million, respectively, in the same periods in 2019. The remaining change in net realized investment gains and losses is due to the sale of equity securities.

We regularly monitor the difference between our cost basis and the estimated fair value of our investments. For our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio an allowance for credit losses is recorded net of available-for-sale fixed maturities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and a corresponding credit loss recognized as a realized loss or gain in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company determines if an allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history.

Non-credit related changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income, impact stockholders' equity and book value per share, but do not affect net income. We believe that any unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2020 are temporary based upon our current analysis of the issuers of the securities that we hold and current market conditions. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

For mortgage loans, an allowance for losses is established based on historical loss information of the collective pool of the Company's commercial mortgage loan investments that have similar risk characteristics. This allowance is presented as a separate line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets with an offset to "Net realized investment gains (losses)" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

To calculate the allowance for mortgage loan losses, the Company starts with historical loan experience to predict the future expected losses and then layers on a market-linked adjustment. An example of a market linked adjustment is the change in commercial market price appreciation or change in gross domestic product, with every point of fall leading to an increase in loss reserve. Local market economics are also considered. On a quarterly basis, quantitative credit risk metrics, including for example, cash-flows, rent rolls and financial statements are reviewed for each loan to determine if it is performing in line with its expectations.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity measures our ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet our short- and long-term cash obligations. Our cash inflows are primarily a result of the receipt of premiums, reinsurance recoveries, sales or maturities of investments, and investment income. Cash provided from these sources is used to fund the payment of losses and loss settlement expenses, the purchase of investments, operating expenses, dividends, pension plan contributions, and in recent years, common stock repurchases.

We monitor our capital adequacy to support our business on a regular basis. The future capital requirements of our business will depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. Our ability to underwrite is largely dependent upon the quality of our claims paying and financial strength ratings as evaluated by independent rating agencies. In particular, we require (1) sufficient capital to maintain our financial strength ratings, as issued by various rating agencies, at a level considered necessary by management to enable our insurance company subsidiaries to compete and (2) sufficient capital to enable our insurance company subsidiaries to meet the capital adequacy tests performed by regulatory agencies in the United States.

Cash outflows may be variable because of the uncertainty regarding settlement dates for losses. In addition, the timing and amount of individual catastrophe losses are inherently unpredictable and could increase our liquidity

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requirements. The timing and amount of reinsurance recoveries may be affected by reinsurer solvency and reinsurance coverage disputes.

Historically, we have generated substantial cash inflows from operations. It is our policy to invest the cash generated from operations in securities with maturities that, in the aggregate, correlate to the anticipated timing of payments for losses and loss settlement expenses. The majority of our assets are invested in available-for-sale fixed maturity securities.

The following table displays a consolidated summary of cash sources and uses for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

Cash Flow Summary	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2020		2019
Cash provided by (used in)
Operating activities	$	(12,868)	$	56,165
Investing activities	19,836		39,589
Financing activities	(28,086)		(30,500)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(21,118)	$	65,254

Our cash flows were sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and we anticipate they will be sufficient to meet our future liquidity needs. Our year-to-date cash flows provided by operations were negative due to an increase in catastrophe losses. Although there was a net decrease in cash and cash equivalents during the nine-months ended September 30, 2020, the Company had a cash balance of $99.6 million at September 30, 2020, which is more than sufficient to meet future liquidity needs. We also have the ability to access our credit facility if needed, but we have not yet had the need to do so. See Note 8 "Credit Facility" for more information. During 2020, the Company implemented state-mandated and optional payment leniency programs for our policyholders as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of September 30, 2020, we did not see a significant impact to cash flows or an increase in our allowance for doubtful accounts as a result of these programs. These payment modifications did not have a material impact on our financial condition, liquidity or capital position.

Operating Activities

Net cash flows in operations had outflows of $12.9 million and inflows of $56.2 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Investing Activities

Cash in excess of operating requirements is generally invested in fixed maturity securities and equity securities. Fixed maturities provide regular interest payments and allow us to match the duration of our liabilities. Equity securities provide dividend income, potential dividend income growth and potential appreciation. For further discussion of our investments, including our philosophy and our strategy for our portfolio, see the "Investment Portfolio" section of this Item 2.

In addition to investment income, possible sales of investments and proceeds from calls or maturities of fixed maturity securities also can provide liquidity. During the next five years, $416.4 million, or 24.0 percent, of our fixed maturity portfolio will mature.

We invest funds required for short-term cash needs primarily in money market accounts, which are classified as cash equivalents. At September 30, 2020, our cash and cash equivalents included $54.6 million related to these money market accounts, compared to $9.3 million at December 31, 2019.

Net cash flows provided by investing activities were $19.8 million and $39.6 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019,

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we had cash inflows from scheduled and unscheduled investment maturities, redemptions, prepayments, and sales of investments of $261.7 million and $246.6 million, respectively.

Our cash outflows for investment purchases were $226.4 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, compared to $179.2 million for the same period of 2019.

Financing Activities

Net cash flows used in financing activities was $28.1 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 which decreased $2.4 million compared to $30.5 million used in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019.

Credit Facilities

On March 31, 2020, United Fire & Casualty Company, as borrower ("Borrower"), wholly owned subsidiary of United Fire Group, Inc. entered into a credit agreement (the "New Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo"), as administrative agent, issuing lender, swing line lender and lender, and the other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively with Wells Fargo, the "Lenders"), providing for a $50,000 revolving credit facility, which includes a $20,000 letter of credit sub-facility and a $5,000 swing line loan for working capital and other general corporate purposes. The New Credit Agreement is provided on an unsecured basis, and the Borrower has the option to increase the New Credit Agreement by $100,000 if agreed to by the Lenders providing such incremental facility. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no balances outstanding under the New Credit Agreement or the Borrower's previous credit agreement (which matured on February 2, 2020). For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not incur any interest expense related to either credit facility. For further discussion of the New Credit Agreement and the Borrower's previous credit agreement, refer to Part I, Item 1, Note 8 "Credit Facility."

Dividends

Dividends paid to shareholders totaled $24.8 million and $24.4 million in the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our practice has been to pay quarterly cash dividends, which we have paid every quarter since March 1968.

Payments of any future dividends and the amounts of such dividends will depend upon factors such as net income, financial condition, capital requirements, and general business conditions. We will only pay dividends if declared by our Board of Directors out of legally available funds.

As a holding company with no independent operations of its own, we rely on dividends received from our insurance company subsidiaries in order to pay dividends to our common shareholders. Dividends payable by our insurance subsidiaries are governed by the laws in the states in which they are domiciled, and if applicable, commercially domiciled. In all cases, these state laws permit the payment of dividends only from earned surplus arising from business operations. For example, under Iowa law, the maximum dividend or distribution that may be paid within a 12-month period without prior approval of the Iowa Insurance Commissioner is generally restricted to the greater of 10 percent of statutory surplus as of the preceding December 31, or net income of the preceding calendar year on a statutory basis, not greater than earned statutory surplus. Other states in which our insurance company subsidiaries are domiciled may impose similar restrictions on dividends and distributions. Based on these restrictions, at September 30, 2020, UFG's sole direct insurance company subsidiary, United Fire & Casualty Company, is able to make a maximum of $40.8 million in dividend payments without prior regulatory approval. We do not believe that these restrictions have a material impact in meeting the cash obligations of UFG.

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' equity decreased 9.9 percent to $820.3 million at September 30, 2020, from $910.5 million at December 31, 2019. At September 30, 2020, the book value per share of our common stock was $32.77 compared to $36.40 at December 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily attributed to a net loss of $103.8 million, shareholder

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dividends of $24.8 million and share repurchases of $2.7 million, partially offset by an increase in net unrealized investment gains on fixed maturity securities of $35.2 million, net of tax, during the first nine months of 2020.

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OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

Funding Commitments

Pursuant to an agreement with one of our limited liability partnership investments, we are contractually committed through July 10, 2030, to make capital contributions upon request of the partnership. Our remaining potential contractual obligation was $10.3 million at September 30, 2020.

In addition, the Company invested $25,000 in December 2019 in a limited liability partnership investment fund which is subject to a 3 year lockup with a 60 day minimum notice, with 4 possible repurchase dates per year after the 3 year lockup period is met. The fair value of the investment at September 30, 2020 was $24.0 million and there are no remaining capital contributions with this investment.

MEASUREMENT OF RESULTS

Management evaluates our operations by monitoring key measures of growth and profitability. The following section provides further explanation of the key measures management uses to evaluate our results.

Catastrophe losses is a commonly used financial measure that uses the designations of the Insurance Services Office ("ISO") and are reported with losses and loss settlement expense amounts net of reinsurance recoverables, unless specified otherwise. According to the ISO, a catastrophe loss is defined as a single unpredictable incident or series of closely related incidents that result in $25.0 million or more in U.S. industry-wide direct insured losses to property and that affect a significant number of insureds and insurers ("ISO catastrophe"). In addition to ISO catastrophes, we also include as catastrophes those events ("non-ISO catastrophes"), which may include U.S. or international losses that we believe are, or will be, material to our operations, either in amount or in number of claims made. Management, at times, may determine for comparison purposes that it is more meaningful to exclude extraordinary catastrophe losses and resulting litigation. The frequency and severity of catastrophe losses we experience in any year affect our results of operations and financial position. In analyzing the underwriting performance of our property and casualty insurance business, we evaluate performance both including and excluding catastrophe losses. Portions of our catastrophe losses may be recoverable under our catastrophe reinsurance agreements. We include a discussion of the impact of catastrophes because we believe it is meaningful for investors to understand the variability in our periodic earnings.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
ISO catastrophes	$	54,878	$	18,549	$	121,089	$	41,643
Non-ISO catastrophes (1)	483		743		172		3,284
Total catastrophes	$	55,361	$	19,292	$	121,261	$	44,927

(1) This number includes international assumed losses.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We have exposure to market risk arising from potential losses in our investment portfolio due to adverse changes in interest rates and market prices. However, we have the ability to hold fixed maturity investments to maturity. Our investment guidelines define the overall framework for managing our market and other investment risks, including accountability and controls. In addition, each of our subsidiaries has specific investment policies that delineate the investment limits and strategies that are appropriate given each entity's liquidity, surplus, product, and regulatory requirements. We respond to market risk by managing the character of investment purchases.

It is our philosophy that we do not utilize financial hedges or derivative financial instruments to manage risks, nor do we enter into any swap, forward or option contracts, but attempt to mitigate our exposure through active portfolio management. In addition, we place the majority of our investments in high-quality, liquid securities and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. At September 30, 2020, we did not have direct exposure to investments in sub-prime mortgages or other credit-enhancement exposures.

Our primary market risks are exposure to changes in interest rates and equity prices, and we have limited exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

The decline and volatility in equity markets in the first nine months of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic did have a material impact on the fair value of our investments in equity securities and limited liability partnerships. The COVID-19 pandemic presents new and emerging uncertainty to the financial markets. See further discussion in Item 2, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, our Form 10-Q for this quarter ended March 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on May 6, 2020.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report, were designed and functioning effectively to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. We believe that a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the control system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this evaluation, no such change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates. The implementation of our business continuity plans related to the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material effect on our internal control environment. We believe our operational processes, internal controls over financial reporting and disclosures, and financial reporting systems are operating effectively in the present environment. Our business teams are working remotely and continue to support our customers, agents and claimants as they did when we were in the office.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of its business, the Company is a party to a variety of legal proceedings. While the final outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes all of the proceedings pending as of September 30, 2020 to be ordinary and routine and does not expect these legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including those identified in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020, as updated in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on May 6, 2020. These risks are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial could also have a material effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Under our share repurchase program, first announced in August 2007, we may purchase UFG common stock from time to time on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of any purchases will be at our discretion and will depend upon a number of factors, including the share price, general economic and market conditions, and corporate and regulatory requirements.

The following table provides information with respect to purchases of shares of common stock made by or on our behalf or by any "affiliated purchaser," as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act, during the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

				Total Number of Shares	Maximum Number of
	Total			Purchased as a Part of	Shares that may yet be
	Number of	Average Price		Publicly Announced	Purchased Under the
Period	Shares Purchased	Paid per Share		Plans or Programs	Plans or Programs(1)
7/1/2020 - 7/31/2020	—	$	—	—	1,786,977
8/1/2020 - 8/31/2020	—	—		—	1,786,977
9/1/2020 - 9/30/2020	—	—		—	1,786,977
Total	—	$	—	—	1,786,977

(1) Our share repurchase program was originally announced in August 2007. In August 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 1,500,000 shares of common stock through the end of August 2018. This is in addition to the 1,528,886 shares of common stock remaining under its previous authorizations. In August 2018, our Board of Directors extended our share repurchase program through the end of August 2020. In August 2020, our Board of Directors extended our share repurchase program through the end of August 2022. As of September 30, 2020, we remained authorized to repurchase 1,786,977 shares of common stock. During the third quarter of 2020 we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock as we suspended share repurchases in mid-March in the interim.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

55

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ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

56

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ITEM 6. EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit number	Exhibit description	Furnished herewith	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification of Randy A. Ramlo pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.		X
31.2	Certification of Dawn M. Jaffray pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.		X
32.1	Certification of Randy A. Ramlo pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	X
32.2	Certification of Dawn M. Jaffray pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	X
101.1	The following financial information from United Fire Group, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (Inline XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019; (iii) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the three- and nine-months ended Sepember 30, 2020 and 2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019; and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as a block of text.		X
104.1	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.1)		X

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

UNITED FIRE GROUP, INC.
(Registrant)
/s/ Randy A. Ramlo	/s/ Dawn M. Jaffray
Randy A. Ramlo	Dawn M. Jaffray
President, Chief Executive Officer, Director and Principal Executive Officer	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer
November 4, 2020	November 4, 2020
(Date)	(Date)

58

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Randy A. Ramlo, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Fire Group, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 4, 2020
		/s/ Randy A. Ramlo
		Randy A. Ramlo
		Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Dawn M. Jaffray, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of United Fire Group, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 4, 2020
		/s/ Dawn M. Jaffray
		Dawn M. Jaffray
		Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of United Fire Group, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Randy A. Ramlo, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	November 4, 2020
		/s/ Randy A. Ramlo
		Randy A. Ramlo
		Chief Executive Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to United Fire Group, Inc. and will be retained by United Fire Group, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of United Fire Group, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dawn M. Jaffray, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	November 4, 2020
		/s/ Dawn M. Jaffray
		Dawn M. Jaffray
		Chief Financial Officer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to United Fire Group, Inc. and will be retained by United Fire Group, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Nov. 02, 2020
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-34257
Entity Registrant Name	UNITED FIRE GROUP INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	IA
Entity Tax Identification Number	45-2302834
Entity Address, Address Line One	118 Second Avenue SE
Entity Address, City or Town	Cedar Rapids
Entity Address, State or Province	IA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	52401
City Area Code	319
Local Phone Number	399-5700
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.001 par value
Trading Symbol	UFCS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		25,031,234
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Entity Central Index Key	0000101199
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fixed maturities
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $1,612,626 in 2020 and $1,659,760 in 2019; allowance for credit losses $8 in 2020 and $— in 2019)	$ 1,717,039	$ 1,719,607
Trading securities, at fair value (amortized cost $12,258 in 2020 and $11,941 in 2019)	14,811	15,256
Equity securities at fair value (cost $61,467 in 2020 and $67,529 in 2019)	198,791	299,203
Mortgage loans	47,809	42,520
Less: allowance for mortgage loan losses	76	72
Mortgage loans, net	47,733	42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903	78,410
Short-term investments	175	175
Total investments	2,041,452	2,155,099
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604	120,722
Accrued investment income	15,028	15,182
Premiums receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $812 in 2020 and $1,239 in 2019)	352,150	357,632
Deferred policy acquisition costs	94,223	94,292
Property and equipment (primarily land and buildings, at cost, less accumulated depreciation of $54,145 in 2020 and $50,183 in 2019)	127,990	116,989
Reinsurance receivables and recoverables (net of allowance for credit losses of $241 in 2020 and $— in 2019)	199,920	72,369
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	12,284	9,550
Goodwill and intangible assets	6,920	22,542
Income taxes receivable	57,388	19,190
Other assets	41,521	29,905
TOTAL ASSETS	3,048,480	3,013,472
Liabilities
Future policy benefits and losses, claims and loss settlement expenses
Losses and loss settlement expenses	1,555,083	1,421,754
Unearned premiums	499,730	505,162
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	156,874	155,498
Deferred tax liability	16,511	20,586
TOTAL LIABILITIES	2,228,198	2,103,000
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value; authorized 75,000,000 shares; 25,031,234 and 25,015,963 shares issued and outstanding in 2020 and 2019, respectively	25	25
Additional paid-in capital	200,849	200,179
Retained earnings	568,501	697,116
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	50,907	13,152
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	820,282	910,472
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 3,048,480	$ 3,013,472

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Cost or Amortized Cost	$ 1,612,626	$ 1,659,760
Available-for-sale securities, allowance for credit losses	8	0
Trading securities, amortized cost	12,258	11,941
Equity securities, cost	61,467	67,529
Allowance for doubtful accounts	812	1,239
Property and equipment accumulated depreciation	54,145	50,183
Reinsurance receivables and recoverables, allowance for credit losses	$ 241	$ 0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	75,000,000	75,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	25,031,234	25,015,963
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	25,031,234	25,015,963

XML

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$ 259,061	$ 274,942	$ 791,519	$ 813,742
Investment income, net of investment expenses	7,244	13,291	22,303	43,923
Net realized investment gains (losses) (includes reclassifications for net unrealized investment gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities of $54 and $13 in 2020 and $130 and $257 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	15,212	9,822	(62,416)	50,126
Other income	604	0	6,323	0
Total revenues	282,121	298,055	757,729	907,791
Benefits, Losses and Expenses
Losses and loss settlement expenses	234,693	211,752	626,169	596,001
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	52,095	54,828	158,440	161,842
Other underwriting expenses (includes reclassifications for employee benefit costs of $1,072 and $3,217 in 2020 and $1,124 and $3,372 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	35,470	36,003	114,020	104,370
Goodwill impairment	15,091	0	15,091	0
Total benefits, losses and expenses	337,349	302,583	913,720	862,213
Income (loss) before income taxes	(55,228)	(4,528)	(155,991)	45,578
Federal income tax expense (benefit) (includes reclassifications of $213 and $672 in 2020 and $209 and $654 in 2019; previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income)	(17,987)	(2,186)	(52,176)	7,595
Net Income (loss)	(37,241)	(2,342)	(103,815)	37,983
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Change in net unrealized appreciation on investments	4,116	15,410	44,586	77,360
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	0	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income, before tax and reclassification adjustments	4,116	15,410	44,586	77,360
Income tax effect	(864)	(3,237)	(9,363)	(16,246)
Other comprehensive income, after tax, before reclassification adjustments	3,252	12,173	35,223	61,114
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment (gains) losses included in income	(54)	(130)	(13)	(257)
Reclassification adjustment for employee benefit costs included in expense	1,072	1,124	3,217	3,372
Total reclassification adjustments, before tax	1,018	994	3,204	3,115
Reclassifications for federal income tax benefit	(213)	(209)	(672)	(654)
Total reclassification adjustments, after tax	805	785	2,532	2,461
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ (33,184)	$ 10,616	$ (66,060)	$ 101,558
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	25,031,234	25,176,334	25,023,401	25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (1.49)	$ (0.09)	$ (4.15)	$ 1.51
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (1.49)	$ (0.09)	$ (4.15)	$ 1.48

XML

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Income Statement [Abstract]
Reclassification adjustment for net unrealized investment gains (losses) included in income	$ 54	$ 130	$ 13	$ 257
Reclassification adjustment for employee benefit costs included in expense	1,072	1,124	3,217	3,372
Reclassifications for federal income tax expense (benefit)	$ (213)	$ (209)	$ (672)	$ (654)

XML

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Total		Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	Common Stock	Additional paid-in capital	Retaining Earnings	Retaining Earnings Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018					25,097,408
Balance, beginning at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 888,375		$ (513)	$ 25	$ 203,350	$ 715,472	$ (513)	$ (30,472)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		44,521					44,521
Stock based compensation (in shares)					70,414
Stock based compensation		3,438				3,438
Dividends on common stock		(7,797)					(7,797)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation	[1]	26,279							26,279
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	[2]	888							888
Balance, ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019					25,167,822
Balance, ending at Mar. 31, 2019		955,191			$ 25	206,788	751,683		(3,305)
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018					25,097,408
Balance, beginning at Dec. 31, 2018		888,375		(513)	$ 25	203,350	715,472	(513)	(30,472)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		37,983
Balance, ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2019					25,081,726
Balance, ending at Sep. 30, 2019		964,168			$ 25	202,504	728,536		33,103
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019					25,167,822
Balance, beginning at Mar. 31, 2019		955,191			$ 25	206,788	751,683		(3,305)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		(4,196)					(4,196)
Shares repurchased (in shares)					(1,507)
Shares repurchased		(69)				(69)
Stock based compensation (in shares)					78,885
Stock based compensation		2,252				2,252
Dividends on common stock		(8,325)					(8,325)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation	[1]	22,562							22,562
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	[2]	888							888
Balance, ending (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019					25,245,200
Balance, ending at Jun. 30, 2019		968,303			$ 25	208,971	739,162		20,145
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		(2,342)					(2,342)
Shares repurchased (in shares)					(177,249)
Shares repurchased		(8,058)				(8,058)
Stock based compensation (in shares)					13,775
Stock based compensation		1,591				1,591
Dividends on common stock		(8,284)					(8,284)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation	[1]	12,070							12,070
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	[2]	888							888
Balance, ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2019					25,081,726
Balance, ending at Sep. 30, 2019		$ 964,168			$ 25	202,504	728,536		33,103
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019		25,015,963			25,015,963
Balance, beginning at Dec. 31, 2019		$ 910,472		(30)	$ 25	200,179	697,116	(30)	13,152
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		(72,534)					(72,534)
Shares repurchased (in shares)					(70,467)
Shares repurchased		(2,741)				(2,741)
Stock based compensation (in shares)					70,597
Stock based compensation		879				879
Dividends on common stock		(8,249)					(8,249)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation	[1]	4,500							4,500
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	[2]	847							847
Balance, ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020					25,016,093
Balance, ending at Mar. 31, 2020		$ 833,144			$ 25	198,317	616,303		18,499
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019		25,015,963			25,015,963
Balance, beginning at Dec. 31, 2019		$ 910,472		$ (30)	$ 25	200,179	697,116	$ (30)	13,152
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		$ (103,815)
Balance, ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2020		25,031,234			25,031,234
Balance, ending at Sep. 30, 2020		$ 820,282			$ 25	200,849	568,501		50,907
Balance, beginning (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020					25,016,093
Balance, beginning at Mar. 31, 2020		833,144			$ 25	198,317	616,303		18,499
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		5,960					5,960
Stock based compensation (in shares)					15,141
Stock based compensation		1,479				1,479
Dividends on common stock		(8,267)					(8,267)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation	[1]	27,504							27,504
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans	[2]	847							847
Balance, ending (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020					25,031,234
Balance, ending at Jun. 30, 2020		860,667			$ 25	199,796	613,996		46,850
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)		(37,241)					(37,241)
Stock based compensation		1,053				1,053
Dividends on common stock		(8,254)					(8,254)
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation		3,209	[1]						3,209
Change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans		$ 848	[2]						848
Balance, ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2020		25,031,234			25,031,234
Balance, ending at Sep. 30, 2020		$ 820,282			$ 25	$ 200,849	$ 568,501		$ 50,907

[1] The change in net unrealized appreciation is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

[2] The change in liability for underfunded employee benefit plans is net of reclassification adjustments and income taxes.

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Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Dividends on common stock, per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.33	$ 0.33	$ 0.33	$ 0.33	$ 0.33	$ 0.31

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$ (103,815)	$ 37,983
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net accretion of bond premium	7,719	7,074
Depreciation and amortization	5,009	4,235
Goodwill impairment	15,091	0
Stock-based compensation expense	3,979	5,248
Net realized investment (gains) losses	62,416	(50,126)
Net cash flows from equity and trading investments	37,552	911
Deferred income tax benefit	(21,824)	8,829
Changes in:
Accrued investment income	154	170
Premiums receivable	5,482	(40,792)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	69	(5,704)
Reinsurance receivables	(127,551)	3,664
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(2,734)	(887)
Income taxes receivable	(38,198)	3,029
Other assets	(11,616)	(17,645)
Losses and loss settlement expenses	133,329	48,056
Unearned premiums	(5,432)	35,296
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	4,593	16,821
Deferred income taxes	7,713	(434)
Other, net	15,196	437
Cash from operating activities	90,947	18,182
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(12,868)	56,165
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investments	16,907	36,490
Proceeds from call and maturity of available-for-sale investments	239,438	206,478
Proceeds from sale of other investments	5,391	3,607
Purchase of investments in mortgage loans	(5,564)	(10,723)
Purchase of investments available-for-sale	(216,001)	(151,528)
Purchase of other investments	(4,829)	(16,939)
Purchase of property and equipment	(15,506)	(27,796)
Net cash provided by investing activities	19,836	39,589
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Issuance of common stock	(568)	2,033
Repurchase of common stock	(2,741)	(8,127)
Payment of cash dividends	(24,777)	(24,406)
Net cash used in financing activities	(28,086)	(30,500)
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents	(21,118)	65,254
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period	120,722	64,454
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$ 99,604	$ 129,708

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Business

United Fire Group, Inc. ("UFG," the "Registrant," the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates are engaged in the business of writing property and casualty insurance through a network of independent agencies. Our insurance company subsidiaries are licensed as property and casualty insurers in 48 states and the District of Columbia.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X promulgated by the SEC. Certain financial information that is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, including certain financial statement footnote disclosures, is not required by the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting and has been condensed or omitted.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The financial statement categories that are most dependent on management estimates and assumptions include: investments; deferred policy acquisition costs; reinsurance receivables and recoverables; loss settlement expenses; and pension and post-retirement benefit obligations.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Management of UFG believes the accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results reported for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year. The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Segment Information

On September 19, 2017, the Company announced that it had agreed to sell its subsidiary, United Life Insurance Company ("United Life"), to Kuvare US Holdings, Inc. ("Kuvare"). The sale closed on March 30, 2018. Prior to the announcement to sell United Life, we had two reportable business segments in our operations: property and casualty insurance and life insurance. The property and casualty insurance business has six domestic locations from which it conducts its direct business. The life insurance segment operated from our home office in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Because all of our insurance is sold domestically, we have no revenues from foreign operations.

After the announcement of the United Life transaction, our continuing operations, the property and casualty insurance business, was reported as one reportable segment. The property and casualty insurance business profit or loss is consistent with consolidated reporting as disclosed on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. We analyze the property and casualty insurance business results based on profitability (i.e., loss ratios), expenses and return on equity. The Company's property and casualty insurance business was determined using a management approach to make decisions on operating matters, including allocating resources, assessing performance, determining which products to market and sell, determining distribution networks with insurance

agents and monitoring the regulatory environment. The property and casualty insurance business products have similar economic characteristics and use a similar marketing and distribution strategy with our independent agents. The property and casualty insurance business geographic concentration did not change after the announcement of the sale of the life insurance business. We will continue to evaluate our continuing operations on the basis of both statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by our states of domicile and GAAP.

Discontinued Operations

On September 18, 2017, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell its subsidiary, United Life, to Kuvare for $280,000 in cash, less a $21 adjustment as set forth in the definitive agreement, for a net amount of $279,979. The sale closed on March 30, 2018 (the "closing date") and we reported an after-tax gain on the sale of discontinued operations of $27,307. The life insurance business (previously reported as a separate segment) was considered held for sale and reported as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows were reported separately for all periods presented, as applicable, unless otherwise noted.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, money market accounts, and non-negotiable certificates of deposit with original maturities of three months or less.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we made payments for income taxes totaling $125 and $1,556, respectively. We did not receive a tax refund during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 and we received a tax refund of $5,401 during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019.

For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we made no interest payments (excluding interest credited to policyholders’ accounts).

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs ("DAC")

Certain costs associated with underwriting new business (primarily commissions, premium taxes and variable underwriting and policy issue expenses associated with successful acquisition efforts) are deferred. The following table is a summary of the components of DAC, including the related amortization recognized for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020.

	Total
Recorded asset at beginning of period	$	94,292
Underwriting costs deferred	158,371
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(158,440)
Recorded asset at September 30, 2020	$	94,223

Property and casualty insurance policy acquisition costs deferred are amortized as premium revenue is recognized. The method followed in computing DAC limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This takes into account the premium to be earned, losses and loss settlement expenses expected to be incurred and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned.

Goodwill

Goodwill assets arise as a result of business combinations and consist of the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. All of our goodwill assets relate to the acquisition of Mercer Insurance Group, Inc. on March 28, 2011. We evaluate goodwill assets for impairment at least on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of goodwill assets may exceed their implied fair value. Any impairment is recognized in the period that the impairment is identified. During the third quarter of 2020, we completed a quantitative analysis of our goodwill as a

result of the following factors: (i) disruptions in the equity markets, specifically for property and casualty insurance companies, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and due to the current year weather related catastrophes; and (ii) the fair value of our stock trading significantly below book value. As a result of the quantitative analysis, we recorded an impairment charge of $15,091 as of September 30, 2020. The impairment charge was determined based on completion of both a discounted cash flow and market value analysis.

Income Taxes

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating loss ("NOL") carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100 percent of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has considered the implications of the CARES Act on its tax provision and has included an income tax benefit of $17.8 million as the result of this Act.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are established based on differences between the financial statement bases of assets and liabilities and the tax bases of those same assets and liabilities, using the currently enacted statutory tax rates. Deferred income tax expense is measured by the year-to-year change in the net deferred tax asset or liability, except for certain changes in deferred tax amounts that affect stockholders' equity and do not impact federal income tax expense.

We reported consolidated federal income tax benefit of $52,176 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to income tax expense of $7,595 during the same period of 2019. Our effective tax rate is different than the federal statutory rate of 21 percent, due principally to the impact of the provisions of the CARES Act.

The Company performs a quarterly review of its tax positions and makes a determination of whether it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. If, based on review, it appears not more likely than not that the positions will be sustained, the Company will calculate any unrecognized tax benefits and, if necessary, calculate and accrue any related interest and penalties. We did not recognize any liability for unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. In addition, we have not accrued for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. However, if interest and penalties would need to be accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, such amounts would be recognized as a component of federal income tax expense.

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. We also file income tax returns in various state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal or state income tax examination for years before 2015. The Internal Revenue Service is conducting an examination of our federal income tax return for the 2017 tax year.

Leases

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception of the contract. The Company's inventory of leases consists of operating leases which are recorded as a lease obligation liability disclosed in the "Accrued expenses and other liabilities" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as a lease right-of-use asset disclosed in the "Other assets" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's operating leases consist of office space, vehicles, computer equipment and office equipment. The lease right-of-use asset represents the Company's right to use each underlying asset for the lease term and the lease obligation liability represents the Company's obligation over the lease term. The Company's lease obligation is recorded at the present value of the lease payments based on the term of the applied lease. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and lease payments are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For more information on leases refer to Note 10 "Leases."

Variable Interest Entities

The Company and certain related parties are equity investors in one investment in which the Company determined is a variable interest entity ("VIE") as a result of participation in the risks and rewards of the VIE based on the objectives and strategies of the VIE. The VIE is a limited liability company that primarily invests in commercial real estate. The Company and certain related parties are not the primary beneficiary largely due to their inability to influence management or direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance. Based on these facts and circumstances, the Company has a variable interest in the VIE, but has not consolidated the VIE's financial results as it is not the primary beneficiary. The Company's investment is reported in other long-term investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the VIE at September 30, 2020 was $3,638 and there are no future funding commitments.

Credit Losses

The Company recognizes credit losses for our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables, mortgage loans and premium receivables by setting up allowances which are remeasured each reporting period and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

For our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio an allowance for credit losses is recorded net of available-for-sale fixed maturities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and a corresponding credit loss recognized as a realized loss or gain in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company determines if an allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history.

The Company does not recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities, which is recorded in "Accrued investment income" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and "Investment income, net of investment expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company considers collections of accrued investment income within six months to be timely and therefore not requiring a write-off. If a write-off is required for accrued investment income outstanding greater than six months, the Company writes off accrued interest by reversing net investment income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, see Note 2 "Summary of Investments."

An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established based on historical loss information of the collective pool of the Company's commercial mortgage loan investments which have similar risk characteristics. To calculate the allowance for mortgage loan losses, the Company starts with historical loan experience to predict the future expected losses and then layers on a market-linked adjustment. On a quarterly basis, quantitative credit risk metrics, including for example, cash-flows, rent rolls and financial statements are reviewed for each loan to determine if it is performing in line with its expectations. This allowance is presented as a separate line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets beneath the asset value as well as presented net and recorded through "Net realized investment gains (losses)" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for our investment in mortgage loans see Note 3 "Fair Value of Financial Instruments."

For reinsurance receivables, the Company's model estimates expected credit loss by multiplying the exposure at default by both the probability of default and loss given default ("LGD"). The LGD is estimated by the rating of the Company, historical relationship with UFG, existence of letters of credit and known regulation the Company may be held accountable for. The ultimate LGD percentage is estimated after considering Moody’s experience with unsecured year 1 bond recovery rates from 1983-2017. The allowance calculated as of September 30, 2020 is recorded through the line "Reinsurance receivables and recoverables" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and through the line "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Other Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had a credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivables of $241.

Rollforward of credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivable:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	38
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	203
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for reinsurance receivable, September 30, 2020	$	241

With respect to premiums receivable, the Company utilizes an aging method to estimate credit losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a periodic evaluation of the aging and collectability of amounts due from agents and policyholders. "Premiums receivable" are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts and recorded through "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Subsequent Events

In the preparation of the accompanying financial statements, the Company has evaluated all material subsequent events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date on which the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the Company's financial statements.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant financial market volatility, economic uncertainty and interruptions to normal business activities in the first nine months of 2020. As of the date of this report, we expect the effect of COVID-19 on claims currently under our coverages to be manageable, based on the information presently available. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to evolve and we cannot predict the extent to which our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, capital position, the value of investments we hold in our investment portfolio, premiums and the demand for our products and our ability to collect premiums or requirement to return premiums to our policyholders, will ultimately be impacted. Additionally, if established written contract policy exclusions of business interruption coverage for losses attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic are voided or changed through legislation, regulations or interpretations by the courts, such changes have the potential to materially increase claims, losses and legal expenses which may impact our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. See further discussion in Item 2, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2020

Intangibles - Other Internal Use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance requires the Company to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on the measurement of credit losses for most financial instruments. The new guidance replaces the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses with an expected loss model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires allowances to be recorded for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount. These allowances are remeasured each reporting period. The new guidance was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those years. The new guidance impacted the Company's impairment model related to our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables and mortgage loans. The Company has performed a run of the credit loss models as of January 1, 2020. These models resulted in an immaterial expected credit loss at January 1, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new guidance, the Company utilized an aging method to estimate credit losses on premiums receivable. This aging method is permitted under the new guidance. The Company adopted the new guidance prospectively as of January 1, 2020 with an immaterial estimated cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. This cumulative effect adjustment is an allowance related to the Company's reinsurance receivables. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

Goodwill

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance eliminates the implied fair value calculation when measuring a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new guidance, impairment charges are based on the excess of the carrying value over fair value of goodwill. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Financial Instruments - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements of financial instruments. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance also requires additional disclosures on the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption modified existing fair value disclosures, but did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Pending Adoption of Accounting Standards

Defined Benefit Plans - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs in the next year and the sensitivity of postretirement health plans to one-percentage-point changes in medical trend rates. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company will adopt the new guidance as of January 1, 2021. Management currently believes the new guidance will modify existing disclosures, but will not have an impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

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Summary of Investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Summary of Investments

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS

Fair Value of Investments

A reconciliation of the amortized cost (cost for equity securities) to fair value of investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities, presented on a consolidated basis, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, is provided below:

September 30, 2020
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Carrying Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	53,877	$	730	$	8	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599
U.S. government agency	60,503		4,457		—		64,960		—		64,960
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	79,872		4,106		—		83,978		—		83,978
Northeast	29,124		1,426		—		30,550		—		30,550
South	105,290		5,295		—		110,585		—		110,585
West	102,772		7,175		—		109,947		—		109,947
Special revenue:
Midwest	126,251		8,590		—		134,841		—		134,841
Northeast	58,287		4,557		—		62,844		—		62,844
South	220,904		17,446		—		238,350		—		238,350
West	133,934		9,168		—		143,102		—		143,102
Foreign bonds	26,413		1,835		230		28,018		—		28,018
Public utilities	77,147		7,155		—		84,302		—		84,302
Corporate bonds
Energy	24,912		2,589		—		27,501		—		27,501
Industrials	39,558		3,499		—		43,057		—		43,057
Consumer goods and services	45,250		3,790		12		49,028		—		49,028
Health care	6,674		895		—		7,569		—		7,569
Technology, media and telecommunications	37,241		4,330		—		41,571		—		41,571
Financial services	95,696		7,030		267		102,459		8		102,451
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		305		109		14,529		—		14,529
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	71,992		5,206		1		77,197		—		77,197
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	119,006		3,019		349		121,676		—		121,676
Federal national mortgage association	83,276		2,579		406		85,449		—		85,449
Asset-backed securities	314		621		—		935		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,612,626	$	105,803	$	1,382	$	1,717,047	$	8	$	1,717,039

December 31, 2019
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,300	$	203	$	12	$	69,491
U.S. government agency	97,962		2,344		104		100,202
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	85,607		2,987		—		88,594
Northeast	30,120		1,150		—		31,270
South	111,688		3,515		—		115,203
West	105,569		4,748		—		110,317
Special revenue:
Midwest	133,717		6,175		—		139,892
Northeast	58,665		2,878		—		61,543
South	224,214		10,452		—		234,666
West	138,557		6,287		—		144,844
Foreign bonds	4,936		181		—		5,117
Public utilities	60,950		2,701		—		63,651
Corporate bonds
Energy	28,695		1,429		—		30,124
Industrials	52,249		1,766		—		54,015
Consumer goods and services	47,131		2,335		—		49,466
Health care	8,998		482		—		9,480
Technology, media and telecommunications	25,931		1,739		—		27,670
Financial services	96,613		3,870		230		100,253
Mortgage-backed securities	6,250		127		21		6,356
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	78,400		2,053		97		80,356
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	123,572		1,150		220		124,502
Federal national mortgage association	70,322		1,631		108		71,845
Asset-backed securities	314		436		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,659,760	$	60,639	$	792	$	1,719,607

Maturities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and trading fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following tables. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations may be subject to prepayment risk and are therefore not categorized by contractual maturity.

Maturities
	Available-For-Sale				Trading
September 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	53,911	$	54,386	$	1,957	$	3,935
Due after one year through five years	365,831		388,192		9,221		9,265
Due after five years through 10 years	401,105		433,321		—		—
Due after 10 years	502,858		541,362		1,080		1,611
Asset-backed securities	314		935		—		—
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		14,529		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	274,274		284,322		—		—
Allowance for credit losses	—		(8)		—		—
	$	1,612,626	$	1,717,039	$	12,258	$	14,811

Net Realized Investment Gains and Losses

Net realized gains on disposition of investments are computed using the specific identification method and are included in the computation of net income. A summary of the components of net realized investment gains (losses) is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale	$	52	$	129	$	52	$	271
Allowance for credit losses	2		—		(8)		—
Trading securities
Change in fair value	248		43		(760)		2,290
Sales	134		8		(20)		100
Equity securities
Change in fair value	21,962		9,692		(38,876)		46,825
Sales	(7,186)		(50)		(22,772)		655
Mortgage loans allowance for credit losses	—		—		(4)		(15)
Real estate	—		—		(28)		—
Total net realized investment gains (losses)	$	15,212	$	9,822	$	(62,416)	$	50,126

The proceeds and gross realized gains on the sale of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Proceeds from sales	$	—	$	—	$	16,907	$	36,490
Gross realized gains	—		—		198		30
Gross realized losses	—		—		495		13

Our investment portfolio includes trading securities with embedded derivatives. These securities are primarily convertible securities which are recorded at fair value. Income or loss, including the change in the fair value of these trading securities, is recognized currently in earnings as a component of net realized investment gains. Our portfolio of trading securities had a fair value of $14,811 and $15,256 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Funding Commitment

Pursuant to an agreement with one of our limited liability partnership investments, we are contractually committed through July 10, 2030 to make capital contributions upon request of the partnership. Our remaining potential contractual obligation was $10,284 at September 30, 2020.

In addition, the Company invested $25,000 in December 2019 in a limited liability partnership investment fund which is subject to a 3-year lockup with a 60 day minimum notice, with 4 possible repurchase dates per year, after the 3-year lockup period is met. The fair value of the investment at September 30, 2020 was $24,035 and there are no remaining capital contributions with this investment.

Unrealized Appreciation

A summary of the changes in net unrealized investment appreciation during the reporting period is as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation
Available-for-sale fixed maturities	$	44,574	$	77,103
Income tax effect	(9,361)		(16,192)
Total change in net unrealized investment appreciation, net of tax	$	35,213	$	60,911

Credit Risk

An allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history. The following table contains a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020:

Rollforward of allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	—
Additions to the allowance for credit losses for which credit losses were not previously recorded	8
Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized)	—
Writeoffs charged against the allowance	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off	—
Ending balance, September 30, 2020	$	8

The following tables summarize our fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position reported on a consolidated basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The securities are presented by the length of time they have been continuously in an unrealized loss position. Non-credit related unrealized losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income and represent other market movements that are not credit related, for example interest rate changes. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

September 30, 2020	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	2	$	11,804	$	8	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,804	$	8
Foreign bonds	1	$	2,776	$	230	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,776	$	230
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	1	2,196		12		—	—		—		2,196		12
Financial services	1	2,998		2		1	3,000		9		5,998		11
Mortgage-backed securities	2	9,118		107		6	157		2		9,275		109
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	14	48,062		348		1	57		1		48,119		349
Federal national mortgage association	10	43,684		406		—	—		—		43,684		406
Government national mortgage association	—	—		—		1	76		1		76		1
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	31	$	120,638	$	1,113	9	$	3,290	$	13	$	123,928	$	1,126

The unrealized losses on our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturities were the result of interest rate movements. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

December 31, 2019	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	4,733	$	12	$	4,733	$	12
U.S. government agency	3	13,846		104		—	—		—		13,846		104
Corporate bonds
Financial services	3	10,906		142		1	4,913		88		15,819		230
Mortgage-backed securities	—	—		—		13	1,585		21		1,585		21
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	12	50,829		183		3	4,844		37		55,673		220
Federal national mortgage association	4	23,515		90		3	1,102		18		24,617		108
Government national mortgage association	2	8,444		38		5	3,053		59		11,497		97
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	24	$	107,540	$	557	27	$	20,230	$	235	$	127,770	$	792

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Current accounting guidance on fair value measurements includes the application of a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Our financial instruments that are recorded at fair value are categorized into a three-level hierarchy, which is based upon the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (i.e., Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (i.e., Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial instrument.

Financial instruments recorded at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy as follows:

•Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments that we have the ability to access.

•Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar financial instruments, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, in markets that are not active or on inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3: Valuations are based on pricing or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument.

We review our fair value hierarchy categorizations on a quarterly basis at which time the classification of certain financial instruments may change if the input observations have changed. Transfers between levels, if any, are recorded as of the beginning of the reporting period.

To determine the fair value of the majority of our investments, we utilize prices obtained from independent, nationally recognized pricing services. When the pricing services cannot provide a determination of fair value for a specific security, we obtain non-binding price quotes from broker-dealers with whom we have had several years' experience and who have demonstrated knowledge of the subject security.

In order to determine the proper classification in the fair value hierarchy, we obtain and evaluate the vendors' pricing procedures and inputs used to price the security, which include unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities, such as a New York Stock Exchange closing price, and quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. For fixed maturity securities, an evaluation of interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, volatility, prepayment speeds, credit risks and default rates may also be performed. We have determined that these processes and inputs result in fair values and classifications consistent with the applicable accounting guidance on fair value measurements.

When possible, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of fixed maturities, equity securities, trading securities and short-term investments. When quoted market prices do not exist, we base estimates of fair value on market information obtained from independent pricing services and brokers or on valuation techniques that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument. Our valuation techniques are discussed in more detail throughout this section.

The mortgage loan portfolio consists entirely of commercial mortgage loans. The fair value of our mortgage loans is determined by modeling performed by our third party fund manager based on the stated principal and coupon payments provided for in the loan agreements. These cash flows are then discounted using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate to determine the security's fair value.

Our other long-term investments consist primarily of our interests in limited liability partnerships that are recorded on the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the partnerships is obtained from the fund managers, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held in the partnerships. In management's opinion, these values represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. We have not adjusted the net asset value provided by the fund managers.

For cash and cash equivalents and accrued investment income, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The Company formed a rabbi trust in 2014 to fund obligations under the United Fire & Casualty Company Supplemental Executive Retirement and Deferral Plan (the "Executive Retirement Plan"). Within the rabbi trust, corporate-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies are utilized as an investment vehicle and source of funding for the Company's Executive Retirement Plan. The COLI policies invest in mutual funds, which are priced daily by independent sources. As of September 30, 2020, the cash surrender value of the COLI policies was $7,670, which is equal to the fair value measured using Level 2 inputs, based on the underlying assets of the COLI policies, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A summary of the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	$	1,717,047	$	1,717,039	$	1,719,607	$	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811		14,811		15,256		15,256
Equity securities	198,791		198,791		299,203		299,203
Mortgage loans	48,977		47,733		43,992		42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903		62,903		78,410		78,410
Short-term investments	175		175		175		175
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604		99,604		120,722		120,722
Corporate-owned life insurance	7,670		7,670		6,777		6,777

The following tables present the categorization for our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The table includes financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

September 30, 2020			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599	$	—
U.S. government agency	64,960		—		64,960		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	83,978		—		83,978		—
Northeast	30,550		—		30,550		—
South	110,585		—		110,585		—
West	109,947		—		109,947		—
Special revenue
Midwest	134,841		—		134,841		—
Northeast	62,844		—		62,844		—
South	238,350		—		238,350		—
West	143,102		—		143,102		—
Foreign bonds	28,018		—		28,018		—
Public utilities	84,302		—		84,302		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	27,501		—		27,501		—
Industrials	43,057		—		43,057		—
Consumer goods and services	49,028		—		49,028		—
Health care	7,569		—		7,569		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	41,571		—		41,571		—
Financial services	102,459		—		102,209		250
Mortgage-backed securities	14,529		—		14,529		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	77,197		—		77,197		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	121,676		—		121,676		—
Federal national mortgage association	85,449		—		85,449		—
Asset-backed securities	935		—		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,717,047	$	—	$	1,715,862	$	1,185
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Industrials	$	2,004	$	—	$	2,004	$	—
Consumer goods and services	1,171		—		1,171		—
Health care	4,965		—		4,965		—
Financial services	1,622		—		1,622		—

Redeemable preferred stocks	5,049		5,049		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	14,811	$	5,049	$	9,762	$	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,344	$	16,344	$	—	$	—
Energy	8,833		8,833		—		—
Industrials	30,935		30,935		—		—
Consumer goods and services	31,432		31,432		—		—
Health care	24,646		24,646		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	16,003		16,003		—		—
Financial services	63,957		63,957		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,641		6,046		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	198,791	$	198,196	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	54,590	$	54,590	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	7,670	$	—	$	7,670	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	1,993,084	$	258,010	$	1,733,294	$	1,780

December 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,491	$	—	$	69,491	$	—
U.S. government agency	100,202		—		100,202		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	88,594		—		88,594		—
Northeast	31,270		—		31,270		—
South	115,203		—		115,203		—
West	110,317		—		110,317		—
Special revenue
Midwest	139,892		—		139,892		—
Northeast	61,543		—		61,543		—
South	234,666		—		234,666		—
West	144,844		—		144,844		—
Foreign bonds	5,117		—		5,117		—
Public utilities	63,651		—		63,651		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	30,124		—		30,124		—
Industrials	54,015		—		54,015		—
Consumer goods and services	49,466		—		49,466		—
Health care	9,480		—		9,480		—

Technology, media and telecommunications	27,670		—		27,670		—
Financial services	100,253		—		100,003		250
Mortgage-backed securities	6,356		—		6,356		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	80,356		—		80,356		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	124,502		—		124,502		—
Federal national mortgage association	71,845		—		71,845		—
Asset-backed securities	750		—		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,719,607	$	—	$	1,718,607	$	1,000
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	$	2,276	$	—	$	2,276	$	—
Health care	4,701		—		4,701		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	1,732		—		1,732		—
Financial services	2,460		—		2,460		—
Redeemable preferred stocks	4,087		4,087		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	15,256	$	4,087	$	11,169	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,295	$	16,295	$	—	$	—
Energy	14,639		14,639		—		—
Industrials	57,330		57,330		—		—
Consumer goods and services	29,935		29,935		—		—
Health care	27,285		27,285		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	19,265		19,265		—		—
Financial services	127,780		127,780		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,674		6,079		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	299,203	$	298,608	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	9,334	$	9,334	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	6,777	$	—	$	6,777	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	2,050,352	$	312,204	$	1,736,553	$	1,595

The fair value of securities that are categorized as Level 1 is based on quoted market prices that are readily and regularly available.

We use a market-based approach for valuing all of our Level 2 securities and submit them primarily to a third-party valuation service provider. Any of these securities not valued by this service provider are submitted to another third-party valuation service provider. Both service providers use a market approach to find pricing of similar financial instruments. The market inputs our service providers normally seek to value our securities include the following, listed in approximate order of priority: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. The method and inputs for these securities classified as Level 2 are the same regardless of industry category, credit

quality, duration, geographical concentration or economic characteristics. For our mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, our service providers use additional market inputs to value these securities, including the following: new issue data, periodic payment information, monthly payment information, collateral performance and real estate analysis from third parties. Our service providers prioritize inputs based on market conditions, and not all inputs listed are available for use in the valuation process for each security on any given day.

At least annually, we review the methodologies and assumptions used by our valuation service providers and verify that they are reasonable and representative of the fair value of the underlying securities held in the investment portfolio. We validate the prices obtained from independent pricing services and brokers prior to their use for reporting purposes by evaluating their reasonableness on a monthly basis. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we also test all securities in the portfolio and independently corroborate the valuations obtained from our third-party valuation service providers. Quarterly, we also perform deep dive analysis of the pricing method used by our third-party valuation service provider by selecting a random sample of securities by asset class and reviewing methodologies. In our opinion, the pricing obtained at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was reasonable.

For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the change in our available-for-sale securities categorized as Level 1 and Level 2 is the result of investment purchases that were made using funds held in our money market accounts, disposals and the change in unrealized gains on both fixed maturities and equity securities.

Securities categorized as Level 3 include holdings in certain private placement fixed maturity and equity securities for which an active market does not currently exist. The fair value of our Level 3 private placement securities is determined by management relying on pricing received from our independent pricing services and brokers consistent with the process to estimate fair value for Level 2 securities. However, securities are categorized as Level 3 if these quotes cannot be corroborated by other market observable data due to the unobservable nature of the brokers’ valuation processes. The following table provides a quantitative information about our Level 3 securities at September 30, 2020:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Fair Value at		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable inputs	Range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2020
Corporate bonds - financial services	$	250	Fair value equals cost	NA	NA
Fixed Maturities asset-backed securities	935		Discounted cash flow	Probability of default	4% - 6%
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595		Discounted cash flow	Multiplier	3x - 4x

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, there were no securities transferred in or out of Level 3.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	250	$	927	$	595	$	1,772
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		8		—		8
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	250	$	750	$	595	$	1,595
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		185		—		185
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

The following tables present the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loans and additional information at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Commercial Mortgage Loans
	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Loan-to-value	Carrying Value		Carrying Value
Less than 65%	$	30,467	$	34,024
65%-75%	17,342		8,496
Total amortized cost	$	47,809	$	42,520
Allowance for mortgage loan losses	(76)		(72)
Mortgage loans, net	$	47,733	$	42,448

Mortgage Loans by Region
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
East North Central	$	3,245	6.8	%	$	3,245	7.6	%
Southern Atlantic	9,794		20.5		7,026		16.5
East South Central	8,238		17.2		8,358		19.7
New England	6,588		13.8		6,588		15.5
Middle Atlantic	14,971		31.3		15,076		35.5
Mountain	2,227		4.6		2,227		5.2
West North Central	2,746		5.8		—		—
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

Mortgage Loans by Property Type
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Commercial
Multifamily	$	17,051	35.6	%	$	11,741	27.6	%
Office	11,932		25.0		11,848		27.9
Industrial	10,124		21.2		10,124		23.8
Retail	2,227		4.7		2,227		5.2
Mixed use/Other	6,475		13.5		6,580		15.5
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator
	2020		2019		2018		Total
Commercial mortgage loans:
Risk Rating:
1-2 internal grade	$	5,551	$	8,404	$	18,770	$	32,725
3-4 internal grade	—		8,496		6,588		15,084
5 internal grade	—		—		—		—
6 internal grade	—		—		—		—
7 internal grade	—		—		—		—
Total commercial mortgage loans	$	5,551	$	16,900	$	25,358	$	47,809
Current-period write-offs	—		—		—		—
Current-period recoveries	—		—		—		—
Current-period net write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial mortgage loans carrying value excludes accrued interest of $167. As of September 30, 2020, all loan receivables were current, with no delinquencies. The commercial mortgage loans originate with an initial loan-to-value ratio to provide sufficient collateral to absorb losses should a loan be required to foreclose. Mortgage loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for impairment on an individual basis through a monitoring process and review of key credit indicators, such as economic trends, delinquency rates, property valuations, occupancy and rental rates and loan-to-value ratios. A loan is considered impaired when the Company believes it will not collect the contractual principal and interest set forth in the contractual terms of the loan. An internal grade is assigned to each mortgage loan, with a grade of 1 being the highest and least likely for an impairment and the lowest rating of 7 being the most likely for an impairment. An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established on each loan recognizing a loss for amounts which we believe will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreement. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an allowance for mortgage loan losses of $76, summarized in the following rollforward:

Rollforward of allowance for mortgage loan losses:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	72
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	4
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for mortgage loan losses, September 30, 2020	$	76

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Reserves for Losses and Loss Settlement Expenses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Insurance Loss Reserves [Abstract]

Reserves for Losses and Loss Settlement Expenses

RESERVES FOR LOSSES AND LOSS SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

Property insurance indemnifies an insured with an interest in physical property for loss of, or damage to, such property or the loss of its income-producing abilities. Casualty insurance primarily covers liability for damage to property of, or injury to, a person or entity other than the insured. In most cases, casualty insurance also obligates the insurance company to provide a defense for the insured in litigation, arising out of events covered by the policy.

Liabilities for losses and loss settlement expenses reflect management's best estimates at a given point in time of what we expect to pay for claims that have been reported and those that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR"), based on known facts, circumstances, and historical trends. Because property and casualty insurance reserves are estimates of the unpaid portions of incurred losses that have been reported to us, as well as losses that have been incurred but not reported, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses and related loss settlement expenses may vary materially from recorded amounts. We regularly update our reserve estimates as new information becomes available and as events unfold that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in prior year reserve estimates, which may be material, are reported as a component of losses and loss settlement expenses incurred in the period such changes are determined.

The determination of reserves (particularly those relating to liability lines of insurance that have relatively longer lag in claim reporting) requires significant work to reasonably project expected future claim reporting and payment patterns. If, during the course of our regular monitoring of reserves, we determine that coverages previously written are incurring higher than expected losses, we will take action that may include, among other things, increasing the related reserves. Any adjustments we make to reserves are reflected in operating results in the year in which we make those adjustments. We engage an independent actuary, Regnier Consulting Group, Inc., to render an opinion as to the reasonableness of our statutory reserves annually. The actuarial opinion is filed in those states where we are licensed.

On a quarterly basis, UFG's internal actuary performs a detailed actuarial review of IBNR reserves. This review includes a comparison of results from the most recent analysis of reserves completed by both our internal and external actuaries. Senior management meets with our internal actuary to review, on a regular and quarterly basis, the adequacy of carried reserves based on results from this actuarial analysis. There are two fundamental types or sources of IBNR reserves. We record IBNR reserves for "normal" types of claims and also specific IBNR reserves related to unique circumstances or events. A major hurricane is an example of an event that might necessitate establishing specific IBNR reserves because an analysis of existing historical data would not provide an appropriate estimate.

We do not discount loss reserves based on the time value of money. 

The following table provides an analysis of changes in our property and casualty losses and loss settlement expense reserves at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (net of reinsurance amounts):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,421,754	$	1,312,483
Ceded losses and loss settlement expenses	(68,536)		(57,094)
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,353,218	$	1,255,389
Losses and loss settlement expenses incurred for claims occurring during
Current year	$	656,207	$	835,507
Prior years	(30,038)		(5,335)
Total incurred	$	626,169	$	830,172
Losses and loss settlement expense payments for claims occurring during
Current year	$	263,898	$	333,975
Prior years	330,190		398,368
Total paid	$	594,088	$	732,343
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of year	$	1,385,299	$	1,353,218
Ceded loss and loss settlement expenses	169,784		68,536
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of period	$	1,555,083	$	1,421,754

There are a multitude of factors that can impact loss reserve development. Those factors include, but are not limited to: historical data, the potential impact of various loss reserve development factors and trends including historical loss experience, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in imposition of damages, experience with alternative dispute resolution, results of our medical bill review process, the potential impact of salvage and subrogation and changes and trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. All of these factors influence our estimates of required reserves and for long tail lines these factors can change over the course of the settlement of the claim. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the specific monetary impact of any individual factor on the development of reserves.

Generally, we base reserves for each claim on the estimated ultimate exposure for that claim. We believe that it is appropriate and reasonable to establish a best estimate for reserves within a range of reasonable estimates, especially when we are reserving for claims for bodily injury, disabilities and similar claims, for which settlements and verdicts can vary widely. Our reserving philosophy may result in favorable reserve development in future years that will decrease losses and loss settlement expenses for prior year claims in the year of adjustment. We realize that this philosophy, coupled with what we believe to be aggressive and successful claims management and loss settlement practices, has resulted in year-to-year redundancies in reserves. We believe our approach produces recorded reserves that are reasonably consistent as to their relative position within a range of reasonable reserves from year-to-year. However, conditions and trends that have affected the reserve development for a given year do change. Therefore, such development cannot be used to project future reserve redundancies or deficiencies.

We are not aware of any significant contingent liabilities related to environmental issues. Because of the type of property coverage we write, we have potential exposure to environmental pollution, mold and asbestos claims. Our underwriters are aware of these exposures and use riders or endorsements to limit exposure.

Reserve Development

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2020, the majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation and commercial liability lines of business. This favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development of commercial auto and reinsurance assumed lines. All other lines combined contributed a relatively modest amount of overall favorable development during this three-month period. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 the majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation and commercial fire and allied lines of business. This favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development of the assumed reinsurance and commercial auto lines of business. All other lines combined contributed a relatively modest amount of overall favorable development during this nine-month period.

For the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, the majority of favorable development came from workers'

compensation with a partial offset coming primarily from unfavorable development for commercial liability. The

favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from reductions in reserves for reported claims

which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. The unfavorable development for commercial liability is due to

paid losses and an increase in loss adjustment expenses. All other lines combined contributed additional overall

favorable development during this three-month period. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019 the

majority of favorable development came from workers' compensation, which was more than offset by unfavorable

development for commercial liability. The favorable development for workers' compensation was primarily from

reductions in reserves for reported claims, which were more than sufficient to offset paid loss. Also, loss adjustment

expense contributed favorable development with reductions in reserves more than sufficient to offset payments. The

unfavorable development for commercial liability is due to paid losses and an increase in loss adjustment expenses.

All other lines combined contributed additional overall favorable development during this nine-month period.

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Employee Benefits

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Employee Benefits

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of the net periodic benefit cost for our pension and postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Three Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	2,707	$	1,997	$	432	$	456
Interest cost	2,066		2,080		253		319
Expected return on plan assets	(3,385)		(2,696)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(2,021)		(2,221)
Amortization of net loss	979		901		94		224
Net periodic benefit cost	$	2,367	$	2,282	$	(1,242)	$	(1,222)

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Nine Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	8,122	$	5,991	$	1,296	$	1,368
Interest cost	6,199		6,240		760		956
Expected return on plan assets	(10,154)		(8,088)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(6,063)		(6,463)
Amortization of net loss	2,936		2,703		282		671
Net periodic benefit cost	$	7,103	$	6,846	$	(3,725)	$	(3,468)

A portion of the service cost component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs is capitalized and amortized as part of deferred acquisition costs and is included in the line "Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The portion not related to the compensation and the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs is included in the income statement line titled "other underwriting expenses."

Employer Contributions

We previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 that we expected to contribute $10,000 to the pension plan in 2020. For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, we contributed $10,000 to the pension plan.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Non-Qualified Employee Stock Award Plan

The United Fire Group, Inc. 2008 Stock Plan (the "2008 Stock Plan") authorized the issuance of restricted and unrestricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, incentive stock options, and non-qualified stock options for up to 1,900,000 shares of UFG common stock to employees. In May 2014, the Registrant's shareholders approved an additional 1,500,000 shares of UFG common stock issuable at any time and from time to time pursuant to the 2008 Stock Plan, among other amendments, and renamed such plan as the United Fire Group, Inc. Stock Plan (as amended, the "Stock Plan"). At September 30, 2020, there were 704,760 authorized shares remaining available for future issuance. The Stock Plan is administered by the Board of Directors, which determines those employees who will receive awards, when awards will be granted, and the terms and conditions of the awards. The Board of Directors may also take any action it deems necessary and appropriate for the administration of the

Stock Plan. Pursuant to the Stock Plan, the Board of Directors may, at its sole discretion, grant awards to our employees.

Options granted pursuant to the Stock Plan are granted to buy shares of UFG's common stock at the market value of the stock on the date of grant. Options granted prior to March 2017 vest and are exercisable in installments of 20.0 percent of the number of shares covered by the option award each year from the grant date, unless the Board of Directors authorizes the acceleration of vesting. Options granted after March 2017 vest and are exercisable in installments of 33.3 percent of the number of shares covered by the option award each year from the grant date, unless the Board of Directors authorizes the acceleration of vesting. To the extent not exercised, vested option awards accumulate and are exercisable by the awardee, in whole or in part, in any subsequent year included in the option period, but not later than 10 years from the grant date. Restricted and unrestricted stock awards granted pursuant to the Stock Plan are granted at the market value of UFG's common stock on the date of the grant. Restricted stock units fully vest after 3 years or 5 years from the date of grant, unless accelerated upon the approval of the Board of Directors, at which time UFG common stock will be issued to the awardee.

The activity in the Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	834,910	1,900,000
Additional shares authorized	—	1,500,000
Number of awards granted	(165,024)	(3,281,445)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	34,874	586,205
Ending balance	704,760	704,760
Number of option awards exercised	7,200	1,450,389
Number of unrestricted stock awards granted	—	10,090
Number of restricted stock awards vested	63,600	164,378

Non-Qualified Non-Employee Director Stock Plan

The United Fire Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Stock Plan (formerly known as the 2005 Non-Qualified Non- Employee Director Stock Option and Restricted Stock Plan) (the "Director Stock Plan") authorizes the issuance of restricted stock awards and non-qualified stock options to purchase shares of UFG's common stock to non-employee directors. On May 20, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved amendments to the Director Stock Plan, previously approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, to (i) increase the number of shares available for future awards under the Director Stock Plan from 300,000 to 450,000, (ii) extend the expiration date of the Director Stock Plan from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2029, (iii) allow for the grant of awards of restricted stock units, and (iv) rename the Director Stock Plan as the "United Fire Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Stock Plan." At September 30, 2020, the Company had 160,135 authorized shares available for future issuance.

The Board of Directors has the authority to determine which non-employee directors receive awards, when restricted stock, restricted stock units and options shall be granted, the option price, the option expiration date, the date of grant, the vesting schedule of options or whether the options shall be immediately vested, the terms and conditions of options, restricted stock and restricted stock units (other than those terms and conditions set forth in the plan) and the number of shares of common stock to be issued pursuant to an option, restricted stock or restricted stock unit agreements (subject to limits set forth in the Director Stock Plan). The Board of Directors may also take any action it deems necessary and appropriate for the administration of the Director Stock Plan.

The activity in the Director Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	34,863	300,000
Additional authorization	150,000	150,000
Number of awards granted	(24,728)	(313,868)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	—	24,003
Ending balance	160,135	160,135
Number of option awards exercised	14,183	133,275
Number of restricted stock awards vested	14,300	98,491

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1,052 and $1,203, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $3,979 and $5,248, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of the stock options.

As of September 30, 2020, we had $5,004 in stock-based compensation expense that has yet to be recognized through our results of operations. We expect this compensation to be recognized over the remainder of 2020 and subsequent years according to the table below, except with respect to awards that are accelerated by the Board of Directors, in which case we will recognize any remaining compensation expense in the period in which the awards are accelerated.

2020	$	1,060
2021	2,584
2022	1,056
2023	211
2024	82
2025	11
Total	$	5,004

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Earnings Per Common Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Common Share

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive shares we consider in our diluted earnings per share calculation relate to our outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards.

We determine the dilutive effect of our outstanding stock options using the "treasury stock" method. Under this method, we assume the exercise of all of the outstanding stock options whose exercise price is less than the weighted-average market value of our common stock during the reporting period. This method also assumes that the proceeds from the hypothetical stock option exercises are used to repurchase shares of our common stock at the weighted-average market value of the stock during the reporting period. The net of the assumed stock options exercised and assumed common shares repurchased represents the number of dilutive common shares, which we add to the denominator of the earnings per share calculation.

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(37,241)	$	(37,241)	$	(2,342)	$	(2,342)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		—
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		—
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(1.49)	$	(1.49)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.09)
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		820,124		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(103,815)	$	(103,815)	$	37,983	$	37,983
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,172,716
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		249,605
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		221,423
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(4.15)	$	(4.15)	$	1.51	$	1.48
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		515,984		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

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Credit Facility

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Credit Facility

CREDIT FACILITY

On March 31, 2020, United Fire & Casualty Company (the "Borrower"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a credit agreement (the "New Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo"), as administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent"), issuing lender, swing-line lender and lender, and the other lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively with Wells Fargo, the "Lenders"), providing for a $50,000 revolving credit facility, which includes a $20,000 letter of credit sub-facility and a $5,000 swing-line loan for working capital and other general corporate purposes. The New Credit Agreement is provided by the Lenders on an unsecured basis, and the Borrower has the option to increase the New Credit Agreement by $100,000 if agreed to by the Lenders providing such incremental facility.

The New Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, including default in payments of principals, default in payment of other indebtedness, change of control and voluntary and involuntary insolvency proceedings, the occurrence of which would allow the Lenders to accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding thereunder and terminate any further commitments to lend.

The entry into the New Credit Agreement was completed as part of the Company’s regular course of financial planning and was not initiated as a result of market conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prior to February 2, 2020, the Company had a credit agreement (the "Previous Credit Agreement") which it entered into on February 2, 2016. The Company, as borrower, entered into the Previous Credit Agreement with the lenders from time to time party thereto and KeyBank National Association ("Key Bank"), as administrative agent, swingline lender and letter of credit issuer. The Previous Credit Agreement provided for a $50,000 four-year unsecured revolving credit facility that included a $20,000 letter of credit subfacility and a swingline subfacility in the amount up to $5,000. The Previous Credit Agreement allowed the Company to increase the aggregate amount of the commitments thereunder by up to $100,000, provided that no event of default had occurred and was continuing and certain other conditions were satisfied. The Previous Credit Agreement was available for the Company's general corporate purposes, including liquidity, acquisitions and working capital. All unpaid principal and accrued interest under the Previous Credit Agreement was due and payable in full at maturity on February 2, 2020. Based on the type of loan, advances under the Previous Credit Agreement bore interest on either the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or a base rate plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount.

There was no outstanding balance on either the New Credit Agreement or the Previous Credit Agreement at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, we did not incur any interest expense related to either credit facility. We were in compliance with all covenants of the New Credit Agreement at September 30, 2020.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of June 30, 2020	79,283		(32,433)		$	46,850
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,252		—		3,252
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(43)		848		805
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31.

The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2020	47,279		(34,127)		$	13,152
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	35,223		—		35,223
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(10)		2,542		2,532
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31.

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Leases

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

LEASES

The Company has operating leases consisting of office space, vehicle leases, computer equipment, and office equipment. Lease terms and options vary in the Company's operating leases dependent upon the underlying leased asset. We exclude options to extend or terminate a lease from our recognition as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities until those options are known and/or executed, as we typically do not exercise options to purchase the underlying leased asset. As of September 30, 2020, we have leases with remaining terms of 1 year to 7 years, some of which may include no options for renewal and others with options to extend the lease terms from 6 months to 5 years.

The components of our operating leases were as follows for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	1,832	$	1,910	$	5,788	$	5,730
Less sublease income	53		119		239		371
Net lease expense	1,779		1,791		5,549		5,359
Cash flows information related to leases:
Operating cash outflow from operating leases	1,796		1,812		5,265		5,420

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial reporting and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X promulgated by the SEC. Certain financial information that is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, including certain financial statement footnote disclosures, is not required by the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting and has been condensed or omitted.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The financial statement categories that are most dependent on management estimates and assumptions include: investments; deferred policy acquisition costs; reinsurance receivables and recoverables; loss settlement expenses; and pension and post-retirement benefit obligations.

Reclassification

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Segment Information

On September 19, 2017, the Company announced that it had agreed to sell its subsidiary, United Life Insurance Company ("United Life"), to Kuvare US Holdings, Inc. ("Kuvare"). The sale closed on March 30, 2018. Prior to the announcement to sell United Life, we had two reportable business segments in our operations: property and casualty insurance and life insurance. The property and casualty insurance business has six domestic locations from which it conducts its direct business. The life insurance segment operated from our home office in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Because all of our insurance is sold domestically, we have no revenues from foreign operations.

After the announcement of the United Life transaction, our continuing operations, the property and casualty insurance business, was reported as one reportable segment. The property and casualty insurance business profit or loss is consistent with consolidated reporting as disclosed on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. We analyze the property and casualty insurance business results based on profitability (i.e., loss ratios), expenses and return on equity. The Company's property and casualty insurance business was determined using a management approach to make decisions on operating matters, including allocating resources, assessing performance, determining which products to market and sell, determining distribution networks with insurance

agents and monitoring the regulatory environment. The property and casualty insurance business products have similar economic characteristics and use a similar marketing and distribution strategy with our independent agents. The property and casualty insurance business geographic concentration did not change after the announcement of the sale of the life insurance business. We will continue to evaluate our continuing operations on the basis of both statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by our states of domicile and GAAP.

Discontinued Operations

On September 18, 2017, the Company signed a definitive agreement to sell its subsidiary, United Life, to Kuvare for $280,000 in cash, less a $21 adjustment as set forth in the definitive agreement, for a net amount of $279,979. The sale closed on March 30, 2018 (the "closing date") and we reported an after-tax gain on the sale of discontinued operations of $27,307. The life insurance business (previously reported as a separate segment) was considered held for sale and reported as discontinued operations and its financial position, results of operations and cash flows were reported separately for all periods presented, as applicable, unless otherwise noted.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, money market accounts, and non-negotiable certificates of deposit with original maturities of three months or less.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (DAC)

Certain costs associated with underwriting new business (primarily commissions, premium taxes and variable underwriting and policy issue expenses associated with successful acquisition efforts) are deferred. The following table is a summary of the components of DAC, including the related amortization recognized for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020.

	Total
Recorded asset at beginning of period	$	94,292
Underwriting costs deferred	158,371
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(158,440)
Recorded asset at September 30, 2020	$	94,223

Property and casualty insurance policy acquisition costs deferred are amortized as premium revenue is recognized. The method followed in computing DAC limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. This takes into account the premium to be earned, losses and loss settlement expenses expected to be incurred and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned.

Income Taxes

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating loss ("NOL") carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100 percent of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has considered the implications of the CARES Act on its tax provision and has included an income tax benefit of $17.8 million as the result of this Act.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are established based on differences between the financial statement bases of assets and liabilities and the tax bases of those same assets and liabilities, using the currently enacted statutory tax rates. Deferred income tax expense is measured by the year-to-year change in the net deferred tax asset or liability, except for certain changes in deferred tax amounts that affect stockholders' equity and do not impact federal income tax expense.

We reported consolidated federal income tax benefit of $52,176 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020 compared to income tax expense of $7,595 during the same period of 2019. Our effective tax rate is different than the federal statutory rate of 21 percent, due principally to the impact of the provisions of the CARES Act.

The Company performs a quarterly review of its tax positions and makes a determination of whether it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. If, based on review, it appears not more likely than not that the positions will be sustained, the Company will calculate any unrecognized tax benefits and, if necessary, calculate and accrue any related interest and penalties. We did not recognize any liability for unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. In addition, we have not accrued for interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. However, if interest and penalties would need to be accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, such amounts would be recognized as a component of federal income tax expense.

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. We also file income tax returns in various state jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal or state income tax examination for years before 2015. The Internal Revenue Service is conducting an examination of our federal income tax return for the 2017 tax year.

Leases

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception of the contract. The Company's inventory of leases consists of operating leases which are recorded as a lease obligation liability disclosed in the "Accrued expenses and other liabilities" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and as a lease right-of-use asset disclosed in the "Other assets" line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company's operating leases consist of office space, vehicles, computer equipment and office equipment. The lease right-of-use asset represents the Company's right to use each underlying asset for the lease term and the lease obligation liability represents the Company's obligation over the lease term. The Company's lease obligation is recorded at the present value of the lease payments based on the term of the applied lease. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and lease payments are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company and certain related parties are equity investors in one investment in which the Company determined is a variable interest entity ("VIE") as a result of participation in the risks and rewards of the VIE based on the objectives and strategies of the VIE. The VIE is a limited liability company that primarily invests in commercial real estate. The Company and certain related parties are not the primary beneficiary largely due to their inability to influence management or direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance. Based on these facts and circumstances, the Company has a variable interest in the VIE, but has not consolidated the VIE's financial results as it is not the primary beneficiary. The Company's investment is reported in other long-term investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

Credit Losses

The Company recognizes credit losses for our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables, mortgage loans and premium receivables by setting up allowances which are remeasured each reporting period and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

For our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio an allowance for credit losses is recorded net of available-for-sale fixed maturities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and a corresponding credit loss recognized as a realized loss or gain in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company determines if an allowance for credit losses is recorded based on a number of factors including the current economic conditions, management's expectations of future economic conditions and performance indicators, such as market value vs. amortized cost, investment spreads widening or contracting, rating actions, payment and default history.

The Company does not recognize an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable for available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities, which is recorded in "Accrued investment income" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and "Investment income, net of investment expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The Company considers collections of accrued investment income within six months to be timely and therefore not requiring a write-off. If a write-off is required for accrued investment income outstanding greater than six months, the Company writes off accrued interest by reversing net investment income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, see Note 2 "Summary of Investments."

An allowance for mortgage loan losses is established based on historical loss information of the collective pool of the Company's commercial mortgage loan investments which have similar risk characteristics. To calculate the allowance for mortgage loan losses, the Company starts with historical loan experience to predict the future expected losses and then layers on a market-linked adjustment. On a quarterly basis, quantitative credit risk metrics, including for example, cash-flows, rent rolls and financial statements are reviewed for each loan to determine if it is performing in line with its expectations. This allowance is presented as a separate line in the Consolidated Balance Sheets beneath the asset value as well as presented net and recorded through "Net realized investment gains (losses)" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For more information on credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for our investment in mortgage loans see Note 3 "Fair Value of Financial Instruments."

For reinsurance receivables, the Company's model estimates expected credit loss by multiplying the exposure at default by both the probability of default and loss given default ("LGD"). The LGD is estimated by the rating of the Company, historical relationship with UFG, existence of letters of credit and known regulation the Company may be held accountable for. The ultimate LGD percentage is estimated after considering Moody’s experience with unsecured year 1 bond recovery rates from 1983-2017. The allowance calculated as of September 30, 2020 is recorded through the line "Reinsurance receivables and recoverables" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and through the line "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Other Comprehensive Income. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had a credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivables of $241.

Rollforward of credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivable:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	38
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	203
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for reinsurance receivable, September 30, 2020	$	241

With respect to premiums receivable, the Company utilizes an aging method to estimate credit losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a periodic evaluation of the aging and collectability of amounts due from agents and policyholders. "Premiums receivable" are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts and recorded through "Other underwriting expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Subsequent Events

In the preparation of the accompanying financial statements, the Company has evaluated all material subsequent events or transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date through the date on which the financial statements were issued for potential recognition or disclosure in the Company's financial statements.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant financial market volatility, economic uncertainty and interruptions to normal business activities in the first nine months of 2020. As of the date of this report, we expect the effect of COVID-19 on claims currently under our coverages to be manageable, based on the information presently available. However, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to evolve and we cannot predict the extent to which our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, capital position, the value of investments we hold in our investment portfolio, premiums and the demand for our products and our ability to collect premiums or requirement to return premiums to our policyholders, will ultimately be impacted. Additionally, if established written contract policy exclusions of business interruption coverage for losses attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic are voided or changed through legislation, regulations or interpretations by the courts, such changes have the potential to materially increase claims, losses and legal expenses which may impact our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2020

Intangibles - Other Internal Use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance requires the Company to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset related to the service contract and which costs to expense. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued new guidance on the measurement of credit losses for most financial instruments. The new guidance replaces the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses with an expected loss model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires allowances to be recorded for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount. These allowances are remeasured each reporting period. The new guidance was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those years. The new guidance impacted the Company's impairment model related to our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio, reinsurance receivables and mortgage loans. The Company has performed a run of the credit loss models as of January 1, 2020. These models resulted in an immaterial expected credit loss at January 1, 2020. Prior to the adoption of the new guidance, the Company utilized an aging method to estimate credit losses on premiums receivable. This aging method is permitted under the new guidance. The Company adopted the new guidance prospectively as of January 1, 2020 with an immaterial estimated cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. This cumulative effect adjustment is an allowance related to the Company's reinsurance receivables. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

Goodwill

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance eliminates the implied fair value calculation when measuring a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new guidance, impairment charges are based on the excess of the carrying value over fair value of goodwill. The new guidance was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Financial Instruments - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements of financial instruments. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amount and reason for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance also requires additional disclosures on the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The new guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new guidance as of January 1, 2020. The adoption modified existing fair value disclosures, but did not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

Pending Adoption of Accounting Standards

Defined Benefit Plans - Disclosures

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. The new guidance removes the requirement for disclosing the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs in the next year and the sensitivity of postretirement health plans to one-percentage-point changes in medical trend rates. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company will adopt the new guidance as of January 1, 2021. Management currently believes the new guidance will modify existing disclosures, but will not have an impact on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Current accounting guidance on fair value measurements includes the application of a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Our financial instruments that are recorded at fair value are categorized into a three-level hierarchy, which is based upon the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (i.e., Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (i.e., Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the financial instrument.

Financial instruments recorded at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy as follows:

•Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical financial instruments that we have the ability to access.

•Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar financial instruments, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, in markets that are not active or on inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3: Valuations are based on pricing or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument.

We review our fair value hierarchy categorizations on a quarterly basis at which time the classification of certain financial instruments may change if the input observations have changed. Transfers between levels, if any, are recorded as of the beginning of the reporting period.

To determine the fair value of the majority of our investments, we utilize prices obtained from independent, nationally recognized pricing services. When the pricing services cannot provide a determination of fair value for a specific security, we obtain non-binding price quotes from broker-dealers with whom we have had several years' experience and who have demonstrated knowledge of the subject security.

In order to determine the proper classification in the fair value hierarchy, we obtain and evaluate the vendors' pricing procedures and inputs used to price the security, which include unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities, such as a New York Stock Exchange closing price, and quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active. For fixed maturity securities, an evaluation of interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, volatility, prepayment speeds, credit risks and default rates may also be performed. We have determined that these processes and inputs result in fair values and classifications consistent with the applicable accounting guidance on fair value measurements.

When possible, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of fixed maturities, equity securities, trading securities and short-term investments. When quoted market prices do not exist, we base estimates of fair value on market information obtained from independent pricing services and brokers or on valuation techniques that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement of the financial instrument. Such inputs may reflect management's own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the financial instrument. Our valuation techniques are discussed in more detail throughout this section.

The mortgage loan portfolio consists entirely of commercial mortgage loans. The fair value of our mortgage loans is determined by modeling performed by our third party fund manager based on the stated principal and coupon payments provided for in the loan agreements. These cash flows are then discounted using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate to determine the security's fair value.

Our other long-term investments consist primarily of our interests in limited liability partnerships that are recorded on the equity method of accounting. The fair value of the partnerships is obtained from the fund managers, which is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held in the partnerships. In management's opinion, these values represent a reasonable estimate of fair value. We have not adjusted the net asset value provided by the fund managers.

For cash and cash equivalents and accrued investment income, carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The Company formed a rabbi trust in 2014 to fund obligations under the United Fire & Casualty Company Supplemental Executive Retirement and Deferral Plan (the "Executive Retirement Plan"). Within the rabbi trust, corporate-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies are utilized as an investment vehicle and source of funding for the Company's Executive Retirement Plan. The COLI policies invest in mutual funds, which are priced daily by independent sources. As of September 30, 2020, the cash surrender value of the COLI policies was $7,670, which is equal to the fair value measured using Level 2 inputs, based on the underlying assets of the COLI policies, and is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The fair value of securities that are categorized as Level 1 is based on quoted market prices that are readily and regularly available.

We use a market-based approach for valuing all of our Level 2 securities and submit them primarily to a third-party valuation service provider. Any of these securities not valued by this service provider are submitted to another third-party valuation service provider. Both service providers use a market approach to find pricing of similar financial instruments. The market inputs our service providers normally seek to value our securities include the following, listed in approximate order of priority: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. The method and inputs for these securities classified as Level 2 are the same regardless of industry category, credit

quality, duration, geographical concentration or economic characteristics. For our mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities, our service providers use additional market inputs to value these securities, including the following: new issue data, periodic payment information, monthly payment information, collateral performance and real estate analysis from third parties. Our service providers prioritize inputs based on market conditions, and not all inputs listed are available for use in the valuation process for each security on any given day.

At least annually, we review the methodologies and assumptions used by our valuation service providers and verify that they are reasonable and representative of the fair value of the underlying securities held in the investment portfolio. We validate the prices obtained from independent pricing services and brokers prior to their use for reporting purposes by evaluating their reasonableness on a monthly basis. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we also test all securities in the portfolio and independently corroborate the valuations obtained from our third-party valuation service providers. Quarterly, we also perform deep dive analysis of the pricing method used by our third-party valuation service provider by selecting a random sample of securities by asset class and reviewing methodologies. In our opinion, the pricing obtained at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was reasonable.

For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020, the change in our available-for-sale securities categorized as Level 1 and Level 2 is the result of investment purchases that were made using funds held in our money market accounts, disposals and the change in unrealized gains on both fixed maturities and equity securities.

Securities categorized as Level 3 include holdings in certain private placement fixed maturity and equity securities for which an active market does not currently exist. The fair value of our Level 3 private placement securities is determined by management relying on pricing received from our independent pricing services and brokers consistent with the process to estimate fair value for Level 2 securities. However, securities are categorized as Level 3 if these quotes cannot be corroborated by other market observable data due to the unobservable nature of the brokers’ valuation processes.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive shares we consider in our diluted earnings per share calculation relate to our outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock unit awards.We determine the dilutive effect of our outstanding stock options using the "treasury stock" method. Under this method, we assume the exercise of all of the outstanding stock options whose exercise price is less than the weighted-average market value of our common stock during the reporting period. This method also assumes that the proceeds from the hypothetical stock option exercises are used to repurchase shares of our common stock at the weighted-average market value of the stock during the reporting period. The net of the assumed stock options exercised and assumed common shares repurchased represents the number of dilutive common shares, which we add to the denominator of the earnings per share calculation.

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Components of Deferred Acquisition Costs

The following table is a summary of the components of DAC, including the related amortization recognized for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020.

	Total
Recorded asset at beginning of period	$	94,292
Underwriting costs deferred	158,371
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(158,440)
Recorded asset at September 30, 2020	$	94,223

Schedule of Rollforward of Credit Loss Allowance for Reinsurance Receivable

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had a credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivables of $241.

Rollforward of credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivable:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	38
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	203
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for reinsurance receivable, September 30, 2020	$	241

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Summary of Investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Investments

A reconciliation of the amortized cost (cost for equity securities) to fair value of investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities, presented on a consolidated basis, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, is provided below:

September 30, 2020
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Carrying Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	53,877	$	730	$	8	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599
U.S. government agency	60,503		4,457		—		64,960		—		64,960
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	79,872		4,106		—		83,978		—		83,978
Northeast	29,124		1,426		—		30,550		—		30,550
South	105,290		5,295		—		110,585		—		110,585
West	102,772		7,175		—		109,947		—		109,947
Special revenue:
Midwest	126,251		8,590		—		134,841		—		134,841
Northeast	58,287		4,557		—		62,844		—		62,844
South	220,904		17,446		—		238,350		—		238,350
West	133,934		9,168		—		143,102		—		143,102
Foreign bonds	26,413		1,835		230		28,018		—		28,018
Public utilities	77,147		7,155		—		84,302		—		84,302
Corporate bonds
Energy	24,912		2,589		—		27,501		—		27,501
Industrials	39,558		3,499		—		43,057		—		43,057
Consumer goods and services	45,250		3,790		12		49,028		—		49,028
Health care	6,674		895		—		7,569		—		7,569
Technology, media and telecommunications	37,241		4,330		—		41,571		—		41,571
Financial services	95,696		7,030		267		102,459		8		102,451
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		305		109		14,529		—		14,529
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	71,992		5,206		1		77,197		—		77,197
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	119,006		3,019		349		121,676		—		121,676
Federal national mortgage association	83,276		2,579		406		85,449		—		85,449
Asset-backed securities	314		621		—		935		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,612,626	$	105,803	$	1,382	$	1,717,047	$	8	$	1,717,039

December 31, 2019
Type of Investment	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Appreciation		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,300	$	203	$	12	$	69,491
U.S. government agency	97,962		2,344		104		100,202
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations:
Midwest	85,607		2,987		—		88,594
Northeast	30,120		1,150		—		31,270
South	111,688		3,515		—		115,203
West	105,569		4,748		—		110,317
Special revenue:
Midwest	133,717		6,175		—		139,892
Northeast	58,665		2,878		—		61,543
South	224,214		10,452		—		234,666
West	138,557		6,287		—		144,844
Foreign bonds	4,936		181		—		5,117
Public utilities	60,950		2,701		—		63,651
Corporate bonds
Energy	28,695		1,429		—		30,124
Industrials	52,249		1,766		—		54,015
Consumer goods and services	47,131		2,335		—		49,466
Health care	8,998		482		—		9,480
Technology, media and telecommunications	25,931		1,739		—		27,670
Financial services	96,613		3,870		230		100,253
Mortgage-backed securities	6,250		127		21		6,356
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	78,400		2,053		97		80,356
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	123,572		1,150		220		124,502
Federal national mortgage association	70,322		1,631		108		71,845
Asset-backed securities	314		436		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,659,760	$	60,639	$	792	$	1,719,607

Schedule of Maturities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and trading fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following tables. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations may be subject to prepayment risk and are therefore not categorized by contractual maturity.

Maturities
	Available-For-Sale				Trading
September 30, 2020	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	53,911	$	54,386	$	1,957	$	3,935
Due after one year through five years	365,831		388,192		9,221		9,265
Due after five years through 10 years	401,105		433,321		—		—
Due after 10 years	502,858		541,362		1,080		1,611
Asset-backed securities	314		935		—		—
Mortgage-backed securities	14,333		14,529		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	274,274		284,322		—		—
Allowance for credit losses	—		(8)		—		—
	$	1,612,626	$	1,717,039	$	12,258	$	14,811

Summary of Net Realized Investment Gains and Losses

A summary of the components of net realized investment gains (losses) is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale	$	52	$	129	$	52	$	271
Allowance for credit losses	2		—		(8)		—
Trading securities
Change in fair value	248		43		(760)		2,290
Sales	134		8		(20)		100
Equity securities
Change in fair value	21,962		9,692		(38,876)		46,825
Sales	(7,186)		(50)		(22,772)		655
Mortgage loans allowance for credit losses	—		—		(4)		(15)
Real estate	—		—		(28)		—
Total net realized investment gains (losses)	$	15,212	$	9,822	$	(62,416)	$	50,126

Schedule of Proceeds and Gross Realized Gains and Losses

The proceeds and gross realized gains on the sale of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Proceeds from sales	$	—	$	—	$	16,907	$	36,490
Gross realized gains	—		—		198		30
Gross realized losses	—		—		495		13

Schedule of Unrealized Investment Appreciation

A summary of the changes in net unrealized investment appreciation during the reporting period is as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation
Available-for-sale fixed maturities	$	44,574	$	77,103
Income tax effect	(9,361)		(16,192)
Total change in net unrealized investment appreciation, net of tax	$	35,213	$	60,911

Schedule of Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Losses for Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities

The following table contains a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2020:

Rollforward of allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	—
Additions to the allowance for credit losses for which credit losses were not previously recorded	8
Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized)	—
Writeoffs charged against the allowance	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off	—
Ending balance, September 30, 2020	$	8

Schedule of Investments in Unrealized Loss Position

The following tables summarize our fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position reported on a consolidated basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The securities are presented by the length of time they have been continuously in an unrealized loss position. Non-credit related unrealized losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income and represent other market movements that are not credit related, for example interest rate changes. We have no intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell, these securities until the fair value recovers to at least equal our cost basis or the securities mature.

September 30, 2020	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	2	$	11,804	$	8	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,804	$	8
Foreign bonds	1	$	2,776	$	230	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,776	$	230
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	1	2,196		12		—	—		—		2,196		12
Financial services	1	2,998		2		1	3,000		9		5,998		11
Mortgage-backed securities	2	9,118		107		6	157		2		9,275		109
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	14	48,062		348		1	57		1		48,119		349
Federal national mortgage association	10	43,684		406		—	—		—		43,684		406
Government national mortgage association	—	—		—		1	76		1		76		1
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	31	$	120,638	$	1,113	9	$	3,290	$	13	$	123,928	$	1,126

December 31, 2019	Less than 12 months					12 months or longer					Total
Type of Investment	Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Number of Issues	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Depreciation
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	4,733	$	12	$	4,733	$	12
U.S. government agency	3	13,846		104		—	—		—		13,846		104
Corporate bonds
Financial services	3	10,906		142		1	4,913		88		15,819		230
Mortgage-backed securities	—	—		—		13	1,585		21		1,585		21
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	12	50,829		183		3	4,844		37		55,673		220
Federal national mortgage association	4	23,515		90		3	1,102		18		24,617		108
Government national mortgage association	2	8,444		38		5	3,053		59		11,497		97
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	24	$	107,540	$	557	27	$	20,230	$	235	$	127,770	$	792

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments

A summary of the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	$	1,717,047	$	1,717,039	$	1,719,607	$	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811		14,811		15,256		15,256
Equity securities	198,791		198,791		299,203		299,203
Mortgage loans	48,977		47,733		43,992		42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903		62,903		78,410		78,410
Short-term investments	175		175		175		175
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604		99,604		120,722		120,722
Corporate-owned life insurance	7,670		7,670		6,777		6,777

Summary of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

The following tables present the categorization for our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The table includes financial instruments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

September 30, 2020			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	54,599	$	—	$	54,599	$	—
U.S. government agency	64,960		—		64,960		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	83,978		—		83,978		—
Northeast	30,550		—		30,550		—
South	110,585		—		110,585		—
West	109,947		—		109,947		—
Special revenue
Midwest	134,841		—		134,841		—
Northeast	62,844		—		62,844		—
South	238,350		—		238,350		—
West	143,102		—		143,102		—
Foreign bonds	28,018		—		28,018		—
Public utilities	84,302		—		84,302		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	27,501		—		27,501		—
Industrials	43,057		—		43,057		—
Consumer goods and services	49,028		—		49,028		—
Health care	7,569		—		7,569		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	41,571		—		41,571		—
Financial services	102,459		—		102,209		250
Mortgage-backed securities	14,529		—		14,529		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	77,197		—		77,197		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	121,676		—		121,676		—
Federal national mortgage association	85,449		—		85,449		—
Asset-backed securities	935		—		—		935
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,717,047	$	—	$	1,715,862	$	1,185
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Industrials	$	2,004	$	—	$	2,004	$	—
Consumer goods and services	1,171		—		1,171		—
Health care	4,965		—		4,965		—
Financial services	1,622		—		1,622		—

Redeemable preferred stocks	5,049		5,049		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	14,811	$	5,049	$	9,762	$	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,344	$	16,344	$	—	$	—
Energy	8,833		8,833		—		—
Industrials	30,935		30,935		—		—
Consumer goods and services	31,432		31,432		—		—
Health care	24,646		24,646		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	16,003		16,003		—		—
Financial services	63,957		63,957		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,641		6,046		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	198,791	$	198,196	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	54,590	$	54,590	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	7,670	$	—	$	7,670	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	1,993,084	$	258,010	$	1,733,294	$	1,780

December 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
U.S. Treasury	$	69,491	$	—	$	69,491	$	—
U.S. government agency	100,202		—		100,202		—
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
General obligations
Midwest	88,594		—		88,594		—
Northeast	31,270		—		31,270		—
South	115,203		—		115,203		—
West	110,317		—		110,317		—
Special revenue
Midwest	139,892		—		139,892		—
Northeast	61,543		—		61,543		—
South	234,666		—		234,666		—
West	144,844		—		144,844		—
Foreign bonds	5,117		—		5,117		—
Public utilities	63,651		—		63,651		—
Corporate bonds
Energy	30,124		—		30,124		—
Industrials	54,015		—		54,015		—
Consumer goods and services	49,466		—		49,466		—
Health care	9,480		—		9,480		—

Technology, media and telecommunications	27,670		—		27,670		—
Financial services	100,253		—		100,003		250
Mortgage-backed securities	6,356		—		6,356		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Government national mortgage association	80,356		—		80,356		—
Federal home loan mortgage corporation	124,502		—		124,502		—
Federal national mortgage association	71,845		—		71,845		—
Asset-backed securities	750		—		—		750
Total Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities	$	1,719,607	$	—	$	1,718,607	$	1,000
TRADING
Fixed maturities:
Bonds
Corporate bonds
Consumer goods and services	$	2,276	$	—	$	2,276	$	—
Health care	4,701		—		4,701		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	1,732		—		1,732		—
Financial services	2,460		—		2,460		—
Redeemable preferred stocks	4,087		4,087		—		—
Total Trading Securities	$	15,256	$	4,087	$	11,169	—
EQUITY SECURITIES
Common stocks
Public utilities	$	16,295	$	16,295	$	—	$	—
Energy	14,639		14,639		—		—
Industrials	57,330		57,330		—		—
Consumer goods and services	29,935		29,935		—		—
Health care	27,285		27,285		—		—
Technology, media and telecommunications	19,265		19,265		—		—
Financial services	127,780		127,780		—		—
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,674		6,079		—		595
Total Equity Securities	$	299,203	$	298,608	$	—	$	595
Short-Term Investments	$	175	$	175	$	—	$	—
Money Market Accounts	$	9,334	$	9,334	$	—	$	—
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	$	6,777	$	—	$	6,777	$	—
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	$	2,050,352	$	312,204	$	1,736,553	$	1,595

Summary of Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The following table provides a quantitative information about our Level 3 securities at September 30, 2020:

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Fair Value at		Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable inputs	Range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs
	September 30, 2020
Corporate bonds - financial services	$	250	Fair value equals cost	NA	NA
Fixed Maturities asset-backed securities	935		Discounted cash flow	Probability of default	4% - 6%
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595		Discounted cash flow	Multiplier	3x - 4x

Changes in Fair Value of Level 3 Securities

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	250	$	927	$	595	$	1,772
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		8		—		8
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

The following table provides a summary of the changes in fair value of our Level 3 securities for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

	Corporate bonds		Asset-backed securities		Equities		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	250	$	750	$	595	$	1,595
Net unrealized gains(1)	—		185		—		185
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	250	$	935	$	595	$	1,780

(1) Net unrealized gains are recorded as a component of comprehensive income.

Summary of Carrying Value of Commercial Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio

The following tables present the carrying value of our commercial mortgage loans and additional information at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Commercial Mortgage Loans
	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Loan-to-value	Carrying Value		Carrying Value
Less than 65%	$	30,467	$	34,024
65%-75%	17,342		8,496
Total amortized cost	$	47,809	$	42,520
Allowance for mortgage loan losses	(76)		(72)
Mortgage loans, net	$	47,733	$	42,448

Mortgage Loans by Region
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
East North Central	$	3,245	6.8	%	$	3,245	7.6	%
Southern Atlantic	9,794		20.5		7,026		16.5
East South Central	8,238		17.2		8,358		19.7
New England	6,588		13.8		6,588		15.5
Middle Atlantic	14,971		31.3		15,076		35.5
Mountain	2,227		4.6		2,227		5.2
West North Central	2,746		5.8		—		—
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

Mortgage Loans by Property Type
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Commercial
Multifamily	$	17,051	35.6	%	$	11,741	27.6	%
Office	11,932		25.0		11,848		27.9
Industrial	10,124		21.2		10,124		23.8
Retail	2,227		4.7		2,227		5.2
Mixed use/Other	6,475		13.5		6,580		15.5
Total mortgage loans at amortized cost	$	47,809	100.0	%	$	42,520	100.0	%

Summary of Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator

Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator
	2020		2019		2018		Total
Commercial mortgage loans:
Risk Rating:
1-2 internal grade	$	5,551	$	8,404	$	18,770	$	32,725
3-4 internal grade	—		8,496		6,588		15,084
5 internal grade	—		—		—		—
6 internal grade	—		—		—		—
7 internal grade	—		—		—		—
Total commercial mortgage loans	$	5,551	$	16,900	$	25,358	$	47,809
Current-period write-offs	—		—		—		—
Current-period recoveries	—		—		—		—
Current-period net write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Summary of Rollforward of Allowance for Mortgage Loan Losses

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had an allowance for mortgage loan losses of $76, summarized in the following rollforward:

Rollforward of allowance for mortgage loan losses:
	As of
	September 30, 2020
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$	72
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	4
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	—
Ending balance of the allowance for mortgage loan losses, September 30, 2020	$	76

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Reserves for Losses and Loss Settlement Expenses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Insurance Loss Reserves [Abstract]

Changes in Property and Casualty Losses and Loss Settlement Expense Reserves

The following table provides an analysis of changes in our property and casualty losses and loss settlement expense reserves at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (net of reinsurance amounts):

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,421,754	$	1,312,483
Ceded losses and loss settlement expenses	(68,536)		(57,094)
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$	1,353,218	$	1,255,389
Losses and loss settlement expenses incurred for claims occurring during
Current year	$	656,207	$	835,507
Prior years	(30,038)		(5,335)
Total incurred	$	626,169	$	830,172
Losses and loss settlement expense payments for claims occurring during
Current year	$	263,898	$	333,975
Prior years	330,190		398,368
Total paid	$	594,088	$	732,343
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of year	$	1,385,299	$	1,353,218
Ceded loss and loss settlement expenses	169,784		68,536
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of period	$	1,555,083	$	1,421,754

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Employee Benefits (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of the net periodic benefit cost for our pension and postretirement benefit plans are as follows:

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Three Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	2,707	$	1,997	$	432	$	456
Interest cost	2,066		2,080		253		319
Expected return on plan assets	(3,385)		(2,696)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(2,021)		(2,221)
Amortization of net loss	979		901		94		224
Net periodic benefit cost	$	2,367	$	2,282	$	(1,242)	$	(1,222)

	Pension Plan				Postretirement Benefit Plan
Nine Months Ended September 30,	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$	8,122	$	5,991	$	1,296	$	1,368
Interest cost	6,199		6,240		760		956
Expected return on plan assets	(10,154)		(8,088)		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	—		—		(6,063)		(6,463)
Amortization of net loss	2,936		2,703		282		671
Net periodic benefit cost	$	7,103	$	6,846	$	(3,725)	$	(3,468)

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Activity in Stock Award Plans

The activity in the Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	834,910	1,900,000
Additional shares authorized	—	1,500,000
Number of awards granted	(165,024)	(3,281,445)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	34,874	586,205
Ending balance	704,760	704,760
Number of option awards exercised	7,200	1,450,389
Number of unrestricted stock awards granted	—	10,090
Number of restricted stock awards vested	63,600	164,378

The activity in the Director Stock Plan is displayed in the following table:

Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020	From Inception to September 30, 2020
Beginning balance	34,863	300,000
Additional authorization	150,000	150,000
Number of awards granted	(24,728)	(313,868)
Number of awards forfeited or expired	—	24,003
Ending balance	160,135	160,135
Number of option awards exercised	14,183	133,275
Number of restricted stock awards vested	14,300	98,491

Remaining Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We expect this compensation to be recognized over the remainder of 2020 and subsequent years according to the table below, except with respect to awards that are accelerated by the Board of Directors, in which case we will recognize any remaining compensation expense in the period in which the awards are accelerated.

2020	$	1,060
2021	2,584
2022	1,056
2023	211
2024	82
2025	11
Total	$	5,004

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Earnings Per Common Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Components of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(37,241)	$	(37,241)	$	(2,342)	$	(2,342)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		—
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		—
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,031,234		25,031,234		25,176,334		25,176,334
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(1.49)	$	(1.49)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.09)
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		820,124		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

The components of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Share Data)	2020				2019
	Basic		Diluted		Basic		Diluted
Net income (loss)	$	(103,815)	$	(103,815)	$	37,983	$	37,983
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,172,716
Add dilutive effect of restricted stock unit awards	—		—		—		249,605
Add dilutive effect of stock options	—		—		—		221,423
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	25,023,401		25,023,401		25,172,716		25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share	$	(4.15)	$	(4.15)	$	1.51	$	1.48
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation(1)	—		515,984		—		63,897

(1)Outstanding awards that are not "in-the-money" are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the three-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of June 30, 2020	79,283		(32,433)		$	46,850
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,252		—		3,252
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(43)		848		805
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31.

The following table shows the changes in the components of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020:

			Liability for
	Net unrealized		underfunded
	appreciation		employee
	on investments		benefit costs(1)		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2020	47,279		(34,127)		$	13,152
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	35,223		—		35,223
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(10)		2,542		2,532
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	82,492	$	(31,585)	$	50,907

(1) The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make various estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of net periodic benefit cost, plan assets and plan obligations for each plan at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. One significant estimate relates to the calculation of the benefit obligation for each plan. We annually establish the discount rate, which is an estimate of the interest rate at which these benefits could be effectively settled, that is used to determine the present value of the respective plan's benefit obligations as of December 31

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Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Operating Leases

The components of our operating leases were as follows for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	1,832	$	1,910	$	5,788	$	5,730
Less sublease income	53		119		239		371
Net lease expense	1,779		1,791		5,549		5,359
Cash flows information related to leases:
Operating cash outflow from operating leases	1,796		1,812		5,265		5,420

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Segment Information) (Details)		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 18, 2017 segment	Sep. 30, 2020 state segment location
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of states in which we are licensed as insurer | state		48
Number of business segments	2
Number of reportable segments		1
Property and Casualty Insurance
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of domestic locations | location		6

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Discontinued Operations) (Details) - United Life - Discontinued Operations $ in Thousands	Mar. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Consideration in cash	$ 280,000
Adjustment as set forth in the definitive agreement	21
Net amount of consideration	279,979
After-tax gain on sale of discontinued operations	$ 27,307

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Cash and Cash Equivalents) (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Payment for income taxes	$ 125,000	$ 1,556,000
Federal tax refund received	0	5,401,000
Interest payments	$ 0	$ 0

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Recorded asset at beginning of period	$ 94,292
Underwriting costs deferred	158,371
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	(158,440)
Recorded asset at ending of period	$ 94,223

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Goodwill) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Goodwill impairment	$ 15,091	$ 0	$ 15,091	$ 0

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Income Taxes) (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 27, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Income tax benefit, CARES Act	$ 17,800,000
Federal income tax expense (benefit)		$ (17,987,000)	$ (2,186,000)	$ (52,176,000)	$ 7,595,000
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits		$ 0		$ 0		$ 0

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Variable Interest Entities) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) variable_interest_entity	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Number of variable interest entities | variable_interest_entity	1
Fair value of VIE	$ 3,048,480	$ 3,013,472
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Fair value of VIE	$ 3,638

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Credit Losses) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Jan. 01, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Investment income accrual period	6 months
Credit loss allowance for reinsurance receivables	$ 241	$ 38	$ 0

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Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation (Rollforward of Credit Loss Allowance for Reinsurance Receivable) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Reinsurance Recoverable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$ 0
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	203
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	0
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	0
Ending balance of the allowance for reinsurance receivable, September 30, 2020	$ 241

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Summary of Investments (Fair Value of Investments) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	$ 1,612,626	$ 1,659,760
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	105,803	60,639
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	1,382	792
Fair Value	1,717,039	1,719,607
Allowance for Credit Losses	8	0
U.S. Treasury
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	53,877	69,300
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	730	203
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	8	12
Fair Value		69,491
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
U.S. government agency
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	60,503	97,962
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	4,457	2,344
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	104
Fair Value		100,202
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	79,872	85,607
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	4,106	2,987
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		88,594
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	29,124	30,120
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	1,426	1,150
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		31,270
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | South
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	105,290	111,688
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	5,295	3,515
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		115,203
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | West
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	102,772	105,569
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	7,175	4,748
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		110,317
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	126,251	133,717
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	8,590	6,175
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		139,892
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	58,287	58,665
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	4,557	2,878
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		61,543
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | South
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	220,904	224,214
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	17,446	10,452
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		234,666
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | West
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	133,934	138,557
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	9,168	6,287
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		144,844
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Foreign bonds
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	26,413	4,936
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	1,835	181
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	230	0
Fair Value		5,117
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Public utilities
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	77,147	60,950
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	7,155	2,701
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		63,651
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Energy
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	24,912	28,695
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	2,589	1,429
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		30,124
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Industrials
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	39,558	52,249
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	3,499	1,766
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		54,015
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Consumer goods and services
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	45,250	47,131
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	3,790	2,335
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	12	0
Fair Value		49,466
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Health care
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	6,674	8,998
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	895	482
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		9,480
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Technology, media and telecommunications
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	37,241	25,931
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	4,330	1,739
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		27,670
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Corporate bonds | Financial services
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	95,696	96,613
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	7,030	3,870
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	267	230
Fair Value		100,253
Allowance for Credit Losses	8
Mortgage-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	14,333	6,250
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	305	127
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	109	21
Fair Value		6,356
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Government national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	71,992	78,400
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	5,206	2,053
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	1	97
Fair Value		80,356
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal home loan mortgage corporation
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	119,006	123,572
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	3,019	1,150
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	349	220
Fair Value		124,502
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	83,276	70,322
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	2,579	1,631
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	406	108
Fair Value		71,845
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Asset-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Cost or Amortized Cost	314	314
Gross Unrealized Appreciation	621	436
Gross Unrealized Depreciation	0	0
Fair Value		750
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Fair Value
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	1,717,047	1,719,607
Fair Value | U.S. Treasury
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	54,599
Fair Value | U.S. government agency
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	64,960
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	83,978
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	30,550
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | South
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	110,585
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | West
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	109,947
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	134,841
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	62,844
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | South
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	238,350
Fair Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | West
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	143,102
Fair Value | Foreign bonds
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	28,018
Fair Value | Public utilities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	84,302
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Energy
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	27,501
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Industrials
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	43,057
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Consumer goods and services
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	49,028
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Health care
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	7,569
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Technology, media and telecommunications
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	41,571
Fair Value | Corporate bonds | Financial services
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	102,459
Fair Value | Mortgage-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	14,529
Fair Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Government national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	77,197
Fair Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal home loan mortgage corporation
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	121,676
Fair Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	85,449
Fair Value | Asset-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	935
Carrying Value
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	1,717,039	$ 1,719,607
Carrying Value | U.S. Treasury
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	54,599
Carrying Value | U.S. government agency
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	64,960
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	83,978
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	30,550
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | South
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	110,585
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | General obligations | West
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	109,947
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Midwest
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	134,841
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | Northeast
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	62,844
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | South
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	238,350
Carrying Value | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Special revenue | West
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	143,102
Carrying Value | Foreign bonds
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	28,018
Carrying Value | Public utilities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	84,302
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Energy
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	27,501
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Industrials
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	43,057
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Consumer goods and services
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	49,028
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Health care
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	7,569
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Technology, media and telecommunications
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	41,571
Carrying Value | Corporate bonds | Financial services
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	102,451
Carrying Value | Mortgage-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	14,529
Carrying Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Government national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	77,197
Carrying Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal home loan mortgage corporation
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	121,676
Carrying Value | Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal national mortgage association
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	85,449
Carrying Value | Asset-backed securities
Fixed maturities:
Fair Value	$ 935

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Summary of Investments (Maturities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Available-For-Sale, Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less	$ 53,911
Due after one year through five years	365,831
Due after five years through 10 years	401,105
Due after 10 years	502,858
Amortized Cost	1,612,626	$ 1,659,760
Available-For-Sale, Fair Value
Due in one year or less	54,386
Due after one year through five years	388,192
Due after five years through 10 years	433,321
Due after 10 years	541,362
Allowance for credit losses	(8)	0
Fair Value	1,717,039	1,719,607
Trading, Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less	1,957
Due after one year through five years	9,221
Due after five years through 10 years	0
Due after 10 years	1,080
Amortized Cost	12,258	11,941
Trading, Fair Value
Due in one year or less	3,935
Due after one year through five years	9,265
Due after five years through 10 years	0
Due after 10 years	1,611
Fair Value	14,811	15,256
Asset-backed securities
Available-For-Sale, Amortized Cost
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	314
Amortized Cost	314	314
Available-For-Sale, Fair Value
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	935
Allowance for credit losses	0
Fair Value		750
Mortgage-backed securities
Available-For-Sale, Amortized Cost
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	14,333
Amortized Cost	14,333	6,250
Available-For-Sale, Fair Value
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	14,529
Allowance for credit losses	0
Fair Value		$ 6,356
Collateralized mortgage obligations
Available-For-Sale, Amortized Cost
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	274,274
Available-For-Sale, Fair Value
Securities not categorized by contractual maturity	$ 284,322

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Summary of Investments (Net Realized Investment Gains and Losses and Proceeds) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Net realized investment gains (losses):
Available-for-sale	$ 52	$ 129	$ 52	$ 271
Allowance for credit losses	2	0	(8)	0
Trading securities
Change in fair value	248	43	(760)	2,290
Sales	134	8	(20)	100
Equity securities
Change in fair value	21,962	9,692	(38,876)	46,825
Sales	(7,186)	(50)	(22,772)	655
Mortgage loans allowance for credit losses	0	0	(4)	(15)
Real estate	0	0	(28)	0
Total net realized investment gains (losses)	15,212	9,822	(62,416)	50,126
Proceeds from sales	0	0	16,907	36,490
Gross realized gains	0	0	198	30
Gross realized losses	$ 0	$ 0	$ 495	$ 13

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Summary of Investments (Narrative) (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) date	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Trading securities	$ 15,256	$ 14,811
Remaining potential contractual obligation		10,284
Investment in limited liability partnership investment fund	$ 25,000
Lockup period	3 years
Minimum notice period	60 days
Number of possible repurchase dates | date	4
Investment fair value		$ 24,035

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Summary of Investments (Unrealized Appreciation) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Change in net unrealized investment appreciation
Available-for-sale fixed maturities	$ 44,574	$ 77,103
Income tax effect	(9,361)	(16,192)
Total change in net unrealized investment appreciation, net of tax	$ 35,213	$ 60,911

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Summary of Investments (Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Losses for Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Rollforward of allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities:
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020	$ 0
Additions to the allowance for credit losses for which credit losses were not previously recorded	8
Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized)	0
Writeoffs charged against the allowance	0
Recoveries of amounts previously written off	0
Ending balance, September 30, 2020	$ 8

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Summary of Investments (Investments in Unrealized Loss Position) (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) issue	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) issue
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	31	24
12 months or longer | issue	9	27
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 120,638	$ 107,540
12 months or longer	3,290	20,230
Total	123,928	127,770
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	1,113	557
12 months or longer	13	235
Total	$ 1,126	$ 792
U.S. Treasury
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	2	0
12 months or longer | issue	0	2
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 11,804	$ 0
12 months or longer	0	4,733
Total	11,804	4,733
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	8	0
12 months or longer	0	12
Total	$ 8	$ 12
Foreign bonds
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	1
12 months or longer | issue	0
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 2,776
12 months or longer	0
Total	2,776
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	230
12 months or longer	0
Total	$ 230
U.S. government agency
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue		3
12 months or longer | issue		0
Fair Value
Less than 12 months		$ 13,846
12 months or longer		0
Total		13,846
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months		104
12 months or longer		0
Total		$ 104
Corporate bonds | Consumer goods and services
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	1
12 months or longer | issue	0
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 2,196
12 months or longer	0
Total	2,196
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	12
12 months or longer	0
Total	$ 12
Corporate bonds | Financial services
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	1	3
12 months or longer | issue	1	1
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 2,998	$ 10,906
12 months or longer	3,000	4,913
Total	5,998	15,819
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	2	142
12 months or longer	9	88
Total	$ 11	$ 230
Mortgage-backed securities
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	2	0
12 months or longer | issue	6	13
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 9,118	$ 0
12 months or longer	157	1,585
Total	9,275	1,585
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	107	0
12 months or longer	2	21
Total	$ 109	$ 21
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal home loan mortgage corporation
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	14	12
12 months or longer | issue	1	3
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 48,062	$ 50,829
12 months or longer	57	4,844
Total	48,119	55,673
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	348	183
12 months or longer	1	37
Total	$ 349	$ 220
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Federal national mortgage association
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	10	4
12 months or longer | issue	0	3
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 43,684	$ 23,515
12 months or longer	0	1,102
Total	43,684	24,617
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	406	90
12 months or longer	0	18
Total	$ 406	$ 108
Collateralized mortgage obligations | Government national mortgage association
Number of Issues
Less than 12 months | issue	0	2
12 months or longer | issue	1	5
Fair Value
Less than 12 months	$ 0	$ 8,444
12 months or longer	76	3,053
Total	76	11,497
Gross Unrealized Depreciation
Less than 12 months	0	38
12 months or longer	1	59
Total	$ 1	$ 97

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Accrued interest excluded from carrying value	$ 167
Allowance for mortgage loan losses	76	$ 72
Rabbi Trust | Other Assets | Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash surrender value	$ 7,670

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	$ 1,717,039	$ 1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811	15,256
Equity securities	198,791	299,203
Mortgage loans	47,733	42,448
Fair Value
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	1,717,047	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811	15,256
Equity securities	198,791	299,203
Mortgage loans	48,977	43,992
Other long-term investments	62,903	78,410
Short-term investments	175	175
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604	120,722
Corporate-owned life insurance	7,670	6,777
Carrying Value
Fixed maturities:
Available-for-sale securities	1,717,039	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811	15,256
Equity securities	198,791	299,203
Mortgage loans	47,733	42,448
Other long-term investments	62,903	78,410
Short-term investments	175	175
Cash and cash equivalents	99,604	120,722
Corporate-owned life insurance	$ 7,670	$ 6,777

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 1,717,039	$ 1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811	15,256
Equity securities	198,791	299,203
U.S. Treasury
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		69,491
U.S. government agency
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		100,202
Foreign bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		5,117
Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		63,651
Mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		6,356
Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		750
Government national mortgage association | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		80,356
Federal home loan mortgage corporation | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		124,502
Federal national mortgage association | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		71,845
General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		88,594
General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		31,270
General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		115,203
General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		110,317
Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		139,892
Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		61,543
Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		234,666
Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		144,844
Energy | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		30,124
Industrials | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		54,015
Consumer goods and services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		49,466
Health care | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		9,480
Technology, media and telecommunications | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		27,670
Financial services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		100,253
Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	1,717,047	1,719,607
Trading securities	14,811	15,256
Equity securities	198,791	299,203
Short-Term Investments	175	175
Money Market Accounts	54,590	9,334
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	7,670	6,777
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	1,993,084	2,050,352
Recurring | U.S. Treasury
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	54,599	69,491
Recurring | U.S. government agency
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	64,960	100,202
Recurring | Foreign bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	28,018	5,117
Recurring | Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	84,302	63,651
Recurring | Mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	14,529	6,356
Recurring | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	935	750
Recurring | Redeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Trading securities	5,049	4,087
Recurring | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	6,641	6,674
Recurring | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	5,049	4,087
Equity securities	198,196	298,608
Short-Term Investments	175	175
Money Market Accounts	54,590	9,334
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	0	0
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	258,010	312,204
Recurring | Level 1 | U.S. Treasury
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | U.S. government agency
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Foreign bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 1 | Redeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Trading securities	5,049	4,087
Recurring | Level 1 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	6,046	6,079
Recurring | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	1,715,862	1,718,607
Trading securities	9,762	11,169
Equity securities	0	0
Short-Term Investments	0	0
Money Market Accounts	0	0
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	7,670	6,777
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	1,733,294	1,736,553
Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. Treasury
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	54,599	69,491
Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. government agency
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	64,960	100,202
Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	28,018	5,117
Recurring | Level 2 | Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	84,302	63,651
Recurring | Level 2 | Mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	14,529	6,356
Recurring | Level 2 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 2 | Redeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 2 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	1,185	1,000
Trading securities	0	0
Equity securities	595	595
Short-Term Investments	0	0
Money Market Accounts	0	0
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance	0	0
Total Assets Measured at Fair Value	1,780	1,595
Recurring | Level 3 | U.S. Treasury
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | U.S. government agency
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Foreign bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	935	750
Recurring | Level 3 | Redeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	595	595
Recurring | Government national mortgage association | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	77,197	80,356
Recurring | Government national mortgage association | Level 1 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Government national mortgage association | Level 2 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	77,197	80,356
Recurring | Government national mortgage association | Level 3 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Federal home loan mortgage corporation | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	121,676	124,502
Recurring | Federal home loan mortgage corporation | Level 1 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Federal home loan mortgage corporation | Level 2 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	121,676	124,502
Recurring | Federal home loan mortgage corporation | Level 3 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Federal national mortgage association | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	85,449	71,845
Recurring | Federal national mortgage association | Level 1 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Federal national mortgage association | Level 2 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	85,449	71,845
Recurring | Federal national mortgage association | Level 3 | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	83,978	88,594
Recurring | General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	30,550	31,270
Recurring | General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	110,585	115,203
Recurring | General obligations | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	109,947	110,317
Recurring | General obligations | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	83,978	88,594
Recurring | General obligations | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	30,550	31,270
Recurring | General obligations | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	110,585	115,203
Recurring | General obligations | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	109,947	110,317
Recurring | General obligations | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | General obligations | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	134,841	139,892
Recurring | Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	62,844	61,543
Recurring | Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	238,350	234,666
Recurring | Special revenue | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	143,102	144,844
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 1 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	134,841	139,892
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	62,844	61,543
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	238,350	234,666
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 2 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	143,102	144,844
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Midwest
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | Northeast
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | South
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Special revenue | Level 3 | States, municipalities and political subdivisions | West
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Public utilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	16,344	16,295
Recurring | Public utilities | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	16,344	16,295
Recurring | Public utilities | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Public utilities | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Energy
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	8,833	14,639
Recurring | Energy | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	27,501	30,124
Recurring | Energy | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	8,833	14,639
Recurring | Energy | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Energy | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Energy | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	27,501	30,124
Recurring | Energy | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Energy | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Recurring | Industrials
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	30,935	57,330
Recurring | Industrials | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	43,057	54,015
Trading securities	2,004
Recurring | Industrials | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	30,935	57,330
Recurring | Industrials | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0
Recurring | Industrials | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Industrials | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	43,057	54,015
Trading securities	2,004
Recurring | Industrials | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Industrials | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0
Recurring | Consumer goods and services
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	31,432	29,935
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	49,028	49,466
Trading securities	1,171	2,276
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	31,432	29,935
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	49,028	49,466
Trading securities	1,171	2,276
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Consumer goods and services | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Health care
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	24,646	27,285
Recurring | Health care | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	7,569	9,480
Trading securities	4,965	4,701
Recurring | Health care | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	24,646	27,285
Recurring | Health care | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Health care | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Health care | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	7,569	9,480
Trading securities	4,965	4,701
Recurring | Health care | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Health care | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	16,003	19,265
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	41,571	27,670
Trading securities		1,732
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	16,003	19,265
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities		0
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	41,571	27,670
Trading securities		1,732
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Technology, media and telecommunications | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities		0
Recurring | Financial services
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	63,957	127,780
Recurring | Financial services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	102,459	100,253
Trading securities	1,622	2,460
Recurring | Financial services | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	63,957	127,780
Recurring | Financial services | Level 1 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Trading securities	0	0
Recurring | Financial services | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Financial services | Level 2 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	102,209	100,003
Trading securities	1,622	2,460
Recurring | Financial services | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Equity securities	0	0
Recurring | Financial services | Level 3 | Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	250	250
Trading securities	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements) (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 1,717,039	$ 1,719,607
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	198,791	299,203
Asset-backed securities
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		750
Financial services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities		100,253
Recurring
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	1,717,047	1,719,607
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	198,791	299,203
Recurring | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	935	750
Recurring | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	6,641	6,674
Recurring | Financial services
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	63,957	127,780
Recurring | Financial services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	102,459	100,253
Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	1,185	1,000
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	595	595
Recurring | Level 3 | Asset-backed securities
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 935	750
Recurring | Level 3 | Asset-backed securities | Discounted cash flow | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities, range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs	0.04
Recurring | Level 3 | Asset-backed securities | Discounted cash flow | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities, range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs	0.06
Recurring | Level 3 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	$ 595	595
Recurring | Level 3 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks | Discounted cash flow | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks, range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs	0.03
Recurring | Level 3 | Nonredeemable preferred stocks | Discounted cash flow | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks, range of weighted average significant unobservable inputs	0.04
Recurring | Level 3 | Financial services
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Nonredeemable preferred stocks	$ 0	0
Recurring | Level 3 | Financial services | Corporate bonds
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Available-for-sale securities	$ 250	$ 250

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Level 3 Securities) (Details) - Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 1,772	$ 1,595
Net unrealized gains	8	185
Ending balance	1,780	1,780
Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	250	250
Net unrealized gains	0	0
Ending balance	250	250
Asset-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	927	750
Net unrealized gains	8	185
Ending balance	935	935
Equities
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	595	595
Net unrealized gains	0	0
Ending balance	$ 595	$ 595

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Carrying Value of Commercial Mortgage Loans and Additional Information) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Total amortized cost	$ 47,809	$ 42,520
Allowance for mortgage loan losses	(76)	(72)
Mortgage loans, net	47,733	42,448
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 47,809	$ 42,520
Percent of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | East North Central
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 3,245	$ 3,245
Percent of Total	6.80%	7.60%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | Southern Atlantic
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 9,794	$ 7,026
Percent of Total	20.50%	16.50%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | East South Central
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 8,238	$ 8,358
Percent of Total	17.20%	19.70%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | New England
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 6,588	$ 6,588
Percent of Total	13.80%	15.50%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | Middle Atlantic
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 14,971	$ 15,076
Percent of Total	31.30%	35.50%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | Mountain
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 2,227	$ 2,227
Percent of Total	4.60%	5.20%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Region | West North Central
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 2,746	$ 0
Percent of Total	5.80%	0.00%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 47,809	$ 42,520
Percent of Total	100.00%	100.00%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type | Multifamily
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 17,051	$ 11,741
Percent of Total	35.60%	27.60%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type | Office
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 11,932	$ 11,848
Percent of Total	25.00%	27.90%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type | Industrial
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 10,124	$ 10,124
Percent of Total	21.20%	23.80%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type | Retail
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 2,227	$ 2,227
Percent of Total	4.70%	5.20%
Total mortgage loans | Mortgage Loans by Property Type | Mixed use/Other
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Mortgage loans, net	$ 6,475	$ 6,580
Percent of Total	13.50%	15.50%
Less than 65%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Total amortized cost	$ 30,467	$ 34,024
65%-75%
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Total amortized cost	$ 17,342	$ 8,496

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Amortized Cost Basis by Year of Origination and Credit Quality Indicator) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	$ 5,551
2019	16,900
2018	25,358
Total	47,809	$ 42,520
Current-period write-offs	0
Current-period recoveries	0
Current-period net write-offs	0
1-2 internal grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	5,551
2019	8,404
2018	18,770
Total	32,725
3-4 internal grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	0
2019	8,496
2018	6,588
Total	15,084
5 internal grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	0
2019	0
2018	0
Total	0
6 internal grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	0
2019	0
2018	0
Total	0
7 internal grade
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2020	0
2019	0
2018	0
Total	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Rollforward of Allowance for Mortgage Loan Losses) (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Rollforward of allowance for mortgage loan losses:
Beginning balance	$ 72
Current-period provision for expected credit losses	4
Write-off charged against the allowance, if any	0
Recoveries of amounts previously written off, if any	0
Ending balance of the allowance for mortgage loan losses	$ 76

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Reserves for Losses and Loss Settlement Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Roll Forward]
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	$ 1,421,754	$ 1,312,483
Ceded losses and loss settlement expenses	(68,536)	(57,094)
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at beginning of year	1,353,218	1,255,389
Losses and loss settlement expenses incurred for claims occurring during
Current year	656,207	835,507
Prior years	(30,038)	(5,335)
Total incurred	626,169	830,172
Losses and loss settlement expense payments for claims occurring during
Current year	263,898	333,975
Prior years	330,190	398,368
Total paid	594,088	732,343
Net liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of year	1,385,299	1,353,218
Ceded loss and loss settlement expenses	169,784	68,536
Gross liability for losses and loss settlement expenses at end of period	$ 1,555,083	$ 1,421,754

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Employee Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Pension Plan
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$ 2,707	$ 1,997	$ 8,122	$ 5,991
Interest cost	2,066	2,080	6,199	6,240
Expected return on plan assets	(3,385)	(2,696)	(10,154)	(8,088)
Amortization of prior service credit	0	0	0	0
Amortization of net loss	979	901	2,936	2,703
Net periodic benefit cost	2,367	2,282	7,103	6,846
Postretirement Benefit Plan
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	432	456	1,296	1,368
Interest cost	253	319	760	956
Expected return on plan assets	0	0	0	0
Amortization of prior service credit	(2,021)	(2,221)	(6,063)	(6,463)
Amortization of net loss	94	224	282	671
Net periodic benefit cost	$ (1,242)	$ (1,222)	(3,725)	$ (3,468)
Estimated 2020 pension plan contribution, disclosed in prior year 10K					$ 10,000
Contribution by employer			$ 10,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		141 Months Ended	189 Months Ended
	May 31, 2014	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	May 20, 2020	May 19, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2008	Dec. 31, 2004
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense		$ 1,052	$ 1,203	$ 3,979	$ 5,248
Stock-based compensation expense to be recognized through results of operations		$ 5,004		$ 5,004		$ 5,004	$ 5,004
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		704,760		704,760		704,760	704,760			834,910	1,900,000
Additional shares authorized (in shares)	1,500,000			0		1,500,000
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Options Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expiration period				10 years
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage				20.00%
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche One | Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period				3 years
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage				33.30%
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Two | Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period				5 years
Director Plan - 2005
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		160,135		160,135		160,135	160,135	450,000	300,000	34,863		300,000
Additional shares authorized (in shares)				150,000			150,000

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Stock-Based Compensation (Activity in the Stock Plan) (Details) - shares	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	141 Months Ended	189 Months Ended
	May 31, 2014	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Beginning balance (in shares)		834,910	1,900,000
Additional shares authorized (in shares)	1,500,000	0	1,500,000
Number of awards granted (in shares)		(165,024)	(3,281,445)
Number of awards forfeited or expired (in shares)		34,874	586,205
Ending balance (in shares)		704,760	704,760	704,760
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Options Awards
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Number of option awards exercised (in shares)		7,200	1,450,389
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Unrestricted Stock Awards
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Number of awards granted (in shares)		0	(10,090)
Employee Stock Award Plan-2008 | Restricted Stock Awards
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Number of restricted stock awards vested (in shares)		63,600	164,378
Director Plan - 2005
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Beginning balance (in shares)		34,863		300,000
Additional shares authorized (in shares)		150,000		150,000
Number of awards granted (in shares)		(24,728)		(313,868)
Number of awards forfeited or expired (in shares)		0		24,003
Ending balance (in shares)		160,135	160,135	160,135
Director Plan - 2005 | Options Awards
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Number of option awards exercised (in shares)		14,183		133,275
Director Plan - 2005 | Restricted Stock Awards
Authorized Shares Available for Future Award Grants
Number of restricted stock awards vested (in shares)		14,300		98,491

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Stock-Based Compensation (Stock-based Compensation Expense) (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
2020	$ 1,060
2021	2,584
2022	1,056
2023	211
2024	82
2025	11
Total	$ 5,004

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Earnings Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	$ (37,241)	$ (2,342)	$ (103,815)	$ 37,983
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	25,031,234	25,176,334	25,023,401	25,172,716
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	25,031,234	25,176,334	25,023,401	25,643,744
Earnings (loss) per common share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (1.49)	$ (0.09)	$ (4.15)	$ 1.51
Earnings (loss) per common share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (1.49)	$ (0.09)	$ (4.15)	$ 1.48
Awards excluded from diluted earnings per share calculation (in shares)	820,124	63,897	515,984	63,897
Restricted Stock Unit Awards
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share [Line Items]
Add dilutive effect of share-based awards outstanding (in shares)	0	0	0	249,605
Stock Options
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share [Line Items]
Add dilutive effect of share-based awards outstanding (in shares)	0	0	0	221,423

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Credit Facility (Details) - USD ($)		9 Months Ended
	Feb. 02, 2016	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2020
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Outstanding balance on credit facility		$ 0	$ 0
Interest expense incurred		$ 0	$ 0
New Credit Agreement
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Option to increase, maximum amount				$ 100,000,000
New Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity				50,000,000
New Credit Agreement | Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity				20,000,000
New Credit Agreement | Swing Line of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity				$ 5,000,000
Previous Credit Agreement
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 100,000,000
Previous Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 50,000,000
Credit agreement term	4 years
Previous Credit Agreement | Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 20,000,000
Previous Credit Agreement | Swing Line of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 5,000,000

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning	$ 860,667	$ 910,472
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,252	35,223
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	805	2,532
Balance, ending	820,282	820,282
Net unrealized appreciation on investments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning	79,283	47,279
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,252	35,223
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(43)	(10)
Balance, ending	82,492	82,492
Liability for underfunded employee benefit costs
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning	(32,433)	(34,127)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income before reclassifications	0	0
Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	848	2,542
Balance, ending	(31,585)	(31,585)
Total
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning	46,850	13,152
Balance, ending	$ 50,907	$ 50,907

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Leases (Narrative) (Details)	Sep. 30, 2020
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	1 year
Lease extension option terms	6 months
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	7 years
Lease extension option terms	5 years

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Leases (Lease Costs) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$ 1,832	$ 1,910	$ 5,788	$ 5,730
Less sublease income	53	119	239	371
Net lease expense	1,779	1,791	5,549	5,359
Cash flows information related to leases:
Operating cash outflow from operating leases	$ 1,796	$ 1,812	$ 5,265	$ 5,420