DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jan. 31, 2023

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Description of the Business

Argan, Inc. (“Argan”) conducts operations through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Gemma Power Systems, LLC and affiliates (“GPS”); The Roberts Company, Inc. (“TRC”); Atlantic Projects Company Limited and affiliates (“APC”) and Southern Maryland Cable, Inc. (“SMC”). Argan and these consolidated subsidiaries are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Company.”

Through GPS and APC, the Company provides a full range of engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, maintenance, project development and technical consulting services to the power generation market, including the renewable energy sector. The wide range of customers includes primarily independent power producers, public utilities, power plant equipment suppliers and other commercial firms with significant power requirements with projects located in the United States (the “U.S.”), the Republic of Ireland (“Ireland”) and the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”). GPS and APC represent the Company’s power industry services reportable segment. Through TRC, the industrial fabrication and field services reportable segment provides primarily on-site services that support new plant construction and additions, maintenance turnarounds, shutdowns and emergency mobilizations for industrial operations primarily located in the Southeast region of the U.S. and that may include the fabrication, delivery and installation of steel components such as piping systems and pressure vessels. Through SMC, which conducts business as SMC Infrastructure Solutions, the telecommunications infrastructure services segment provides project management, construction, installation and maintenance services to commercial, local government and federal government customers primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31 of each year. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Argan, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and its controlled variable interest entity (“VIE”) prior to its deconsolidation in the fourth quarter of the year ended January 31, 2023 (see Note 3). All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In Note 17, the Company has provided certain financial information relating to the operating results and assets of its reportable segments based on the manner in which management disaggregates the Company’s financial reporting for purposes of making internal operating decisions.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues, expenses, and certain financial statement disclosures. Management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions upon which it relies are reasonable based upon information available to it at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. Estimates are used for, but are not limited to, the Company’s accounting for revenues, the valuation of assets with long and indefinite lives including goodwill, the valuation of restricted stock units and options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, the evaluation of contingent obligations and uncertain income tax return positions, the valuation of deferred taxes, and the determination of the allowance for doubtful accounts. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Such assets acquired in a business combination are initially included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at fair values. The Company capitalizes the power plant project development costs incurred by consolidated variable interest entities. Depreciation amounts are determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, other than land, which are generally from five to thirty-nine years. Building and leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the related asset or the lease term, as applicable. The costs of maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and major improvements are capitalized. When an asset is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation amounts are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is included in earnings.

Goodwill

Goodwill – On November 1 of each year, the Company reviews the carrying value of goodwill amounts for impairment. Each goodwill impairment assessment is performed using the quantitative business valuation process except in those circumstances when a qualitative approach performed by management results in a conclusion that it is unlikely that an impairment of the applicable goodwill amount has occurred. The Company also evaluates amounts of goodwill for impairment at any time when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill value may be impaired.

The Company identifies a potential impairment loss by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill. In the quantitative approach, the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using various market-based and income-based valuation techniques as applicable in the particular circumstances. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the related carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not deemed to be impaired. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment loss is recorded in an amount equal to the excess of the unit’s carrying value over its fair value, not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

An alternative method allows the Company to first assess qualitative factors to decide whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. It is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless management concludes, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value may be less than the corresponding carrying amount. The professional guidance for this evaluation identifies the types of factors which the Company should consider in conducting the qualitative assessment including macroeconomic, industry, market and entity-specific factors.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets – Long-lived assets (other than goodwill), consisting primarily of purchased intangible assets with definite lives, property, plant and equipment, are subject to review for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a carrying amount should be assessed. In such circumstances, the Company would compare the carrying value of the long-lived asset to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. In the event that the Company would determine that the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable, a loss would be recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value would be determined by using quoted market prices or valuation techniques such as the present value of expected future cash flows, appraisals, or other pricing models as appropriate. The useful lives and amortization of purchased intangible assets are described in Note 7.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition – The Company’s accounting for revenues on contracts with customers is based on a single comprehensive five-step model that requires reporting entities to:

Identify the contract,

Identify the performance obligations of the contract,

Determine the transaction price of the contract,

Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations, and

Recognize revenue.

The Company focuses on the transfer of the contractor’s control of the goods and/or services to the customer, as opposed to the transfer of risk and rewards. Major provisions of the current guidance cover the determination of which goods and services are distinct and represent separate performance obligations, the appropriate treatments for variable consideration, and the evaluation of whether revenues should be recognized at a point in time or over time.

When a performance obligation is satisfied over time, the related revenues are recognized over time. The Company’s revenues are recognized primarily under various types of long-term construction contracts, including those for which revenues are based on either a fixed-price or a time-and-materials basis, and primarily over time as performance obligations are satisfied due to the continuous transfer of control to the project owner or other customer.

Revenues from fixed-price contracts, including portions of estimated gross profit, are recognized as services are provided, based on costs incurred and estimated total contract costs using the cost-to-cost approach. If, at any time, the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on a contract, the Company will recognize the total loss in the reporting period in which it is identified and the loss amount becomes estimable. Revenues from time-and-materials contracts are recognized when the related services are provided to the customer.

Predominantly all of the Company’s fixed-price contracts are considered to have a single performance obligation. Although multiple promises to transfer individual goods or services may exist, they are not typically distinct within the context of such contracts because contract promises included therein are interrelated or the contracts require the Company to perform critical integration so that the customer receives a completed project. Warranties provided under the Company’s contracts with customers are assurance-type primarily and are recorded as the corresponding contract work is performed.

The transaction price for a customer contract represents the value of the contract awarded to the Company that is used to determine the amount of revenues recognized as of the balance sheet date. It may reflect amounts of variable consideration which could be either increases or decreases to the transaction price. These adjustments can be made from time-to-time during the period of contract performance as circumstances evolve related to such items as changes in the scope and price of contracts, claims, incentives and liquidated damages.

The Company’s timing of revenues recognition may not be consistent with its rights to bill and collect cash from project owners and other customers. Most contracts require payments as the corresponding work progresses that are determined in the manner described therein. Those rights are generally dependent upon advance billing terms, milestone billings based on the completion of certain phases of work or when services are performed. On most of our large contracts, milestone billings that occur early in the corresponding contract terms typically are made in advance of certain significant and related costs being incurred. This results in typically larger contract liability balances early in contract lives that decline over the terms of the corresponding contracts. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, there were no unusual or one-time adjustments to contract liabilities.

The balances of the Company’s accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers that have yet to be collected and represent an unconditional right to cash from its customers. Contract assets include amounts that represent the rights to receive payment for goods or services that have been transferred to the customer, with the rights conditional upon something other than the passage of time. Contract liabilities include amounts that reflect obligations to provide goods or services for which payment has been received. The amounts of revenues recognized during the years ended January 31, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”) that were included in the balances of contract liabilities as of January 31, 2022 and 2021, were approximately $131.0 million and $67.4 million, respectively.

Contract retentions are billed amounts which, pursuant to the terms of the applicable contract, are not paid by customers until a defined phase of a contract or project has been completed and accepted. These retained amounts are reflected in contract assets or contract liabilities depending on the net contract position of the particular contract. Retention amounts and the length of retention periods may vary. Retainage amounts related to active contracts are considered current regardless of the term of the applicable contract; such amounts are generally collected by the completion of the applicable contract. The amounts retained by project owners and other customers under construction contracts at January 31, 2023, and 2022 were $49.1 million and $40.4 million, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes – Deferred taxes are recognized using enacted tax rates for the effects of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. If management believes that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, the carrying value will be reduced by a valuation allowance.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with current accounting guidance which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, on the income tax returns of the Company. Management evaluates and the Company records the effect of any uncertain tax position based on the amount that management deems is more likely than not (i.e., greater than a 50% probability) to be sustained upon examination and ultimate settlement with the tax authorities in the applicable tax jurisdiction.

Interest incurred related to overdue income taxes is included in income tax expense; franchise taxes and income tax penalties are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Share-Based Payments

Share-Based Payments – The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based upon estimates of fair value determined at the grant date of the award. The compensation expense for each stock option is recognized on a straight-line basis over the corresponding vesting period which is typically three years. The fair value amounts associated with restricted stock unit awards, which are determined on the dates of award, are being recorded in stock compensation expense over the three-year contractual lapsing periods for the

corresponding restrictions. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. Share-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

For each exercise of a stock option or each vesting of a restricted stock unit, the Company determines whether the difference between the deduction for income tax reporting purposes created at that time and the related compensation expense previously recorded for financial reporting purposes results in either an excess income tax benefit or an income tax deficiency which is recognized, accordingly, as income tax benefit or expense in the corresponding consolidated statement of earnings.

Fair Values

Fair Values – Current professional accounting guidance applies to all assets and liabilities that are being measured and reported on a fair value basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal or most advantageous market. The carrying value amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets for the Company’s current assets, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and contract assets, and its current liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items.

The fair value amounts of reporting units (as needed for purposes of identifying goodwill impairment losses) are determined by averaging valuations that are calculated using market-based and income-based approaches deemed appropriate in the circumstances.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation – The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in the currency of the United States (“U.S. Dollars”). The effects of translating the financial statements of APC from its functional currency (Euros) into the Company’s reporting currency (U.S. Dollars) are recognized as translation adjustments in accumulated other comprehensive loss. There are no applicable income taxes. The translation of assets and liabilities to U.S. Dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of earnings amounts is made monthly based generally on the average currency exchange rate for the month. Net foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income, net, in the consolidated statements of earnings. For Fiscal 2023, Fiscal 2022 and the year ended January 31, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”), such amounts were not material.