10-K

 - 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number0-27512

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	47-0783182
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6175 S. Willow Drive, 10th Floor Greenwood Village, Colorado	80111
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (303) 200-2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share	NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☒  NO ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐
Smaller reporting company	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒  

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2018, was $1,021,190,980.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 15, 2019 was 32,987,206.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed on or prior to April 30, 2019, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

2018 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	7
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	14
Item 2.	Properties	15
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	15
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	15
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	19
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	21
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	37
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	40
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	74
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	74
Item 9B.	Other Information	74
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	75
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	75
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	75
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	75
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	75
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	76
	Signatures	96

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PART I

Item  1. Business

Overview

CSG Systems International, Inc. (the “Company”, “CSG”, or forms of the pronoun “we”) is one of the world’s leading revenue management and digital monetization, customer experience, and payment solutions providers, and a trusted partner to some of the most well-known companies around the globe. We leverage more than 35 years of experience to help our clients simplify the complexity of a rapidly changing business landscape. Drawing from real-world knowledge and unparalleled expertise, we design and implement business solutions that make their hardest decisions simpler and smarter so they can focus on evolving their businesses to provide highly sophisticated and competitive multi-product offerings while also delivering increasingly differentiated, real-time, and personalized experiences that meet the ever-changing demands of their customers across all stages of the customer lifecycle.

Our solutions are built on proven public and private cloud platforms, with out-of-the-box and managed service models that adapt to fit their unique business needs and enable the transformative change required to create personalized experiences that drive loyalty and retention.

Our principal executive offices are located at 6175 S. Willow Drive, 10^th Floor, Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111, and the telephone number at that address is (303) 200-2000.

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “CSGS”. We are a S&P Small Cap 600 company.

Industry Overview

Background. We provide software and services that help companies around the world monetize and digitally enable the customer experience.  While our heritage is born out of the communications services industry, we serve an expanding group of customers in markets ranging from financial services to health care to governmental agencies.  With an unwavering commitment to their success, we help our clients thrive in the most dynamic, challenging, and complex market conditions imaginable, allowing them to:

• Optimize their business, addressing the critical need to reduce operating costs to enable the redeployment of operating capital to support business growth and transformation.

• Enable new revenue streams through the monetization of multiple services, across multiple locations and channels, and bringing new services to market quickly.

• Protect and maintain existing revenue streams by improving service delivery that drives higher customer satisfaction and increases retention.

• Leverage data and insights to better know and understand their customers and deliver exceptional experiences.

• Become future-ready so they can adapt quickly and efficiently to industry changes and innovations.

Market Trends of Communications Industry. Our primary market, the global communications industry, is going through an unprecedented level of change.  This dramatic disruption is driving the emergence of heightened competition, innovative digital products, compelling customer engagements, real-time operational processes, and intense cost pressures. Some key trends are emerging as communications service providers (“CSPs”) try to evolve and compete in this highly complex ecosystem:

• Consumer choice:  Customers have more choices than ever for information, communications, and entertainment services.  While the shift in power from the service provider to the consumer has been occurring over the past several years, the adoption of new technologies and services which enable a more ubiquitous and personalized customer experience is becoming mainstream.  Service providers – whether traditional or new digital native – are developing offerings to cultivate a more recurring, loyal, and “branded” customer experience.  Increasing importance is placed on “brand” and “experience” as they both play a larger role in purchasing decisions.  The customer experience, from acquisition to termination of service, will determine the winners and losers in this “always connected” consumer world.  

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• Competitive landscape: The proliferation of digital native service providers (e.g., Facebook, Apple, Netflix, Google, Amazon, etc.) has changed the competitive landscape forever.  This new breed of competitors is not burdened with the infrastructure or legacy operational expenses that traditional CSPs have and, as a result, are more nimble, agile, and competitively priced for consumers.  This, in conjunction with the consumer-driven economy, has forced traditional providers to evaluate the viability of their existing business model, including scale, breadth of offerings, speed to react, and consumer experience, and to evolve their businesses to remain not only relevant and competitive but to thrive. While consolidation continues between traditional CSPs and content providers (e.g., AT&T and Time Warner Inc.), companies are also scaling their offerings through acquisitions within their respective media (e.g., Disney and 21^st Century Fox, Comcast and Sky) and communications industries (e.g., T-Mobile and Sprint).  Direct-to-consumer offerings are becoming even more prevalent, and cooperation not only with new partners, but even competitors (e.g., Netflix with Amazon Prime Video and traditional cable operators) is accelerating.

• Technology: Fueled by the collision of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (“IoT”), cloud technologies, and analytics, providers are fundamentally changing the way they get their products to market and engage with their customers.  5G technologies will propel the expansion of IoT and sensor-enabled services.  IoT will underpin the “servicification” of offerings — the transition of routine activities and purchases (e.g., checking gas meters, driving a car, buying groceries, etc.) to on demand services and pervasive consumer relationships (e.g., only servicing meters that show faults, recommending best parking spots, recommending meals for dinner tonight, etc.).  To meet the requirements of this hyper-connected ecosystem (speed-to-market, agility, scalability cost structure), providers are transitioning their legacy technology infrastructure to a combination of private and public cloud technologies to support billions of device connections.  

• New Revenue Sources:  CSPs are facing increased pressure to find new revenue sources, while also managing their cost structure and quality of service delivery during their business transformation. They are seeing a decline in revenues and profits associated with their traditional services like wireline voice and video as a result of new or increased competition.  In order to offset these declining revenues and profits, CSPs are looking for ways to improve their cost structure, grow through acquisitions, and launch new revenue-generating services with minimal capital investment. The result is that many CSPs are cutting costs associated with their traditional systems, integrating disparate acquired business operations, and launching new digital services with highly-flexible lower cost solutions.

Overall, these market trends drive the demand for scalable, flexible, and cost-efficient revenue management, customer experience, and digital monetization solutions, which we believe will provide us with revenue opportunities. As a result, we have historically invested a meaningful amount of our revenues in research and development (“R&D”) and have acquired companies that enable us to expand our offerings in a timely and efficient manner. We believe that our scalable, modular, and flexible solutions combined with our rich domain expertise and our ability to effectively migrate clients to our solutions, provide the industry with proven solutions to improve their profitability and consumers’ experiences.  We have specifically architected our solutions to offer service providers a phased, incremental approach to transforming their businesses, thereby reducing the business interruption risk associated with this evolution.

Business Strategy

Our goal is to be the most trusted provider of world-class cloud and software-based solutions to service providers around the globe by helping make our clients’ hardest decisions simpler and smarter, no matter the challenge.  We believe that by successfully executing on this goal we can grow our revenues and earnings, and therefore, create long-term value for our clients, employees, and stockholders. Our strategic focus to accomplish this goal is as follows:

Create More Long-Term, Recurring Relationships. Our relentless, relationship-driven, customer-focused business approach is built on a foundation of respect, integrity, and collaboration. As a result, we enjoy long-term relationships with many of the world’s leading CSPs. Our commitment to working with providers in true partnership fashion helps them to enable sustainable growth, create efficiencies, and deliver differentiated services to their customers. We have seen successful adoption of our managed services approach with global CSPs based upon our compelling value proposition and proven track record.

Expand Our Product and Services Portfolio Through Continuous Innovation. We believe that our product technology, cloud-based solutions, and pre-integrated suite of solutions give service providers a competitive advantage. Our solutions allow providers to effectively manage their traditional businesses while being able to also quickly deliver new digital services directly to consumers with a modern, personalized, branded experience driving customer satisfaction and loyalty. We continually add new, relevant capabilities to what we do as a company, both in terms of our people and our solutions. By doing this, we build very strong recurring relationships which are difficult for our competitors to displace.

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Deliver On Our Commitments. Our products and services are business critical. We help our clients manage the entire customer lifecycle, from acquisition to servicing to billing for their end customers. As a result, it is imperative that we deliver on our commitments. For over 35 years, we have been helping blue-chip companies manage periods of explosive and sustained market growth and change – helping them drive revenues, improve their profitability, and deliver positive customer experiences. Our track record of doing what we say we are going to do has enabled us to be a trusted advisor and integral member of our clients’ operations.

Bring New Skills and Talents to Market. In order to maintain our competitiveness in the market, we invest in our people so that they are prepared to bring the highest quality technical skills, interpersonal skills, and managerial skills to our business and our clients.

In summary, we are focused on helping our clients compete more effectively and successfully in an ever-changing market.

Description of Business

Key Clients. We work with the leading communication providers located around the world.  A partial list of those service providers as of December 31, 2018 is included below:  

Altice	Deutsche Telecom
América Móvil	Hutchinson Whampoa 3G
AT&T	Liberty Latin America
Bharti Airtel	MTN
Charter Communications, Inc.  (“Charter”)	Telefônica
JPMorgan Chase	Telstra
Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”)	Verizon
DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”)

Clients that represented 10% or more of our revenues for 2018 and/or 2017 were as follows (in millions, except percentages):

	2018					2017
	Amount		% of Revenues			Amount		% of Revenues
Comcast	$	221		25	%	$	219		28	%
Charter		179		20	%		171		22	%
DISH		80		9	%		89		11	%

See the Significant Client Relationships section of our Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) for additional information regarding our business relationships with these key clients.

Research and Development. Our clients around the world are facing competition from new entrants and at the same time, are deploying new services at a rapid pace and dramatically increasing the complexity of their business operations. Therefore, we continue to make meaningful investmentsin R&D to ensure that we stay ahead of our clients’ needs and advance our clients’ businesses as well as our own. We recognize these challenges and believe our value proposition is to provide solutions that help our clients ensure that each customer communication is an opportunity to create value and deepen the business relationship. As a result of our R&D efforts, we have broadened our footprint within our client base with many new innovative product offerings.

Our total R&D expenses for 2018 and 2017 were $124.0 million and $113.2 million, respectively, or approximately 14% of our total revenues in both periods, with the increase reflective of our heightened level of investment in 2018.  We anticipate the level of R&D investment in the near-term to be relatively consistent with that of 2018.

There are certain inherent risks associated with significant technological innovations.  Some of these risks are described in this report in our Risk Factors section below.

Products and Services. Our products and services help companies with complex transaction-centric business models manage the opportunities and challenges associated with accurately capturing, managing, generating, and optimizing the revenue associated with the immense volumes of customer communications and then manage the intricate nature of those customer relationships. Our primary product solutions include the following:

• Revenue Management & Digital Monetization:  Our solutions provide global service providers with a robust, integrated real-time revenue management framework in either a cloud-based or stand-alone environment to optimize and monetize transactions at every stage of the customer lifecycle. We support more than 480 million end users worldwide on behalf of our

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clients, managing every aspect from billing to customer care to partner settlement, and we help our clients quickly launch and monetize new services while having the flexibility to keep up with rapidly changing customer demands and markets that continually evolve. These solutions include our industry leading Advanced Convergent Platform (“ACP”), Ascendon, Singleview, Total Service Mediation (“TSM”), and Wholesale Business Management Solution (“WBMS”) platforms.

• Customer Communications Management: Our solutions are a diverse and integrated suite of tools designed to manage and improve every aspect of the customer experience, from onboarding to upgrades, payments to field service management. We are an industry leader in supporting omni-channel communications between our clients and their customers, processing more than 1.5 billion voice, SMS/text, print, and e-mail messages each year. Our February 2018 acquisition of Business Ink Co., (“Business Ink”) expanded these capabilities into new vertical markets and extended the scale of our operations and platform capabilities. More than 65,000 of our clients’ field technicians and dispatchers complete over 100 million work orders per year by leveraging our field service management solutions to optimize routing and provide real-time insights into arrival times for their customers.

• Payments: We empower our clients with options to manage and process payments from their customers. Through our October 2018 acquisition of Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”), we have extended these capabilities, offering an advanced, cloud-based, integrated suite of products and solutions across a variety of industries. Forte’s broad offering and strategic partnerships with more than 45,000 merchants, resellers, and independent software vendors has fueled its aggressive growth and success in the integrated payments space.

• Managed Services: We leverage our 35+ year history in running highly scalable, complex business support solutions to improve operational efficiencies and effectiveness.  For our managed services clients, we assume long-term responsibility for delivering our software solutions and related operations under a defined scope and specified service levels.  Under managed services agreements, we may operate software products (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients: (i) out of a client’s data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center (including public cloud providers) we contract with for such services.  

Historically, a substantial percentage of our total revenues have been generated from ACP and customer communications management solutions. These products and services are expected to provide a large percentage of our total revenues in the foreseeable future as well.

Business Acquisitions. Our strategy includes acquiring assets and businesses which provide the technology and personnel to expedite our product development efforts, provide complementary products and services, increase market share, and/or provide access to new markets and clients.

Professional Services. We employ professional services experts globally who bring a wide-ranging expertise – including solution architecture, project management, systems implementation, and business consultancy – to every project. We apply a proven methodology to each of our engagements, leveraging consistent world-class processes, best-practice programs, and systemized templates for all engagements.

Sales and Marketing. We organize our sales efforts to clients primarily within our geographically dispersed, dedicated account teams, with senior level account managers who are responsible for new revenues and renewal of existing contracts within a client account. The account teams are supported by sales support personnel who are experienced in the various products and services that we provide.

Competition. The market for revenue management solutions and services in the communications industry, as well as in other industries we serve, is highly competitive. We compete with both independent providers and in-house developers of customer management systems. We believe that our most significant competitors in our primary markets are Amdocs Limited and NEC Corporation; network equipment providers such as Ericsson and Huawei; and client-developed internal solutions. Some of our actual and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, and technological resources than us and in some instances, we may partner and collaborate with our competitors on large opportunities and projects.

We believe service providers in our industry use the following criteria when selecting a vendor for the mission critical management of their revenue, customer communications, and digital ecosystem: (i) functionality, scalability, flexibility, interoperability, and architecture of the software assets; (ii) the breadth and depth of pre-integrated product solutions; (iii) product quality, client service, and support; (iv) operational excellence and reliability; (v) quality of R&D efforts; and (vi) total cost of ownership. We believe that our products and services allow us to compete effectively in these areas.

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Proprietary Rights and Licenses

We rely on a combination of trade secret, copyright, trademark, and patent laws in the United States (“U.S.”) and similar laws in other countries, and non-disclosure, confidentiality, and other types of contractual arrangements to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights in our solutions. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated. Although we hold a select number of patents and patent applications on some of our newer solutions, we do not rely upon patents as a primary means of protecting our rights in our intellectual property. In any event, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved, that any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents will not be challenged by third parties. Also, much of our business and many of our solutions rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms. Our failure to adequately establish, maintain, and protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For a description of the risks associated with our intellectual property rights, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors - Failure to Protect Our Intellectual Property Rights or Claims by Others That We Infringe Their Intellectual Property Rights Could Substantially Harm Our Business, Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of 3,965 employees, an increase of 592 employees when compared to the number of employees we had as of December 31, 2017.  This increase is mainly attributed to the employees added as a result of the acquisitions of  Business Ink and Forte during 2018.  Our success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.  We are subject to various foreign employment laws and regulations based on the country in which our employees are located. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy materials, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act are available free of charge on our website at www.csgi.com.  Additionally, these reports are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.  

Code of Conduct and Business Ethics

A copy of our Code of Conduct and Business Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) is maintained on our website.  Any future amendments to the Code of Conduct, or any future waiver of a provision of our Code of Conduct, will be timely posted to our website upon their occurrence.  Historically, we have had minimal changes to our Code of Conduct, and have had no waivers of a provision of our Code of Conduct.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

We or our representatives from time-to-time may make or may have made certain forward-looking statements, whether orally or in writing, including without limitation, any such statements made or to be made in MD&A contained in our various SEC filings or orally in conferences or teleconferences. We wish to ensure that such statements are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements, so as to ensure, to the fullest extent possible, the protections of the safe harbor established in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Accordingly, the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to and are accompanied by the following meaningful cautionary statements identifying certain important risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements. This list of risk factors is likely not exhaustive. We operate in rapidly changing and evolving markets throughout the world addressing the complex needs of communication service providers, financial institutions, and many others, and new risk factors will likely emerge. Further, as we enter new market sectors such as financial services, as well as new geographic markets, we are subject to new regulatory requirements that increase the risk of non-compliance and the potential for economic harm to us and our clients. Management cannot predict all of the important risk factors, nor can it assess the impact, if any, of such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any risk factor, or combination of risk factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those in any forward-looking statements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will be accurate indicators of future actual results, and it is likely that actual results will differ from results projected in forward-looking statements and that such differences may be material.

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We Derive a Significant Portion of Our Revenues From a Limited Number of Clients, and the Loss of the Business of a Significant Client Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Financial Position and Results of Operations.

Over the past decade, the worldwide communications industry has experienced significant consolidation, resulting in a large percentage of the market being served by a limited number of service providers with greater size and scale, and there are possibilities of further consolidation. Consistent with this market concentration, we generate approximately 55% of our revenues from our three largest clients, which are (in order of size) Comcast, Charter, and DISH, which each individually accounted approximately 10% or more of our total revenues. See the Significant Client Relationships section of MD&A for key renewal dates and a brief summary of our business relationship with these clients.

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of clients. Such risks are that a significant client could: (i) undergo a formalized process to evaluate alternative providers for services we provide; (ii) terminate or fail to renew their contracts with us, in whole or in part for any reason; (iii) significantly reduce the number of customer accounts processed on our solutions, the price paid for our services, or the scope of services that we provide; or (iv) experience significant financial or operating difficulties. Any such development could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and/or trading price of our common stock.

Our industry is highly competitive, and as a result, it is possible that a competitor could increase its footprint and share of customers serviced at our expense or a service provider could develop their own internal solutions. While our clients may incur some costs in switching to our competitors or their own internally-developed solutions, they may do so for a variety of reasons, including: (i) price; (ii) dissatisfaction with our solutions or service levels; or (iii) dissatisfaction with our relationships.

The Delivery of Our Solutions is Dependent on a Variety of Computing Environments and Communications Networks Which May Not Be Available or May Be Subject to Security Attacks.

Our solutions are generally delivered through a variety of sources including public cloud, third-party data center providers, and internally-operated computing environments (collectively referred to hereafter in this section as “Systems”). The end users are connected to the Systems through a variety of public and private communications networks, which we will collectively refer to herein as “Networks.” Our solutions are generally considered to be mission critical customer management systems by our clients. As a result, our clients are highly dependent upon the high availability and uncompromised security of the Networks and Systems to conduct their business operations.

Networks and Systems are subject to the risk of an extended interruption, outage, or security breach due to many factors such as: (i) changes to the Systems and Networks for such things as scheduled maintenance and technology upgrades, or conversions to other technologies, service providers, or physical location of hardware; (ii) failures or lack of continuity of services from public could or third-party data center providers; (iii) defects in software program(s); (iv) human and machine error; (v) acts of nature; (vi) intentional, unauthorized attacks from computer “hackers”, or cyber-attacks; and (vii) using our systems to perpetrate identity theft through unauthorized authentication to our clients’ customers’ accounts. Most recently, the marketplace is experiencing an ever-increasing exposure to both the number and severity of cyber-attacks.  In addition, we continue to expand our use of the Internet with our product offerings thereby permitting, for example, our clients’ customers to use the Internet to review account balances, order services or execute similar account management functions. Access to Networks and Systems via the Internet has the potential to increase their vulnerability to unauthorized access and corruption, as well as increasing the dependency of the Systems’ reliability on the availability and performance of the Internet and end users’ infrastructure they obtain through other third-party providers.

The method, manner, cause and timing of an extended interruption, outage, or security breach in the Networks or Systems are impossible to predict. As a result, there can be no assurances that these Networks and Systems will not fail, not suffer a security breach or that our business continuity or remediation plans will adequately mitigate the negative effects of a disruption or security breach to the Networks or Systems. Further, our property, technology errors and omissions, and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that we incur as a result of such interruptions or security breaches. Should the Networks or Systems: (i) experience an extended interruption or outage; (ii) have their security breached; or (iii) have their data lost, corrupted or otherwise compromised, it would impede our ability to meet product and service delivery obligations, and likely have an immediate impact to the business operations of our clients. This would most likely result in an immediate loss to us of revenue or increase in expense, as well as damaging our reputation. The loss of confidential information could result in losing the customers’ confidence, as well as imposition of fines and damages. Any of these events could have an immediate, negative impact upon our financial position and our short-term revenue and profit expectations, as well as our long-term ability to attract and retain new clients.

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The Occurrence or Perception of a Security Breach or Disclosure of Confidential Personally Identifiable Information Could Harm Our Business.

In providing solutions to our clients, we process, transmit, and store confidential and personally identifiable information (“PII”), including social security numbers and financial information. Our treatment of such information is subject to contractual restrictions and federal, state, and foreign data privacy laws and regulations, which continue to evolve resulting in greater scrutiny over the protection of PII. In response to these evolving restrictions and regulations, including the European Union’s adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), we leverage various data encryption strategies and have implemented measures to protect against unauthorized access to such information, and comply with these laws and regulations. These measures include standard industry practices (e.g. payment card industry (“PCI”) requirements), periodic security reviews of our systems by independent parties, secure development practices, network firewalls, policy directives, procedural controls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus applications. Because of the inherent risks and complexities to defend against cybercrime, these measures may fail to adequately protect this information. Any failure on our part to protect the privacy of personally identifiable information or comply with data privacy laws and regulations may subject us to contractual liability and damages, loss of business, damages from individual claimants, substantial fines/penalties, criminal prosecution, and unfavorable publicity. Even the mere perception of a security breach or inadvertent disclosure of personally identifiable information could damage our reputation and inhibit market acceptance of our solutions. In addition, third-party vendors that we engage to perform services for us may unintentionally release personally identifiable information or otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. As new laws and regulations emerge and evolve our compliance costs could increase substantially. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, and results of operations.

We May Not Be Able to Efficiently and Effectively Implement New Solutions or Convert Clients onto Our Solutions.

Our continued growth plans include the implementation of new solutions, as well as migrating both new and existing clients to our solutions. Such implementations or conversions (collectively referred to hereafter in this section as “implementations”), regardless of whether they involve new solutions or new customers, have become increasingly more difficult because of the sophistication, complexity, and interdependencies of the various software and network environments impacted, combined with the increasing complexity of the clients’ underlying business processes. In addition, the complexity of the implementations increases when the arrangement includes other vendors participating in the project, including but not limited to, prime and subcontractor relationships with our company. For these reasons, implementations subject our clients to potential business disruption, which could cause them to delay or even cancel future implementations.  

As a result, there is a risk that we may experience cancellations, delays, or unexpected costs associated with implementations. In addition, our inability to complete implementations in an efficient and effective manner could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, and could damage our reputation in the market place, reducing our opportunity to grow our business with both new and existing clients.

We May Not Be Successful in the Integration or Achievement of Financial Targets of Our Acquisitions.

As part of our growth strategy, we seek to acquire assets, technology, and businesses which will provide the technology and personnel to expedite our product development efforts, provide complementary solutions, or provide access to new markets and clients.

Acquisitions involve a number of risks and difficulties, including: (i) expansion into new markets and business ventures; (ii) the requirement to understand local business practices; (iii) the diversion of management’s attention to the assimilation of acquired operations and personnel; (iv) being bound by acquired client or vendor contracts with unfavorable terms; and (v) potential adverse effects on a company’s operating results for various reasons, including, but not limited to, the following items: (a) the inability to achieve financial targets; (b) the inability to achieve certain financial expectations, operating goals, and synergies; (c) costs incurred to exit current or acquired contracts or activities; (d) costs incurred to service any acquisition debt; and (e) the amortization or impairment of acquired intangible assets.

Due to the multiple risks and difficulties associated with any acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in achieving our expected strategic, operating, and financial goals for any such acquisition.

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Our Business is Highly Dependent on the Global Communications Industry.

Since a large percentage of our revenues are generated from clients that operate within the global communications industry sector, we are highly dependent on the health and the business trends occurring within this industry (in particular for our North American cable and satellite clients).  Key factors within this industry that could potentially impact our clients’ businesses, and thus, our business, are as follows:

• Key Market Conditions:  The global communications industry has undergone significant fluctuations in growth rates and capital investment cycles in the past decade. Current economic indices suggest a slow stabilization of the industry, but it is impossible to predict whether this stabilization will persist or be subject to future instability.

In addition, changes in demand for traditional services for CSPs are causing them to seek new revenue sources, while also managing their cost structure and quality of service delivery during their business transformation. The result is that many CSPs are delaying investment decision on maintaining/advancing legacy systems, and/or making investments in new solutions to drive their business forward into new areas.

• Market Consolidation:  The pace of consolidation within the industry continues to accelerate as service providers look to increase the scale of their operations and footprint within the entire communications ecosystem.  Potential byproducts of this consolidation that could impact us are as follows: (i) there could be fewer providers in the market, each with potentially greater bargaining power and economic leverage due to their larger size, which may result in our having to lower our prices to remain competitive, retain our market share, or comply with the surviving client’s current more favorable contract terms, and (ii) the controlling entity in a consolidation that is not our current client, may acquire one of our existing clients and choose to consolidate both entities onto the controlling entity’s software platform, thus reducing and possibly eliminating our business with our existing client.

Also, as consolidated entities execute upon their revenue and operational synergies, there is generally a slowdown in decision-making on large transformational projects, discretionary spending, and/or on new business initiatives.  While this could be a timing issue only, it could impact quarterly and annual results.  

• Increased Competition:  Our clients operate in a highly competitive environment. Competitors range from traditional wireline and wireless providers to new entrants like new digital lifestyle service providers such as Facebook, Apple, Netflix, Google, and Amazon. Should these competitors be successful in their strategies, it could threaten our clients’ market share, pricing power, and level of services delivered, all of which could negatively impact our clients’ revenues, putting pressure on our source of revenues, as generally speaking, these companies do not use our core solutions and there can be no assurance that new entrants will become our clients. In addition, demand for spectrum, network bandwidth and content continues to increase and any changes in the regulatory environment could have a significant impact to not only our clients’ businesses, but in our ability to help our clients be successful.

The above industry factors are impacting our clients’ businesses, and thus could cause delays, cancellations/loss of business, and/or downward pricing pressure on our sales and services. This could cause us to either fall short of revenue expectations or have a cost model that is misaligned with revenues, either or both of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.  

We May Not Be Able to Respond to Rapid Technological Changes.

The market for business support solutions, such as customer care, billing solutions, and payment solutions is characterized by rapid changes in technology and is highly competitive with respect to the need for timely product innovations and new product introductions. As a result, we believe that our future success in sustaining and growing our revenues depends upon: (i) our ability to continuously expand, adapt, modify, maintain, and operate our solutions to address the increasingly complex and evolving needs of our clients without sacrificing the reliability or quality of the solutions; (ii) the integration of acquired technologies and their widely distributed, complex worldwide operations; and (iii) creating and maintaining an integrated suite of customer care and billing solutions, which are portable to new verticals such as utilities, financial services, and content distribution.  In addition, the market is demanding that our solutions have greater architectural flexibility and interoperability, and that we are able to meet the demands for technological advancements to our solutions at a greater pace. Our attempts to meet these demands subjects our R&D efforts to greater risks.

As a result, substantial and effective R&D and product investment will be required to maintain the competitiveness of our solutions in the market. Technical problems may arise in developing, maintaining, integrating, and operating our solutions as the complexities are increased. Development projects can be lengthy and costly, and may be subject to changing requirements, programming difficulties, a shortage of qualified personnel, and/or unforeseen factors which can result in delays. In addition, we may be responsible for the implementation of new solutions and/or the conversion of clients to new solutions, and depending upon the specific solution, we may also be responsible for operations of the solution.

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There is an inherent risk in the successful development, implementation, conversion, integration, and operation of our solutions as the technological complexities, and the pace at which we must deliver these solutions to market, continue to increase. The risk of making an error that causes significant operational disruption to a client, or results in incorrect computer processing of customer or vendor data that we perform on behalf of our clients, increases proportionately with the frequency and complexity of changes to our solutions and new delivery models. There can be no assurance: (i) of continued market acceptance of our solutions; (ii) that we will be successful in the development of enhancements or new solutions that respond to technological advances or changing client needs at the pace the market demands; or (iii) that we will be successful in supporting the implementation, conversion, integration, and/or operations of enhancements or new solutions.

A Reduction in Demand for Our Key Business Support Solutions Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Financial Position and Results of Operations.

Historically, a substantial percentage of our total revenues have been generated from our core cloud-based product, ACP, and related solutions. These solutions are expected to continue to provide a large percentage of our total revenues in the foreseeable future. Any significant reduction in demand for ACP and related solutions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Likewise, certain of our revenues generated from our software license and services business have been derived from wholesale billing, retail billing, and mediation products which are typically associated with large implementation projects. A sudden downward shift in demand for these products or for our professional services associated with these products could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

We are Subject to Payments Regulation in the U.S.  

Individual states have implemented various definitions and licensing requirements for entities deemed to be money transmitters. If we are required and fail to meet such state requirements at any time, we could be subject to enforcement actions and financial penalties and other costs.  An enforcement action could result in restrictions upon, or a prohibition on engaging in, the business of money transmission in one or more states and it could delay or prevent us from obtaining a money transmitter license in one or more states.  If we must apply for money transmitter licenses in one or more states, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such licenses, certifications, and approvals. In addition, there are substantial costs and potential product changes involved in maintaining such licenses, certifications, and approvals, and we could be subject to fines or other enforcement action if we are found to violate disclosure, reporting, anti-money laundering, capitalization, corporate governance or other requirements of such licenses. These factors could impose substantial additional costs and involve considerable delay to the development or provision of our products or services, or could require significant and costly operational changes or prevent us from providing our products or services in a given market. These limitations may adversely affect our ability to grow our business. 

Failure to Deal Effectively with Fraud, Fictitious Transactions, Bad Transactions, and Negative Experiences Could Increase Our Loss Rate and Harm Our Payment Processing Business, and Could Severely Diminish Merchant and Consumer Confidence in and Use of Our Services.

In the event that merchants do not fulfill their obligations to consumers or a merchant’s goods or services do not match the merchant’s description, we may incur losses as a result of chargebacks and claims from consumers. We would seek to recover such losses from the merchant, however, we may not be able to recover the amounts in full if the merchant is unwilling or unable to pay.  While we have established financial reserves based on assumptions and estimates that we believe are reasonable to cover such eventualities, these reserves on individual merchants may be insufficient. We may also incur losses from claims that the consumer did not authorize the purchase, from consumer fraud, from erroneous transactions, and as a result of consumers who have closed bank accounts or have insufficient funds in their bank accounts to satisfy payments. In addition, if losses incurred by us related to payment card transactions become excessive, we could lose the right to process credit card transactions, which would significantly impact our payment processing business. We have taken measures to detect and reduce the risk of fraud, including underwriting and risk management procedures and processes, but these measures need to be continually updated to address emerging  means of perpetrating fraud or to accommodate new product offerings.

Failure to Attract and Retain Our Key Management and Other Highly Skilled Personnel Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Business.

Our future success depends in large part on the continued service of our key management, sales, product development, professional services, and operational personnel. We believe that our future success also depends on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, operational, and sales and marketing personnel, including, in particular, personnel in the areas of R&D, professional services, and technical support. Competition for qualified personnel at times can be intense, particularly in the areas of R&D, conversions, software implementations, and technical support. This risk is heightened with a widely dispersed customer base

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and employee populations. For these reasons, we may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our commitments and new product delivery objectives.

Variability of Our Quarterly Revenues and Our Failure to Meet Revenue and Earnings Expectations Would Negatively Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.

From time to time, we may experience variability in quarterly revenues and operating results. Common causes of failure to meet revenue and operating expectations include, among others:

• Inability to close and/or recognize revenue on certain transactions in the period originally anticipated;

• Inability to accurately forecast payment processing transaction volumes and related transaction costs;

• Delays in renewal of multiple or individually significant agreements;

• Inability to renew existing arrangements at anticipated rates;

• Delays in timing of initiation and/or implementation of significant projects or arrangements;

• Inability to meet client expectations materially within our cost estimates;

• Changes in spending and investment levels;

• Foreign currency fluctuations; and

• Economic and political conditions.

Should we fail to meet our revenue and earnings expectations of the investment community, by even a relatively small amount, it would most likely have a disproportionately negative impact upon the market price of our common stock.

We May be Subject to Various Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Laws and Regulations.

We may be subject to various anti-money laundering (“AML”) and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations that prohibit, among other things, our involvement in processing the proceeds of criminal activities. We maintain an AML Compliance Policy and Procedure applicable to our payments processing business which policy is intended to comply with any applicable U.S. federal requirements.  The laws or their application, our interpretation of the laws, and/or our services may change so that we could be subject to additional regulation and incur additional costs of compliance. We may not be able to meet additional regulatory requirements or the cost of adhering to such requirements could be substantial or could severely impact our ability to continue to grow our payments processing business or retain merchants or partners. The regulations of other countries and/or any increased compliance costs associated with such regulations, could prevent us from entering new markets for our services.

Our Global Operations Subject Us to Additional Risks.

We currently conduct a portion of our business outside the U.S. We are subject to certain risks associated with operating internationally including the following items:

• Product development not meeting local requirements;

• Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for which a natural or purchased hedge does not exist or is ineffective;

• Staffing and managing foreign operations;

• Longer sales cycles for new contracts;

• Longer collection cycles for client billings or accounts receivable, as well as heightened client collection risks, especially in countries with highly inflationary economies and/or restrictions on the movement of cash out of the country;

• Trade barriers;

• Governmental sanctions;

• Complying with varied legal and regulatory requirements across jurisdictions;

• Reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• Inability to recover value added taxes and/or goods and services taxes in foreign jurisdictions;

• Political instability and threats of terrorism; and

• A potential adverse impact to our overall effective income tax rate resulting from, among other things:

• Operations in foreign countries with higher tax rates than the U.S.;

• The inability to utilize certain foreign tax credits; and

• The inability to utilize some or all of losses generated in one or more foreign countries.

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Additionally, we are also subject to risks relating to the uncertainties and effects of the United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) referendum to withdraw membership from the European Union (referred to as “Brexit”) on March 29, 2019, including financial, legal, tax, and trade implications. One or more of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our global operations, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.

Our Global Operations Require Us To Comply With Applicable U.S. and International Laws and Regulations.

Doing business on a worldwide basis requires our company and our subsidiaries to comply with the laws and the regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions.  In addition, the number of countries enacting anti-corruption laws and related enforcement activities is increasing. These regulations place restrictions on our operations, trade practices and trade partners. In particular, our global operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws and regulations such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act and economic sanction programs administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).  

The FCPA prohibits us from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business. In addition, the FCPA imposes accounting standards and requirements on publicly traded U.S. corporations and their foreign affiliates, which are intended to prevent the diversion of corporate funds to the payment of bribes and other improper payments, and to prevent the establishment of “off books” slush funds from which such improper payment can be made. As part of our business, we regularly deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees of which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system and have higher than normal levels of corruption. We inform our personnel and third-party sales representatives of the requirements of the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws, including, but not limited to their reporting requirements. We have also developed and will continue to develop and implement systems for formalizing contracting processes, performing due diligence on agents and partners while improving our recordkeeping and auditing practices regarding these regulations. However, there is no guarantee that our employees, third-party sales representatives or other agents have not or will not engage in conduct undetected by our processes and for which we might be held responsible under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws.

Economic sanctions programs restrict our business dealings with certain countries and individuals. From time to time, we have business dealings with entities and individuals subject to OFAC-administered sanctions. We are exposed to a heightened risk of violating anti-corruption laws and OFAC regulations. Violations of these laws and regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, injunctions, asset seizures, debarment from government contracts and revocations or restrictions of licenses, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment.

Our Use of Open Source Software May Subject Us to Certain Intellectual Property-Related Claims or Require Us to Re-Engineer Our Software, Which Could Harm Our Business.

We use open source software in connection with our solutions, processes, and technology. Companies that use or incorporate open source software into their products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging their use, ownership and/or licensing rights associated with that open source software. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming certain rights to what we believe to be open source software. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code in their software and make any derivative works of the open source code available on unfavorable terms or at no cost. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, support, or controls with respect to origin of the software. Use of open source software also complicates compliance with export-related laws. While we take measures to protect our use of open source software in our solutions, open source license terms may be ambiguous, and many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated. If we were found to have inappropriately used open source software, we may be required to release our proprietary source code, re-engineer our software, discontinue the sale of certain solutions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial position, and results of operations.

We Face Significant Competition in Our Industry.

The market for our solutions is highly competitive. We directly compete with both independent providers and in-house solutions developed by existing and potential clients. In addition, some independent providers are entering into strategic alliances with other independent providers, resulting in either new competitors, or competitors with greater resources. Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing, technical, and other competitive resources than our company, many with significant and well-established domestic and international operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with our existing competitors or with new competitors.

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Failure to Protect Our Intellectual Property Rights or Claims by Others That We Infringe Their Intellectual Property Rights Could Substantially Harm Our Business, Financial Position and Results of Operations.

We rely on a combination of trade secret, copyright, trademark, and patent laws in the U.S. and similar laws in other countries, and non-disclosure, confidentiality, and other types of contractual arrangements to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights in our solutions. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated. Further, our contractual arrangements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information. Others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, which may complicate our assertion of trade secret rights against such parties. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, the laws of certain countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Therefore, in certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our proprietary technology adequately against unauthorized third party copying or use, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

Although we hold a limited number of patents and patent applications on some of our solutions, we do not rely upon patents as a primary means of protecting our rights in our intellectual property. In any event, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved, that any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents will not be challenged by third parties. Also, much of our business and many of our solutions rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms.

Finally, third parties may claim that we, our clients, licensees or other parties indemnified by us are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, they can be time consuming and costly to defend and distract management’s and technical staff’s attention and resources. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected solutions, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our solutions. Even if we have an agreement to indemnify us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. If we cannot or do not license the infringed technology on reasonable pricing terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our business, financial position, and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Our failure to adequately establish, maintain, and protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, and results of operations.

We May Incur Material Restructuring Charges in the Future.

In the past, we have recorded restructuring charges related to involuntary employee terminations, various facility abandonments, and various other restructuring and reorganization activities. We continually evaluate ways to reduce our operating expenses through new restructuring opportunities, including more effective utilization of our assets, workforce, and operating facilities. As a result, there is a risk, which is increased during economic downturns and with expanded global operations, that we may incur material restructuring or reorganization charges in the future.

Substantial Impairment of Long-lived Assets in the Future May Be Possible.

As a result of various acquisitions and the growth of our company over the last several years, we have approximately $221 million of long-lived assets other than goodwill (principally, property and equipment, software, acquired client contracts, and client contract costs) as of December 31, 2018. Long-lived assets are required to be evaluated for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We utilize our market capitalization and/or cash flow models as the primary basis to estimate the fair value amounts used in our long-lived asset impairment valuations. If an impairment was to be recorded in the future, it could materially impact our results of operations in the period such impairment is recognized, but such an impairment charge would be a non-cash expense, and therefore would have no impact on our cash flows.

Item  1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

As of December 31, 2018, we were operating in over 25 leased sites around the world, representing over 700,000 square feet.

Our corporate headquarters is located in Greenwood Village, Colorado. In addition, we lease office space in the U.S. in Allen, Texas, Atlanta, Georgia; Bloomfield, New Jersey; Chicago, Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  The leases for these office facilities expire in the years 2019 through 2027. We also maintain leased facilities internationally in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, India, Ireland, Malaysia, South Africa, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, and the U.K. The leases for these international office facilities expire in the years 2019 through 2026. We utilize these office facilities primarily for the following: (i) client services, training, and support; (ii) product and operations support; (iii) systems and programming activities; (iv) professional services staff; (v) R&D activities; (vi) sales and marketing activities; and (vii) general and administrative functions.

Additionally, we lease four statement production and mailing facilities totaling approximately 350,000 square feet. These facilities are located in: (i) Omaha, Nebraska; (ii) Crawfordville, Florida; (iii) Austin, Texas; and (iv) Fort Worth, Texas. The leases for these facilities expire in the years 2021 through 2026.

We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional suitable space will be available as required. We also believe that we will be able to either: (i) extend our current leases as they terminate; or (ii) find alternative space without experiencing a significant increase in cost. See Note 10 to our Financial Statements for information regarding our obligations under our facility leases.

Item  3. Legal Proceedings

From time-to-time, we are involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. In the opinion of our management, we are not presently a party to any material pending or threatened legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

Our executive officers are Bret C. Griess (President and Chief Executive Officer), Rolland B. Johns (Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer), Brian A. Shepherd (Executive Vice President and Group President), and Kenneth M. Kennedy (Executive Vice President, President of Technology and Product).  We have employment agreements with each of the executive officers.

Bret C. Griess

President and Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Griess, 50, currently serves as our President and CEO. He joined the Company in 1996 and held a variety of positions in Operations and Information Technology, until being appointed Executive Vice President of Operations in February 2009, Chief Operations Officer in March 2011, and President in June 2015. In January 2016, Mr. Griess was appointed President and CEO and a member of our Board. Mr. Griess holds an M.A. degree in Management and a B.S. degree in Management from Bellevue University in Nebraska, and an A.A.S. degree from the Community College of the Air Force.

Rolland B. Johns

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Johns, 49, serves as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for CSG. Mr. Johns joined CSG as Chief Accounting Officer in 2013. He was named Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in May 2018. Prior to joining CSG, he was audit partner at KPMG and held other accounting-related positions at KPMG. Mr. Johns is a member of the AICPA and the Nebraska Society of Certified Public Accountants. He holds a B.S. degree in Accounting from the University of San Diego.

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Brian A. Shepherd

Executive Vice President and Group President

Mr. Shepherd, 51, joined CSG in 2016. He was named Executive Vice President and Group President of CSG in October 2017. In this position, he leads the profit and loss organization for the entire global organization. Prior to this role, Mr. Shepherd served as Executive Vice President and President of Global Broadband, Cable and Satellite Business from 2016 to 2017, where he focused on accelerating the growth and strategic direction of CSG’s global broadband, cable and direct broadcast satellite business. Mr. Shepherd is an international business expert with strong management, customer relationship, global sales, strategy and corporate growth experience. In previous executive roles at companies such as TeleTech, Amdocs, DST Innovis, and McKinsey & Company, Mr. Shepherd built a successful history of helping companies drive and achieve their strategic growth initiatives. With more than 15 years in the cable and communications industries, he has built wide and deep relationships with C-Suite leaders, decision-makers and policy influencers who have shaped these industries globally. Mr. Shepherd graduated Magna cum laude in Economics from Wabash College and received a Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School.

Kenneth M. Kennedy

Executive Vice President, President of Technology and Product

Mr. Kennedy, 49, was named President of Technology and Product in October 2017. In this position, he oversees all product development, product management, platform architecture and operations across CSG’s solutions portfolio. His expertise and vision contribute to new innovations that enable CSG’s clients to have more agile and dynamic operations. Prior to this role, Mr. Kennedy served as CSG’s Executive Vice President of Product Development from 2016 to 2017. Prior to this role, he served as CSG’s Chief Technology Officer and Senior Vice President of Product Management, Development and Operations from 2006 to 2016, managing CSG’s software development organization and implementing technology initiatives for CSG’s product offerings. Prior to CSG, Mr. Kennedy was one of the original founders of Telution where he served as Vice President of Software Development and Professional Services from 1998 to 2006. Prior to Telution, Mr. Kennedy worked at Andersen Consulting where he was responsible for developing highly-scalable distributed software solutions for the manufacturing, financial services, and communications industries. Mr. Kennedy received a Bachelor of Business Administration and Management Information Systems from the University of Notre Dame.

Board of Directors of the Registrant

Information related to our Board of Directors (the “Board”) is provided below.

Donald B. Reed

Mr. Reed, 74, was elected to the Board in May 2005 and has served as CSG’s non-executive Chairman of the Board since January 2010. He is presently retired. Mr. Reed served as CEO of Cable & Wireless Global from 2000 to 2003. Cable & Wireless Global, a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless plc, is a provider of internet protocol (“IP”) and data services to business customers in the U.S., United Kingdom, Europe, and Japan. From June 1998 until May 2000, Mr. Reed served Cable & Wireless in various other executive positions. Mr. Reed’s career includes 30 years at NYNEX Corporation (now part of Verizon), a regional telephone operating company. From 1995 to 1997, Mr. Reed served NYNEX Corporation as President and Group Executive with responsibility for directing the company’s regional, national, and international government affairs, public policy initiatives, legislative and regulatory matters, and public relations. Mr. Reed holds a B.A. degree in History from Virginia Military Institute.

Bret C. Griess

Mr. Griess’ biographical information is included in the “Executive Officers of the Registrant” section shown directly above.

David G. Barnes

Mr. Barnes, 57, was appointed to the Board in February 2014. He served as Executive Vice President, Global Operations of Stantec Inc., a publicly traded global provider of engineering, consulting, and construction services. From 2009 through 2016, he served as Executive Vice President and CFO of MWH Global Inc., an employee-owned engineering and construction firm. MWH Global Inc. was acquired by Stantec Inc. in 2016. From 2006 to 2008, he was Executive Vice President of Western Union Financial Services. From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Barnes served as CFO of Radio Shack Corporation, and from 1999 to 2004, he was Vice President, Treasurer, and U.S. CFO for Coors Brewing Company. Mr. Barnes holds an M.B.A. degree from the University of Chicago and a B.A. degree from Yale University.

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Ronald H. Cooper

Mr. Cooper, 62, was elected to the Board in November 2006. He is presently retired. He most recently served as the President and CEO of Clear Channel Outdoor Americas, Inc. (an outdoor advertising company) from 2009 through 2012. Prior to this position, he was a Principal at Tufts Consulting LLC from 2006 through 2009. Previously, he spent nearly 25 years in the cable and telecommunications industry, most recently at Adelphia Communications where he served as President and COO from 2003 to 2006. Prior to Adelphia, Mr. Cooper held a series of executive positions at AT&T Broadband, RELERA Data Centers & Solutions, MediaOne, and its predecessor Continental Cablevision, Inc. He has served on various boards of directors and committees with the National Cable Television Association, California Cable & Telecommunications Association, Cable Television Association for Marketing, New England Cable Television Association, and Outdoor Advertising Association of America. Mr. Cooper holds a B.A. degree from Wesleyan University.

Marwan H. Fawaz

Mr. Fawaz, 56, was appointed to the Board in March 2016. He is currently an Executive Advisor to Google and Alphabet, after joining Alphabet as the CEO of Nest Labs, Inc. With more than 30 years of experience in the media, cable, telecommunications, and broadband industries, Mr. Fawaz offers a wealth of knowledge and expertise, developed from his time as Executive Vice President and CEO of Google/Motorola Mobility from 2012 to 2013, and Executive Vice President of Strategy and Operations and Chief Technology Officer of Charter Communications from 2006 to 2011. In addition, he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Adelphia Communications from 2003 to 2006, and held leadership positions for other cable industry companies such as MediaOne, among others. He was the founder and principal of Sarepta Advisors, a strategic advisory and consulting group supporting the technology, media, and telecommunications industries. He holds an M.S. degree in Electrical and Communication Engineering and a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering, both from California State University at Long Beach.

Rajan Naik

Dr. Naik, 47, was elected to the Board in August 2018. He currently serves as the Chief Strategy and Innovation Officer for Motorola Solutions, Inc., where he is responsible for the corporate strategy organization, chief technology office, venture capital portfolio and competitive and market intelligence.  Motorola Solutions creates mission-critical communication solutions, including devices, networks, software, services and video. Prior to joining Motorola Solutions, Dr. Naik held the role of Senior Vice President, Chief Strategy Officer at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), a provider of high-performance computing, graphics and visualization technologies. From 2000-2012, Dr. Naik was a Partner at McKinsey & Company in the technology/media/telecom practice. He currently serves on the board of Sonim Technologies. He holds a B.S. degree in Engineering from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Janice I. Obuchowski

Ms. Obuchowski, 67, was elected to the Board in November 1997. She is the founder and President of Freedom Technologies, Inc. (a firm providing public policy, strategic, and engineering advice to companies in the communications sector, government agencies, and international clients), a position she has held since 1992. In 2003, Ms. Obuchowski was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as Ambassador and Head of the U.S. Delegation to the World Radiocommunication Conference. She has served as Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information at the Department of Commerce, Administrator for the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (“NTIA”), and as the head of international government relations at NYNEX Corporation. Ms. Obuchowski currently serves as a Director on the boards for Inmarsat. She also has served on several non-profit and other publicly traded company boards. She holds a J.D. degree from Georgetown University and a B.A. degree from Wellesley College, and also attended the University of Paris.

Frank V. Sica

Mr. Sica, 68, has served as a director of the Company since its formation in 1994. He is currently a Partner of Tailwind Capital (a private equity firm) since 2006.  He currently serves as a director on the boards of JetBlue Airways, Kohl’s Corporation, and Safe Bulkers, Inc. Mr. Sica holds an M.B.A. degree from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College and a B.A. degree from Wesleyan University.

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Donald V. Smith

Mr. Smith, 76, was elected to the Board in January 2002. He is presently retired. Previously, Mr. Smith served as Senior Managing Director of Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin, Inc., an international investment banking firm with whom he had been associated from 1988 through 2009, and where he served on the board of directors. From 1978 to 1988, he served as a Principal with Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc., where he headed the company’s valuation and reorganization services. He also serves on the board of directors of several non-profit organizations. Mr. Smith holds an M.B.A. degree from the Wharton Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania and a B.S. degree from the United States Naval Academy.

James A. Unruh

Mr. Unruh, 78, was elected to the Board in June 2005. He became a founding Principal of Alerion Capital Group, LLC (a private equity investment company) in 1998 and currently holds such position. Mr. Unruh was an executive with Unisys Corporation (a global information technology company) from 1987 to 1997, including serving as its Chairman and CEO from 1990 to 1997. From 1982 to 1986, Mr. Unruh held various executive positions, including Senior Vice President–Finance and CFO with Burroughs Corporation, a predecessor of Unisys Corporation. Prior to 1982, Mr. Unruh was CFO with Memorex Corporation and also held various executive positions with Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation, including CFO. Mr. Unruh formerly served as director on the boards for Tenet Healthcare Corporation, and Prudential Financial, Inc.. during the past five years. He holds an M.B.A. degree from the University of Denver and a B.S. degree from the University of Jamestown.

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PART II

Item  5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on NASDAQ under the symbol ‘‘CSGS’’.  On January 31, 2019, the number of holders of record of common stock was 125.

Stock Price Performance

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, the Russell 2000 Index, and our Standard Industrial Classification (“SIC”) Code Index: Data Preparation and Processing Services during the indicated five-year period. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2013, in our common stock and in each of the two indexes, and that all dividends, if any, were reinvested.

	As of December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
CSG Systems International, Inc.	$	100.00	$	87.27	$	128.05	$	175.29	$	161.82	$	119.83
Russell 2000 Index		100.00		104.89		100.26		121.63		139.44		124.09
Data Preparation and Processing Services		100.00		108.97		119.79		138.99		167.15		180.20

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Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes certain information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018:

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	—	$	—		4,460,053

Of the total number of securities remaining available for future issuance, 4,182,842 shares can be used for various types of stock-based awards, as specified in the equity compensation plan, with the remaining 277,211 shares to be used for our employee stock purchase plan. See Note 12 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our equity compensation plans.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table presents information with respect to purchases of our common stock made during the fourth quarter of 2018 by CSG Systems International, Inc. or any “affiliated purchaser” of CSG Systems International, Inc., as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act.

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) (2)		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)		Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs (2)
October 1 - October 31		108,396	$	36.43		107,300		5,740,367
November 1 - November 30		89,160		35.92		85,900		5,654,467
December 1 - December 31		116,500		32.46		116,500		5,537,967
Total		314,056	$	34.81		309,700

(1) The total number of shares purchased that are not part of the Stock Repurchase Program represents shares purchased and cancelled in connection with stock incentive plans.

(2) See Note 12 to our Financial Statements for additional information regarding our share repurchases.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data have been derived from our audited financial statements. The selected financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, our MD&A and our Financial Statements. The information below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Statements of Income Data:
Revenues (1)(2)(3)	$	875,059	$	789,582	$	760,958	$	752,520	$	751,286
Operating income (1)(2)(3)		104,932		105,685		132,629		113,140		75,690
Net income (1)(2)(3)		66,130		61,364		62,882		62,567		35,711
Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding		32,855		32,865		33,014		33,438		33,736
Diluted net income per common share	$	2.01	$	1.87	$	1.90	$	1.87	$	1.06
Dividend declared per share	$	0.84	$	0.79	$	0.74	$	0.70	$	0.62
Key Capital Activities:
Shares repurchased under Stock Repurchase Program (5)		704		500		318		1,838		733
Cost of shares repurchased under Stock Repurchase Program (5)	$	27,628	$	20,548	$	11,565	$	56,959	$	19,106
Dividends declared		28,148		26,823		23,753		22,852		21,327
Balance Sheet Data (at Period End):
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments (4)	$	162,880	$	261,360	$	276,498	$	240,936	$	201,800
Total assets (7)		1,114,362		904,534		891,879		862,731		839,367
Total debt (4)(7)		359,826		331,736		416,260		279,130		250,376
Total treasury stock (4)(5)(6)		842,360		814,732		826,002		814,437		757,478
Total stockholders' equity (2)(5)		361,024		342,746		251,360		345,845		358,633

(1) During 2018, we acquired Business Ink on February 28 and Forte Payment Systems, Inc. on October 1, and as a result, ten and three months of their operations, respectively, are included in our 2018 results (approximately $74 million of revenue impact).  The overall cost of these acquisitions was approximately $155 million and was funded with existing cash.

See Note 6 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of these acquisitions.

(2) In 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), a single comprehensive model which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP.  Under the new guidance, revenue is recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services.  

We adopted the new guidance using the cumulative effect approach, and as a result, recorded a cumulative adjustment increasing beginning retained earnings (net of tax) by approximately $7 million.  

See Note 2 to our Financial Statements for further discussion regarding the adoption of this new standard.

(3) In September 2015, we sold our cyber-security business, marketed under the Invotas brand, to certain former management personnel, resulting in a gain on the sale of $3.7 million.  In February 2016, this business was acquired by a third-party.  Based on the terms of the agreement, we received additional consideration upon a liquidation event, as defined in the agreement, which resulted in an additional gain on the sale of $6.6 million. The impact of Invotas to our business prior to the divestiture date was not material.

(4) In March 2018, we refinanced our Credit Agreement.  As a result, under the refinanced Credit Agreement, we: (i) extended the term of the agreement to March 2023; (ii) obtained a reduction in the interest rate and other fees; and (iii) borrowed $150 million, resulting in a net increase of available cash of $30 million, after paying off the outstanding $120 million balance from the term loan under the previous Credit Agreement.

In March 2016, we completed an offering of $230 million of 4.25% senior convertible notes due March 15, 2036.  The net proceeds of approximately $223 million were used to settle the outstanding 2010 Convertible Notes, due March 1, 2017.  During 2016, we repurchased approximately $115 million of the 2010 Convertible Notes for approximately $216 million, and recognized a loss on the repurchases of $8.7 million.  In March 2017, we settled our conversion obligation by paying cash of $34.8 million for the remaining par value of the notes and delivered 694,240 shares of our common shares from treasury stock to settle the $28.8 million value of the conversion obligation in excess of par value.    

In February 2015, we refinanced our Credit Agreement.  As a result, under the refinanced Credit Agreement, we: (i) extended the term of the agreement to February 2020; (ii) increased the amount of the revolving credit facility from $100 million to $200 million; and (iii) borrowed $150 million, resulting in a net increase of available cash of $30 million, after paying off the outstanding $120 million balance from the term loan under the previous Credit Agreement.

See Note 5to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our debt.

(5) In March 2015, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) Agreement with a counterparty to repurchase $50 million of our common stock.  Final share settlement occurred in December 2015, with total shares purchased under the ASR Agreement of 1.6 million.

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(6) In January 2017, Comcast exercised approximately 1.4 million vested stock warrants, which we net share settled under the provisions of the warrant agreement by delivering 649,221 of our common shares from treasury stock, which had a fair value of $31.5 million.  The carrying value of the shares of treasury stock delivered was $15.4 million.  See Note 11 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of the stock warrants.

(7) In 2016, we adopted ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) and ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740).  ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a reduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts.  ASU 2015-17 requires that all deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent.  We adopted both ASU’s on January 1, 2016, which resulted in a reclassification of our Balance Sheets for the periods presented.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains a number of forward-looking statements relative to our future plans and our expectations concerning our business and the industries we serve. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions about a number of important factors, and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates contained in the forward-looking statements. Some of the risks that are foreseen by management are outlined above within Item 1A., “Risk Factors”. Item 1A. constitutes an integral part of this report, and readers are strongly encouraged to review this section closely in conjunction with MD&A.

Acquisition Activity

Business Ink, Co.

On February 28, 2018 we acquired Business Ink, a multi-channel communications company based in Austin, Texas, for approximately $70 million, excluding acquisition-related expenses.  Business Ink provides outsourced, customized business communications services to the telecommunications, healthcare, financial services, utilities, and government sectors across statements, email, mobile messaging, and more. The acquisition extends the scale of our operations and platform capabilities, expands our customer base into new verticals, and further solidifies our customer communications footprint.  For 2018, Business Ink contributed $49.2 million of cloud and related solutions revenues and was neutral to our operating income when factoring in acquired amortization and acquisition-related costs.  

See Note 6 to our Financial Statements for further discussion of this acquisition.

Forte Payment Systems, Inc.

On October 1, 2018, we acquired Forte, a leading provider of advanced payment solutions headquartered in Allen, Texas. The acquisition of Forte accelerates our ability to offer a comprehensive suite of next generation payment solutions that enables service providers to provide a differentiated customer experience, while also strengthening our position in the revenue management and payments sector and allowing us to grow our footprint into new verticals.  We acquired 100% of the equity of Forte for a purchase price of approximately $85 million (excluding cash acquired), and held back approximately $13 million in cash subject to certain tax filings.  In addition, the stock purchase agreement includes provisions for $18.8 million of potential future earn-out payments over a four-year measurement period.  For 2018, Forte generated $24.9 million of cloud and related solutions revenues and was dilutive to our operating income due to acquisition amortization and acquisition-related costs.

See Note 6 our Financial Statements for further discussion of this acquisition.

Key Impact of U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) was passed into legislation. The Tax Reform Act amends the Internal Revenue Code, reducing the corporate income tax rate, changing or eliminating certain income tax deductions and credits, and provides sweeping change to how U.S. companies are taxed on their international operations. The Tax Reform Act was generally effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017; however, certain provisions of the Tax Reform Act had effective dates beginning in 2017.

The Tax Reform Act reduces the U.S. maximum rate of income taxation from 35% to 21% applicable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.  Our effective income tax rate for the full year 2018 was 24%.

See Note 8 to our Financial Statements for additional impacts of the Tax Reform Act.

Impact of New Revenue Accounting Pronouncement

In January 2018 we adopted ASC 606, a single comprehensive model which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP, utilizing the cumulative effect approach.  Under the new guidance, revenue is recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services.  

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In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we recorded a cumulative adjustment increasing beginning retained earnings (net of tax) by approximately $7 million, primarily related to contracts that we were required to defer revenue as we did not have vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”)  for certain undelivered elements.  The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on our revenues in 2018, and we do not anticipate it to have a material impact going forward, as the new revenue accounting rules under ASC 606 are fairly consistent with our policies and guidelines based on the nature of our client contracts.

As a result of adopting ASC 606, beginning in 2018, the following key reclassifications have occurred:

• Certain deferred contract costs that had been included in our client contracts and other current and non-current assets on our Balance Sheet were reclassified and presented separately as a non-current client contract asset, net of related amortization.

• Certain revenues and related costs previously recorded as software and services or maintenance on our Income Statement are now being classified as cloud and related solutions.  

• Investments in client contracts on our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows have been reclassified to operating activities from investing activities.

Since we adopted ASC 606 using the cumulative effect method, prior period comparative information in our Financial Statements have not been adjusted and continue to be as previously reported.

Refer to Note 2 to our Financial Statements for further detail and discussion regarding the adoption of ASC 606.  

Impact of New Lease Accounting Pronouncement

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than twelve months on its balance sheet.  We adopted the ASU in January of 2019, utilizing the effective date method of transition.  While the adoption of this standard resulted in a material gross-up of our Balance Sheet assets and liabilities, it is not expected to have a material impact on our Income Statement or Statement of Cash Flows.

Refer to Note 2 to our Financial Statements for further detail regarding the adoption of ASC 842.

Management Overview

Results of Operations. A summary of our results of operations for 2018 and 2017, and other key performance metrics are as follows (in thousands, except percentages and per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Revenues	$	875,059		$	789,582
Transaction fees		15,602			—
Operating Results:
Operating income		104,932			105,685
Operating income margin		12.0	%		13.4	%
Diluted EPS	$	2.01		$	1.87
Supplemental Data:
Restructuring and reorganization charges	$	8,661		$	8,796
Acquisition-related costs:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		9,699			6,864
Earn-out compensation		1,260			—
Transaction-related costs		3,653			—
Stock-based compensation (1)		19,650			20,782
Amortization of OID		2,664			2,790
Loss on extinguishment of debt		810			—

(1) Stock-based compensation included in the table above excludes amounts that have been recorded in restructuring and reorganization charges.

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Revenues. Our revenues for 2018 were $875.1 million, an 11% increase when compared to $789.6 million for 2017, with the increase mainly attributed to the acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte, discussed above, which generated approximately $74 million of combined revenues during the year.  

Operating Results. Operating income for 2018 was $104.9 million, or a 12.0% operating income margin percentage, compared to $105.7 million, or a 13.4% operating income margin percentage for 2017, with the decreases in operating income and operating income margin percentage reflective of costs associated with the acquisition and integration of Business Ink and Forte and the continuation of planned investments aimed at generating future long-term growth in our business.

Diluted Earnings Per Share (“EPS”). Diluted EPS for 2018 was $2.01 compared to $1.87 for 2017 with the increase mainly attributed to the lower effective income tax rate, resulting primarily from the U.S. Tax Reform enacted in December 2017.

Balance Sheet and Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $162.9 million, as compared to $261.4 million as of December 31, 2017, with the decrease primarily attributed to the cash acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte for approximately $155 million during the year.  Cash flows from operating activities for 2018 were $143.3 million, compared to $127.2 million for 2017.  See the Liquidity section below for further discussion of our cash flows.

Significant Client Relationships

Comcast.  Comcast continues to be our largest client.  For 2018 and 2017, revenues from Comcast were $221 million and $219 million, respectively, representing approximately 25% and 28% of our total revenues. In November 2018, Comcast exercised the first  of their two one-year renewal options extending the term of their agreement through June 30, 2020.  Terms of the extension remain consistent with the financial terms and obligations under the existing agreement.  Additionally, under the terms of the agreement, Comcast has the right to exercise an additional one-year renewal option no later than January 1, 2020, to extend the term of the Agreement through June 30, 2021.

A copy of the Comcast agreement and related amendments, with confidential information redacted, is included in the exhibits to our periodic filings with the SEC.

Charter. Charter is our second largest client.  For 2018 and 2017, revenues from Charter were $179 million and $171 million, respectively, representing approximately 20% and 22% of our total revenues.  Our agreement with Charter runs through December 31, 2021, with an option to extend the agreement for an additional one-year term.

A copy of the Charter agreements and related amendments, with confidential information redacted, are included in the exhibits to our periodic filings with the SEC.

DISH.  DISH is our third largest client. For 2018 and 2017, revenues from DISH were $80 million and $89 million, respectively, representing approximately 9% and 11% of our total revenues, with the decrease in revenues driven mainly by the decrease in DISH customers utilizing their satellite services.  Our agreement with DISH runs through December 31, 2021.

The DISH agreement and related amendments, with confidential information redacted, is included in the exhibits to our periodic filings with the SEC.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the following captions in our Income Statement (in thousands):

	2018			2017		2016
Cost of cloud and related solutions	$	3,568		$	3,573	$	3,958
Cost of software and services		904			895		1,348
Cost of maintenance		64			357		371
Research and development		2,483			3,103		3,339
Selling, general and administrative		12,631			12,854		13,779
Restructuring		(292	)		267		(80	)
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	19,358		$	21,049	$	22,715

See Notes 2 and 12 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our stock-based compensation expense.

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Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets

Amortization of acquired intangible assets is included in the following captions in our Income Statement (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Cost of cloud and related solutions	$	5,229	$	1,065	$	1,092
Cost of maintenance		4,470		5,799		7,397
Total amortization expense	$	9,699	$	6,864	$	8,489

The increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets in 2018 is due to the amortization of the intangible assets acquired with the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions, discussed above.  See Notes 4 and 6 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our acquired intangible assets and related amortization.  

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to select appropriate accounting policies, and to make judgments and estimates affecting the application of those accounting policies. In applying our accounting policies, different business conditions or the use of different assumptions may result in materially different amounts reported in our Financial Statements.

We have identified the most critical accounting policies that affect our financial position and the results of our operations. These critical accounting policies were determined by considering our accounting policies that involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments. The most critical accounting policies identified relate to: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies. These critical accounting policies, as well as our other significant accounting policies, are disclosed in the notes to our Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition. We adopted ASC 606 in January 2018 using the cumulative effect method and applied ASC 606 to all contracts with clients that had not been completed as of the date of initial application. Revenue under ASC 606 is recognized upon conclusion that a contract with a client exists. Such conclusion is made by us when the contract is legally enforceable and certain criteria, including collectability, are met. In making our determination of collectability, we consider a number of factors depending upon the specific aspects of an arrangement, which may include, but is not limited to, the following items: (i) an assessment of the client’s specific credit worthiness, evidenced by its current financial position and/or recent operating results, credit ratings, and/or a bankruptcy filing status (as applicable); (ii) the client’s current accounts receivable status and/or its historical payment patterns with us (as applicable); (iii) the economic condition of the industry in which the client conducts the majority of its business; and/or (iv) the economic conditions and/or political stability of the country or region in which the client is domiciled and/or conducts the majority of its business. The evaluation of these factors, and the ultimate determination of collectability, requires significant judgments to be made by us. The judgments made in this area could have a significant effect to the amount and timing of revenue recognized in any period.

Our contracts with clients include cloud-based solution arrangements, managed services solution arrangements, payment processing transaction services, software license and service arrangements, professional services arrangements, and bundled service arrangements. The revenue recognition policies that involve the most complex and subjective decisions or assessments that may have a material impact on our operations relate to the accounting for cloud-based solution arrangements, software license and service arrangements and bundled service arrangements.

Our cloud-based solution arrangements are complex agreements that typically include multiple performance obligations. Key factors considered in accounting for cloud-based solution arrangements include the following criteria: (i) identification of performance obligations within the contract; (ii) determination of the transaction price given the variable nature of the consideration and significance of the consideration; (iii) allocation of value between the performance obligations; and (iv) calculation of revenue recognized in each period. The evaluation of these factors and ultimate revenue recognition decision requires significant judgements to be made by us. Depending on the significance of variable consideration, number of products/services, complex pricing structures and long-term nature of these types of contracts, the judgements and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenue recognized in any period. In addition, certain products and arrangements require us to make an assessment of whether we are a principal to the transaction (gross revenue) or an agent to the transaction (net revenue). Such assessments can have a significant effect on the amount of revenue recognized.

Our software license and services arrangements and bundled service arrangements include multiple performance obligationsand can be complex and require considerable judgement. Key factors considered in accounting for our software license and related service arrangements include the following criteria: (i) identification of performance obligations within the contract; (ii) assessment of

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whether services included in the arrangement represent significant production, modification or customization of the software (as applicable), such that the delivery of the software license and related services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation; (iii) determination of the transaction price for the contract as these types of arrangements may include both fixed and variable consideration; (iv) determination of stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation; allocation of value between performance obligations; and (v) estimates to measure progress for delivery. The evaluation of these factors and ultimate revenue recognition decision requires significant judgements to be made by us.  We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. The pricing calculations can be complex and require estimates based on volumes and regional market factors. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of total project revenues and costs, along with the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to various business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made in this area could: (i) have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred.

Our contracts are subject to modification via amendment, change requests, and/or statement of works. Such modifications can occur frequently. The accounting for contract modifications under ASC 606 can be complex and requires significant judgements to be made by us as to whether the contract modification is treated as either a separate contract or part of the existing contract.  The judgements made in this area could have a significant effect on the revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or timing of the revenue recognized.

Our contracts typically include service level agreements that may result in refunds or credits to our clients. Under ASC 606, failure to meet service level standards under the terms of the contract represent adjustments to the overall consideration (reductions in revenue) and may need to be estimated at the outset of the arrangement as part of the overall variable consideration.  Such estimates require significant judgement by us and may impact the amount and/or timing of the revenue recognized.

Impairment Assessments of Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets, which for us relates primarily to property and equipment, software, acquired client contracts, and client contract costs, are required to be evaluated for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset (or group of long-lived assets) is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset, without consideration of interest, are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. Once deemed impaired, even if by $1, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value which could be considerably less than the carrying amount or future undiscounted cash flows. The determination of estimated future cash flows and, if required, the determination of the fair value of a long-lived asset, are by their nature, highly subjective judgments. Changes to one or more of the assumptions utilized in such an analysis could materially affect our impairment conclusions for long-lived assets.

Income Taxes. We are required to estimate our income tax liability in each jurisdiction in which we operate, which includes the U.S. (including both Federal and state income taxes) and numerous foreign countries.

Various judgments are required in evaluating our income tax positions and determining our provisions for income taxes. During the ordinary course of our business, there are certain transactions and calculations for which the ultimate income tax determination may be uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities which could result in adverse outcomes. For these reasons, we establish a liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest may be due. We adjust this liability based upon changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the closing of a tax year upon the expiration of a statute of limitations, or the refinement of an estimate. Should any of the factors considered in determining the adequacy of this liability change significantly, an adjustment to the liability may be necessary. Because of the potential significance of these issues, such an adjustment could be material.

One of the more complex items within our income tax expense is the determination of our annual research and experimentation income tax credit (“R&D credit”).  We have incurred approximately $100 - $125 million annually in R&D expense over the last three years.  The calculation of the R&D tax credit involves the identification of qualifying projects, and then an estimation of the qualifying costs for such projects.  Because of the size, nature, and the number of projects worked on in any given year, the calculation can become complex and certain judgments are necessary in determining the amount of the R&D credits claimed.

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Loss Contingencies. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to claims (and potential claims) related to various items including but not limited to the following: (i) legal and regulatory matters; (ii) vendor contracts; (iii) product and service delivery matters; and (iv) labor matters. Accounting and disclosure requirements for loss contingencies requires us to assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments in or outcomes to these matters, as well as the potential ranges of probable losses. A determination of the amount of reserves for such contingencies, if any, for these contingencies is based on an analysis of the issues, often with the assistance of legal counsel. The evaluation of such issues, and our ultimate accounting and disclosure decisions, are by their nature, subject to various estimates and highly subjective judgments. Should any of the factors considered in determining the adequacy of any required reserves change significantly, an adjustment to the reserves may be necessary. Because of the potential significance of these issues, such an adjustment could be material.

Detailed Discussion of Results of Operations

Total Revenues. Total revenues for: (i) 2018 were $875.1 million, an 11% increase from $789.6 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 were $789.6 million, a 4% increase from $761.0 million for 2016.

• The 11% year-over-year increase in total revenues between 2018 and 2017 can be mainly attributed to the acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte, discussed above, which generated approximately $74 million of combined revenues during the year.  

• The 4% year-over-year increase in total revenues between 2017 and 2016 can be mainly attributed to the 7% increase in our cloud and related solutions revenues, driven largely by the conversion of new customer accounts onto ACP during the year (primarily from Comcast), and increases in revenues from recurring managed services arrangements, with these increases reduced by lower software and services revenues.  

The components of total revenues, discussed in more detail below, are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Revenues:
Cloud and related solutions	$	766,377	$	651,010	$	606,936
Software and services		58,101		62,892		79,400
Maintenance		50,581		75,680		74,622
Total revenues	$	875,059	$	789,582	$	760,958

Cloud and Related Solutions Revenues. Cloud and related solutions revenues for: (i) 2018 increased 18% to $766.4 million, from $651.0 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 7% to $651.0 million, from $606.9 million for 2016.

• The year-over-year increase in cloud and related solutions revenues between 2018 and 2017 can be primarily attributed to:  (i) the revenues generated from the acquired Business Ink and Forte businesses of $74.1 million; (ii) the application of ASC 606, which resulted in revenues of $26.0 million, previously classified as software and services and maintenance revenues, now being classified as cloud and related solutions revenues; and (iii) the execution of and performance under additional managed services and Ascendon arrangements.

• The year-over-year increase in cloud and related services revenues between 2017 and 2016 can be mainly attributed to the conversion of customer accounts onto ACP and increases in revenues from recurring managed services arrangements.  During 2017 and 2016, Comcast added four million and three million customer accounts (of which half were converted during the fourth quarter of 2016), respectively, onto ACP.  Additionally, our recurring managed services revenues nearly doubled between 2016 and 2017.

Amortization of the investments in client contracts intangible asset (reflected as a reduction of cloud and related solutions revenues) for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $11.1 million, $7.4 million, and $6.6 million, respectively.

Software and Services Revenues. Software and services revenues for: (i) 2018 decreased 8% to $58.1 million, from $62.9 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 decreased 21% to $62.9 million, from $79.4 million for  2016.  These decreases can be primarily attributed to the shift in our focus towards managed services arrangements, which are included in our cloud and related solutions revenues, offset in 2018 by an increase in software license uplifts.  Additionally, for 2018, due to the application of ASC 606, revenues of $6.1 million previously classified as software and services are now being classified as cloud and related solutions revenues.  

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Maintenance Revenues. Maintenance revenues for: (i) 2018 decreased 33% to $50.6 million, from $75.7 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 were $75.7 million, a slight increase when compared to $74.6 million for 2016.  The 2018 decrease is primarily due to the application of ASC 606, which resulted in revenues of $21.2 million, previously classified as maintenance now being classified as cloud and related solutions, with the remaining decrease attributed to the timing of maintenance renewals and related revenue recognition.

Total Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses for: (i) 2018 increased 13% to $770.1 million, from $683.9 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 9% to $683.9 million, from $628.3 million for 2016.

• The $86.2 million increase in total operating expenses between 2018 and 2017 can be mainly attributed to the approximately $72 million of operating expenses of the Business Ink and Forte businesses included in our results (which include $5.0 million of acquisition amortization) and an additional $4.9 million of transaction-related costs.

• The $55.6 million increase in total operating expenses between 2017 and 2016 can be primarily attributed to the increased planned investments aimed at generating future long-term growth in our business, higher cost of sales, reflective of the increase in cloud revenues, and an additional $8.4 million of restructuring and reorganization charges.

The components of total expenses are discussed in more detail below.

Cost of Cloud and Related Solutions (Exclusive of Depreciation). The cost of cloud and related solutions revenues consists principally of the following: (i) computing capacity and network communications costs; (ii) statement production costs (e.g., labor, paper, envelopes, equipment, equipment maintenance, etc.); (iii) transaction fees-interchange and other payment-related fees to third-party payment processors and financial institutions;  (iv) client support organizations (e.g., our client support call center, account management, etc.); (v) various product delivery and support organizations (e.g., managed services delivery, product management, product maintenance, etc.); (vi) facilities and infrastructure costs related to the statement production and support organizations; and (vii) amortization of acquired intangibles. The costs related to new product development (including significant enhancements to existing products and services) are included in R&D expenses.

The cost of cloud and related solutions for: (i) 2018 increased 25% to $392.8 million, from $315.0 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 11% to $315.0 million, from $283.0 million for 2016.  Total cloud and related solutions cost of revenues as a percentage of our cloud and related solutions revenues for 2018, 2017, and 2016, were 51.3%, 48.4%, and 46.6%, respectively.

• The year-over-year increase in cost of cloud and related solutions between 2018 and 2017 relates almost entirely to:  (i) cloud and related solutions expense from the acquired Business Ink and Forte businesses, to include $5.0 million of acquisition amortization; and (ii) the application of ASC 606, which resulted in $20.4 million of costs, previously classified as cost of software and services and maintenance, now being classified as cost of cloud and related solutions. 

• The year-over-year increase in cost of cloud and related solutions between 2017 and 2016 relate primarily to higher variable costs associated with the increase in revenues related to use of our ACP and related solutions, and growth in our managed services arrangements.  

Cost of Software and Services (Exclusive of Depreciation). The cost of software and services revenues consists principally of the following: (i) professional services organization; (ii) various product support organizations (e.g., delivery, etc.); (iii) facilities and infrastructure costs related to these organizations; and (iv) third-party software costs and/or royalties related to certain software products. The costs related to new product development (including significant enhancements to existing products and services) are included in R&D expenses.

The cost of software and services for: (i) 2018 decreased 11% to $34.9 million, from $39.0 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 decreased 21% to $39.0 million, from $49.2 million for 2016.  These decreases in cost of software and services are reflective of the decreases in revenue as personnel and the related costs previously allocated to professional services projects have been reassigned to other areas of the business.

Total cost of software and services as a percentage of our software and services revenues for 2018, 2017, and 2016, were 60.0%, 62.0%, and 62.0%, respectively.

Variability in quarterly revenues and operating results are inherent characteristics of companies that sell software licenses and perform professional services.  Our quarterly revenues for software licenses and professional services may fluctuate, depending on various factors, including the timing of executed contracts and revenue recognition, and the delivery of contracted solutions.  However, the costs associated with software and professional services revenues are not subject to the same degree of variability (e.g., these costs are generally fixed in nature within a relatively short period of time), and thus, fluctuations in our cost of software and services as a percentage of our software and services revenues will likely occur between periods.  

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Cost of Maintenance (Exclusive of Depreciation). The cost of maintenance consists principally of the following: (i) client support organizations (e.g., our client support call center, account management, etc.); (ii) various product support organizations (e.g., product maintenance, product management, etc.); (iii) facilities and infrastructure costs related to these organizations; and (iv) amortization of acquired intangibles.

The cost of maintenance for: (i) 2018 decreased 46% to $22.1 million, from $40.8 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 decreased 5% to $40.8 million, from $43.0 million for 2016.  Total cost of maintenance as a percentage of our maintenance revenues for 2018, 2017, and 2016 were 43.8%, 53.9%, and 57.6%, respectively.

• The decrease in cost of maintenance between 2018 and 2017 is mainly attributed to the application of ASC 606, which resulted in $18.6 million of costs, previously classified as cost of maintenance, now being classified as cost of cloud and related solutions.   

• The decrease in cost of maintenance between 2017 and 2016 can be mainly attributed to lower amortization expense for certain technology assets.

R&D Expense (Exclusive of Depreciation). R&D expense for: (i) 2018 increased 10% to $124.0 million, from $113.2 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 15% to $113.2 million, from $98.7 million for 2016. These increases are reflective of our heightened level of investment that began in early 2017 aimed at generating long-term growth of our business.

Our R&D efforts are focused on the continued evolution of our solutions that enable service providers worldwide to provide a more personalized customer experience while introducing new digital products and services. This includes the continued investment in our cloud-based solutions (principally, around our Ascendon platform).

As a percentage of total revenues, R&D expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was 14%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. We anticipate the level of R&D investment in the near-term to be relatively consistent with 2018.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (Exclusive of Depreciation) (“SG&A”). SG&A expense for: (i) 2018 increased 10% to $169.3 million, from $153.7 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 9% to $153.7 million, from $140.5 million for 2016.

• The increase in SG&A expense between 2018 and 2017 is primarily due to the SG&A costs related to the acquired Business Ink and Forte businesses, to include approximately $5 million of transaction-related costs.

• The increase in SG&A expense between 2017 and 2016 reflect an increased investment in our sales and marketing activities (principally, towards greater global sales coverage and Ascendon sales capabilities) and system security.

As a percentage of total revenues, SG&A expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was 19%, 19%, and 18%, respectively.

Depreciation Expense. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenues or the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation expense for: (i) 2018 was $18.3 million, a 37% increase from $13.4 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 was $13.4 million, a slight decrease when compared to $13.6 million for 2016.  The increase between 2018 and 2017 can be primarily attributed to depreciation expense from the acquired Business Ink and Forte assets and the increased level of capital expenditures we have made over the last twelve months.

Restructuring and Reorganization Charges. In 2018, 2017, and 2016, we implemented various cost reduction and efficiency initiatives that resulted in restructuring and reorganization charges of $8.7 million, $8.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively. These initiatives included: (i) reducing and reorganizing our workforce to further align it around our long-term growth initiatives; (ii) the abandonment of space at some of our facility locations; (iii) the reversal of a liability related to a previous disposition of a business; and (iv) the impairment of a long-term receivable related to the disposition of a business in 2013.

See Note 7 to our Financial Statements for additional information regarding these initiatives.

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Operating Income. Operating income and operating income margin for: (i) 2018 was $104.9 million, or 12.0% of total revenues, compared to $105.7 million, or 13.4% of total revenues for 2017; and (ii) 2017 was $105.7 million, or 13.4% of total revenues, compared to $132.6 million, or 17.4% of total revenues for 2016.

• The decreases in operating income and operating income margin percentage between 2018 and 2017 are reflective of the costs associated with the acquisition and integration of Business Ink and Forte and the continuation of planned investments aimed at generating future long-term growth in our business.

• The decreases in operating income and operating income margin percentage between 2017 and 2016 are primarily due to the increase in planned investments aimed at generating future long-term growth in our business, and to a lesser degree, the increase in restructuring and reorganization charges.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Original Issue Discount (“OID”). Our interest expense relates primarily to our 2016 Convertible Notes and our Credit Agreement. See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our long-term debt, to include the non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the convertible debt OID.

Interest expense for: (i) 2018 increased 5% to $17.7 million, from $16.8 million for 2017; and (ii) 2017 increased 3% to $16.8 million, from $16.3 million for 2016.  These increases can be primarily attributed to an increase in interest rates between periods, and for 2018, a higher average outstanding debt balance.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. In March 2018, we refinanced our 2015 Credit Agreement (see Note 5 to our Financial Statements).  As a result, we incurred a loss of $0.8 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Income Tax Provision. Our effective income tax rates for 2018, 2017, and 2016 were as follows:

2018 (1)			2017 (2)			2016
	24	%		30	%		37	%

(1) Our 2018 effective income tax rate reflects the impact of the Tax reform Act, discussed above, which reduced the U.S. maximum rate of income taxation from 35% to 21% applicable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.  

(2) Our 2017 effective income tax rate reflects the following items:

• As a result of Comcast’s exercise of 1.4 million vested stock warrants in January 2017 (see Note 11 to our Financial Statements), we received an additional $5 million income tax benefit when exercised due to the stock warrants appreciating in value since their vesting.  

• As discussed in Note 2 to our Financial Statements, we adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) in the first quarter of 2017.  This ASU required a change in the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, related to share-based payment transactions, which were recorded in equity, and now are recorded discrete to the quarter incurred as a component of income tax expense in the income statement.  Under guidance of this ASU, we recognized an income tax benefit of approximately $3 million for 2017.  

• We recorded an income tax benefit of approximately $2 million from the remeasurement of U.S.-based net deferred tax liabilities as required under the Tax Reform Act, as noted above (see Note 8 to our Financial Statements).

Liquidity

Cash and Liquidity. As of December 31, 2018, our principal sources of liquidity included cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $162.9 million, compared to $261.4 million as of December 31, 2017, with the decrease primarily attributed to the cash acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte for approximately $155 million during the year. We generally invest our excess cash balances in low-risk, short-term investments to limit our exposure to market and credit risks.

During the first quarter of 2018, we refinanced our 2015 Credit Agreement primarily to extend the term of the loan from February 2020 to March 2023 and obtain a reduction in the interest rate and other fees.  The  2018 Credit Agreement increased our liquidity and capital resources position by approximately $30 million.

As part of our 2018 Credit Agreement, we have a $200 million senior secured revolving loan facility with a syndicate of financial institutions that expires in March 2023.  As of December 31, 2018, there were no borrowings outstanding on the 2018 Revolver.  The 2018 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and financial covenants. As of December 31, 2018, and the date of this filing, we believe that we are in compliance with the provisions of the 2018 Credit Agreement.

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Our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investment balances as of the end of the indicated periods were located in the following geographical regions (in thousands):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	110,385	$	196,053
Europe, Middle East and Africa		45,884		48,030
Asia Pacific		6,611		17,277
Total cash, equivalents and short-term investments	$	162,880	$	261,360

We generally have ready access to substantially all of our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investment balances, but may face limitations on moving cash out of certain foreign jurisdictions due to currency controls and potential negative economic consequences. As of December 31, 2018, we had $3.0 million of cash restricted as to use to collateralize outstanding letters of credit.

Cash Flows From Operating Activities. We calculate our cash flows from operating activities beginning with net income, adding back the impact of non-cash items or non-operating activity (e.g., depreciation, amortization, amortization of OID, impairments, gain/loss from debt extinguishments, deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, etc.), and then factoring in the impact of changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Our primary source of cash is from our operating activities. Our current business model consists of a significant amount of recurring revenue sources related to our long-term cloud-based and managed services arrangements (mostly billed monthly), payment process transaction services (mostly billed monthly), and software maintenance agreements (billed monthly, quarterly, or annually). This recurring revenue base provides us with a reliable and predictable source of cash. In addition, software license fees and professional services revenues are sources of cash, but the payment streams for these items are less predictable.

The primary use of our cash is to fund our operating activities. Over half of our total operating costs relate to labor costs (both employees and contracted labor) for the following: (i) compensation; (ii) related fringe benefits; and (iii) reimbursements for travel and entertainment expenses. The other primary cash requirements for our operating expenses consist of: (i) computing capacity and related services and communication lines for our outsourced cloud-based business; (ii) paper, envelopes, and related supplies for our statement processing solutions; (iii) hardware and software; and (iv) rent and related facility costs. These items are purchased under a variety of both short-term and long-term contractual commitments. A summary of our material contractual obligations is provided below.

Our 2018 and 2017 net cash flows from operating activities, broken out between operations and changes in operating assets and liabilities, for the indicated quarterly periods are as follows (in thousands):

						Net Cash
			Changes in			Provided by
			Operating			(Used In)Operating
			Assets and			Activities –
	Operations		Liabilities			Totals
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
2018:
March 31 (1)	$	38,247	$	(8,392	)	$	29,855
June 30 (2)		38,476		(42,117	)		(3,641	)
September 30		34,888		12,167			47,055
December 31		46,646		23,426			70,072
Total	$	158,257	$	(14,916	)	$	143,341
2017:
March 31 (1)	$	43,495	$	(13,531	)	$	29,964
June 30		26,364		8,160			34,524
September 30		30,536		7,798			38,334
December 31(2)		37,752		(13,379	)		24,373
Total	$	138,147	$	(10,952	)	$	127,195

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(1) Cash flows from operating activities for the first quarter of 2018 and 2017 reflect the negative impacts of the payment of the 2017 and 2016 year-end accrued employee incentive compensation in the first quarter subsequent to the year-end accrual for those items.  

(2) For the second quarter of 2018 and fourth quarter of 2017, cash flows from operating activities were negatively impacted by the increase in the accounts receivable balance primarily related to the timing around certain recurring client payments that were delayed at quarter-end.

We believe the above table illustrates our ability to generate recurring quarterly cash flows from our operations, and the importance of managing our working capital items.  The quarterly and annual variations in our net cash provided by operating activities are related mostly to the changes in our operating assets and liabilities (related mostly to fluctuations in timing at quarter-end of client payments and changes in accrued expenses), and generally over longer periods of time, do not significantly impact our cash flows from operations.

Significant fluctuations in key operating assets and liabilities between 2018 and 2017 that impacted our cash flows from operating activities are as follows:

Billed Trade Accounts Receivable

Management of our billed accounts receivable is one of the primary factors in maintaining strong quarterly cash flows from operating activities. Our billed trade accounts receivable balance includes significant billings for several non-revenue items (primarily postage, sales tax, and deferred revenue items). As a result, we evaluate our performance in collecting our accounts receivable through our calculation of days billings outstanding (“DBO”) rather than a typical days sales outstanding (“DSO”) calculation.

Our gross and net billed trade accounts receivable and related allowance for doubtful accounts receivable (“Allowance”) as of the end of the indicated quarterly periods, and the related DBOs for the quarters then ended, are as follows (in thousands, except DBOs):

Quarter Ended	Gross		Allowance			Net Billed		DBOs
2018:
March 31	$	217,018	$	(3,967	)	$	213,051		70
June 30		243,874		(3,961	)		239,913		67
September 30		250,913		(4,182	)		246,731		68
December 31		238,942		(3,115	)		235,827		66
2017:
March 31	$	198,135	$	(2,824	)	$	195,311		70
June 30		200,192		(2,706	)		197,486		65
September 30		204,293		(2,456	)		201,837		72
December 31		223,680		(4,149	)		219,531		70

The increase in gross and net billed accounts receivable during 2018 is due to the addition of Business Ink and Forte’s accounts receivable and the timing around certain recurring client payments (from different clients) that were delayed at the end of the second and third quarter.  As these monthly payments were received subsequent to each quarter-end, they do not raise any collectability concerns.  All other changes in our gross and net billed accounts receivable reflect the normal fluctuations in the timing of client payments at quarter-end, as evidenced by our relatively consistent DBO metric over the past several quarters.  

As a global provider of software and professional services, a portion of our accounts receivable balance relates to clients outside the U.S.  This diversity in the geographic composition of our client base may adversely impact our DBOs as longer billing cycles (i.e., billing terms and cash collection cycles) are an inherent characteristic of international software and professional services transactions.  For example, our ability to bill (i.e., send an invoice) and collect arrangement fees may be dependent upon, among other things: (i) the completion of various client administrative matters, local country billing protocols and processes (including local cultural differences), and/or non-client administrative matters; (ii) us meeting certain contractual invoicing milestones; or (iii) the overall project status in certain situations in which we act as a subcontractor to another vendor on a project.

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Other Current and Non-Current Assets and Liabilities

As illustrated in Note 2 to our Financial Statements, as a result of the application of ASC 606, an additional $13.2 million of client contract costs are now being included in operating activities as changes in other current and non-current assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2018.  Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, these were included with investments in client contracts and included in investing activities.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities. Our typical investing activities consist of purchases/sales of short-term investments, purchases of property and equipment, and investments in client contracts, which are discussed below.  Additionally, as discussed earlier, during 2018 we acquired Business Ink and Forte for $68.6 million and $73.4 million, respectively, net of cash acquired, and as discussed in Note 2 to our Financial Statements, made an investment in a payment technology and services company for $2.8 million, which is included in our cash flows from investing activities.

Purchases/Sales of Short-term Investments

During 2018, 2017, and 2016 we purchased $75.0 million, $182.2 million, and $197.0 million, respectively, and sold or had mature $190.8 million, $193.5 million, and $157.8 million, respectively, of short-term investments. We continually evaluate the possible uses of our excess cash balances and will likely purchase and sell additional short-term investments in the future.

Software, Property and Equipment/Client Contracts

Our annual capital expenditures for software, property and equipment, and investments in client contracts were as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Software, property and equipment	$	57,104	$	28,942	$	14,263
Client contracts		—		12,180		7,587

Our capital expenditures for these periods consisted principally of investments in: (i) computer hardware, software, and related equipment; (ii) statement production equipment; and (iii) facilities and internal infrastructure items.

As a result of the application of ASC 606, $9.3 million of investments in client contracts have been included in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018.  Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, investments in client contracts were included in investing activities.

Our investments in client contracts for 2017 and 2016 relate primarily to: (i) cash incentives provided to clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s accounts on, our managed services solutions; and (ii) direct and incremental costs incurred for conversion/set-up services related to long-term managed services arrangements where we are required to defer conversion/set-up services fees and recognize those fees as the related services are performed.  For 2017 and 2016 our: (i) investments in client contracts related to incentives were $2.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively; and (ii) the deferral of costs related to conversion/set-up services provided under long-term managed services contracts were $10.1 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities. Our financing activities typically consist of various debt-related transactions and activities with our common stock, which are discussed below.

Issuance of Common Stock

Proceeds from the issuance of common stock for 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $2.3 million, $1.8 million, and $1.5 million, respectively, and relates primarily to employee stock purchase plan purchases.

Repurchase of Common Stock

During 2018, 2017, and 2016 we repurchased approximately 704,000 shares, 500,000 shares, and 318,000 shares of our common stock under the guidelines of our Stock Repurchase Program for $27.6 million, $20.5 million, and $11.6 million, respectively.

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Additionally, outside of our Stock Repurchase Program, during 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased from our employees and then canceled approximately 159,000 shares, 249,000 shares, and 344,000 shares, of our common stock for $7.4 million, $10.1 million, and $13.6 million, respectively, in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

Through December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we have paid $34.7 million, $30.6 million, and $25.2 million, respectively, for our total repurchases of common stock, with the differences attributed to the timing of the settlement.

Cash Dividends Paid on Common Stock

During 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Board approved dividend payments totaling $28.1 million, $26.8 million, and $23.8 million, respectively, of which $28.0 million, $26.9 million, and $24.1 million, respectively, had been paid through December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (with the differences attributed to unvested incentive shares that are paid upon vesting).

Long-term debt

During the first quarter of 2018, we refinanced our 2015 Credit Agreement and as a result, we repaid the outstanding principal balance of $120.0 million and borrowed $150.0 million under the 2018 Credit Agreement, resulting in a net increase of available cash of $30.0 million.  As part of the refinancing, we paid $1.5 million of deferred financing costs.  

In March 2017, we settled our conversion obligation for the 2010 Convertible Notes as follows: (i) we paid cash of $34.8 million for the remaining par value of the 2010 Convertible Notes; and (ii) delivered 694,240 of our common shares from treasury stock to settle the $28.8 million conversion obligation in excess of par value.

Additionally, during 2018, 2017, and 2016 we made principal repayments of $5.6 million, $15.0 million, and $7.5 million, respectively, on our long-term debt balance.  See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our long-term debt.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments and Contingencies

We have various contractual obligations that are recorded as liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized as liabilities in our Balance Sheet but are required to be disclosed.

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2018, and the future periods in which such obligations are expected to be settled in cash (in thousands).

			Less than						More than
	Total		1 Year		Years 2-3		Years 4-5		5 Years
Long-term debt	$	570,048	$	23,854	$	56,007	$	137,999	$	352,188
Leases		79,465		16,609		27,147		21,034		14,675
Purchase obligations		259,410		89,826		129,199		28,787		11,598
Total	$	908,923	$	130,289	$	212,353	$	187,820	$	378,461

The contractual obligation amounts reflected for our long-term debt are as of December 31, 2018, based upon the following assumptions:

(i) Our 2016 Convertible Notes will remain outstanding through their maturity date of March 15, 2036 (although the 2016 Convertible Notes can be converted during the period from, and including, December 15, 2021 to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2022 and holders may require us to repurchase the 2016 Convertible Notes for cash on each of March 15, 2022, March 14, 2026 and March 15, 2031); upon settlement, our cash obligation will not exceed the principal amount; and interest paid through maturity is at a rate of 4.25%; and

(ii) Our 2018 Credit Agreement includes the mandatory quarterly amortization payments on the term loan as of December 31, 2018, and the interest paid throughout the life of the term loan is based upon the interest rate applicable as of December 31, 2018.

Our long-term debt obligations are discussed in more detail in Note 5 to our Financial Statements.

The operating leases are discussed in Note 10 to our Financial Statements.  As of December 31, 2018, our purchase obligations consist primarily of our expected minimum base fees under the Ensono service agreement (discussed in Note 10 to our Financial Statements).

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Of the total contractual obligations and commercial commitments above, approximately $402 million is reflected on our Balance Sheet.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None

Capital Resources

The following are the key items to consider in assessing our sources and uses of capital resources:

Current Sources of Capital Resources.

• Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments.  As of December 31, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $162.9 million, of which approximately 65% is in U.S. Dollars and held in the U.S.  We have $3.0 million of restricted cash included in cash and cash equivalents, used primarily to collateralize outstanding letters of credit.  For the remainder of the monies denominated in foreign currencies and/or located outside the U.S., we do not anticipate any material amounts being unavailable for use in running our business.

• Operating Cash Flows.  As described in the Liquidity section above, we believe we have the ability to generate strong cash flows to fund our operating activities and act as a source of funds for our capital resource needs.

• Long-Term Debt/Revolving Loan Facility.  In March 2018, we refinanced our 2015 Credit Agreement and as a result, we repaid the outstanding term loan principal balance of $120.0 million and borrowed $150.0 million, resulting in a net increase in cash of $30 million (the 2018 Credit Agreement).  The 2018 Credit Agreement also includes a $200 million revolving loan facility (2018 Revolver). As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowing outstanding on our 2018 Revolver and had the entire $200 million available to us.  The 2018 Credit Agreement provides us with additional capital capacity, and greater flexibility to manage our capital structure over the next five years.  Our long-term debt obligations are discussed in more detail in Note 5 to our Financial Statements.

Uses/Potential Uses of Capital Resources. Below are the key items to consider in assessing our uses/potential uses of capital resources:

• Common Stock Repurchases.  We have made repurchases of our common stock in the past under our Stock Repurchase Program.  As of December 31, 2018, we had 5.5 million shares authorized for repurchase remaining under our Stock Repurchase Program.  Our 2018 Credit Agreement places certain limitations on our ability to repurchase our common stock.  

In September 2018, we announced an increase in our planned share repurchases of up to $150 million under our Stock Repurchase Program over the next three years.  Under our Stock Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including through an accelerated stock repurchase plan or under a SEC Rule 10b5-1 plan.  The actual timing and amount of the share repurchases will be dependent on then current market conditions and other business-related factors over the next three years.  Our common stock repurchases are discussed in more detail in Note 11 to our Financial Statements.

During 2018, we repurchased 0.7 million shares of our common stock for $27.6 million (weighted-average price of $39.23 per share).

Outside of our Stock Repurchase Program, during 2018, we repurchased from our employees and then cancelled 0.2 million shares of our common stock for $7.4 million in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

• Cash Dividends.  During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Board declared dividends totaling $28.0 million.  Going forward, we expect to pay cash dividends each year in March, June, September, and December, with the amount and timing subject to the Board’s approval.

• Acquisitions.  In February 2018, we acquired Business Ink, a privately-held multi-channel business communications company based in Austin, Texas for approximately $70 million.  The acquisition was funded from currently available cash.

36

In October 2018, we acquired Forte, a leading provider of advanced payment solutions headquartered in Allen, Texas for a purchase price of approximately $85 million (excluding cash acquired), and held back approximately $13 million in cash subject to certain tax filings.  The purchase agreement includes provisions for $18.8 million of potential future earn-out payments over a four-year measurement period.  The earn-out payments are tied to performance-based goals and continued employment by the eligible recipients.  The acquisition was funded from currently available cash.

Our acquisitions are discussed in more detail in Note 6 to our Financial Statements.  As part of our growth strategy, we are continually evaluating potential business and/or asset acquisitions and investments in market share expansion with our existing and potential new clients.

• Equity Method Investment.  In July 2018, we made a $2.0 million investment for a 4% noncontrolling financial interest in a payment technology and services company that enables omni-channel digital payments in Latin America.  As of December 31, 2018, we recorded an investment of $2.8 million which includes direct costs of acquiring the investment.  See Note 2 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion.

• Capital Expenditures.  During 2018, we spent $57.1 million on capital expenditures.  As of December 31, 2018, we had committed to purchase approximately $4.0 million of equipment.

• Stock Warrants.  We have issued Stock Warrants with an exercise price of $26.68 per warrant to Comcast as an incentive for Comcast to convert new customer accounts to ACP.  Once vested, Comcast may exercise the Stock Warrants and elect either physical delivery of common shares or net share settlement (cashless exercise).  Alternatively, the exercise of the Stock Warrants may be settled with cash based solely on our approval, or if Comcast were to beneficially own or control in excess of 19.99% of the common stock or voting of the Company. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 1.4 million Stock Warrants are outstanding, of which 0.4 million are vested.

The Stock Warrants are discussed in more detail in Note 11 to our Financial Statements.  

• Long-Term Debt.  As discussed above, we refinanced our 2015 Credit Agreement in March 2018.  As of December 31, 2018, our long-term debt consisted of the following: (i) 2016 Convertible Notes with a par value of $230.0 million; and (ii) 2018 Credit Agreement term loan borrowings of $144.4 million.  

2016 Convertible Notes

During the next twelve months, there are no scheduled conversion triggers on our 2016 Convertible Notes.  As a result, we expect our required debt service cash outlay during the next twelve months for the 2016 Convertible Notes to be limited to interest payments of $9.8 million.

2018 Credit Agreement

Our 2018 Credit Agreement mandatory repayments and the cash interest expense (based upon current interest rates) for the next twelve months is $7.5 million, and $6.6 million, respectively.  We have the ability to make prepayments on our 2018 Credit Agreement without penalty.

Our long-term debt obligations are discussed in more detail in Note 5 to our Financial Statements.  

In summary, we expect to continue to have material needs for capital resources going forward, as noted above.  We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balances and our 2018 Revolver, together with cash expected to be generated in the future from our current operating activities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated capital resource requirements for at least the next 12 months.  We also believe we could obtain additional capital through other debt sources which may be available to us if deemed appropriate.

Item  7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices.  As of December 31, 2018, we are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, fluctuations and changes in the market value of our cash equivalents and short-term investments, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates.  We have not historically entered into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

37

Interest Rate Risk

Long-Term Debt.  The interest rate on our 2016 Convertible Notes is fixed, and thus, as it relates to our convertible debt borrowings, we are not exposed to changes in interest rates.

The interest rates under our 2018 Credit Agreement are based upon an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin.  Refer to Note 5 to our Financial Statements for further details of our long-term debt.

A hypothetical adverse change of 10% in the December 31, 2018 adjusted LIBOR rate would not have had a material impact upon our results of operations.

Market Risk

Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments.  Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $139.3 million and $122.3 million, respectively.  Certain of our cash balances are “swept” into overnight money market accounts on a daily basis, and at times, any excess funds are invested in low-risk, somewhat longer term, cash equivalent instruments and short-term investments.  Our cash equivalents are invested primarily in institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks.  We have minimal market risk for our cash and cash equivalents due to the relatively short maturities of the instruments.

Our short-term investments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $23.6 million and $139.1 million, respectively.  Currently, we utilize short-term investments as a means to invest our excess cash only in the U.S. The day-to-day management of our short-term investments is performed by a large financial institution in the U.S., using strict and formal investment guidelines approved by our Board.  Under these guidelines, short-term investments are limited to certain acceptable investments with: (i) a maximum maturity; (ii) a maximum concentration and diversification; and (iii) a minimum acceptable credit quality.  At this time, we believe we have minimal liquidity risk associated with the short-term investments included in our portfolio.

Settlement Assets.  With the acquisition of Forte (see Note 6), we are exposed to market risk associated with cash held on behalf of our clients related to our payment processing services. As of December 31, 2018, we had $124.6 million of cash collected on behalf of our clients which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client. The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust accounts with various major financial institutions in the U.S. in an amount equal to at least 100% of the aggregate amount owed to our clients.  

Long-Term Debt.  The fair value of our convertible debt is exposed to market risk.  We do not carry our convertible debt at fair value but present the fair value for disclosure purposes (see Note 2 to our Financial Statements).  Generally, the fair value of our convertible debt is impacted by changes in interest rates and changes in the price and volatility of our common stock.  As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the 2016 Convertible Notes was estimated at $228.3 million using quoted market prices.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Due to foreign operations around the world, our balance sheet and income statement are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk due to the fluctuations in the value of currencies in which we conduct business.  While we attempt to maximize natural hedges by incurring expenses in the same currency in which we contract revenue, the related expenses for that revenue could be in one or more differing currencies than the revenue stream.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated approximately 87% of our revenues in U.S. dollars.  We expect that, in the foreseeable future, we will continue to generate a very large percentage of our revenues in U.S. dollars.

38

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying amounts of our monetary assets and monetary liabilities on the books of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in currencies denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of those non-U.S. subsidiaries are as follows (in thousands, in U.S. dollar equivalents):

	December 31, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Monetary			Monetary		Monetary			Monetary
	Liabilities			Assets		Liabilities			Assets
Pounds sterling	$	(3	)	$	1,848	$	-		$	1,968
Euro		(448	)		7,482		(257	)		8,491
U.S. Dollar		(632	)		18,044		(178	)		19,354
Other		(7	)		1,227		(9	)		2,074
Totals	$	(1,090	)	$	28,601	$	(444	)	$	31,887

A hypothetical adverse change of 10% in the December 31, 2018 exchange rates would not have had a material impact upon our results of operations.

39

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	41
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	42
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	44
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	45
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	46
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016	48
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	49

40

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(ii) Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(iii) Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Management has excluded from its evaluation the internal control over financial reporting of Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”), which was acquired on October 1, 2018, as discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2018, Forte had $234.1 million and $92.2 million of total assets and net assets, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Consolidated Statement of Income included total revenues associated with Forte of $24.9 million. In accordance with guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission, companies are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal controls over financial reporting during the first year subsequent to the acquisition while integrating the acquired operations.

Based on our assessment, and the exclusion noted in the previous paragraph, management believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. That report appears immediately following.

41

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Stockholders and Board of Directors
CSG Systems International, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company acquired Forte Payment Systems, Inc. on October 1, 2018, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, Forte Payment Systems, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting associated with $234.1 million and $92.2 million of total assets and net assets, respectively, and total revenues of $24.9 million included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Forte Payment Systems, Inc.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Omaha, Nebraska
February 22, 2019

42

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Stockholders and Board of Directors
CSG Systems International, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Adoption of ASC Topic 606

As discussed in note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of revenue recognition in 2018 due to the adoption of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The Company adopted the standard using the cumulative effect method, and as such, the comparative information in the financial statements has not been adjusted and continues to be as previously reported.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Omaha, Nebraska
February 22, 2019

43

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	December 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	139,277		$	122,243
Short-term investments		23,603			139,117
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments		162,880			261,360
Settlement assets		124,627			-
Trade accounts receivable:
Billed, net of allowance of $3,115 and $4,149		235,827			219,531
Unbilled		37,227			31,187
Income taxes receivable		6,720			13,839
Other current assets		32,286			28,349
Total current assets		599,567			554,266
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net of depreciation of $93,278 and $123,126		81,813			44,651
Software, net of amortization of $119,381 and $108,986		36,400			26,906
Goodwill		255,816			210,080
Client contracts, net of amortization of zero and $97,109		-			43,626
Acquired client contracts, net of amortization of $82,692 and zero		65,456			-
Client contract costs, net of amortization of $43,051 and zero		37,289			-
Deferred income taxes		11,087			14,057
Other assets		26,934			10,948
Total non-current assets		514,795			350,268
Total assets	$	1,114,362		$	904,534
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	7,500		$	22,500
Client deposits		36,889			31,053
Trade accounts payable		45,386			38,420
Accrued employee compensation		61,107			62,984
Settlement liabilities		123,613			-
Deferred revenue		40,236			41,885
Income taxes payable		218			1,216
Other current liabilities		35,442			24,535
Total current liabilities		350,391			222,593
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts of $14,549 and $18,264		352,326			309,236
Deferred revenue		17,527			12,346
Income taxes payable		2,284			2,415
Deferred income taxes		8,205			4,584
Other non-current liabilities		22,605			10,614
Total non-current liabilities		402,947			339,195
Total liabilities		753,338			561,788
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.01 per share; 10,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding		-			-
Common stock, par value $.01 per share; 100,000 shares authorized; 4,460 and 2,702 shares reserved for employee stock purchase plan and stock incentive plans; 33,158 and 33,516 shares outstanding		693			689
Common stock warrants; 439 warrants vested; 1,425 issued		9,082			9,082
Additional paid-in capital		441,417			427,091
Treasury stock, at cost; 34,779 and 34,075 shares		(842,360	)		(814,732	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on short-term investments, net of tax		2			(88	)
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments		(42,937	)		(28,734	)
Accumulated earnings		795,127			749,438
Total stockholders' equity		361,024			342,746
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,114,362		$	904,534

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

44

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Year Ended December 31,
		2018			2017			2016
Revenues:
Cloud and related solutions	$	766,377		$	651,010		$	606,936
Software and services		58,101			62,892			79,400
Maintenance		50,581			75,680			74,622
Total revenues		875,059			789,582			760,958
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation, shown separately below):
Cloud and related solutions		392,801			315,006			282,952
Software and services		34,870			39,018			49,202
Maintenance		22,149			40,787			42,993
Total cost of revenues		449,820			394,811			375,147
Other operating expenses:
Research and development		124,034			113,215			98,683
Selling, general and administrative		169,308			153,695			140,467
Depreciation		18,304			13,380			13,616
Restructuring and reorganization charges		8,661			8,796			416
Total operating expenses		770,127			683,897			628,329
Operating income		104,932			105,685			132,629
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(17,667	)		(16,794	)		(16,262	)
Amortization of original issue discount		(2,664	)		(2,790	)		(4,866	)
Interest and investment income, net		2,646			3,246			2,457
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(810	)		-			(8,651	)
Other, net		550			(1,637	)		(5,308	)
Total other		(17,945	)		(17,975	)		(32,630	)
Income before income taxes		86,987			87,710			99,999
Income tax provision		(20,857	)		(26,346	)		(37,117	)
Net income	$	66,130		$	61,364		$	62,882
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic		32,488			32,415			30,968
Diluted		32,855			32,865			33,014
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	2.04		$	1.89		$	2.03
Diluted		2.01			1.87			1.90

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

45

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
		2018			2017		2016
Net income	$	66,130		$	61,364	$	62,882
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(14,203	)		16,479		(18,925	)
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on short-term investments arising during period		90			71		(62	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(14,113	)		16,550		(18,987	)
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	$	52,017		$	77,914	$	43,895

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

46

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands)

	Shares of Common Stock Outstanding			Common Stock			Common Stock Warrants			Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Earnings				Total Stockholders' Equity
BALANCE, January 1, 2016		32,555		$	672		$	7,310		$	503,254		$	(814,437	)	$	(26,385	)		$	675,431			$	345,845
Comprehensive income:
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			-				62,882
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax		-			-			-			-			-			(62	)			-
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-			-			-			-			-			(18,925	)			-
Total comprehensive income																									43,895
Repurchase of common stock		(662	)		(3	)		-			(13,628	)		(11,565	)		-				-				(25,196	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		44			-			-			1,547			-			-				-				1,547
Stock-based compensation income tax benefits		-			-			-			4,729			-			-				-				4,729
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock- based compensation plans		572			5			-			(5	)		-			-				-				-
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		(248	)		(2	)		-			2			-			-				-				-
Stock-based compensation expense		-			-			-			22,745			-			-				-				22,745
Issuance of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast		-			-			8,697			-			-			-				-				8,697
Issuance of convertible notes		-			-			-			9,816			-			-				-				9,816
Repurchase of convertible notes, net of tax		-			-			-			(97,410	)		-			-				-				(97,410	)
Debt conversion obligation reclassification		-			-			-			(39,841	)		-			-				-				(39,841	)
Declaration of cash dividends		-			-			-			-			-			-				(23,467	)			(23,467	)
BALANCE, December 31, 2016		32,261			672			16,007			391,209			(826,002	)		(45,372	)			714,846				251,360
Comprehensive income:
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			-				61,364
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax		-			-			-			-			-			71				-
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-			-			-			-			-			16,479				-
Total comprehensive income																									77,914
Repurchase of common stock		(749	)		(2	)		-			(10,099	)		(20,548	)		-				-				(30,649	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		50			-			-			1,776			-			-				-				1,776
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock- based compensation plans		649			6			-			(6	)		-			-				-				-
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		(39	)		-			-			-			-			-				-				-
Stock-based compensation expense		-			-			-			20,996			-			-				-				20,996
Issuance of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast		-			-			9,082			-			-			-				-				9,082
Exercise of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast		649			6			(16,007	)		641			15,360			-				-				-
Repurchase of convertible notes, net of tax		695			7			-			22,574			16,458			-				-				39,039
Declaration of cash dividends		-			-			-			-			-			-				(26,772	)			(26,772	)
BALANCE, December 31, 2017		33,516			689			9,082			427,091			(814,732	)		(28,822	)			749,438				342,746
Comprehensive income:
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			-				66,130
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax		-			-			-			-			-			90				-
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-			-			-			-			-			(14,203	)			-
Total comprehensive income																									52,017
Repurchase of common stock		(862	)		-			-			(7,339	)		(27,628	)		-				-				(34,967	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		71			-			-			2,311			-			-				-				2,311
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock- based compensation plans		553			5			-			(5	)		-			-				-				-
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		(120	)		(1	)		-			1			-			-				-				-
Stock-based compensation expense		-			-			-			19,358			-			-				-				19,358
Declaration of cash dividends		-			-			-			-			-			-				(28,003	)			(28,003	)
Adjustments due to adoption of new accounting standards		-			-			-			-			-			-				7,562				7,562
BALANCE, December 31, 2018		33,158		$	693		$	9,082		$	441,417		$	(842,360	)	$	(42,935	)		$	795,127			$	361,024

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	Year Ended
		2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	66,130		$	61,364		$	62,882
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities-
Depreciation		18,304			13,380			13,616
Amortization		44,328			29,501			27,626
Amortization of original issue discount		2,664			2,790			4,866
Asset impairment		1,851			3,135			-
Gain on short-term investments and other		(101	)		(184	)		(83	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		810			-			8,651
Gain on disposition of business operations		-			-			(6,611	)
Deferred income taxes		4,913			7,112			(2,811	)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation awards		-			-			(4,729	)
Stock-based compensation		19,358			21,049			22,715
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired amounts:
Trade accounts receivable, net		(138	)		(6,421	)		(23,243	)
Other current and non-current assets and liabilities		(23,179	)		2,875			255
Income taxes payable/receivable		5,055			(2,729	)		(14,167	)
Trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(7,146	)		(4,377	)		(5,738	)
Deferred revenue		10,492			(300	)		957
Net cash provided by operating activities		143,341			127,195			84,186
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of software, property and equipment		(57,104	)		(28,942	)		(14,263	)
Purchases of short-term investments		(75,022	)		(182,247	)		(196,967	)
Proceeds from sale/maturity of short-term investments		190,778			193,465			157,825
Acquisition of and investments in business, net of cash acquired		(144,791	)		-			-
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		-			(12,180	)		(7,587	)
Proceeds from the disposition of business operations		-			-			8,850
Net cash used in investing activities		(86,139	)		(29,904	)		(52,142	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		2,311			1,776			1,547
Payment of cash dividends		(27,979	)		(26,850	)		(24,110	)
Repurchase of common stock		(34,726	)		(30,649	)		(25,196	)
Proceeds from long-term debt		150,000			-			230,000
Payments on long-term debt		(125,625	)		(15,000	)		(7,500	)
Repurchase of convertible notes		-			-			(215,676	)
Settlement of convertible notes		-			(34,771	)		-
Payments of deferred financing costs		(1,490	)		-			(6,744	)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation awards		-			-			4,729
Net cash used in financing activities		(37,509	)		(105,494	)		(42,950	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash		(2,659	)		4,095			4,626
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		17,034			(4,108	)		(6,280	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,243			126,351			132,631
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	139,277		$	122,243		$	126,351
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for-
Interest	$	15,857		$	14,729		$	12,191
Income taxes		10,426			22,144			53,020

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. General

CSG Systems International, Inc. (the “Company”, “CSG”, or forms of the pronoun “we”), a Delaware corporation, was formed in October 1994 and is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado. We are a revenue management and digital monetization, customer experience, and payment solutions provider primarily serving the global communications industry. We have over 35 years of experience supporting communications service providers’ management of their revenue, customer communications, and digital ecosystem as they advance their video, voice, data content, and digital services to consumers. Over the years, we have focused our research and development (“R&D”) and acquisition investments on expanding our solution set to address the complex, transformative needs of service providers. We are a S&P SmallCap 600 company.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements (“Financial Statements”) are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted (“GAAP”) in the United States of America (“U.S.”).

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation. Our Financial Statements include all of our accounts and our subsidiaries’ accounts. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Translation of Foreign Currency. Our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of the countries in which they operate as their functional currency. Their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements. The preparation of our Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The more critical estimates and related assumptions that affect our financial position and results of operations are in the areas of: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies.

Revenue Recognition. We adopted Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) as of January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effect method and have applied ASC 606 to all contracts with clients that had not been completed as of the date of initial application. In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we recorded a cumulative adjustment increasing beginning retained earnings (net of tax) by approximately $7 million, primarily related to contracts that we were previously required to defer revenue as we did not have vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value for certain undelivered elements. Since we adopted ASC 606 using the cumulative effect method, comparative information in our Financial Statements has not been adjusted and continues to be as previously reported.

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The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on our Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	As of  December 31, 2018
Condensed Balance Sheet	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	$	37,227		$	(451	)	$	36,776
Other current assets		32,286			5,834			38,120
Client contracts, net of amortization		—			88,733			88,733
Acquired client contracts, net of amortization		65,456			(65,456	)		—
Client contract costs, net of amortization		37,289			(37,289	)		—
Other non-current assets		26,934			8,178			35,112
Other assets		915,170			—			915,170
Total assets (1)	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911
Deferred revenue	$	57,763		$	2,463		$	60,226
Deferred income taxes		8,205			87			8,292
Other liabilities		687,370			—			687,370
Total liabilities		753,338			2,550			755,888
Accumulated earnings		795,127			(3,001	)		792,126
Other stockholders' equity		(434,103	)		—			(434,103	)
Total stockholders' equity		361,024			(3,001	)		358,023
Total stockholders' equity and liabilities	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911

(1) See Note 4 for further discussion related to the reclassification of our client contracts and client contract costs.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Income	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)	$	766,377		$	(25,960	)	$	740,417
Software and services (2)		58,101			6,072			64,173
Maintenance (2)		50,581			21,152			71,733
Total revenues		875,059			1,264			876,323
Cost of revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)		392,801			(20,419	)		372,382
Software and services (2)		34,870			875			35,745
Maintenance (2)		22,149			18,600			40,749
Total cost of revenues		449,820			(944	)		448,876
Other expenses		338,252			—			338,252
Income before income taxes		86,987			2,208			89,195
Income tax provision		(20,857	)		(640	)		(21,497	)
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Net income per diluted share	$	2.01		$	0.05		$	2.06

(2) Adjustments are primarily related to software license products and related maintenance contracted as part of our cloud solutions contracts that were not capable of being distinct as a separate performance obligation under ASC 606 and are included in cloud solutions services in the year ended December 31, 2018.  Costs associated with these products were also reclassified to cost of cloud solution services in the year ended December 31, 2018.

50

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Cash Flows	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities -
Amortization		44,328			(4,202	)		40,126
Deferred income taxes		4,913			640			5,553
Other		44,146			—			44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets		(23,179	)		13,183			(9,996	)
Deferred revenue		10,492			(1,881	)		8,611
Other		(3,489	)		—			(3,489	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		143,341			9,308			152,649
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		—			(9,308	)		(9,308	)
Other		(86,139	)		—			(86,139	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,139	)		(9,308	)		(95,447	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(37,509	)		—			(37,509	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash		(2,659	)		—			(2,659	)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents		17,034			—			17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,243			—			122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	139,277		$	—		$	139,277

As a result of adopting ASC 606, we have changed our accounting policies for revenue recognition as discussed in more detail below.

In summary, our revenue from client contracts is primarily related to our cloud and related solutions and, to a lesser degree, software and service and related maintenance arrangements, and is measured based on consideration specified within each of our contracts, excluding sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, if any. We account for various products and services separately if they are distinct. A product or service, or group of products or services, is distinct if it is separately identifiable from other items in the context of the contract and if our client can benefit from the product or service on their own or with other resources that are readily available to that client. We recognize revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations by transferring control of a particular product or service, or group of products or services, to our clients, as described in more detail below.  Taxes assessed on our products and services based on governmental authorities at the time of invoicing are excluded from our revenue.

Cloud and Related Solutions.

Our cloud and related solutions revenues relate to: (i) our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), cloud-based, revenue management and digital monetization solutions, and various related ancillary services; (ii) our managed services offering in which we operate software solutions (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients; and (iii) payment processing transaction services.  

We contract for our cloud-based solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years. The long-term cloud-based arrangements include a series of multiple services delivered daily or monthly, to include such things as: (i) revenue and customer communications management services; (ii) business support services (e.g., workforce management tools, consumer credit verifications, etc.); (iii) content monetization and delivery functions; and (iv) customer statement invoice printing and mailing services. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients monthly based upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services (e.g., the number of client customers maintained on our systems, the number of transactions processed on our systems, and/or the quantity and content of the monthly statements and mailings processed through our systems).

For cloud-based solution contracts, the total contract consideration (including impacts of discounts or incentives) is primarily variable dependent upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services; however, these contracts can also include ancillary fixed consideration in the form of one-time, monthly or annual fees. Although there may be multiple performance obligations, there is generally no allocation of value between the individual performance obligations as all are considered cloud and related solutions revenues that are recognized based on activities performed in each daily or monthly period.

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We contract for managed services solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years.  Under managed services agreements, we may operate software products (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients: (i) out of a client’s data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center we contract with for such services. Managed services can also include us providing other services, such as transitional services, fulfillment, remittance processing, operational consulting, back office, and end user billing services.

For managed services contracts, the total contract consideration is typically a fixed fee, but these contracts may also have variable fee components. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients on a monthly basis.  Unless managed services are included with a software license contract (as discussed further below), there is generally only one performance obligation and revenue is recognized for these arrangements on a ratable basis as the services are performed.

Our contracts for payment processing transaction services are generally month-to-month or fixed term with automatic renewals. Services provided under these arrangements primarily include automated clearing house (ACH) transaction processing, credit/debit card processing, web-based and telephone payment processing and real-time check verification and authentication services. The fees for these services typically are billed on a monthly basis.

Our payment processing services are comprised of one performance obligation. Revenue for payment processing services is based primarily on a fee per transaction or a percentage of the transaction principal and recognized as delivered over a series of daily service periods.  Transaction fees collected from clients are recognized as revenue on a gross basis when we are the principal in completing the payment processing transaction. As principal to the transaction, we control the service of processing payments on our platform. We bear primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the payment service, contract directly with our clients, and have full discretion in determining the fee charged to our clients which is independent of the costs we incur when we utilize payment processors or other financial institutions to perform services on our behalf.  We therefore bear full margin risk when completing a payment processing transaction.  Transaction fees paid to third-party payment processors and other financial institutions are primarily comprised of interchange and other payment-related fees paid in conjunction with the delivery of service to clients under our payment services contracts,  These fees are recognized in cost of revenue.  

Fees related to set-up or implementation activities for both cloud-based solution and managed services contracts are deferred and recognized ratably over the related service period to which the activities relate.

Depending on the significance of variable consideration, number of products/services, complex pricing structures and long-term nature of these types of contracts, the judgments and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenues recognized in any period.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue related to our cloud and related solutions contracts on a monthly basis as we provided the services.  The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition related to these contracts.

Software and Services.

Our software and services revenues relate primarily to: (i) software license sales on either a perpetual or term license basis; and (ii) professional services to implement the software. Our software and services contracts are often contracted in bundled arrangements that include not only the software license and related implementation services, but can also include maintenance, managed services and/or additional professional services.

For our software arrangements, the total contract consideration is allocated between the separate performance obligations based on stand-alone selling prices for software licenses, cost plus applicable margin for services and established pricing for maintenance.  The initial sale of software products generally requires significant production, modification or customization, such that the delivery of the software license and the related professional services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation that is satisfied over time based of hours worked (hours-based method). We are using hours worked on the project as the measure to determine progress toward completion as we believe it is the most appropriate metric to measure such progress. The software and services fees are generally billed to our clients on a milestone or date basis.

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The determination of the performance obligations and allocation of value for software license arrangements require significant judgment.  We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of total project revenues and costs, along with the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to various business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made in this area could: (i) have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred. To mitigate the inherent risks in using this hours-based method, we track our performance on projects and reevaluate the appropriateness of our estimates as part of our monthly accounting cycle.

In certain instances, we sell software license volume upgrades, which provide our clients the right to use our software to process higher transaction volume levels. In these instances, we analyze the contract to determine if the volume upgrade is a separate performance obligation and if so, we recognize the value associated with the software license as revenue on the effective date of the volume upgrade.

A portion of our professional services revenues are contracted separately (e.g., business consulting services, etc.). Such contracts can either be on a fixed-price or time-and-materials basis.  Revenues from fixed-price, professional service contracts are recognized using an hours-based method, as these professional services represent a performance obligation that is satisfied over time.  Revenues from professional services contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as the services are performed.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue for our software arrangements under the guidelines of contract accounting as our software products required significant production, modification or customization and if we had VSOE of fair value for undelivered elements (e.g., maintenance), which we generally had, we would allocate a portion of the total arrangement fee to the undelivered element based on its VSOE of fair value, and the balance of the arrangement fee was recognized using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method of accounting.

Maintenance.

Our maintenance revenue relates primarily to support of our software once it has been implemented.  Maintenance revenues are recognized ratably over the software maintenance period as services are provided. Our maintenance consists primarily of client and product support, technical updates (e.g., bug fixes, etc.), and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to our software products. If specified upgrades or enhancements are offered in a contract, which is rare, they are accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Maintenance can be invoiced to our clients on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations.

As of December 31, 2018, our aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is approximately $538 million, which is made up of fixed fee consideration and guaranteed minimums expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied). We expect to recognize approximately 90% of this amount by the end of 2021, with the remaining amount recognized by the end of 2028. We have excluded from this amount variable consideration expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606). The majority of our future revenue is related to our cloud and related solution client contracts that include variable consideration dependent upon a series of monthly volumes and/or daily usage of services and have contractual terms ending from 2019 through 2028.  

We have not disclosed transaction price allocation to remaining performance obligations or an explanation thereof of comparable amounts as of December 31, 2017 (a transitional practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

Disaggregation of Revenue.

The nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and how revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted by type of revenue as presented on the face of our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income (“Income Statements”) and by geographic region as presented in Note 3.

Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable. Billed accounts receivable represents our unconditional rights to consideration. Once invoiced, our payment terms are generally between 30-60 days, and rarely do we have contracts with financing arrangements. Unbilled accounts receivable represents our rights to consideration for work completed but not billed.  Unbilled accounts receivable is transferred to billed accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional which is generally at the time of invoicing.

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The following table rolls forward our unbilled accounts receivable from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Unbilled Receivables
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	31,187
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,193
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		(2,276	)
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	33,104
Recognized during the period		237,134
Reclassified to receivables		(231,689	)
Other		(1,322	)
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	37,227

Deferred Revenue.  Deferred revenue represents consideration received from clients in advance of services being performed.

The following table rolls forward our deferred revenue from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Deferred Revenue
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(54,231	)
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,344
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		2,276
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	(47,611	)
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period		38,832
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period		(50,861	)
Other		1,877
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(57,763	)

Postage. We pass through to our clients the cost of postage that is incurred on behalf of those clients, and typically require an advance payment on expected postage costs. These advance payments are included in client deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (“Balance Sheets” or “Balance Sheet”) and are classified as current liabilities regardless of the contract period. We net the cost of postage against the postage reimbursements for those clients where we require advance deposits, and include the net amount (which is not material) in cloud and related solutions revenues.  

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $3.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of restricted cash that serves to collateralize outstanding letters of credit. This restricted cash is included in cash and cash equivalents in our Balance Sheet.

Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt. Because of their short maturities, the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value.

Our short-term investments and certain of our cash equivalents are considered “available-for-sale” and are reported at fair value in our Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were not material in any period presented.

Primarily all short-term investments held by us as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have contractual maturities of less than two years from the time of acquisition. Our short-term investments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted almost entirely of fixed income securities. Proceeds from the sale/maturity of short-term investments in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $190.8 million, $193.5 million, and $157.8 million, respectively.

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The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	4,392	$	—	$	4,392	$	3,544	$	—	$	3,544
Commercial paper	—			9,078		9,078	—			32,467		32,467
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	—			16,357		16,357	—			124,182		124,182
U.S. government agency bonds	—			3,724		3,724	—			1,547		1,547
Asset-backed securities	—			3,522		3,522	—			13,388		13,388
Total	$	4,392	$	32,681	$	37,073	$	3,544	$	171,584	$	175,128

Valuation inputs used to measure the fair values of our money market funds were derived from quoted market prices. The fair values of all other financial instruments are based upon pricing provided by third-party pricing services. These prices were derived from observable market inputs.

We have chosen not to measure our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. The following table indicates the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of the indicated periods (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value		Value		Value
2015 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)	$	—	$	—	$	120,000	$	120,000
2018 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)		144,375		144,375		—		—
2016 Convertible debt (par value)		230,000		228,275		230,000		251,850

The fair value for our Credit Agreement was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology, while the fair value for our convertible debt was estimated based upon quoted market prices or recent sales activity, both of which are considered Level 2 inputs.  See Note 5 for discussion regarding our debt.

Settlement Assets and Settlement Liabilities. Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of our clients via payment processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client. The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust with various major financial institutions and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the clients. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held in trust and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers.

Concentrations of Credit Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to credit risk. The principal concentrations of credit risk relate to cash deposits, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. We regularly monitor credit risk exposures and take steps to mitigate the likelihood of these exposures resulting in a loss. We hold our cash deposits, cash equivalents, and short-term investments with financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition.

With the acquisition of Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”) (see Note 6), we are exposed to credit risk related to settlement assets and risk of loss related to our settlement obligations. We hold our settlement assets in major financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition. To mitigate the risk of loss due to non-performance or non-payment by a client, we perform credit risk evaluations based on multiple criteria and may require a cash deposit from the client depending on the risk profile. If a deposit is required, the cash is held in a segregated bank account for the duration of the relationship with the client. These deposits are restricted and are fully offset by corresponding liabilities and are included in Other Assets and Other Liabilities in our December 31, 2018 Balance Sheet.

We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We evaluate the credit worthiness of our clients in conjunction with our revenue recognition processes, as well as through our ongoing collectability assessment processes for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific

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clients, historical trends, and other information. We use various judgments and estimates in determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. See Note 3 for additional details of our concentration of accounts receivable.

The activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,149		$	3,080		$	3,600
Additions to expense		462			2,434			614
Write-offs		(1,659	)		(1,392	)		(1,102	)
Recoveries		—			5			—
Other		163			22			(32	)
Balance, end of year	$	3,115		$	4,149		$	3,080

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost (or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination) and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected in our Income Statements separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenues or the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation for income tax purposes is computed using accelerated methods.

Software. We expend substantial amounts on R&D, particularly for new products and services, or for enhancements of existing products and services. For development of software products that are to be licensed by us, we expense all costs related to the development of the software until technological feasibility is established. For development of software to be used internally (e.g., cloud-based systems software), we expense all costs prior to the application development stage.

During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we expended $124.0 million, $113.2 million, and $98.7 million, respectively, on R&D projects. We did not capitalize any R&D costs in 2018, 2017, and 2016, as the costs subject to capitalization during these periods were not material. We did not have any capitalized R&D costs included in our December 31, 2018 and 2017 Balance Sheets.

Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value.

Goodwill. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. In addition, we evaluate our goodwill on a more periodic basis (e.g., quarterly) if events occur or circumstances change that could indicate a potential impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit which includes the goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.

Contingencies. We accrue for a loss contingency when: (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred; and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The determination of accounting for loss contingencies is subject to various judgments and estimates. We do not record the benefit from a gain contingency until the benefit is realized.

Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”). Basic and diluted EPS amounts are presented on the face of our Income Statements.

The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Basic weighted-average common shares		32,488		32,415		30,968
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock		218		444	603
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes		—		—		1,062
Dilutive effect of Stock Warrants		149		6	381
Diluted weighted-average common shares		32,855		32,865		33,014

The Convertible Notes have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the current effective conversion price (see Note 5).

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The Stock Warrants have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the exercise price of $26.68 per warrant (under the treasury stock method), and are not subject to performance vesting conditions (see Note 11).  

Potentially dilutive common shares related to unvested restricted stock and Stock Warrants excluded from the computation of diluted EPS, as the effect was antidilutive, were not material in any period presented.

Equity Method Investment. On July 30, 2018, we made a $2.0 million investment for a 4% noncontrolling financial interest in a payment technology and services company that enables omni-channel digital payments in Latin America. We are accounting for this investment using the equity method in accordance with Topic 323 Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures.  As of December 31, 2018, we recorded an investment of $2.8 million which includes direct costs of acquiring the investment.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date of the award, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Other Accounting Pronouncements Adopted. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This ASU requires entities to recognize at the transaction date the income tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers. This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and requires a modified retrospective transition method. We adopted this ASU in January 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Accounting Pronouncement Issued But Not Yet Effective. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).  This ASU requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than twelve months on its balance sheet.  This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. An entity is required to use a modified retrospective transition approach, but may choose to use either the effective date or the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in its financial statements as the date of initial application. .  

In 2018, we completed the process of evaluating the impact of this ASU on our accounting policies, business processes, and financial statements.  We formed a project team and completed the process of lease identification, review, and data extraction for purposes of calculating the transition adjustment to be recorded on the effective date.  In conjunction with these efforts, we updated our policies to align with the new accounting guidance and our processes to ensure we properly account for new, existing, and modifications to leases subsequent to the adoption of the ASU.  We adopted this ASU in January of 2019, utilizing the effective date method. In conjunction with the adoption of this ASU, we recorded a balance sheet gross up of approximately $80 million, related to the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

3. Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration

Segment Information. We have evaluated how our chief operating decision maker has organized our company for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing performance, and have concluded that as of December 31, 2018, we have one reportable segment.

Products and Services. Our products and services help companies around the world monetize and digitally enable the customer experience by accurately capturing, managing, generating, and optimizing the interactions and revenues associated with their customers. We generate a substantial percentage of our revenues from customers utilizing Advanced Convergent Platform (“ACP”), a pre-integrated hybrid cloud-based platform, and related customer communications management solutions (e.g. field force automation, analytics, electronic bill presentment, ACH, etc.) to the North American cable and satellite markets. In addition, a smaller portion of our revenues are generated from our public cloud revenue management and payments solutions serving service providers globally. These solutions serve a broad range of companies, including media, entertainment, government, insurance, and health care. Finally, we license certain products (e.g.,  mediation, partner management, rating, and charging) and provide our professional services to implement, configure, and maintain these solutions. These solutions are sometimes provided under a managed service arrangement, where we assume long-term responsibility for delivering our solutions and related operations under a defined scope and specified service levels.

Geographic Regions. For 2018, 2017, and 2016, revenues attributable to our operations in the Americas were 85%, 85%, and 86%, respectively. We use the location of the client as the basis of attributing revenues to individual regions.

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Financial information relating to our operations by geographic region is as follows (in thousands):

Total Revenues:

	2018		2017		2016
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	740,885	$	669,712	$	652,376
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		89,924		72,120		69,425
Asia Pacific		44,250		47,750		39,157
Total revenues	$	875,059	$	789,582	$	760,958

Property and Equipment:	As of December 31,
	2018		2017
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	72,079	$	40,286
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		2,056		2,392
Asia Pacific		7,678		1,973
Total property and equipment	$	81,813	$	44,651

Significant Clients and Industry Concentration. A large percentage of our historical revenues have been generated from our largest clients, which are Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”), Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”), and DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”).  Due to Charter’s acquisition of Time Warner Cable, Inc. (“Time Warner”) in May 2016, in order to provide a consistent basis of comparison, Charter and Time Warner revenues and accounts receivable balances are combined in the following tables for all periods prior to the acquisition without adjustment.

Revenues from these clients represented the following percentages of our total revenues for the following years:

	2018			2017			2016
Comcast		25	%		28	%		26	%
Charter		20	%		22	%		21	%
DISH		9	%		11	%		13	%

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the percentage of net billed accounts receivable balances attributable to these clients were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Comcast		24	%		26	%
Charter		21	%		32	%
DISH		7	%		8	%

We expect to continue to generate a significant percentage of our future revenues from our largest clients, mentioned above.  There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of clients. Should a significant client: (i) terminate or fail to renew their contracts with us, in whole or in part for any reason; (ii) significantly reduce the number of customer accounts processed on our solutions, the price paid for our services, or the scope of services that we provide; or (iii) experience significant financial or operating difficulties, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

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4.Long-Lived Assets

Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment at December 31 consisted of the following (in thousands, except years):

	Useful Lives
	(Years)		2018			2017
Computer equipment	3-6		$	84,814		$	85,902
Leasehold improvements	5-10			22,494			15,463
Operating equipment	3-8			58,521			56,170
Furniture and fixtures		8		9,262			10,242
				175,091			167,777
Less - accumulated depreciation				(93,278	)		(123,126	)
Property and equipment, net			$	81,813		$	44,651

Goodwill. We do not have any intangible assets with indefinite lives other than goodwill.  A rollforward of goodwill in 2017 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

January 1, 2017 balance	$	201,094
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		9,046
December 31, 2017 balance		210,080
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Goodwill acquired during period		51,591
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		(5,795	)
December 31, 2018 balance	$	255,816

The goodwill acquired in 2018 is related to the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions discussed in Note 6.

Other Intangible Assets. As part of the adoption of ASC 606, at January 1, 2018, we reclassified our investments in client contracts and capitalized costs related to conversion/set-up activities from “client contracts” to “client contract costs” on our Balance Sheet.  As of December 31, 2018, our intangible assets subject to ongoing amortization consist of acquired client contracts and software.  Software consists of: (i) software and similar intellectual property rights from various business combinations; and (ii) internal use software.  As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying values of our other intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Gross							Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net		Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount		Amount		Amortization			Amount
Investments in client contracts	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	26,616	$	(9,782	)	$	16,834
Capitalized costs		—		—			—		26,811		(10,039	)		16,772
Acquired client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		87,308		(77,288	)		10,020
Total client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		140,735		(97,109	)		43,626
Acquired software (4)		75,156		(65,719	)		9,437		66,100		(64,268	)		1,832
Internal use software (5)		80,625		(53,662	)		26,963		69,792		(44,718	)		25,074
Total software		155,781		(119,381	)		36,400		135,892		(108,986	)		26,906
Total intangible assets	$	303,929	$	(202,073	)	$	101,856	$	276,627	$	(206,095	)	$	70,532

Other intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 include assets acquired in the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions (see Note 6).

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The aggregate amortization related to client contracts included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Investments in client contracts (1)	$	—	$	7,402	$	6,591
Capitalized costs (2)		—		5,141		2,755
Acquired client contracts (3)		7,898		5,406		6,683
Total client contracts	$	7,898	$	17,949	$	16,029

(1) Investments in client contracts consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s accounts on, our customer care and billing systems.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(2) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up services related to long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(3) Acquired client contracts represent assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions.  Acquired client contracts are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to twenty years based on the approximate pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be realized.  Classification of the amortization of acquired client contracts generally follows where the acquired business’ cost of revenues is categorized in our Income Statements.

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of the acquired client contract as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 114 months.  Based on the net carrying value of these acquired client contracts, the estimated amortization for each of the five succeeding fiscal years ending December 31 will be: 2019 – $10.4 million;  2020 – $9.5 million; 2021 – $6.8 million; 2022 – $6.5 million; and 2023 – $5.5 million.  

The aggregate amortization related to software included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Acquired software (4)	$	1,801	$	1,458	$	1,806
Internal use software (5)		9,517		7,845		7,510
Total software	$	11,318	$	9,303	$	9,316

(4) Acquired software represents the software intangible assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions, which are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to fifteen years.

(5) Internal use software represents: (i) third-party software licenses; and (ii) the internal and external costs related to the implementation of the third-party software licenses.  Internal use software is amortized over its estimated useful life ranging from twelve months to ten years.

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of the software intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 51 months.  Based on the net carrying value of these intangible assets, the estimated amortization for each of the five succeeding fiscal years ending December 31 will be: 2019 – $11.2 million;  2020 – $8.9 million; 2021 – $6.9 million; 2022 – $4.9 million; and 2023 – $2.4 million.  

Client Contract Costs. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying values of our contract cost assets, related to those contracts with a contractual term greater than one year, were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018
	Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount
Client contract incentives (6)	$	28,366	$	(20,833	)	$	7,533
Capitalized costs (7)		44,469		(20,230	)		24,239
Capitalized commission fees (8)		7,505		(1,988	)		5,517
Total client contract costs	$	80,340	$	(43,051	)	$	37,289

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The aggregate amortization related to our client contract costs included in our operations for 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018
Client contract incentives (6)	$	11,052
Capitalized costs (7)		10,304
Capitalized commission fees (8)		2,025
Total client contract costs	$	23,381

(6) Client contract incentives consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s account on, our outsourced solutions and are amortized ratably over the contract period to include renewal periods if applicable, which as of December 31, 2018, have termination dates that range from 2019 to 2025.  The amortization of client contract incentives is reflected as a reduction in cloud and related solutions revenue in our Income Statement.

(7) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up activities and direct material costs to fulfill long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements. These costs are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018 range from 2019 to 2023, and are included in cost of cloud and related solutions in our Income Statement.

(8) Capitalized commission fees are incremental commissions paid as a result of obtaining a customer contract. These fees are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018, range from 2019 to 2025, and are included in selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses in our Income Statement.  Incremental commission fees incurred as a result of obtaining a customer contract are expensed when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of client contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 31 months.

5. Debt

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our long-term debt was as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017
2015 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.75% (combined rate of 3.44% at December 31, 2017)	$                        —			$	120,000
Less - deferred financing costs	—				(2,274	)
2015 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		—			117,726
$200 million revolving loan facility, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
2018 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.5% (combined rate of 4.30% at December 31, 2018)		144,375		—
Less - deferred financing costs		(2,281	)	—
2018 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		142,094			—
$200 million revolving loan facility, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
Convertible Notes:
2016 Convertible Notes – Senior convertible notes; due March 15, 2036; cash interest at 4.25%		230,000			230,000
Less – unamortized original issue discount		(8,823	)		(11,487	)
Less – deferred financing costs		(3,445	)		(4,503	)
2016 Convertible Notes, net of unamortized discounts		217,732			214,010
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts		359,826			331,736
Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts		(7,500	)		(22,500	)
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts	$	352,326		$	309,236

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Credit Agreement

2018 Credit Agreement.  On March 5, 2018, we entered into a new $350 million credit agreement (the “2018 Credit Agreement”) with a consortium of banks to replace the amended and restated $350 million credit agreement entered into in February 2015, (the “2015 Credit Agreement”).  

The 2018 Credit Agreement provides borrowings in the form of:  (i) a $150 million aggregate principal five-year term loan (the “2018 Term Loan”); and (ii) a $200 million aggregate principal five-year revolving loan facility (the “2018 Revolver”).  With the $150 million proceeds from the 2018 Term Loan, we repaid the outstanding $120 million balance of the term loan under the 2015 Credit Agreement, resulting in a net increase of available cash by $30 million, a portion of which was used to pay certain fees and expenses in connection with the refinancing, and the remainder of which was used for general corporate purposes.  

The interest rates under the 2018 Credit Agreement are based upon our choice of an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin of 1.50% - 2.50%, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 0.50% -1.50%, with the applicable margin, depending on our then-net secured total leverage ratio.  We will pay a commitment fee of 0.200% - 0.375% of the average daily unused amount of the 2018 Revolver, with the commitment fee rate also dependent upon our then-net secured total leverage ratio.  If the LIBOR rate is no longer available, then our interest rate under the Credit Agreement will be determined by the alternate base rate plus an applicable margin as discussed above.  The 2018 Credit Agreement includes mandatory repayments of the aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Term Loan (payable quarterly) for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth years, with the remaining principal balance due at maturity.  The 2018 Credit Agreement has no prepayment penalties and requires mandatory repayments under certain circumstances, including:  (i) asset sales or casualty proceeds; and (ii) proceeds of debt or preferred stock issuances.    

The 2018 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants.  In addition, the 2018 Credit Agreement has customary negative covenants that places limits on our ability to:  (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on our property; (iii) make investments; (iv) enter into mergers and consolidations; (v) sell assets; (vi) declare dividends or repurchase shares; (vii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (viii) prepay certain indebtedness; and (ix) issue capital stock of subsidiaries.  We must also meet certain financial covenants to include:  (i) a maximum total leverage ratio; (ii) a maximum first-lien leverage ratio; and (iii) a minimum interest coverage ratio.  In conjunction with the 2018 Credit Agreement, we entered into a security agreement in favor of Bank of America N.A, as collateral agent (the “Security Agreement”).  Under the Security Agreement and 2018 Credit Agreement, certain of our domestic subsidiaries have guaranteed our obligations, and have pledged substantially all of our assets to secure the obligations under the 2018 Credit Agreement and such guarantees.  

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we made $5.6 million of principal repayments on our 2018 Credit Agreement. As of  December 31, 2018, our interest rate on the 2018 Term Loan is 4.30% (adjusted LIBOR plus 1.50% per annum), effective through March 29, 2019, and our commitment fee on the 2018 Revolver is 0.20%.  As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowings outstanding on our 2018 Revolver and had the entire $200 million available to us.  

In conjunction with the closing of the 2018 Credit Agreement, we incurred financing costs of $1.5 million.  When combined with the remaining deferred financing costs of the 2015 Credit Agreement, financing costs of $2.8 million have been deferred and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the related term of the 2018 Credit Agreement. Additionally, as certain lenders from the 2015 Credit Agreement chose not to participate in the 2018 Credit Agreement syndication group, we wrote-off $0.8 million of unamortized debt issuance costs and recognized a loss on extinguishment of that debt.

Convertible Notes

2016 Convertible Notes.In March 2016, we completed an offering of $230 million of 4.25% senior convertible notes due March 15, 2036 (the “2016 Convertible Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 2016 Convertible Notes are unsecured obligations and pay 4.25% annual cash interest, payable semiannually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year.

The 2016 Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the note holders upon the satisfaction of specified conditions and during certain periods. During the period from, and including, December 15, 2021 to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2022 and on or after December 15, 2035, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2016 Convertible Notes at the conversion rate then in effect at any time regardless of these conditions. Under the terms of the 2016 Convertible Notes, we will adjust the conversion rate for any quarterly dividends exceeding $0.185 per share.  As of December 31, 2018, the conversion rate was 17.5298 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2016 Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $57.05 per share of our common stock.  As of December 31, 2018, the 2016 Convertible Notes were not convertible by the holders.

We will settle conversions of the 2016 Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election. It is our current intent and policy to settle our conversion obligations as follows: (i) pay cash for 100% of the par value of the 2016 Convertible Notes that are converted; and (ii) to the extent the value of our conversion

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obligation exceeds the par value, we can satisfy the remaining conversion obligation in our common stock, cash or a combination thereof. As of December 31, 2018, the value of our conversion obligation did not exceed the par value of the 2016 Convertible Notes.

Holders may require us to repurchase the 2016 Convertible Notes for cash on each of March 15, 2022, March 15, 2026, and March 15, 2031, or upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the 2016 Convertible Notes Indenture (the “2016 Notes Indenture”)) in each case at a purchase price equal to the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest.

We may not redeem the 2016 Convertible Notes prior to March 20, 2020. On or after March 20, 2020, we may redeem for cash all or part of the 2016 Convertible Notes if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption. On or after March 15, 2022, we may redeem for cash all or part of the 2016 Convertible Notes regardless of the sales price condition described in the preceding sentence. In each case, the redemption price will equal the principal amount of the 2016 Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The 2016 Notes Indenture includes customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2016 Convertible Notes may be due and payable immediately. The Notes Indenture contains customary affirmative covenants, including compliance with terms of certain other indebtedness of the Company over a defined threshold amount.

The remaining original issue discount (“OID”) related to the 2016 Convertible Notes is being amortized to interest expense through December 15, 2021, the first date the 2016 Convertible Notes can be put back to us by the holders.

2010 Convertible Notes.  In March 2010, we completed an offering of $150 million of 3.0% senior subordinated convertible notes due March 1, 2017 (the “2010 Convertible Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

During 2016, we repurchased $115.3 million aggregated principal amount of our 2010 Convertible Notes at a total purchase price of $215.6 million, and recognized a loss on the repurchases of $8.7 million, to include the write-off of amortized deferred financing costs and OID.  In addition, during 2016, we had holders convert $50,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2010 Convertible Notes for a total price of $0.1 million.

In March 2017, we settled our final conversion obligation for the 2010 Convertible Notes as follows: (i) we paid cash of $34.8 million for the remaining par value of the 2010 Convertible Notes; and (ii) delivered 694,240 shares of our common shares from treasury stock, to settle the $28.8 million value of the conversion obligation in excess of the par value. See Note 11 for discussion of our equity transactions.

Estimated Maturities on Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2018, the maturities of our long-term debt, based upon: (i) the mandatory repayment schedule for the 2018 Term Loan; and (ii) the expected remaining life of the 2016 Convertible Notes, was as follows (in thousands):

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
2018 Term Loan	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	14,062	$	15,000	$	97,500
2016 Convertible Notes	—		—			230,000	—		—
Total long-term debt repayments	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	244,062	$	15,000	$	97,500

Deferred Financing Costs. As of December 31, 2018, net deferred financing costs related to the 2018 Credit Agreement were $2.3 million, and are being amortized to interest expense over the related term of the 2018 Credit Agreement (through March 2023).  As of December 31, 2018, net deferred financing costs related to the 2016 Convertible Notes were $3.4 million, and are being amortized to interest expense through December 15, 2021, the first date the 2016 Convertible Notes can be put back to us by the holders.  The net deferred financing costs are presented as a reduction from the carrying amount of the corresponding debt liability in our Balance Sheets.  Interest expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 includes amortization of deferred financing costs of $1.9 million, $2.4 million, and $2.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate on our debt borrowings, including amortization of OID, amortization of deferred financing costs, and commitment fees on the revolving loan facility, for 2018, 2017, and 2016, was approximately 5% for all periods.

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6.   ACQUISITIONS

Business Ink, Co.  On February 28, 2018, we acquired Business Ink, a multi-channel communications company based in Austin, Texas. We acquired 100% of the equity of Business Ink for a purchase price of approximately $70 million.  Business Ink provides outsourced, customized business communications services to the telecommunications, healthcare, financial services, utilities and government sectors across statements, email, mobile messaging and more. The acquisition extends the scale of our operations and platform capabilities, expands our customer base into new verticals, and further solidifies our customer communications footprint. We recorded $3.3 million of goodwill and $38.6 million of intangible assets as a result of this acquisition. The amount allocated to goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes.   

Forte Payment Systems, Inc.  On October 1, 2018, we acquired Forte, a leading provider of advanced payment solutions headquartered in Allen, Texas. The acquisition of Forte accelerates our ability to offer a comprehensive suite of next generation payment solutions that enables service providers to provide a differentiated customer experience, while also strengthening our position in the revenue management and payments sector and allowing us to grow our footprint into new verticals.  We acquired 100% of the equity of Forte for a purchase price of approximately $93 million, (approximately $85 million, excluding cash acquired), of which approximately $13 million of the purchase price was held back subject to certain tax filings. The purchase agreement also includes provisions for $18.8 million of potential future earn-out payments over a four-year measurement period.  The earn-out payments are tied to performance-based goals and a defined service period by the eligible recipients and will be accounted for as post-acquisition compensation. As of December 31, 2018, we accrued $1.3 million related to the potential earn-out payments.  We recorded $48.3 million of goodwill and $34.4 million of intangible assets as a result of this acquisition.  The determination of the deductibility of goodwill for income tax purposes is dependent on the resolution of the income tax matter discussed above.

Acquired Assets and Liabilities.  The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for our 2018 acquisitions collectively as of the dates of their respective acquisitions (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,090
Settlement assets		103,444
Trade accounts receivable		24,341
Other current assets		7,683
Property and equipment		13,539
Software		10,354
Goodwill		51,590
Acquired client contracts		63,570
Other assets		11,316
Total assets acquired		292,927
Client deposits		(6,102	)
Trade account payable		(7,147	)
Accrued employee compensation		(2,966	)
Settlement liabilities		(102,221	)
Other current liabilities		(1,706	)
Other non-current liabilities		(10,204	)
Total liabilities assumed		(130,346	)
Net assets acquired	$	162,581

The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Forte acquisition are considered provisional, as we are awaiting resolution of the tax filings discussed above to complete the accounting for deferred income taxes.  Thus, the provisional measurement of fair value set forth above is subject to change and such changes may be significant.  We expect to complete the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable, but not later than one-year from the acquisition date.

Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of Forte clients via payment processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client.  The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust with various major banks and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the clients. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held in trust and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers.

Trade accounts receivable is primarily billed account receivable which has been adjusted to reflect an estimate for uncollectible amounts.  Property and equipment consist primarily of the estimated fair values of operational machinery and equipment. The property and equipment are being depreciated on a straight-line basis primarily over periods ranging from one to eight years.  

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Software assets consist primarily of the estimated value of the acquired software technology assets. The acquired software technology assets are being amortized over their estimated lives ranging from four to eight years (weighted-average life of seven years) based on the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be achieved. The acquired client contract intangible assets represent the estimated value of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trademarks.  The acquired client contract intangible assets are being amortized over their estimated lives which range from four months to fifteen years (weighted-average life of eleven years) based upon the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be received.    

Goodwill, representing the excess of the purchase price over the net amounts assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, consists largely of the benefits from combining our operations and has been assigned to our one reportable segment.    

These acquisitions collectively contributed revenues of approximately $74 million and incurred approximately $72 million of operating expenses, excluding transaction-related costs and earn-out compensation of $3.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, which are primarily recorded in SG&A in our Income Statement.

Supplemental Pro Forma Information.  The following supplemental pro forma summary presents our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, assuming the acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte had been completed as of the beginning of each year, is presented in the table below (in thousands, except for per share amounts). These amounts were calculated to reflect the additional depreciation and amortization expense that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to the acquired fixed assets and intangible assets had been applied as of the beginning of each year. Adjustments were also made to exclude certain one-time costs included in the results of operations for Business Ink and Forte related to these acquisitions. In addition, transaction related costs and earn-out compensation of $3.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, have been excluded from the pro forma results.  The pro forma adjustments related to income tax expense have been recorded at the statutory rates in effect during the periods presented. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions been completed on January 1, 2017 or January 1, 2018, nor are they indicative of any future results.

	(Unaudited) Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Total revenues	$	960,160	$	935,565
Net income		69,759		64,868
Diluted income per common share:
Income from continuing operations	$	2.12	$	1.97
Weighted average common shares		32,855		32,865

7. Restructuring and Reorganization Charges

Restructuring and reorganization charges are expenses that generally result from cost reduction initiatives and/or significant changes to our business, to include such things as involuntary employee terminations, changes in management structure, divestitures of businesses, facility consolidations and abandonments, impairment of acquired intangible assets, and fundamental reorganizations impacting operational focus and direction.  The following are the key restructuring and reorganizational activities we incurred over the last three years that have impacted our results from operations:     

During 2016 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 60 employees, primarily in North America, as a result of organizational changes and the realignment of our workforce.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges of $7.2 million.

• In 2016, the cyber-security business we sold in 2015 was acquired by a third-party.  Based on the terms of the Agreement, we received additional consideration contingent upon a liquidation event, as defined in the Agreement.  This resulted in an additional gain on the sale of $6.6 million in the first quarter of 2016, which reduced restructuring and reorganization charges.

During 2017 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 60 employees, primarily in North America, as a result of organizational changes made to pursue global opportunities and efficiencies.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations of $3.7 million.

• We impaired a long-term receivable related to the disposition of a business in 2013 resulting in additional restructuring charges of $2.9 million.

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• We have abandoned space at several locations to improve our space utilization, resulting in restructuring charges of $2.2 million.

During 2018 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 170 employees as a result of organizational changes made to pursue global opportunities and efficiencies.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations of $6.2 million.

• We closed one of our print facilities.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations and impairment of assets of $2.7 million.

• We reversed a liability related to a previous disposition of a business resulting in a reduction in restructuring charges of $2.3 million.

The activities discussed above resulted in total charges for 2018, 2017, and 2016 of $8.7 million, $8.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, which have been reflected as a separate line item in our Income Statements.

The activity in the business restructuring and reorganization reserves during 2018, 2017, and 2016 is as follows (in thousands):

							Disposition of
	Termination			Facilities			Business
	Benefits			Abandonment			Operations			Other			Total
January 1, 2016, balance	$	1,637		$	1,357		$	—		$	—		$	2,994
Charged to expense during period		7,201			556			(6,611	)		(730	)		416
Cash payments		(6,781	)		(473	)	—			—				(7,254	)
Adjustment for the gain on the disposition of business operations	—			—				6,611		—				6,611
Other	357				(108	)	—				730			979
December 31, 2016, balance		2,414			1,332			—			—			3,746
Charged to expense during period		3,693			2,236			2,904			(37	)		8,796
Cash payments		(4,345	)		(1,329	)	—			—				(5,674	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—				(231	)		(2,904	)	—				(3,135	)
Other		(646	)		1,024		—				37			415
December 31, 2017, balance		1,116			3,032			—			—			4,148
Charged to expense during period		6,555			1,981			(2,330	)		2,455			8,661
Cash payments		(6,744	)		(2,625	)	—			—				(9,369	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—			—			—				(1,851	)		(1,851	)
Other		475			546			2,330			(604	)		2,747
December 31, 2018, balance	$	1,402		$	2,934		$	—		$	—		$	4,336

As of December 31, 2018, $2.3 million of the business restructuring and reorganization reserves were included in current liabilities.

8. Income Taxes

Income Tax Provision/(Benefit). The components of net income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017			2016
Domestic	$	80,234	$	89,095		$	98,966
Foreign		6,753		(1,385	)		1,033
Total	$	86,987	$	87,710		$	99,999

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The income tax provision consists of the following (in thousands):

	2018			2017		2016
Current:
Federal	$	7,814		$	13,422	$	31,409
State		4,589			1,909		3,819
Foreign		3,541			3,903		4,639
		15,944			19,234		39,867
Deferred:
Federal		4,584			5,582		(2,229	)
State		(619	)		937		276
Foreign		948			593		(797	)
		4,913			7,112		(2,750	)
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346	$	37,117

The difference between our income tax provision computed at the statutory Federal income tax rate and our financial statement income tax is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Provision at Federal rate of 21% for 2018, 35% for 2017 and 2016)	$	18,267		$	30,699		$	35,000
State income taxes, net of Federal impact		2,985			1,850			2,662
Research and experimentation credits		(4,040	)		(2,853	)		(71	)
Stock award vesting		(1,513	)		(7,882	)		—
Tax uncertainties		(122	)		166			(1,597	)
Section 199 manufacturing deduction		168			(962	)		(4,060	)
Section 162(m) compensation limitation		951			273			297
Foreign rate differential		1,238			162			857
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(177	)		2,351			1,287
Other impact of foreign operations		2,755			3,933			2,157
Statutory rate change		(87	)		(2,210	)		—
Other		432			819			585
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346		$	37,117

We have undistributed earnings of approximately $40 million from certain foreign subsidiaries. We intend to indefinitely reinvest these foreign earnings; therefore, a provision has not been made for foreign withholding taxes that might be payable upon remittance of such earnings. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on unremitted foreign earnings is not practicable because of the complexities of the hypothetical calculation.  The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”), see further discussion below, effectively eliminates the U.S. tax consequences of unremitted earnings at December 31, 2017 due to inclusion of a deemed repatriation tax on such earnings. In addition, the Tax Reform Act establishes a participation exemption from the taxation of future dividends received from 10% owned foreign subsidiaries.

Deferred Income Taxes. Net deferred income tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Deferred income tax assets	$	51,533		$	56,013
Deferred income tax liabilities		(28,837	)		(25,184	)
Valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

The components of our net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

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	2018			2017
Net deferred income tax assets:
Accrued expenses and reserves	$	7,180		$	10,745
Stock-based compensation		3,695			3,312
Software		(3,001	)		(4,364	)
Client contracts and related intangibles		(3,741	)		(5,932	)
Goodwill		(6,635	)		(5,828	)
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,857			29,953
Property and equipment		(8,315	)		1,381
Convertible debt securities		19			(3,639	)
Deferred revenue		2,606			2,225
State taxes		4,520			3,220
Contingent payments		(2,333	)		(1,860	)
Foreign exchange gain/loss		2,048			1,776
R&D credit		1,413			1,560
Other		383			(1,720	)
Total deferred income tax assets		22,696			30,829
Less: valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

We regularly assess the likelihood of the future realization of our deferred income tax assets. To the extent we believe that it is more likely than not that a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. As of December 31, 2018, we believe that between: (i) carryback opportunities to past periods with taxable income; and (ii) sufficient taxable income to be generated in the future, we will realize 100% of the benefit of our U.S. Federal deferred income tax assets, thus no valuation allowance has been established. As of December 31, 2018, we have deferred income tax assets net of federal benefit related to state and foreign income tax jurisdictions of $4.5 million and $28.4 million, respectively, and have established valuation allowances against those deferred income tax assets of $2.5 million and $17.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have an acquired U.S. Federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $34 million and $39 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2024 and can be utilized through 2030. The acquired U.S. Federal NOL carryforward is attributable to the pre-acquisition periods of acquired subsidiaries. The annual utilization of this U.S. Federal NOL carryforward is limited pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In addition, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have: (i) state NOL carryforwards of approximately $49 million and $50 million, respectively, which will expire beginning in 2019 and end in 2042; and (ii) foreign subsidiary NOL carryforwards of approximately $97 million and $103 million, respectively, which will expire beginning in 2019, with a portion of the losses available over an indefinite period of time.

Our 2004 Convertible Debt Securities, which we fully extinguished in 2011, were subject to special U.S. Treasury regulations governing contingent payment debt instruments. These regulations allowed us to take a tax deduction for interest expense on our U.S. Federal income tax return at a constant rate of 9.09% (subject to certain adjustments), compounded semi-annually, which represented the estimated yield on comparable non-contingent, non-convertible, fixed-rate debt instruments with terms and conditions otherwise similar to the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities. This interest expense tax deduction was greater than the interest expense reflected in the accompanying Income Statements, thus creating a deferred income tax liability. The extinguishment of the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities resulted in: (i) the holders of the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities not having the ability to achieve the 9.09% target yield, and (ii) a requirement for us to pay an amount equal to the cumulative deferred income tax liability to the U.S. tax authorities (without interest or penalties). During 2011, we paid cash of approximately $6 million related to the deferred income tax liabilities associated with the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities repurchased in 2011. In 2018, 2017 and 2016 we paid cash of $3.4 million, $5.6 million, and $5.6 million, respectively, related to the deferred income tax liabilities associated with the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities repurchased in 2009 and 2010.

Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes. We are required to estimate our income tax liability in each jurisdiction in which we operate, including U.S. Federal, state and foreign income tax jurisdictions. Various judgments and estimates are required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our provisions for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are certain transactions and calculations for which the ultimate income tax determination may be uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities, which could result in adverse outcomes. For these reasons, we establish a liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This liability is adjusted based upon changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the expiration of a statute of limitations or the refinement of an estimate.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of our liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

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	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,915		$	1,891		$	4,079
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		—			136			—
Audit settlements		—			(183	)		(1,893	)
Lapse of statute of limitations		(226	)		(174	)		(122	)
Additions for tax positions of prior years		85			257			370
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(106	)		(12	)		(543	)
Balance, end of year	$	1,668		$	1,915		$	1,891

We recognize interest and penalty expense associated with our liability for unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in our Income Statements.  In addition to the $1.7 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million of liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we had $0.6 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, of income tax-related accrued interest, net of any federal benefit of deduction. If recognized, the $1.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, would favorably impact our effective tax rate in future periods.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction, various U.S. state and local jurisdictions, and many foreign jurisdictions. The U.S., U.K., and Australia are the main taxing jurisdictions in which we operate. The years open for audit vary depending on the taxing jurisdiction. During 2016, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) completed its audits of our 2010 through 2012 tax years and in December 2016 we made an additional payment of approximately $8 million and entered into an agreement with the IRS closing the audits for those tax years. We estimate that it is reasonably possible that the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by up to $0.4 million over the next twelve months due to completion of audits and the expiration of statute of limitations.

We adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) in the first quarter of 2017.  This ASU requires a change in the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, related to share-based payment transactions, which were recorded in equity, and now are recorded discrete to the quarter incurred as a component of income tax expense in the income statement.  The adoption of this ASU provided an approximately $1 million and $3 million benefit to the income tax provision for 2018 and 2017, respectively.

U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act.  On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) was passed into legislation. The Tax Reform Act amends the Internal Revenue Code, reducing the corporate income tax rate, changing or eliminating certain income tax deductions and credits and provides sweeping change to how U.S. companies are taxed on their international operations. The Tax Reform Act is generally effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017; however, certain provisions of the Tax Reform Act have effective dates beginning in 2017.

The Tax Reform Act reduced the U.S. maximum rate of income taxation from 35% to 21% applicable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an estimated benefit of $2.3 million from revaluation of our U.S.-based net deferred income tax liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 740. In the fourth quarter of 2017 we recorded provisional amounts for the tax effects of the tax law changefor which the accounting was not complete, but for which a reasonable estimate could be determined. In the fourth quarter of 2018 we completed the accounting for the tax effects of the tax law change with no additional adjustments recorded.

9. Employee Retirement Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution-Type Plans. We sponsor defined contribution plans covering substantially all our U.S.-based employees. Participants may contribute up to 100% of their annual wages, subject to certain limitations, as pretax, salary deferral contributions. We make certain matching, and at our discretion, service-based contributions to the plan. The expense related to matching and service-related contributions for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $12.8 million, $10.4 million, and $9.9 million, respectively. We also have defined contribution-type plans for certain of our non-U.S.-based employees. The total contributions made to these plans in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $4.5 million, $4.5 million, and $3.9 million, respectively.

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10. Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies

Operating Leases. We lease certain office and production facilities under non-cancellable operating leases, with the longest lease that runs through October 2027. The leases generally are renewable and provide for the payment of real estate taxes and certain other occupancy expenses. Future aggregate minimum lease payments under these facilities are as follows: 2019 - $16.6 million; 2020 – $14.1 million; 2021 – $13.1 million; 2022 – $11.5 million; 2023 – $9.6 million; and thereafter – $14.7 million. Total rent expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $19.0 million, $16.4 million, and $14.5 million, respectively.

Service Agreements. We have an agreement with Ensono (formerly Infocrossing, a Wipro Limited company), to provide us outsourced computing services through June 30, 2022. We outsource the computer processing and related services required for the operation of our outsourced ACP solutions. Our ACP proprietary software and other software applications are run in an outsourced data center environment in order to obtain the necessary computerprocessing capacity and other computer support services without us having to make the substantial capital and infrastructure investments that would be necessary for us to provide these services internally. Our clients are connected to the outsourced data center environment through a combination of private and commercially-provided networks. Our ACP cloud-based solutions are generally considered to be mission critical customer management systems by our clients. As a result, we are highly dependent upon Ensono for system availability, security, and response time.

Warranties.We generally warrant that our solutions and related offerings will conform to published specifications, or to specifications provided in an individual client arrangement, as applicable. The typical warranty period is 90 days from delivery of the solution or offering. For certain service offerings we provide a limited warranty for the duration of the services provided. We generally warrant that services will be performed in a professional and workmanlike manner. The typical remedy for breach of warranty is to correct or replace any defective deliverable, and if not possible or practical, we will accept the return of the defective deliverable and refund the amount paid under the client arrangement that is allocable to the defective deliverable. Our contracts also generally contain limitation of damages provisions in an effort to reduce our exposure to monetary damages arising from breach of warranty claims. Historically, we have incurred minimal warranty costs, and as a result, do not maintain a warranty reserve.

Product and Services Indemnifications. Our arrangements with our clients generally include an indemnification provision that will indemnify and defend a client in actions brought against the client that claim our products and/or services infringe upon a copyright, trade secret, or valid patent. Historically, we have not incurred any significant costs related to such indemnification claims, and as a result, do not maintain a reserve for such exposure.

Claims for Company Non-performance. Our arrangements with our clients typically cap our liability for breach to a specified amount of the direct damages incurred by the client resulting from the breach. From time-to-time, these arrangements may also include provisions for possible liquidated damages or other financial remedies for our non-performance, or in the case of certain of our outsourced customer care and billing solutions, provisions for damages related to service level performance requirements. The service level performance requirements typically relate to system availability and timeliness of service delivery. As of December 31, 2018, we believe we have adequate reserves, based on our historical experience, to cover any reasonably anticipated exposure as a result of our nonperformance for any past or current arrangements with our clients.

Indemnifications Related to Officers and the Board of Directors. We have agreed to indemnify members of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and certain of our officers if they are named or threatened to be named as a party to any proceeding by reason of the fact that they acted in such capacity. We maintain directors’ and officers’ (“D&O”) insurance coverage to protect against such losses. We have not historically incurred any losses related to these types of indemnifications, and are not aware of any pending or threatened actions or claims against any officer or member of our Board. As a result, we have not recorded any liabilities related to such indemnifications as of December 31, 2018. In addition, as a result of the insurance policy coverage, we believe these indemnification agreements are not significant to our results of operations.

Legal Proceedings. From time-to-time, we are involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business.  

11. Stockholders’ Equity

Stock Repurchase Program.  We currently have a stock repurchase program, approved by our Board, authorizing us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time-to-time as market and business conditions warrant (the “Stock Repurchase Program”). During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased 0.7 million shares of our common stock for $27.6 million (weighted–average price of $39.23 per share), 0.5 million shares of our common stock for $20.5 million (weighted-average price of $41.10 per share), and 0.3 million shares of our common stock for $11.6 million (weighted-average price of $36.42  per share), respectively, under a Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Rule 10b5-1 Plan.

As of December 31, 2018, the total remaining number of shares available for repurchase under the Stock Repurchase Program totaled 5.5 million shares.  

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Stock Repurchases for Tax Withholdings.  In addition to the above mentioned stock repurchases, during 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased and then cancelled approximately 159,000 shares, 249,000 shares, and 344,000 shares for $7.4 million, $10.1 million, and $13.7 million, respectively, of common stock from our employees in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

Cash Dividend.  During  2018, 2017, and 2016 our Board approved total cash dividends of $0.84 per share, $0.79 per share, and $0.74 per share of common stock, totaling $28.1 million, $26.8 million, and $23.8 million, respectively.

Warrants.  In 2014, in conjunction with the execution of an amendment to our current agreement with Comcast, we issued stock warrants (the “Warrant Agreement”) for the right to purchase up to approximately 2.9 million shares of our common stock (the “Stock Warrants”) as an additional incentive for Comcast to convert new customer accounts onto our ACP cloud solution.   The Stock Warrants have a 10-year term and an exercise price of $26.68 per warrant.  

Of the total Stock Warrants, 1.9 million Stock Warrants relate to Comcast’s existing residential business and vested as follows:

• The first 25% of these Stock Warrants (approximately 0.5 million) vested upon the successful conversion of the first 0.5 million customer accounts, which occurred during the fourth quarter of 2014.

• The next 25% of these Stock Warrants had a time-based vesting provision, and vested in January 2015.

• The next 25% of these Stock Warrants vested after a cumulative total of 5.5 million customer accounts were converted onto ACP, which occurred in the fourth quarter of 2016.

• Of the last 25% of these Stock Warrants, 0.4 million vested upon completion of the conversion of all of Comcast’s approximately eleven million residential customer accounts onto ACP in the fourth quarter of 2017.  

The remaining 1.0 million Stock Warrants relate to additional residential accounts that Comcast may acquire and convert onto ACP in the future and vest proportionately with acquired customer accounts converted onto ACP from other providers’ billing platforms, with full vesting based on a target of five million newly converted customer accounts.

Fifty percent of the unvested Stock Warrants become fully vested upon a fundamental change (including a change in control) of the Company, as defined, proportionally reducing the number of Stock Warrants eligible for vesting based on future performance conditions.

Once vested, Comcast may exercise the Stock Warrants and elect either physical delivery of common shares or net share settlement (cashless exercise).  Alternatively, the exercise of the Stock Warrants may be settled with cash based solely on our approval, or if Comcast were to beneficially own or control in excess of 19.99% of the common stock or voting of the Company.   

Upon vesting, the Stock Warrants are recorded as a client incentive asset, as determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the corresponding offset to stockholders’ equity.  The client incentive asset related to the Stock Warrants is being amortized as a reduction in cloud and related solutions revenues through June 30, 2019.  As of  December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded a client incentive asset related to these Stock Warrants of $25.1 million as of both periods, and have recorded accumulated amortization related to these Stock Warrants of $19.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively.

The remaining unvested Stock Warrants will be accounted for as client incentive assets in the period the performance conditions necessary for vesting have been met.  

In January 2017, Comcast exercised 1.4 million vested Stock Warrants, which we net share settled under the provisions of the Warrant Agreement (discussed further in Treasury Stock below). As of December 31, 2018, approximately 1.4 million Stock Warrants remain issued, of which 0.4 million were vested.

Treasury Stock.  In January 2017, we net share settled the exercise of 1.4 million vested Stock Warrants noted above by delivering 649,221 of our common shares from treasury stock, which had a fair value of $31.5 million. The carrying value of the shares of treasury stock delivered was $15.4 million (weighted-average price of $23.66 per share).  The difference between the carrying amount of the treasury shares and the $16.0 million carrying amount of the common stock warrants was recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital.

In March 2017, we net share settled the portion of the conversion obligation in excess of the par value related to our 2010 Convertible Notes by delivering 694,240 of our common shares from treasury stock.  The carrying value of the shares of treasury stock delivered was $16.5 million (weighted average price of $23.71 per share).  The difference between the carrying amount of the treasury shares and the $28.8 million carrying amount of the conversion obligation on the settlement date was recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital.

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12. Equity Compensation Plans

Stock Incentive Plans

Stock Incentive Plan. In May 2018, our stockholders approved an increase of 2.7 million shares authorized for issuances under the 2005 Stock Inventive Plan (the “2005 Plan”), from 18.7 million shares to 21.4 million shares.  Shares reserved under the 2005 Plan can be granted to officers and other key employees of our company and its subsidiaries and to non-employee directors of our company in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance unit awards, restricted stock awards, or stock bonus awards.  Shares granted under the 2005 Plan in the form of a performance unit award, restricted stock award, or stock bonus award are counted toward the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2005 Plan as two shares for every one share granted or issued in payment of such award.  As of December 31, 2018, 4.2 million shares were available for issuance, with 3.8 million shares available for grant.

Restricted Stock. We generally issue new shares (versus treasury shares) to fulfill restricted stock award grants. Restricted stock awards are granted at no cost to the recipient. Historically, our restricted stock awards have vested annually primarily over three or four years with no restrictions other than the passage of time (i.e., the shares are released upon calendar vesting with no further restrictions) (“Time-Based Awards”). Unvested Time-Based Awards are typically forfeited and cancelled upon termination of employment with our company. Certain Time-Based Awards become fully vested (vesting accelerates) upon a change in control, as defined, and the subsequent involuntary termination of employment. The fair value of the Time-Based Awards (determined by using the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date) is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

We also issue restricted stock shares to key members of management that vest upon meeting either pre-established financial performance objectives or pre-established stock price or total shareholder return objectives (“Performance-Based Awards”). The structure of the performance goals for the Performance-Based Awards has been approved by our stockholders. The Performance-Based Awards become fully vested (vesting accelerates) upon a change in control, as defined, and the subsequent involuntary termination of employment. The fair value of the Performance-Based Awards (determined by using the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date) is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, taking into consideration the probability of vesting, for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award is, in-substance, multiple awards.

A summary of our unvested restricted stock activity during 2018 is as follows (shares in thousands):

	2018
	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards, beginning		1,222		$	36.84
Awards granted		552			45.57
Awards forfeited/cancelled		(135	)		40.07
Awards vested		(494	)		34.60
Unvested awards, ending		1,145		$	41.64

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock shares granted during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $45.57, $39.79, and $39.07, respectively. The total market value of restricted stock shares vesting during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $22.7 million, $29.5 million, and $38.5 million, respectively.

1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

As of December 31, 2018, we have an employee stock purchase plan whereby 1.7 million shares of our common stock have been reserved for sale to our U.S. employees through payroll deductions.  The price for shares purchased under the plan is 85% of market value on the last day of the purchase period. Purchases are made at the end of each month. During 2018, 2017, and 2016, 68,902 shares, 50,674 shares, and 43,655 shares, respectively, were purchased under the plan for $2.4 million ($27.00 to $39.68 per share), $1.8 million ($31.88 to $41.14 per share), and $1.6 million ($29.70 to $41.14 per share), respectively. As of December 31, 2018, 277,211 shares remain eligible for purchase under the plan.

72

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of $19.4 million, $21.0 million, and $22.7 million, respectively, for 2018, 2017, and 2016. As of December 31, 2018 there was $32.3 million of total compensation cost related to unvested awards not yet recognized. That cost, excluding the impact of forfeitures, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

We recorded a deferred income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense during 2018, 2017, and 2016, of $4.4 million, $7.1 million, and $7.3 million, respectively. The actual income tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock for 2018, 2017, and 2016, totaled $5.3 million, $11.0 million, and $12.5 million, respectively.

13. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

	Quarter Ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
2018 (1):
Total revenues	$	201,704		$	213,033		$	213,055		$	247,267
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		101,096			109,492			109,052			130,180
Operating income (2)		25,767			24,087			25,653			29,425
Income before income taxes (2)		20,204			20,724			20,492			25,567
Income tax provision (3)		(6,190	)		(5,607	)		(4,391	)		(4,669	)
Net income (2)(3)		14,014			15,117			16,101			20,898
Basic earnings per common share (2)(3)	$	0.43		$	0.46		$	0.50		$	0.65
Diluted earnings per common share (2)(3)		0.42			0.46			0.49			0.64
2017:
Total revenues	$	192,470		$	192,713		$	199,195		$	205,204
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		97,708			97,660			99,717			99,726
Operating income (4)		27,013			24,248			28,376			26,048
Income before income taxes (4)		22,350			20,303			23,386			21,671
Income tax provision (3)		(2,113	)		(8,722	)		(8,806	)		(6,705	)
Net income (3)(4)		20,237			11,581			14,580			14,966
Basic earnings per common share (3)(4)	$	0.63		$	0.36		$	0.45		$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share (3)(4)		0.62			0.35			0.44			0.45

(1) During 2018, we completed the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions in February and October, respectively (see Note 6), and as a result, their results of operations are included in our 2018 results above.  Additionally, in conjunction with these acquisitions, during the first, third, and fourth quarters of 2018, we incurred transaction-related costs of $2.4 million, $0.2 million, and $2.3 million, respectively, or $0.05, $0.01, and $0.06 per diluted share.  

(2) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2018 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.9 million, $3.3 million, $2.8 million, and $1.6 million, respectively, or $0.02, $0.07, $0.07, and $0.04 per diluted share (see Note 7).     

(3) Fluctuations in our effective income tax rate between quarters generally relates to the accounting for discrete income tax items in any given quarter, and revisions of estimates for certain income tax components during the year.
For 2018:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 31%, 27%, 21%, and 18%, respectively.  The 2018 effective income tax rate reflects the impact of the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).  Additionally, the decreasing rate throughout 2018 is mainly attributed to a change in the estimate of research and development credits and improved profitability in certain international entities.
For 2017:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 9%, 43%, 38%, and 31%, respectively.  The first quarter 2017 effective income tax rate reflects an approximately $5 million net benefit resulting from Comcast’s exercise of 1.4 million vested stock warrants in January 2017 (see Note 11) and the fourth quarter effective income tax rate includes a $2 million benefit from the remeasurement of U.S.-based net deferred tax liabilities as required under the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).

(4) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2017 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.2 million, $2.7 million, $1.6 million, and $4.2 million, respectively, or $0.01, $0.05, $0.03, and $0.09 per diluted share (see Note 7).

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b), our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e).  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.    

(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As required by Rule 13a-15(d), our management, including the CEO and CFO, also conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, as defined by Rule 13a-15(f).  Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is located at the front of Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Our management’s evaluation excluded Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”), which we acquired on October 1, 2018.  At December 31, 2018, Forte had $234.1 million and $92.2 million of total assets and net assets, respectively.  For the year ended December 31, 2018, our Consolidated Statement of income included total revenues associated with Forte of $24.9 million.  In accordance with guidance issued by the SEC, companies are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal controls over financial reporting during the first year subsequent to the acquisition while integrating the acquired operations.

(c) Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our independent registered public accounting firm issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.  KPMG LLP’s report is located immediately following Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting at the front of Part II, Item 8 of this report.

(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except as described above under 9A.(b) with respect to the Forte acquisition, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

74

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

See the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, from which information regarding directors is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding our executive officers will be omitted from such proxy statement and is furnished in a separate item captioned ‘‘Executive Officers of the Registrant’’ included at the end of Part I of this Form 10-K.

Item  11. Executive Compensation

See the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, from which information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference.

Item  12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

See the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, from which information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference, with the exception of the equity compensation plan information which is presented in Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities”, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

See the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, from which information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference.

Item  14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

See the Proxy Statement for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, from which information in response to this Item is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item  15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules, and Exhibits:

(1) Financial Statements

The financial statements filed as part of this report are listed on the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 40.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

None. Any information required in the Financial Statement Schedules is provided in sufficient detail in our Financial Statements and notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits

Exhibits are listed in the Exhibit Index on page 77.

The Exhibits include management contracts, compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to the Form 10-K by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

(b) Exhibits

The Exhibits filed or incorporated by reference herewith are as specified in the Exhibit Index.

76

  EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description
2.10 (12)	Implementation Agreement between CSG Systems International, Inc. and Intec
3.01 (1)	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (P)
3.02 (43)	Amended and Restated Bylaws of CSG Systems International, Inc.
3.03 (2)	Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of CSG Systems International, Inc.
4.01 (1)	Form of Common Stock Certificate (P)
4.10 (41)	Indenture dated March 15, 2016, between CSG Systems International, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee
4.50 (52)	$350 million Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2018, among CSG Systems International, Inc., as Borrower, the Subsidiary Guarantors Party hereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Bank,  Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent, Compass Bank and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as Co-Documentation Agents, the Lenders Party Hereto, and the Other Issuing Banks Party Hereto Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners
4.70 (32)	$350,000,000 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of February 3, 2015, among CSG Systems International, Inc., as Borrower, The Guarantors Party Hereto, The Lenders Party Hereto, RBC Capital Markets, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, HSBC Bank USA, National Association, BBVA, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookmanagers; Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Syndication Agent; HSBC Bank USA, National Association, BBVA Compass, and Bank of America, N.A. as Co-Documentation Agents; Royal Bank of Canada as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and Royal Bank of Canada as Issuing Bank and Swingline Lender
10.02 (15)	Second Amended and Restated 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as adopted on May 17, 2011
10.04 (53)	CSG Systems International, Inc. Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended on May 17, 2018
10.05 (15)	CSG Systems International, Inc. Performance Bonus Program, as amended on August 14, 2007
10.06 (5)	CSG Systems International, Inc. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended August 14, 2007
10.15 (11)	Form of Indemnification Agreement between CSG Systems International, Inc. and Directors and Executive Officers
10.16 (4)	Indemnification Agreement between CSG Systems International, Inc. and Mr. Ronald Cooper, dated November 16, 2006
10.20 (41)	Purchase Agreement dated March 9, 2016, by and between CSG Systems International, Inc., and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and RBC Capital Markets, LLC as representatives of the several initial purchasers
10.22* (23)	CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22A* (24)	First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC

77

Exhibit Number	Description
10.22B* (25)	Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22C* (25)	Third Amendment to the Restated and Amended CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22D* (25)	Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22E* (26)	Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22F* (26)	Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22G* (26)	Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22H* (27)	CD Addendum to CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22I* (31)	Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22J* (31)	Tenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22K* (32)	Eleventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22L* (32)	Twelfth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22M* (32)	Thirteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22N* (33)	Fourteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22O* (33)	Fifteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22P* (34)	Sixteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22Q* (35)	Seventeenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22R* (38)	Eighteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22S* (38)	Nineteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22T*(42)	Nineteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC

78

Exhibit Number		Description
10.22U* (42)		Twentieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22V* (44)		Twenty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22W* (44)		Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22X* (47)		Twenty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22Y* (47)		Common Stock Purchase Warrant between CSG Systems International, Inc. and Comcast Alpha Holdings, Inc., dated January 3, 2017
10.22Z* (48)		Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Master Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AA* (49)		Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AB* (49)		Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AC* (49)		Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AD* (49)		Twenty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AE* (49)		Thirtieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AF* (49)		Thirty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AG* (50)		Thirty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AH* (54)	Thirty-third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AI* (54)	Thirty-fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.22AJ* (55)	Thirty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
10.23* (10)		CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23A* (11)		Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23B* (13)		Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23C* (14)		Tenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.

79

Exhibit Number	Description
10.23D* (16)	Eleventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23E* (16)	Twelfth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23F* (16)	Thirteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23G* (16)	Fourteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23H* (17)	Fifteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23I* (20)	Sixteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23J* (19)	Seventeenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23K* (19)	Eighteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23L* (18)	Nineteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23M* (19)	Twentieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23N* (18)	Twenty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23O* (20)	Twenty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23P* (20)	Twenty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23Q* (20)	Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23R* (21)	Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23S* (21)	Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23T* (22)	Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23U* (22)	Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23V* (22)	Twenty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.

80

Exhibit Number		Description
10.23W* (22)		Thirtieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23X* (24)		Thirty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23Y* (24)		Thirty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23Z* (24)		Thirty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AA* (24)		Thirty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AB* (25)		Thirty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AC* (25)		Thirty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AD* (26)		Thirty-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AE* (26)		Thirty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AF* (28)		Fortieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AG* (28)		Forty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AH* (31)		Forty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AI* (31)		Forty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AJ* (31)		Forty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AK* (31)		Forty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AL* (31)		Forty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AM* (32)	Forty-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AN* (34)		Forty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AO* (35)		Forty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AP* (35)		Fiftieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.

81

Exhibit Number		Description
10.23AQ (42)		Fifty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AR* (45)		Fifty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AS* (45)		Fifty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AT* (45)		Fifty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AU* (47)		Fifty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AV* (47)		Fifty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network L.L.C.
10.23AW* (49)		Fifty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23AX* (50)		Sixtieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23AY* (50)		Sixty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23AZ* (51)		Fifty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BA* (51)		Sixty-Second Amendment to Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BB* (51)		Sixty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BC* (55)	Sixty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BD*	Sixty-Fourth Amendment to Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BE*	Sixty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BF*	Sixty-Seventh Amendment to Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BG*	Sixty-Eighth Amendment to Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.23BH*	Seventieth Amendment to Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG System, Inc. and DISH Network, L.L.C.
10.24* (9)		CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable dated March 13, 2003
10.24A* (9)		ComTec Processing and Production Services Agreement

82

Exhibit Number	Description
10.24B* (9)	Second Amendment to the Processing and Production Services Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24C* (13)	Forty-Ninth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24D* (16)	Third Amendment to the Processing and Production Services Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24E* (16)	Fifty-First Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24F* (16)	Fifty-Third Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24G* (20)	Fifty-Seventh Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24H* (20)	Sixty-First Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24I* (21)	Fifty-Sixth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24J* (21)	Sixty-Third Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24K* (21)	Sixty-Fifth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24L* (22)	Forty-Eighth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24M* (22)	Fifty-Ninth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24N* (22)	Sixty-Seventh Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24O* (22)	Sixty-Eighth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24P (22)	Second Amendment to Affiliate Addendum (Corporate National Sales Division)
10.24P* (23)	Sixtieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24Q (22)	Fourth Amendment to Affiliate Addendum Carolina Region
10.24Q* (23)	Seventieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24R (23)	First Amendment to Affiliate Addendum Media Sales Division between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24S* (24)	Sixty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.

83

Exhibit Number	Description
10.24T* (25)	Seventy-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24U* (25)	Seventy-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24V* (26)	Fifty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24W* (26)	Seventy-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24X* (26)	Seventy-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24Y* (26)	Seventy-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24Z* (26)	Eighty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AA* (28)	Seventy-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AB* (28)	Seventy-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AC* (28)	Seventy-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AD* (29)	Eighty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AE* (29)	Eighty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AF* (29)	Eighty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AG* (29)	Eighty-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AH* (30)	Amended and Restated Processing and Production Services Agreement entered into between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AI* (31)	Eighty-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AJ* (31)	Eighty-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AK* (31)	Eighty-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AL* (31)	Ninetieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AM* (31)	Ninety-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.

84

Exhibit Number		Description
10.24AN* (32)		Eighty-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AO* (32)		First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC
10.24AP* (33)		Ninety-Fifth Amendment of the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AQ* (33)	Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Processing and Production Services Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC
10.24AR* (34)	Ninety-Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AS* (34)	Ninety-Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AT* (35)	Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Processing and Production Services Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC
10.24AU* (35)	Ninety-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AV* (35)	Ninety-Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AW* (38)	Ninety-Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AX* (38)	One Hundredth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AY* (38)	One Hundred First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24AZ* (39)	One Hundred Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24BA* (42)	One Hundred Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24BB* (44)	One Hundred Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24BC* (44)	One Hundred Sixth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24BD* (45)	One Hundred Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BE* (45)	One Hundred Seventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Time Warner Cable Inc.
10.24BF* (45)	One Hundred Eighth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

85

Exhibit Number		Description
10.24BG* (47)	One Hundred Ninth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BH* (47)	One Hundred Tenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BI* (47)	One Hundred Twelfth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BJ* (48)		One Hundred Eleventh Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BK* (48)		One Hundred Fourteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BL* (48)		One Hundred Fifteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BM* (48)		One Hundred Sixteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BN (48)		One Hundred Seventeenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BO* (49)		One Hundred Eighteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BP* (49)		One Hundred Nineteenth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BQ (49)		One Hundred Twentieth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BR (49)		One Hundred Twenty-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BS* (49)		One Hundred Twenty-Second Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BT (49)		One Hundred Twenty-Third Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.24BU* (49)		One Hundred Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement Between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25* (44)		Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25A* (44)		First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25B* (44)		Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25C* (44)		Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25D* (44)		Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

86

Exhibit Number	Description
10.25E* (44)	Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25F* (44)	Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25G* (44)	Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25H* (44)	Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25I* (44)	Tenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25J* (44)	Eleventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25K* (44)	Twelfth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25L* (44)	Thirteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25M* (44)	Fourteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25N* (44)	Fifteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25O (44)	Sixteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25P* (44)	Seventeenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25Q* (44)	Eighteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25R* (44)	Nineteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25S* (44)	Twentieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25T* (44)	Twenty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25U* (44)	Twenty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25V (44)	Twenty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25W* (44)	Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

87

Exhibit Number	Description
10.25X* (44)	Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25Y* (44)	Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25Z* (44)	Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AA* (44)	Twenty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AB* (44)	Thirtieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AC* (44)	Thirty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AD* (44)	Thirty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AE* (44)	Thirty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AF* (44)	Thirty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AG* (44)	Amended and Restated Thirty-Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AH* (44)	Thirty-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AI* (44)	Thirty-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AJ* (44)	Thirty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AK* (44)	Fortieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AL* (44)	Forty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AM* (44)	Forty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AN* (44)	Forty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AO* (44)	Forty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AP* (44)	Forty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

88

Exhibit Number	Description
10.25AQ* (44)	Forty-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AR* (44)	Forty-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AS* (44)	Forty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AT* (44)	Fiftieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AU* (44)	Fifty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AV* (44)	Fifty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AW* (44)	Fifty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AX* (44)	Fifty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AY* (44)	Fifty-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25AZ* (44)	Fifty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BA* (44)	Fifty-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BB (44)	Fifty-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BC* (44)	Fifty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BD* (44)	Sixtieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BE* (44)	Sixty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BF (44)	Sixty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BG* (44)	Sixty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BH (44)	Sixty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BI (44)	Sixty-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BJ (44)	Sixty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

89

Exhibit Number	Description
10.25BK* (44)	Sixty-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BL* (44)	Sixty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BM* (44)	Seventieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BN* (44)	Seventy-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BO* (44)	Seventy-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BP* (44)	Seventy-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BQ* (44)	Seventy-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BR* (44)	Seventy-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BS* (44)	Seventy-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BT* (44)	Seventy-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BU* (44)	Seventy-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BV* (44)	Eightieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BW* (44)	Eighty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BX* (44)	Eighty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BY* (44)	Eighty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25BZ* (44)	Eighty-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CA* (44)	Eighty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CB* (44)	Eighty-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CC* (44)	Eighty-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC

90

Exhibit Number	Description
10.25CD* (45)	Eighty-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CE* (45)	Ninety-First Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CF* (45)	Ninety-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CG* (47)	Ninety-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CH* (47)	Ninety-Fifth Amendment to the CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Cable Holding Company, LLC
10.25CI* (48)	Ninety-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CJ* (48)	Ninety-Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CK* (48)	Ninety-Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CL* (48)	Ninety-Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CM* (48)	One Hundred First Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CN* (49)	One Hundredth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CO* (49)	One Hundred Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CP* (49)	One Hundred Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CQ* (49)	One Hundred Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CR* (49)	One Hundred Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CS* (49)	One Hundred Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.25CT* (50)	One Hundred Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC
10.26* (50)	Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26A* (50)	Second Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26B* (50)	Third Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC

91

Exhibit Number		Description
10.26C* (50)		Fourth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26D (51)		First Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26E* (51)		Fifth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26F* (51)		Sixth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26G* (51)		Eighth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26H* (51)		Ninth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26I (51)		Tenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26J* (52)	Eleventh Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26K* (54)	Thirteenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26L* (54)	Fifteenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26M* (54)	Seventeenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26N* (54)	Eighteenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26O* (55)	Seventh Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26P* (55)	Twelfth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26Q* (55)	Fourteenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.26R* (55)	Nineteenth Amendment to Consolidated CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement between CSG Systems, Inc. and Charter Communications Operating, LLC
10.39 (55)	CSG Systems, Inc. Wealth Accumulation Plan, as restated and amended effective December 6, 2017
10.39A (55)	Adoption Agreement to CSG Systems, Inc. Wealth Accumulation Plan, executed September 13, 2018
10.47 (6)		Restated Employment Agreement with Randy R. Wiese, dated May 29, 2008
10.47A (7)		First Amendment to Restated Employment Agreement with Randy R. Wiese, dated August 19, 2008
10.47B (37)		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Randy R. Wiese, dated November 30, 2015

92

Exhibit Number	Description
10.47C (46)	Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Randy R. Wiese, dated November 17, 2016
10.47D (53)	Separation Agreement with Randy R. Wiese, dated May 17, 2018
10.50 (3)	CSG Systems International, Inc. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan
10.51 (8)	Employment Agreement with Bret C. Griess, dated February 19, 2009
10.51A (36)	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Bret C. Griess, dated November 19, 2015
10.51B (46)	Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Bret C. Griess, dated November 17, 2016
10.52 (40)	Employment Agreement with Brian Shepherd, dated February 15, 2016
10.52A (46)	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement with Brian Shepherd, dated November 17, 2016
10.53 (40)	Employment Agreement with Kenneth M. Kennedy, dated March 1, 2016
10.53A (46)	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement with Kenneth M. Kennedy, dated November 17, 2016
10.54 (53)	Employment Agreement with Rolland B. Johns, dated May 17, 2018
10.83 (54)	Forms of Agreement for Equity Compensation
10.84 (42)	Forms of Agreement for Equity Compensation
10.85 (54)	Forms of Agreement for Equity Compensation
21.01	Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.01	Consent of KPMG LLP
31.01	Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.02	Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.01	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(1) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registration Statement No. 333-244 on Form S-1.

(2) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 1997.

(3) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2002.

93

(4) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated November 16, 2006.

(5) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2007.

(6) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008.

(7) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2008.

(8) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated February 19, 2009.

(9) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed on September 8, 2009.

(10) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.

(11) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2010.

(12) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2010.

(13) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010.

(14) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2011.

(15) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated May 17, 2011.

(16) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2011.

(17) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2011.

(18) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2012.

(19) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the period ended March 31, 2012, filed on August 29, 2012.

(20) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2012.

(21) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2012.

(22) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.

(23) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2013.

(24) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2013.

(25) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2013.

(26) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.

(27) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-K/A for the period ended December 31, 2013, filed on July 9, 2014.

(28) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2014.

(29) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2014.

(30) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the period ended June 30, 2014, filed on October 23, 2014.

(31) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2014.

(32) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

(33) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015.

94

(34) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015.

(35) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2015.

(36) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated November 19, 2015.

(37) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A for the event dated November 19, 2015, filed on December 3, 2015.

(38) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

(39) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on August 29, 2016.

(40) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated February 25, 2016.

(41) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated March 9, 2016.

(42) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016.

(43) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated May 26, 2016.

(44) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016.

(45) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016.

(46) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated November 17, 2016.

(47) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

(48) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2017.

(49) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2017.

(50) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2017.

(51) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

(52) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018.

(53) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the event dated May 17, 2018.

(54) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018.

(55) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018.

* Portions of the exhibit have been omitted pursuant to an application for confidential treatment, and the omitted portions have been filed separately with the Commission.

95

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
By:	/s/ BRET C. GRIESS
	Bret C. Griess
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: February 22, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ DONALD B. REED	Chairman of the Board of Directors	February 22, 2019
Donald B. Reed
/s/ BRET C. GRIESS	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer	February 22, 2019
Bret C. Griess	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ ROLLAND B. JOHNS	Chief Financial Officer	February 22, 2019
Rolland B. Johns	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ DAVID G. BARNES	Director	February 22, 2019
David G. Barnes
/s/ RONALD H. COOPER	Director	February 22, 2019
Ronald H. Cooper
/s/ MARWAN H. FAWAZ	Director	February 22, 2019
Marwan H. Fawaz
/s/ RAJAN NAIK	Director	February 22, 2019
Rajan Naik
/s/ JANICE I. OBUCHOWSKI	Director	February 22, 2019
Janice I. Obuchowski
*	Director
Frank V. Sica
/s/ DONALD V. SMITH	Director	February 22, 2019
Donald V. Smith
/s/ JAMES A. UNRUH	Director	February 22, 2019
James A. Unruh

* Unavailable for signature at the time of filing.

96

EX-10.23BD

Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped “Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,” and places where information has been redacted have been marked with (***).

Exhibit10.23BD

SIXTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT

TO

MASTER SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

CSG SYSTEMS, INC.

AND

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.

This SIXTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) is made by and between CSG Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CSG”), and DISH Network L.L.C.,a Colorado limited liability company (“Customer”).  This Amendment shall be effective as of the date last signed below (the “Effective Date”).  CSG and Customer entered into a certain CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement (CSG document no. 2301656) effective as of January 1, 2010, as amended (the “Agreement”), and now desire to further amend the Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment.  If the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment conflict with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment shall control.  Any terms in initial capital letters or all capital letters used as a defined term but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreement.  Upon execution of this Amendment by the parties, any subsequent reference to the Agreement between the parties shall mean the Agreement as amended by this Amendment.  Except as amended by this Amendment, the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms.

CSG and Customer agree to the following as of the Effective Date of this Amendment:

1. Customer desires to use, and CSG agrees to provide to Customer, CSG’s SmartVideo as a Recurring Service under the Agreement.  Therefore, the following changes are hereby made to the Agreement:

a. SCHEDULE A, “Services”, is hereby amended to add “SmartVideo” to the list of Additional Services and by adding a new EXHIBIT A-7, which is attached to this Amendment.

2. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG SERVICES, of the Agreement is hereby AMENDED to add a new Section XVI entitled “CSG SmartVideo” as follows:

CSG SERVICES

XVI.  CSG SmartVideo

Description of Item/Unit of Measure	Frequency	Fees
1.  SmartVideo Customization Services (Note 5)	Per Request	Quote
2.  SmartVideo View Volume Tiers (Per ******) (Notes 1-4, 6-8)	Frequency	SmartVideo View ****** Fee	Excess Rate Per SmartVideo View
•****** Volume *******	*** *******	$**********	$******
•****** Volume *******	*** *******	$**********	$******
•****** Volume *********	*** *******	$**********	$******
•****** Volume *********	*** *******	$***********	$******
•****** Volume *********	*** *******	$************	$******
•****** Volume Greater Than *********	*** *******	*****	*****

Note 1: Video views are purchased in ****** ***** commitments. Unused transactions cannot be carried over into subsequent years.

Note 2: Should Customer desire to increase the previously purchased SmartVideo View ****** to a higher ****** ****** **** within the ****** ***** ******, CSG will invoice Customer for the incremental volume at the effective *** ********** **** rate of the higher ****** ****** ****.

Note 3: A “SmartVideo View” is defined as: **** **** * ***** ** ********* *** *** ***** ***** ** ********. Video views are counted as *** (*) **** **** **** * ***** ** ******, regardless of whether it is a ****** **** ** * ****** ****. Video views are also counted whether or not the video is ****** ** **********.

Note 4: If Customer exceeds view volume of committed tier, all views above the committed volume tier will be ******* *** ****** ** * *** ***** **** *****. The applicable per video view rate, Excess Rate per SmartVideo View, will continue to be the effective rate of the tier to which Customer committed; ** ********** ******* **** **** ** ********.

Note 5: Should additional customizations or out of scope items be required, CSG shall provide pricing in a separate and agreed upon statement of work (“SOW”) executed by both parties.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.  

Note 6:  Pricing is applicable for personalized views only and does not include advertising impressions.

Note 7:  Includes: ******** ************ *** ************ ** *** ********.

Note 8: Volume tiers will be billed *** ******* ****** (***) **** after the Effective Date or the go live date, whichever occurs first.

3. Customer and CSG agree the Fees applicable to SmartVideo shall be applied to ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, as defined in the 61st Amendment to the Agreement or any future amendments altering the ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, for the applicable ******** **** in which they are invoiced unless otherwise provided in the Agreement or an applicable SOW.

THIS AMENDMENT is executed on the day and year last signed below (the "Effective Date").

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.	CSG SYSTEMS, INC.
By: /s/ Robert C. Bennett	By:  /s/ Gregory L. Cannon
Name:  Robert C. Bennett	Name:  Gregory L. Cannon
Title:  IT VP	Title:  SVP, Secretary & General Counsel
Date:  9/28/2018	Date:  Oct 1, 2018

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.  

EXHIBIT A-7

CSG SmartVideo

CSG SmartVideo provides the ability to communicate to individual subscribers and create, manage and optimize real-time personalized video programs that can be used across the customer lifecycle touchpoints.

ADDITIONAL TERMS:

1. Confidentiality.  Customer hereby agrees that, as a result of CSG’s provision of CSG SmartVideo service, SmartVideo Vendor may have access to Confidential Information, including PII, of Customer's Subscribers.  Customer hereby authorizes CSG to provide such access to the SmartVideo Vendor and Customer hereby provides CSG a limited release and waiver of all rights and claims which Customer may have, whether presently known or unknown against CSG, which arise solely out of CSG’s provision of access to Customer Confidential Information for the limited purpose of SmartVideo Vendor’s provision of the SmartVideo services.  Notwithstanding the access CSG provides to the SmartVideo Vendor, the foregoing shall not act to relieve CSG of the Confidentiality obligations provided in the Agreement.  In addition, Customer agrees to indemnify and hold CSG harmless of any third party claims resulting solely from CSG’s provision of access to SmartVideo Vendor of Customer Confidential Information, specifically including Subscriber data provided to SmartVideo Vendor for its use in providing SmartVideo services hereunder.  CSG agrees to be liable for the acts and omission of the SmartVideo Vendor in the provision of SmartVideo services hereunder.

2. Ownership.  All trademarks, service marks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights in or related to SmartVideo are and will remain the sole and exclusive property of, respectively, CSG and SmartVideo Vendor, whether or not specifically recognized or perfected under applicable law.  CSG and/or SmartVideo Vendor, as applicable, shall own all rights, title and interest, including all intellectual property rights, in and to any improvements to SmartVideo or to any new programs, upgrades, modifications or enhancements thereto, even when such refinements and improvements result from Customer’s request.  To the extent, if any, that ownership in such refinements and improvements does not automatically vest in CSG and/or SmartVideo Vendor by virtue of this Amendment or otherwise, Customer hereby transfers and assigns (and, if applicable, shall cause its affiliates to transfer and assign) to CSG and/or SmartVideo Vendor, as applicable, all rights, title and interest which Customer or any of its affiliates may have in and to such refinements and improvements. During the term of this Agreement, Customer provides to CSG and SmartVideo Vendor a non-exclusive right to use Customer’s Intellectual Property (as defined in Section 5 of Exhibit A-3) to the extent necessary to provide the Services; provided, that any use of Customer’s Intellectual Property shall be consistent with Customer’s issued guidelines, which Customer may change at any time and from time to time in Customer’s sole discretion, but in any event with commercially reasonable notice to CSG.  

3. Third Party Beneficiary.  As to Sections 1 and 3 under the Additional Terms of this Exhibit, Customer understands and agrees that SmartVideo Vendor is a third party beneficiary solely to the additional terms provided in this Exhibit A-7 of Schedule A to the Agreement.

4. Security.  CSG agrees to require the SmartVideo Vendor to have in place, during the provision of SmartVideo Services, commercially reasonable security standards.  Upon Customer’s request, CSG agrees to review such standards with Customer and the SmartVideo Vendor no more than once in a twelve month period and upon thirty days notice from Customer (e-mail shall suffice).

EX-10.23BE

Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped “Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,” and places where information has been redacted have been marked with (***).

Exhibit10.23BE

SIXTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT

TO THE

CSG MaSTER SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

csg SYSTEMS, INC.

AND

DISH NETWORK, L.L.C.

This SIXTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) is made by and between CSG Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CSG”), and DISH Network L.L.C.,a Colorado limited liability company (“Customer”).  This Amendment shall be effective as of the date last signed below (the “Effective Date”).  CSG and Customer entered into a certain CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement (Document #2301656) entered into effective as of January 1, 2010, as amended (the “Agreement”), and now desire to further amend the Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment.  If the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment conflict with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment control.  Any terms in initial capital letters or all capital letters used as a defined term but not defined in this Amendment have the meaning set forth in the Agreement, as amended hereby.  Upon execution of this Amendment by the parties, any subsequent reference to the Agreement between the parties shall mean the Agreement as amended by this Amendment.  Except as amended by this Amendment, the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms.

CSG and Customer agree to the following as of the Effective Date of this Amendment:

1. EXHIBIT A-4(f) of the Agreement entitled “Check Verification,” is hereby deleted in in its entirety and replaced with the EXHIBIT A-4(f) attached hereto.

2. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG SERVICES, Subsection III. entitled “Payment Procurement,” Subsection E.  entitled “Check Verification Service” is hereby deleted and replaced as follows:

E.  Check Verification

Description of Item/Unit of Measure	Frequency	Fee
1.  CSG Check Verification Service Transaction Fee (per ***********)	*******	$****
2.   Setup and Implementation (Note 1)	*** ****	$*********
3.   Additional Consulting/Custom Development	*** *******	*****

Note 1: Setup and Implementation fees shall be set forth in that certain Statement of Work, “Check Verification and Check Recovery Implementation” (CSG document no. 4123091).

3. Pursuant to the Forty-Eighth Amendment to the Agreement, dated May 11, 2015 (CSG document no. 4102963), the Check Recovery Service was added to the Agreement. CSG and Customer now agree to further amend the Agreement. Therefore, EXHIBIT A-4(h) of the Agreement entitled “Check Recovery Service,” is hereby deleted in in its entirety and replaced with EXHIBIT A-4(h) attached hereto.

4. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG SERVICES, Subsection III. entitled “Payment Procurement,” Subsection G.  entitled “Check Recovery Service” is hereby deleted and replaced as follows:

G. Check Recovery Service

Description of Item/Unit of Measure	Frequency	Fee
1.Setup and Implementation (Note 1)	*** *******	$****
2.Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Fees (Note 2)	*******	*****

Note 1: Setup and Implementation fees shall be set forth in that certain Statement of Work, “Check Verification and Check Recovery Implementation” (CSG document no. 4123091).

Note 2: CSG will retain ***** ******* (**%) of the *** *** for all *** **** collected by CSG.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be executed by their duly authorized representatives.

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.	CSG SYSTEMS, INC.
By: /s/ Shannon Picchione	By:  /s/ Gregory L. Cannon
Name:  Shannon Picchione	Name:  Gregory L. Cannon
Title:  Vice President	Title:  SVP, Secretary & General Counsel
Date:  10-16-18	Date:  Oct 24, 2018

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

EXHIBIT A-4(f)

Check Verification Service

1.   Check Verification. CSG’s Check Verification Service leverages CSG’s vendor, Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Check Verification Vendor”) to verify the current status of the banking account as last reported by participating financial institutions and non-bank contributors.  There are four components of the service:

Bank Routing and Account Number Verification

Routing numbers for financial institutions are maintained in this data source. If the routing number entered by the subscriber is not valid, the verification request is declined.  

Negative Account Verification

Negative Account Verification utilizes a negative database of check writer histories for verification requests. A subscriber’s check verification request is declined if there is a record on the negative database.  

Positive Account Verification

Positive Account Verification utilizes a positive database of check writer histories and current statuses for verification requests.  

High Risk Verification

High Risk Verification includes service for banks that are not part of the negative database; transactions not recognized can be verified through records of valid and invalid transactions.  

2. Implementation. CSG hereby agrees to implement the Check Verification Service pursuant to a Statement of Work executed by both of the parties, such Statement of Work which forms an integral part of this Agreement.  In the event CSG and Customer do not enter into an implementation Statement of Work, CSG shall not be required to provide the Check Verification Service to Customer.

3. Use of Payment Processing Information.  Customer and CSG agree that all information and data accessed through the Check Recovery Service is “Confidential Information” and as such shall be kept strictly confidential in accordance with the Agreement.Customer authorizes CSG to provide Customer Confidential Information to the Check Verification Vendor solely in order to and only to the extent necessary to provide the Check Verification Service to Customer.Customer acknowledges CSG is not responsible in any way for the accuracy or completeness of the information from third party data sources which may be accessed by CSG as part of this Check Verification Service.

4. Intellectual Property.

(a) Customer will not acquire any patent rights, copyright interest, or other right, claim, or interest in the computer programs, forms, schedules, manuals, or other proprietary items utilized or provided by CSG in connection with the Check Verification Service.

(b)Restrictions on Use.  Customer will not use or permit its respective employees, agents and subcontractors to use the trademarks, service marks, logos, names, or any other proprietary designations of CSG or the Check Verification Vendor except in compliance with the Agreement.  For clarity, the parties acknowledge and agree the Check Verification Vendor is not an employee or agent of Customer and this Section 5(b) shall in no way be interpreted as Customer assuming any obligation or liability for the actions of the Check Verification Vendor.  The preceding shall not apply in the event Customer violates the terms of the Agreement and such violation results in damages caused by the Check Verification Vendor.

5. Representation by Customer. Each request for data through CSG’s Check Verification Service shall constitute a representation, warranty and certification by Customer: (i) that the data shall be used and disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the Agreement, and in accordance with any applicable laws; (ii) that the data shall be used solely for the intended use as stated by Customer on the Agreement and that use is in compliance with the permissible uses under the FCRA as provided in the FCRA Requirements Addendum located at http://www.forte.net/fair-credit-reporting-act; (iii) Customer will follow proper procedures for ADVERSE ACTION NOTIFICATION to its customers, as provided in the FCRA Requirements Addendum located at http://www.forte.net/fair-credit-reporting-act; and (iv) Customer has implemented security measures to prohibit the unauthorized access to the information provided.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

6. Use of Services.

CUSTOMER SHALL USE THE VERIFICATION SERVICES ONLY IN CONNECTION WITH PAYMENTS PRESENTED TO CUSTOMER BY ITS CUSTOMERS IN EXCHANGE FOR GOODS OR SERVICES.  CUSTOMER SHALL NOT RESELL THE VERIFICATION DATA OR SERVICES TO ANY THIRD PARTIES.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

EXHIBIT A-4(h)

Check Recovery Service

1. Check Recovery Service.  CSG’s Check Recovery Serviceleverages CSG’s vendor, Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Check Recovery Vendor”) to facilitate the re-presentment and attempted recovery of Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) returns.  The Check Recovery Service also receives files of unsuccessfully recovered ACH returns and paper check returns and updates CCS accordingly.  CSG acknowledges and agrees that it will not initiate communication with Connected Subscribers to perform the service of Check Recovery.  The foregoing shall not prevent CSG from performing the services provided herein.

2. CSG Requirements.  CSG will facilitate the re-presentment and attempted recovery of NSF returns. Applicable Customer determined fees, not to exceed state regulations, will be assessed by the Check Recovery Vendor to the bank accounts of Customer’s customers as part of the Check Recovery Service. CSG will settleCustomer’s transactions for collected funds and rebates, less anychargebacksor returns, toCustomer’s account designated for settlement on a weekly basis. Settlementof transactions willoccur viaelectronic fundstransferovertheACHNetwork. CSG will be allowed no more than ********** (**) ******** **** from the date of receipt of a return item to complete the electronic re-presentment process.  CSG does not guarantee the collection or payment of any return item.  Further, CSG makes no representation or warranty as to the collectability of any return item.  CSG will pay to Customer *** ******* ******* (***%) of the **** ***** ** **** ************ **** ********* ** ********** ******.  CSG will retain ***** ******* (**%) of the *** *** *** *** *** **** collected by CSG pursuant to Schedule F of the Agreement. CSG will ****** *** ********* ********* *** *** ****** ** ********.  All fees owed to Customer from any amounts collected under the terms of this Amendment will be credited to the designated bank account that CSG has on file for Customer.

3. Customer Requirements.  Customer authorizes CSG to re-present all NSF return items in accordance with NACHA Rules. Customer authorizes CSG to originate an electronic debit for a separate return fee in an amount posted by Customer and agreed to by the check writer.  This fee shall not exceed the maximum amount allowed by applicable state laws.  Customer agrees to display notices supplied to Customer by CSG regarding the right to collect funds electronically for returned items at all point of sale locations at all times.  If required by applicable law, Customer must exercise commercially reasonable efforts to obtain a written authorization for any return fee to be charged before submitting return. If, however, a written authorization cannot be obtained, notification of Customer’s return check policy, including the fee is mandatory.  Customer shall provide a designated bank account and Customer specifically authorizes CSG to debit and credit Customer’s designated bank account in order to carry out its duties under this Agreement and/or to collect any payment obligation owed to CSG by Customer hereunder.  It is Customer’s obligation to regularly and promptly review all transaction reports and other communications from CSG and to promptly notify CSG upon discovery of any and all discrepancies between Customer’s records and those provided by CSG.

4. Implementation. CSG hereby agrees to implement the Check Recovery Service pursuant to a Statement of Work executed by both of the parties, such Statement of Work which forms an integral part of this Agreement.  In the event CSG and Customer do not enter into an implementation Statement of Work, CSG shall not be required to provide the Check Recovery Service to Customer.

5. Use of Payment Processing Information.  Customer and CSG agree that all information and data accessed through the Check Recovery Service is “Confidential Information” and as such shall be kept strictly confidential in accordance with the Agreement.  Customer authorizes CSG to provide Customer Confidential Information to the Check Recovery Vendor solely in order to and only to the extent necessary to provide the Check Recovery Service to Customer.

6. Intellectual Property.

(a) Customer will not acquire any patent rights, copyright interest, or other right, claim, or interest in the computer programs, forms, schedules, manuals, or other proprietary items utilized or provided by CSG in connection with the Check Recovery Service.

(b)Restrictions on Use.  Customer will not use or permit its respective employees, agents and subcontractors to use the trademarks, service marks, logos, names, or any other proprietary designations of CSG or the Check Recovery Vendor except in compliance with the Agreement.  For clarity, the parties acknowledge and agree the Check Recovery Vendor is not an employee or agent of Customer and this Section 5(b) shall in no way be interpreted as Customer assuming any obligation or liability for the actions of the Check Recovery Vendor.  The preceding shall not apply in the event Customer violates the terms of the Agreement and such violation results in damages caused by the Check Recovery Vendor.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

7. Termination. In addition to and notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in Section 19 of the Agreement, Customer and CSG agree ******** *** ********* *** *** ** *** ***** ******** ******* ** *** **** and *** *** ****** **** *** (*) ******** **** ***** ******* ****** ** *** (e-mail is acceptable). Customer ***** *** ** ******** ** * ****** ** *** **** ******** or ******** ***** ** *** **** ** ***********. If this Amendment is terminated for any reason, CSG will retain the right to complete the electronic re-presentment process, under the terms of the Amendment, for all returned items submitted prior to said termination.  

EX-10.23BF

Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped “Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,” and places where information has been redacted have been marked with (***).

Exhibit10.23BF

SIXTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT

TO

MASTER SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

CSG SYSTEMS, INC.

AND

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.

This SIXTY-SEVENTH AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) is made by and between CSG Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CSG”), and DISH Network L.L.C.,a Colorado limited liability company (“Customer”).  This Amendment shall be effective as of the date last signed below (the “Effective Date”).  CSG and Customer entered into a certain CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement (CSG document no. 2301656) effective as of January 1, 2010, as amended (the “Agreement”), and now desire to further amend the Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment.  If the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment conflict with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment shall control.  Any terms in initial capital letters or all capital letters used as a defined term but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreement.  Upon execution of this Amendment by the parties, any subsequent reference to the Agreement between the parties means the Agreement as amended by this Amendment.  Except as amended by this Amendment, the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms.

CSG and Customer agree to the following as of the Effective Date of this Amendment:

1. CSG agrees to provide to Customer CSG’s TechSee as a Recurring Service under the Agreement.  Therefore, the following changes are hereby made to the Agreement:

a. SCHEDULE A, “Services”, is hereby amended to add “CSG TechSee” to the list of Additional Services and by adding a new EXHIBIT A-8, which is attached to this Amendment.

2. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG SERVICES, of the Agreement is hereby AMENDED to add a new Section entitled “CSG TechSee” as follows:

CSG SERVICES

XVII. CSG TechSee

Description of Item/Unit of Measure	Frequency	Fees
1.TechSee Set-up Fee (Note 1)	*** *******	$********
2.TechSee Implementation Fee (Note 2)	*** ****	$*********
3.TechSee Named User ******* Access Fee (per ***** ****) (** ***** ******* payment obligation **** **** ** ******) (Note 3) (Note 5) (Note 6) (Note 7)
•Up to *** Named Users	*******	$*****
•******* Named Users (Note 4)	*******	$*****
•******* Named Users	*******	$*****
•******* Named Users	*******	$*****
•********* Named Users	*******	$*****
•*********** Named Users	*******	$*****
•Above ***** Named Users	*******	*****

Note 1:  Initial set-up was provided pursuant to that certain LOA, “Proof of Concept (POC) Implementation [TechSee]” executed July 30, 2018 (CSG document no. 4121290) (the “LOA”).  As a result, the *** *** *** ******* ****** *** **** ******. If Customer makes subsequent and significant (i.e. CSG will spend more than ** ***** ******** *** ******) changes to the Customer’s network or security configuration or another network or security configuration is required, the Set-up fee applies in each subsequent instance. If Customer makes subsequent changes to the Customer’s network or security configuration that require ***** **** ** ***** of CSG support hours to implement, such ******* **** ** ****** ** ** ****** ***** ** ****** ******* *****.

Note 2: Implementation Services include the following:

• *** **** ****** ******** *** “***** *** *******”

• *** **** ****** ** *** *** ******** ******* **** ******** ********* ************ *** ******

• ****** ** ******** *** ***** *** ******** ************

• ****** ******** ******* *** **********

• ************* ** ******** **** ********* *** ********

• ******* **********

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

Initial Implementation of CSG TechSee shall be provided pursuant to that certain Statement of Work, “CSG TechSee Implementation” (CSG document no. 4125443). Implementation Fees for the ******* *** ******* ************** ***** ** ******. Upon completion of an implementation Statement of Work or in the absence of an implementation Statement of Work, Customer shall be invoiced the Named User fees upon access to CSG TechSee being provided.  any additional implementations may be subject to an additional Statement of Work and/or a subsequent Implementation Fee. Customer shall purchase and be provided access for *** ******* ***** (***) ***** ***** upon the completion of the CSG TechSee Implementation SOW.

Note 3:  Customer will be invoiced based upon the number of Named Users accesses purchased (with a ******* ********** ** ****** (**) ****** payment from access).  A Named User represents * ******* ****** ***** ********** **** *******.  A Named User is identified by a ****** **** **** or ***** ******* ********** ****** *** ******* *********** and *** ** ******** at *** **** *** *** ****** ** *****.  

Note 4: In Customer’s first implementation, Customer intends to purchase between *** ******* *** *** (***) to *** ******* (***) ***** **** accesses for the Fees identified in the applicable tier. CSG shall provide a *** ******* (**%) ******** ********** to that tier.  The *** ******* (**%) discount shall result in an initial named user rate of $***** per ****/per ***** for the ******* ***** **** ****.  All subsequent transactions with Customer shall revert to the rates provided in the fee schedule.

Note 5:  ******* fee shall apply to all ***** *****.  For purposes of clarification, and as an example if customer is provided access for *** ******* ***** (***) Named Users, customer will be charged a ******* rate of $***** for each **** (or $***** per ***** **** in the first implementation). If at a later date, the customer purchases access for an additional *** ******* ***** (***) ***** *****, the customer then has access for *** ******* ****** (***) ***** and will be invoiced $***** per **** for all *** ******* ****** (***) *****, and a new ****** (**) ***** ******* ****** *** *** *** ******* (***) ***** shall commence.

Note 6: For tracking purposes, the maximum number of Named Users for a billing period is established as the ******* ****** ** ****** ***** ********* *** ******* ** *** ******* ******.

Note 7: For each *** ******* (***) ***** **** access purchased, Customer receives *** (*) **** ****** ** ******* ****** *******.  This will enable that user to access an existing TechSee session and evaluate a Named User’s performance.

3. Customer and CSG agree the Fees incurred by Customer which are applicable to Customer’s use of CSG TechSee shall be applied to ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, as defined in the 61st Amendment to the Agreement or any future amendments altering the ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, for the applicable ******** **** in which they are invoiced unless otherwise provided in the Agreement or an applicable SOW. For clarification purposes, Fees incurred by Customer for CSG TechSee shall be applied against ********** ******* ******** ******** ********** in the year in which the Fees are incurred.  Any ****** **** shall not decrement or be applied against ********** ******* ******** ******** **********.

4. Customer and CSG agree to add the following section to the Agreement:

42.  CSG Affiliate Provision of Services.  CSG may delegate performance of its obligations under this Agreement to an Affiliate or provide Products, Services or Deliverables through the use of one or more Affiliates (for so long as such person or entity remains an Affiliate) without Customer’s approval; provided CSG (a) acknowledges and agrees that it is responsible for such Affiliate’s compliance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement (including, but not limited to any ancillary document executed hereunder) and (b) shall be liable to Customer for the acts and omissions of such Affiliate to the same extent that liability to Customer would accrue under the Agreement as if such acts or omissions had been performed or made by CSG. For purposes of this Section 42., “Affiliate” of CSG includes any person or entity directly or indirectly owned or controlled by CSG Systems International, Inc., where “control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such person or entity whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, credit arrangement or otherwise.

THIS AMENDMENT is executed on the day and year last signed below (the "Effective Date").

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.	CSG SYSTEMS, INC.
By: /s/ Robert C. Bennett	By:  /s/ Gregory L. Cannon
Name:  Robert C. Bennett	Name:  Gregory L. Cannon
Title:  Vice President	Title:  SVP, Secretary & General Counsel
Date:  10/18/18	Date:  10/18/18

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

EXHIBIT A-8

CSG TechSee

CSG TechSee enables call center agents to resolve issues through direct, web-based interactions with subscribers and field staff and reduce expensive on-site support calls.

TechSee technology allows customers to share a video or photos with customer support representatives. Augmented Vision Support technology provides the contact center with a solution to quickly visually connect with the customers' physical environment while they are on the call via their smartphone camera. This allows the agent to see the problem, diagnose the issue, and show the customer what to do visually, using augmented reality technology, from their desktop environment.

TechSee Live Contact Center enables smooth transformation, efficient service, and optimal customer experience that keeps customers satisfied and enhances operational efficiencies. The solution is simple to operate, and works across different smartphones, mobile operating systems, and browsers. No software installation or application downloads are required.

ADDITIONAL TERMS:

1.Confidentiality and Authorized Provider.  Customer hereby agrees that, as a result of CSG’s provision of CSG TechSee service, TechSee Vendor may have access to Confidential Information, including PII, of Customer's Subscribers.  Customer hereby authorizes CSG to provide such access to the TechSee Vendor and Customer hereby provides CSG a limited release and waiver of all rights and claims which Customer may have, whether presently known or unknown against CSG, which arise solely out of CSG’s provision of access to Customer Confidential Information for the limited purpose of TechSee Vendor’s provision of the TechSee services.  Notwithstanding the access CSG provides to the TechSee Vendor, the foregoing shall not act to relieve CSG of the Confidentiality obligations provided in the Agreement.  In addition, Customer agrees to indemnify and hold CSG harmless of any third party claims resulting solely from CSG’s provision of access to TechSee Vendor of Customer Confidential Information, specifically including Subscriber data provided to TechSee Vendor for its use in providing TechSee services hereunder.  Customer authorizes CSG to engage the services of a third party in the provision of the CSG TechSee Service (“TechSee Vendor”).  CSG agrees to be liable for the acts and omission of the TechSee Vendor in the provision of TechSee services hereunder.

2.Ownership.  All trademarks, service marks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights in or related to TechSee are and will remain vested in, and the sole and exclusive property of, respectively, CSG and/or TechSee Vendor, whether or not specifically recognized or perfected under applicable law.  CSG and/or TechSee Vendor, as applicable, shall own all rights, title and interest, including all intellectual property rights, in and to any improvements to TechSee or to any new programs, upgrades, modifications or enhancements thereto, even when such refinements and improvements result from Customer’s request.  The intellectual property rights in the Software as supplied to the Customer by the TechSee Vendor directly or through CSG, including any enhancements and modifications thereof, shall be the absolute property of, and shall vest and remain vested, in TechSee and as applicable CSG.  To the extent, if any, that ownership in such refinements and improvements does not automatically vest in CSG and/or TechSee Vendor by virtue of this Amendment or otherwise, Customer hereby transfers and assigns (and, if applicable, shall cause its affiliates to transfer and assign) to CSG and/or TechSee Vendor, as applicable, all rights, title and interest which Customer or any of its affiliates may have in and to such refinements and improvements. Nothing in this Exhibit or the Agreement is intended to grant to the Customer any rights with respect to any software. For the avoidance of doubt, the Customer shall have no rights in and to any modifications, enhancements or any derivative works created by or on behalf of the Customer, if any, relating to CSG TechSee Service, all of which (and all copyright and other intellectual property rights therein) shall belong to CSG and/or the TechSee Vendor.    

3.Third Party Beneficiary.  As to Section 1 under the Additional Terms of this Exhibit, Customer understands and agrees that TechSee Vendor is a third party beneficiary solely to the additional terms provided in this Exhibit A-8 of Schedule A to the Agreement.

EX-10.23BG

Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped “Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,” and places where information has been redacted have been marked with (***).

Exhibit10.23BG

SIXTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT

TO

MASTER SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

CSG SYSTEMS, INC.

AND

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.

This SIXTY-EIGHTH AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) is made by and between CSG Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CSG”), and DISH Network L.L.C.,a Colorado limited liability company (“Customer”).  This Amendment shall be effective as of the date last signed below (the “Effective Date”).  CSG and Customer entered into a certain CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement (CSG document no. 2301656) effective as of January 1, 2010, as amended (the “Agreement”), and now desire to further amend the Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment.  If the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment conflict with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment shall control.  Any terms in initial capital letters or all capital letters used as a defined term but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreement.  Upon execution of this Amendment by the parties, any subsequent reference to the Agreement between the parties shall mean the Agreement as amended by this Amendment.  Except as amended by this Amendment, the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms.

CSG and Customer agree to the following as of the Effective Date of this Amendment:

1. Customer desires to use, and CSG agrees to provide to Customer, CSG’s Automated Refunds Solution as a Recurring Service under the Agreement.  Therefore, the following changes are hereby made to the Agreement:

a. SCHEDULE A, “Services”, is hereby amended to add “CSG Automated Refunds Solution” to the list of Additional Services and by adding a new Exhibit A-9, which is attached to this Amendment.

2. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG SERVICES, of the Agreement is hereby AMENDED to add a new Section XVIII entitled “CSG Automated Refunds Solution” as follows:

CSG SERVICES

XVIII.  CSG Automated Refunds Solution

Description of Item/Unit of Measure	Frequency	Fees
1.Hosting Costs	*******	$******
2.Maintenance and Support (Note 1)	*******	****** (**) *** *****

Note 1:  ASH hours will be billed at the applicable rate set forth in that certain Sixty-Fifth Amendment, “ASH and New Rates” (CSG document no. 4120207).  

3. CSG and Customer agree the CSG Payment Gateway Service must be used by Customer in order for CSG to provide the functionality of CSG’s Automated Refunds Solution.  As a result, the defined Payment Gateway Term provided in the Twenty-Ninth Amendment (CSG document no. 2314181), shall be deleted in its entirety and unless terminated earlier pursuant to the Agreement, CSG Payment Gateway Service availability shall be coterminous with the Term of the Agreement.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

THIS AMENDMENT is executed on the day and year last signed below (the "Effective Date").

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.	CSG SYSTEMS, INC.
By: /s/ Robert C. Bennett	By:  /s/ Gregory L. Cannon
Name:  Robert C. Bennett	Name:  Gregory L. Cannon
Title:  Vice President	Title:  SVP, Secretary & General Counsel
Date:  10/18/18	Date:  10/17/18

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

EXHIBIT A-9

CSG Automated Refunds Solution

CSG Automated Refunds Solution is a CSG developed solution that provides a mechanism for automatically approving credit card, EFT and Check refunds to the customer based on receiving an Event Notification Interface (ENI) record from CCS.  The solution also provides a way for the Customer to disapprove refunds when needed.  For credit card refunds that are approved by the Customer, the solution determines what credit card should be used for the application of the refund.  Once determined the record is sent to CSG’s Payment Manager for processing.  Approved EFT and Check refunds are sent via a file to Customer for processing.

ADDITIONAL TERMS:

Limitation of Liability.

SOLELY WITH REGARD TO CSG’S PROVISION OF THE AUTOMATED refund SERVICES, CSG SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO customer FOR PERFORMANCE OR FAILURE OF PERFORMANCE OF ANY CARD PROCESSOR, CARD ACQUIRER, ISSUING BANK, CARD ASSOCIATION, ODFI, receiving DEPOSITORY FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, ACH OPERATOR, OR COMMUNICATIONS PROVIDER EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT CSG CONTROLS, SUPERVISES OR DIRECTS THE ACTION OF ANY SUCH PARTY.

EX-10.23BH

Pages where confidential treatment has been requested are stamped “Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission,” and places where information has been redacted have been marked with (***).

Exhibit10.23BH

SEVENTIETH AMENDMENT

TO

MASTER SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AGREEMENT

BETWEEN

CSG SYSTEMS, INC.

AND

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.

This SEVENTIETH AMENDMENT (this “Amendment”) is made by and between CSG Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CSG”), and DISH Network L.L.C.,a Colorado limited liability company (“Customer”).  This Amendment shall be effective as of the date last signed below (the “Effective Date”).  CSG and Customer entered into a certain CSG Master Subscriber Management System Agreement (CSG document no. 2301656) effective as of January 1, 2010, as amended (the “Agreement”), and now desire to further amend the Agreement in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment.  If the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment shall be in conflict with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment shall control.  Any terms in initial capital letters or all capital letters used as a defined term but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreement.  Upon execution of this Amendment by the parties, any subsequent reference to the Agreement between the parties shall mean the Agreement as amended by this Amendment.  Except as amended by this Amendment, the terms and conditions set forth in the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect according to their terms.

CSG and Customer agree to the following as of the Effective Date of this Amendment:

1. Customer desires to use, and CSG agrees to provide to Customer, CSG Roojoom as a Product under the Agreement.  Therefore, the following changes are hereby made to the Agreement:

a. SCHEDULE B-1 toSchedule B, “Products”, is hereby amended to add “CSG Roojoom” to the list of CSG Products and by adding a new EXHIBIT B-1(d), which is attached to this Amendment.

2. Additionally, SCHEDULE F, “FEES”, CSG LICENSED PRODUCTS, of the Agreement is hereby AMENDED to add a new Section III entitled “CSG Roojoom” as follows:

III.  CSG Roojoom

Description of Item	Frequency	Fees
1. Roojoom Implementation Fee (Note 2) (Note 4)	*** ****	$**********
2.License Pricing (Note 4)	*** ****	$************

Note 1: CSG license fees are based upon provision of a ******** ************** license to Customer for a ****** (**) ***** license term beginning on the date usable to Customer.

Note 2:  Initial implementation shall be provided pursuant to that certain SOW, “CSG Roojoom Implementation” (CSG document no. 4126373) pursuant to which Customer shall be invoiced fees thereunder.  Any additional customizations or out of scope items requested by Customer shall be provided pursuant to a mutually agreed Statement of Work.

Note 3: License Pricing ******** ** ********* ****** ** ********, an ********* ****** ** ******** **************, and ********* ****** ** ******** ******* ******.

Note 4: Customer agrees to be invoiced as of the 70^th Amendment Effective Date and pay the $********** Implementation fee and the initial ****** License Fee of $************ in accordance with the terms of the Agreement.  

Note 5: Customer is responsible for Reimbursable Expenses, if any, incurred by CSG or its Affiliates resulting from this project; Reimbursable Expenses shall be *********** *** ****** at **** ******* (*%) of the ******* and ************** **** and will be invoiced pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Agreement.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

3. Customer and CSG agree the Fees incurred by Customer for the License Pricing for the initial ****** (**) ***** license term and Roojoom Implementation Fee as listed in the table above shall be applied to ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, as defined in the 61st Amendment to the Agreement or any future amendments altering the ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, for the applicable ******** **** in which they are invoiced, unless otherwise provided in the Agreement or an applicable SOW. For clarification, in the event ********** ******* ******** ******** ********** has been ********* *** ****, CSG and Customer agree the Fees applicable to CSG Roojoom will be applied to ********** ******* ******** ******** ********** *** ****.

4. With the exception of the License Pricing and Roojoom Implementation Fee, Customer and CSG agree that any additional Fees incurred by CSG to Customer which are applicable to Customer’s use of CSG Roojoom shall be applied to ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, as defined in the 61st Amendment to the Agreement or any future amendments altering the ********** ******* ******** ******** **********, for the applicable ******** **** in which they are invoiced unless otherwise provided in a subsequent amendment to the Agreement or an applicable SOW. For clarification purposes, Fees incurred by Customer for CSG Roojoom shall be applied against ********** ******* ******** ******** ********** in the year in which the Fees are incurred.  Any ****** **** shall not decrement or be applied against ********** ******* ******** ******** **********.

THIS AMENDMENT is executed on the day and year last signed below (the "Effective Date").

DISH NETWORK L.L.C.	CSG SYSTEMS, INC.
By: /s/ John W. Swieringa	By:  /s/ Gregory L. Cannon
Name:  John W. Swieringa	Name:  Gregory L. Cannon
Title:  EVP & COO	Title:  SVP, Secretary & General Counsel
Date:  December 5, 2018	Date:  Dec 7, 2018

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

EXHIBIT B-1(d)

CSG Roojoom

CSG Roojoom provides Customer the ability to provide subscribers with personalized journeys that support service utilization, upselling, self-service, and brand loyalty.  Each subscriber is assigned a private CSG Roojoom, using unique customer experience and journey management algorithms to communicate with the subscriber and create, manage and optimize real-time personalized video programs that can be used across the subscriber lifecycle touchpoints.  Each algorithm engages with the subscriber throughout the journey and each algorithm generates a personal web-site and messaging using Customer provided content.  

➢Included in the CSG Roojoom Product:

• Software License

• Hosting and operating the CSG Roojoom platform via third party cloud solution

• Optimization cycle for improved performance as needed (machine learning optimization, narrative, images, reach outs)

• Monitoring and maintaining the program

• License for all components of the CSG Roojoom software license components specified below

Components included as part of the CSG Roojoom Product:

Software component	Status
CSG Roojoom run time engine	********
Journey templates logic & configuration	********
Customer data feed interface	********
External email server interface add-on	********
External SMS server interface add-on	********
Security	********
Email server	********
SMS server	********
Ad/retargeting add-on	********
On-site SDK add-on	********
App SDK add-on	********
Analytics engine	********
Analytics interface & dashboard	********
Content Management System (CMS) composer	********
Content Management System (CMS) content database	********
Customer management	********
Customer database	********
Mobile player	********
Desktop player	********
Roojoom Machine Learning processor	********
Configuration and admin interface (GUI)	********

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

ADDITIONAL TERMS:

1.Confidentiality and Authorized Provider.  Customer hereby agrees that, as a result of CSG’s provision of CSG Roojoom, Roojoom Vendor shall have access to Confidential Information, including PII, of Customer's subscribers.  Customer hereby authorizes CSG to provide such access to the Roojoom Vendor and Customer hereby provides CSG a limited release and waiver of all rights and claims which Customer may have, whether presently known or unknown against CSG, which arise solely out of CSG’s provision of access to Customer Confidential Information for the limited purpose of Roojoom Vendor’s provision of the CSG Roojoom.  Notwithstanding the access CSG provides to the Roojoom Vendor, the foregoing shall not act to relieve CSG of the Confidentiality obligations provided in the Agreement.  In addition, Customer agrees to indemnify and hold CSG harmless of any third party claims resulting solely from CSG’s provision of access to Roojoom Vendor of Customer Confidential Information, specifically including subscriber data provided to Roojoom Vendor for its use in providing CSG Roojoom hereunder.  Customer authorizes CSG to engage the services of a third party in the provision of CSG Roojoom (“Roojoom Vendor”).  CSG agrees to be liable for the acts and omission of the Roojoom Vendor in the provision of TechSee services hereunder.

2.Ownership.  All trademarks, service marks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights, information, including feedback data (e.g., questions, comments, suggestions or the like) (whether orally or in writing) regarding the CSG Roojoom platform, in or related to CSG Roojoom are and will remain vested in, and the sole and exclusive property of, respectively, CSG and/or Roojoom Vendor, whether or not specifically recognized or perfected under applicable law.  CSG and/or Roojoom Vendor, as applicable, shall own all rights, title and interest, including all intellectual property rights, in and to any improvements to CSG Roojoom or to any new programs, upgrades, modifications or enhancements thereto, even when such refinements and improvements result from Customer’s request.  The intellectual property rights in the Software as supplied to the Customer by the Roojoom Vendor directly or through CSG, including any enhancements and modifications thereof, shall be the absolute property of, and shall vest and remain vested, in Roojoom Vendor and as applicable CSG.  To the extent, if any, that ownership in such refinements and improvements does not automatically vest in CSG and/or Roojoom Vendor by virtue of this Agreement or otherwise, Customer hereby transfers and assigns (and, if applicable, shall cause its affiliates to transfer and assign) to CSG and/or Roojoom Vendor, as applicable, all rights, title and interest which Customer or any of its affiliates may have in and to such refinements and improvements. Nothing in this Exhibit or the Agreement is intended to grant to the Customer any rights with respect to any software beyond what is expressly provided herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Customer shall have no rights in and to any modifications, enhancements or any derivative works created by or on behalf of the Customer beyond what is expressly providing herein, if any, relating to CSG Roojoom, all of which (and all copyright and other intellectual property rights therein) shall belong to CSG and/or the Roojoom Vendor.    

3.Roojoom Vendor.  Roojoom Vendor has the right to immediately suspend Customer’s license in the event Customer’s use violates applicable law.  Such suspension will last for ****** (**) **** or until such violation of the law is shown by Customer to be cured. CSG shall notify Customer immediately of any such suspension and shall facilitiate conversation with Roojoom Vendor to assist Customer in resolving the suspension of CSG Roojoom.  Roojoom Vendor may, but is under no duty to, review content that was uploaded to the CSG Roojoom platform and remove, block access or use of such content, or refuse to upload it on the CSG Roojoom platform, if Roojoom Vendor determines such content includes or does the following: (1) infringes or violates intellectual property rights of other parties, including patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks; (2) identifies minors, their personal details or their address and ways to contact them; (3) includes software viruses, Trojan Horses, Worms, Vandals, Spyware and any other malicious applications; (4) encourages, supports, assists, provides instructions or advice in the committment of a criminal offense, under the applicable laws; (5) constitutes a violation of a person’s right for privacy or right of publicity; (6) is prohibited by any applicable law, including court restraining orders, to be posted, published, disseminated, or otherwise made available to the public; (7) threatens, abusive, harassing, defamatory, libelous, vulgar, violent, obscene or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable; and (8) unsolicited commercial communications (‘spam’), chain letters, or pyramid schemes.

*** Confidential Treatment Requested and the Redacted Material has been separately filed with the Commission.

4.Third Party Beneficiary.  As to the Additional Terms of this Exhibit, Customer understands and agrees that Roojoom Vendor is a third party beneficiary solely to the additional terms provided in this Exhibit for CSG Roojoom.

EX-21.01

EXHIBIT 21.01

CSG Systems International, Inc.

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

As of December 31, 2018

Subsidiary	State or Country of Organization
Ascade AB	Sweden
Ascade Holdings AB	Sweden
Ascade Middle East FZ-LLC	United Arab Emirates
Billing Intec Uruguay S.A.	Uruguay
Comtecnet Incorporated	New Jersey
CSG Forte Payments, Inc.	Delaware
CSG Forte Payments Canada, Inc.	Delaware
CSG Interactive Messaging, Inc.	Delaware
CSG International Australia Pty Limited	Australia
CSG International Colombia SAS	Colombia
CSG International (NZ) Limited	New Zealand
CSG International Pty Limited	Australia
CSG International PTE Ltd	Singapore
CSG International Sdn Bhd	Malaysia
CSG Media, LLC	Delaware
CSG Mobile Card Investment, LLC	Delaware
CSG SA Holdings (Pty) Limited	South Africa
CSG SA Services (Pty) Limited	South Africa
CSG Systems International, Inc.	Delaware
CSG Systems U.K. Limited	United Kingdom
CSG Systems, Inc.	Delaware
Digiquant, Inc.	Delaware
Independent Technology Billing Solutions S de RL de CV	Mexico
CSG International (India) Pvt. Ltd.	India
Independent Technology Systems Limited	United Kingdom
Independent Technology Systems Scandinavia AB	Sweden
Independent Technology Systems SL Unipersonal	Spain
Intec Billing (Holding) Canada Ltd	Canada
Intec Billing Canada Ltd.	Canada
Intec Billing Ireland	Ireland
Intec Billing Nigeria Limited	Nigeria
Intec Billing, Inc.	Delaware
Intec Telecom Systems (France) SARL	France
Intec Telecom Systems Denmark A/S	Denmark
Intec Telecom Systems Deutschland GmbH	Germany
Intec Telecom Systems do Brasil Limitada	Brazil
Intec Telecom Systems Italia S.P.A.	Italy
Intec Telecom Systems Limited	United Kingdom
Intec Telecom Systems South Africa (Pty) Limited	South Africa
P.T. CSG International Indonesia	Indonesia
Volubill Danmark ApS	Denmark
Volubill, Inc.	Delaware

EX-23.01

EXHIBIT 23.01

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors
CSG Systems International, Inc.:

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement (File Nos. 333‑10315, 333‑117928, 333‑125584, 333‑176579, 333‑176580, 333‑196530, and 333‑227000) on Form S‑8 of CSG Systems International, Inc. of our reports dated February 22, 2019, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of CSG Systems International, Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, which reports appears in the December 31, 2018 annual report on Form 10‑K CSG Systems International, Inc.

Our report dated February 22, 2019, on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 contains an explanatory paragraph that states that the Company acquired Forte Payment Systems, Inc. on October 1, 2018, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, Forte Payment Systems, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting associated with $234.1 million and $92.2 million of total assets and net assets, respectively, and total revenues of $24.9 million included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Forte Payment Systems, Inc.

Our report dated February 22, 2019, on the consolidated financial statements and related notes as of December 31, 2018 contains an explanatory paragraph that refers to the Company’s adoption of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Omaha, Nebraska
February 22, 2019

EX-31.01

EXHIBIT 31.01

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Bret C. Griess, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSG Systems International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	February 22, 2019	/s/ Bret C. Griess
		Bret C. Griess
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.02

EXHIBIT 31.02

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Rolland B. Johns, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CSG Systems International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):  

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	February 22, 2019	/s/ Rolland B. Johns
		Rolland B. Johns
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.01

EXHIBIT 32.01

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Report”) for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.  

Bret C. Griess, the Chief Executive Officer and Rolland B. Johns, the Chief Financial Officer of CSG Systems International, Inc., each certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

        (1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

        (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of CSG Systems International, Inc.

February 22, 2019

/s/ Bret C. Griess

Bret C. Griess

President and Chief Executive Officer

February 22, 2019

/s/ Rolland B. Johns

Rolland B. Johns

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Feb. 15, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Document And Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL INC
Entity Central Index Key	0001005757
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Trading Symbol	CSGS
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Public Float			$ 1,021,190,980
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		32,987,206

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 139,277	$ 122,243
Short-term investments	23,603	139,117
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	162,880	261,360
Settlement assets	124,627
Trade accounts receivable:
Billed, net of allowance of $3,115 and $4,149	235,827	219,531
Unbilled	37,227	31,187
Income taxes receivable	6,720	13,839
Other current assets	32,286	28,349
Total current assets	599,567	554,266
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net of depreciation of $93,278 and $123,126	81,813	44,651
Intangible assets	101,856
Goodwill	255,816	210,080
Client contract costs, net of amortization of $43,051 and zero	37,289
Deferred income taxes	11,087	14,057
Other assets	26,934	10,948
Total non-current assets	514,795	350,268
Total assets	1,114,362	904,534
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	7,500	22,500
Client deposits	36,889	31,053
Trade accounts payable	45,386	38,420
Accrued employee compensation	61,107	62,984
Settlement liabilities	123,613
Deferred revenue	40,236	41,885
Income taxes payable	218	1,216
Other current liabilities	35,442	24,535
Total current liabilities	350,391	222,593
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts of $14,549 and $18,264	352,326	309,236
Deferred revenue	17,527	12,346
Income taxes payable	2,284	2,415
Deferred income taxes	8,205	4,584
Other non-current liabilities	22,605	10,614
Total non-current liabilities	402,947	339,195
Total liabilities	753,338	561,788
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.01 per share; 10,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding
Common stock, par value $.01 per share; 100,000 shares authorized; 4,460 and 2,702 shares reserved for employee stock purchase plan and stock incentive plans; 33,158 and 33,516 shares outstanding	693	689
Common stock warrants; 439 warrants vested; 1,425 issued	9,082	9,082
Additional paid-in capital	441,417	427,091
Treasury stock, at cost; 34,779 and 34,075 shares	(842,360)	(814,732)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on short-term investments, net of tax	2	(88)
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments	(42,937)	(28,734)
Accumulated earnings	795,127	749,438
Total stockholders' equity	361,024	342,746
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	1,114,362	904,534
Software
Non-current assets:
Intangible assets	36,400	26,906
Client contracts
Non-current assets:
Intangible assets		$ 43,626
Acquired client contracts
Non-current assets:
Intangible assets	$ 65,456

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Trade accounts receivable-billed, allowance	$ 3,115	$ 4,149
Property and equipment, accumulated depreciation	93,278	123,126
Intangibles, accumulated amortization	202,073
Client contract costs, accumulated amortization	43,051	0
Long-term debt, unamortized discounts	$ 14,549	$ 18,264
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares reserved for employee stock purchase plan and stock incentive plans	4,460,000	2,702,000
Common stock, shares outstanding	33,158,000	33,516,000
Common stock warrants, vested	439,000	439,000
Common stock warrants, issued	1,425,000	1,425,000
Treasury stock, shares	34,779,000	34,075,000
Software
Intangibles, accumulated amortization	$ 119,381	$ 108,986
Client contracts
Intangibles, accumulated amortization	0	97,109
Acquired client contracts
Intangibles, accumulated amortization	$ 82,692	$ 0

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 875,059	$ 789,582	$ 760,958
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation, shown separately below):
Total cost of revenues	449,820	394,811	375,147
Other operating expenses:
Research and development	124,034	113,215	98,683
Selling, general and administrative	169,308	153,695	140,467
Depreciation	18,304	13,380	13,616
Restructuring and reorganization charges	8,661	8,796	416
Total operating expenses	770,127	683,897	628,329
Operating income	104,932	105,685	132,629
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(17,667)	(16,794)	(16,262)
Amortization of original issue discount	(2,664)	(2,790)	(4,866)
Interest and investment income, net	2,646	3,246	2,457
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(810)		(8,651)
Other, net	550	(1,637)	(5,308)
Total other	(17,945)	(17,975)	(32,630)
Income before income taxes	86,987	87,710	99,999
Income tax provision	(20,857)	(26,346)	(37,117)
Net income	$ 66,130	$ 61,364	$ 62,882
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	32,488	32,415	30,968
Diluted	32,855	32,865	33,014
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$ 2.04	$ 1.89	$ 2.03
Diluted	$ 2.01	$ 1.87	$ 1.90
Cloud and Related Solutions
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 766,377	$ 651,010	$ 606,936
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation, shown separately below):
Total cost of revenues	392,801	315,006	282,952
Software and Services
Revenues:
Total revenues	58,101	62,892	79,400
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation, shown separately below):
Total cost of revenues	34,870	39,018	49,202
Maintenance
Revenues:
Total revenues	50,581	75,680	74,622
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation, shown separately below):
Total cost of revenues	$ 22,149	$ 40,787	$ 42,993

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Statement Of Income And Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 66,130	$ 61,364	$ 62,882
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(14,203)	16,479	(18,925)
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on short-term investments arising during period	90	71	(62)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(14,113)	16,550	(18,987)
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	$ 52,017	$ 77,914	$ 43,895

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Common Stock Warrants	Additional Paid-in Capital	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Earnings
Balance, beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2015	$ 345,845	$ 672	$ 7,310	$ 503,254	$ (814,437)	$ (26,385)	$ 675,431
Balance, beginning of period, shares at Dec. 31, 2015		32,555
Net income	62,882						62,882
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax	(62)					(62)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(18,925)					(18,925)
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	43,895
Repurchase of common stock	(25,196)	$ (3)		(13,628)	(11,565)
Repurchase of common stock, shares		(662)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan	1,547			1,547
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan, shares		44
Stock-based compensation income tax benefits	4,729			4,729
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		$ 5		(5)
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		572
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		$ (2)		2
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		(248)
Stock-based compensation expense	22,745			22,745
Issuance of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast	8,697		8,697
Issuance of convertible notes	9,816			9,816
Repurchase of convertible notes, net of tax	(97,410)			(97,410)
Debt conversion obligation reclassification	(39,841)			(39,841)
Declaration of cash dividends	(23,467)						(23,467)
Balance, ending of period at Dec. 31, 2016	251,360	$ 672	16,007	391,209	(826,002)	(45,372)	714,846
Balance, ending of period, shares at Dec. 31, 2016		32,261
Net income	61,364						61,364
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax	71					71
Foreign currency translation adjustments	16,479					16,479
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	77,914
Repurchase of common stock	(30,649)	$ (2)		(10,099)	(20,548)
Repurchase of common stock, shares		(749)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan	1,776			1,776
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan, shares		50
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		$ 6		(6)
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		649
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		(39)
Stock-based compensation expense	20,996			20,996
Issuance of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast	9,082		9,082
Exercise of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast		$ 6	(16,007)	641	15,360
Exercise of common stock warrants, granted to Comcast, shares		649
Repurchase of convertible notes, net of tax	39,039	$ 7		22,574	16,458
Repurchase of convertible notes, net of tax, shares		695
Declaration of cash dividends	(26,772)						(26,772)
Balance, ending of period at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 342,746	$ 689	9,082	427,091	(814,732)	(28,822)	749,438
Balance, ending of period, shares at Dec. 31, 2017	33,516	33,516
Net income	$ 66,130						66,130
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net of tax	90					90
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(14,203)					(14,203)
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	52,017
Repurchase of common stock	(34,967)			(7,339)	(27,628)
Repurchase of common stock, shares		(862)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan	2,311			2,311
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan, shares		71
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		$ 5		(5)
Issuance of restricted common stock pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		553
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans		$ (1)		1
Cancellation of restricted common stock issued pursuant to stock-based compensation plans, shares		(120)
Stock-based compensation expense	19,358			19,358
Declaration of cash dividends	(28,003)						(28,003)
Adjustments due to adoption of new accounting standards	7,562						7,562
Balance, ending of period at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 361,024	$ 693	$ 9,082	$ 441,417	$ (842,360)	$ (42,935)	$ 795,127
Balance, ending of period, shares at Dec. 31, 2018	33,158	33,158

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 66,130	$ 61,364	$ 62,882
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities-
Depreciation	18,304	13,380	13,616
Amortization	44,328	29,501	27,626
Amortization of original issue discount	2,664	2,790	4,866
Asset impairment	1,851	3,135
Gain on short-term investments and other	(101)	(184)	(83)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	810		8,651
Gain on disposition of business operations			(6,611)
Deferred income taxes	4,913	7,112	(2,811)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation awards			(4,729)
Stock-based compensation	19,358	21,049	22,715
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired amounts:
Trade accounts receivable, net	(138)	(6,421)	(23,243)
Other current and non-current assets and liabilities	(23,179)	2,875	255
Income taxes payable/receivable	5,055	(2,729)	(14,167)
Trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(7,146)	(4,377)	(5,738)
Deferred revenue	10,492	(300)	957
Net cash provided by operating activities	143,341	127,195	84,186
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of software, property and equipment	(57,104)	(28,942)	(14,263)
Purchases of short-term investments	(75,022)	(182,247)	(196,967)
Proceeds from sale/maturity of short-term investments	190,778	193,465	157,825
Acquisition of and investments in business, net of cash acquired	(144,791)
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		(12,180)	(7,587)
Proceeds from the disposition of business operations			8,850
Net cash used in investing activities	(86,139)	(29,904)	(52,142)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,311	1,776	1,547
Payment of cash dividends	(27,979)	(26,850)	(24,110)
Repurchase of common stock	(34,726)	(30,649)	(25,196)
Proceeds from long-term debt	150,000		230,000
Payments on long-term debt	(125,625)	(15,000)	(7,500)
Repurchase of convertible notes			(215,676)
Excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation awards			4,729
Settlement of convertible notes		(34,771)
Payments of deferred financing costs	(1,490)		(6,744)
Net cash used in financing activities	(37,509)	(105,494)	(42,950)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash	(2,659)	4,095	4,626
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	17,034	(4,108)	(6,280)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	122,243	126,351	132,631
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	139,277	122,243	126,351
Cash paid during the period for-
Interest	15,857	14,729	12,191
Income taxes	$ 10,426	$ 22,144	$ 53,020

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General

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements [Abstract]

General

1. General

CSG Systems International, Inc. (the “Company”, “CSG”, or forms of the pronoun “we”), a Delaware corporation, was formed in October 1994 and is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado. We are a revenue management and digital monetization, customer experience, and payment solutions provider primarily serving the global communications industry. We have over 35 years of experience supporting communications service providers’ management of their revenue, customer communications, and digital ecosystem as they advance their video, voice, data content, and digital services to consumers. Over the years, we have focused our research and development (“R&D”) and acquisition investments on expanding our solution set to address the complex, transformative needs of service providers. We are a S&P SmallCap 600 company.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements (“Financial Statements”) are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted (“GAAP”) in the United States of America (“U.S.”).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation. Our Financial Statements include all of our accounts and our subsidiaries’ accounts. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Translation of Foreign Currency. Our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of the countries in which they operate as their functional currency. Their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements. The preparation of our Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The more critical estimates and related assumptions that affect our financial position and results of operations are in the areas of: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies.

Revenue Recognition. We adopted Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) as of January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effect method and have applied ASC 606 to all contracts with clients that had not been completed as of the date of initial application. In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we recorded a cumulative adjustment increasing beginning retained earnings (net of tax) by approximately $7 million, primarily related to contracts that we were previously required to defer revenue as we did not have vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value for certain undelivered elements. Since we adopted ASC 606 using the cumulative effect method, comparative information in our Financial Statements has not been adjusted and continues to be as previously reported.

The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on our Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	As of  December 31, 2018
Condensed Balance Sheet	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	$	37,227		$	(451	)	$	36,776
Other current assets		32,286			5,834			38,120
Client contracts, net of amortization		—			88,733			88,733
Acquired client contracts, net of amortization		65,456			(65,456	)		—
Client contract costs, net of amortization		37,289			(37,289	)		—
Other non-current assets		26,934			8,178			35,112
Other assets		915,170			—			915,170
Total assets (1)	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911
Deferred revenue	$	57,763		$	2,463		$	60,226
Deferred income taxes		8,205			87			8,292
Other liabilities		687,370			—			687,370
Total liabilities		753,338			2,550			755,888
Accumulated earnings		795,127			(3,001	)		792,126
Other stockholders' equity		(434,103	)		—			(434,103	)
Total stockholders' equity		361,024			(3,001	)		358,023
Total stockholders' equity and liabilities	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911

(1) See Note 4 for further discussion related to the reclassification of our client contracts and client contract costs.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Income	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)	$	766,377		$	(25,960	)	$	740,417
Software and services (2)		58,101			6,072			64,173
Maintenance (2)		50,581			21,152			71,733
Total revenues		875,059			1,264			876,323
Cost of revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)		392,801			(20,419	)		372,382
Software and services (2)		34,870			875			35,745
Maintenance (2)		22,149			18,600			40,749
Total cost of revenues		449,820			(944	)		448,876
Other expenses		338,252			—			338,252
Income before income taxes		86,987			2,208			89,195
Income tax provision		(20,857	)		(640	)		(21,497	)
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Net income per diluted share	$	2.01		$	0.05		$	2.06

(2) Adjustments are primarily related to software license products and related maintenance contracted as part of our cloud solutions contracts that were not capable of being distinct as a separate performance obligation under ASC 606 and are included in cloud solutions services in the year ended December 31, 2018.  Costs associated with these products were also reclassified to cost of cloud solution services in the year ended December 31, 2018.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Cash Flows	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities -
Amortization		44,328			(4,202	)		40,126
Deferred income taxes		4,913			640			5,553
Other		44,146			—			44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets		(23,179	)		13,183			(9,996	)
Deferred revenue		10,492			(1,881	)		8,611
Other		(3,489	)		—			(3,489	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		143,341			9,308			152,649
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		—			(9,308	)		(9,308	)
Other		(86,139	)		—			(86,139	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,139	)		(9,308	)		(95,447	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(37,509	)		—			(37,509	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash		(2,659	)		—			(2,659	)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents		17,034			—			17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,243			—			122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	139,277		$	—		$	139,277

As a result of adopting ASC 606, we have changed our accounting policies for revenue recognition as discussed in more detail below.

In summary, our revenue from client contracts is primarily related to our cloud and related solutions and, to a lesser degree, software and service and related maintenance arrangements, and is measured based on consideration specified within each of our contracts, excluding sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, if any.  We account for various products and services separately if they are distinct. A product or service, or group of products or services, is distinct if it is separately identifiable from other items in the context of the contract and if our client can benefit from the product or service on their own or with other resources that are readily available to that client. We recognize revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations by transferring control of a particular product or service, or group of products or services, to our clients, as described in more detail below.  Taxes assessed on our products and services based on governmental authorities at the time of invoicing are excluded from our revenue.

Cloud and Related Solutions.

Our cloud and related solutions revenues relate to: (i) our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), cloud-based, revenue management and digital monetization solutions, and various related ancillary services; (ii) our managed services offering in which we operate software solutions (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients; and (iii) payment processing transaction services.  

We contract for our cloud-based solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years. The long-term cloud-based arrangements include a series of multiple services delivered daily or monthly, to include such things as: (i) revenue and customer communications management services; (ii) business support services (e.g., workforce management tools, consumer credit verifications, etc.); (iii) content monetization and delivery functions; and (iv) customer statement invoice printing and mailing services. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients monthly based upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services (e.g., the number of client customers maintained on our systems, the number of transactions processed on our systems, and/or the quantity and content of the monthly statements and mailings processed through our systems).

For cloud-based solution contracts, the total contract consideration (including impacts of discounts or incentives) is primarily variable dependent upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services; however, these contracts can also include ancillary fixed consideration in the form of one-time, monthly or annual fees. Although there may be multiple performance obligations, there is generally no allocation of value between the individual performance obligations as all are considered cloud and related solutions revenues that are recognized based on activities performed in each daily or monthly period.

We contract for managed services solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years.  Under managed services agreements, we may operate software products (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients: (i) out of a client’s data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center we contract with for such services. Managed services can also include us providing other services, such as transitional services, fulfillment, remittance processing, operational consulting, back office, and end user billing services.

For managed services contracts, the total contract consideration is typically a fixed fee, but these contracts may also have variable fee components. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients on a monthly basis.  Unless managed services are included with a software license contract (as discussed further below), there is generally only one performance obligation and revenue is recognized for these arrangements on a ratable basis as the services are performed.

Our contracts for payment processing transaction services are generally month-to-month or fixed term with automatic renewals. Services provided under these arrangements primarily include automated clearing house (ACH) transaction processing, credit/debit card processing, web-based and telephone payment processing and real-time check verification and authentication services. The fees for these services typically are billed on a monthly basis.

Our payment processing services are comprised of one performance obligation. Revenue for payment processing services is based primarily on a fee per transaction or a percentage of the transaction principal and recognized as delivered over a series of daily service periods. Transaction fees collected from clients are recognized as revenue on a gross basis when we are the principal in completing the payment processing transaction. As principal to the transaction, we control the service of processing payments on our platform. We bear primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the payment service, contract directly with our clients, and have full discretion in determining the fee charged to our clients which is independent of the costs we incur when we utilize payment processors or other financial institutions to perform services on our behalf.  We therefore bear full margin risk when completing a payment processing transaction.  Transaction fees paid to third-party payment processors and other financial institutions are primarily comprised of interchange and other payment-related fees paid in conjunction with the delivery of service to clients under our payment services contracts,  These fees are recognized in cost of revenue.  

Fees related to set-up or implementation activities for both cloud-based solution and managed services contracts are deferred and recognized ratably over the related service period to which the activities relate.

Depending on the significance of variable consideration, number of products/services, complex pricing structures and long-term nature of these types of contracts, the judgments and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenues recognized in any period.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue related to our cloud and related solutions contracts on a monthly basis as we provided the services.  The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition related to these contracts.

Software and Services.

Our software and services revenues relate primarily to: (i) software license sales on either a perpetual or term license basis; and (ii) professional services to implement the software. Our software and services contracts are often contracted in bundled arrangements that include not only the software license and related implementation services, but can also include maintenance, managed services and/or additional professional services.

For our software arrangements, the total contract consideration is allocated between the separate performance obligations based on stand-alone selling prices for software licenses, cost plus applicable margin for services and established pricing for maintenance.  The initial sale of software products generally requires significant production, modification or customization, such that the delivery of the software license and the related professional services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation that is satisfied over time based of hours worked (hours-based method). We are using hours worked on the project as the measure to determine progress toward completion as we believe it is the most appropriate metric to measure such progress. The software and services fees are generally billed to our clients on a milestone or date basis.

The determination of the performance obligations and allocation of value for software license arrangements require significant judgment.  We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of total project revenues and costs, along with the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to various business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made in this area could: (i) have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred. To mitigate the inherent risks in using this hours-based method, we track our performance on projects and reevaluate the appropriateness of our estimates as part of our monthly accounting cycle.

In certain instances, we sell software license volume upgrades, which provide our clients the right to use our software to process higher transaction volume levels. In these instances, we analyze the contract to determine if the volume upgrade is a separate performance obligation and if so, we recognize the value associated with the software license as revenue on the effective date of the volume upgrade.

A portion of our professional services revenues are contracted separately (e.g., business consulting services, etc.). Such contracts can either be on a fixed-price or time-and-materials basis.  Revenues from fixed-price, professional service contracts are recognized using an hours-based method, as these professional services represent a performance obligation that is satisfied over time.  Revenues from professional services contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as the services are performed.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue for our software arrangements under the guidelines of contract accounting as our software products required significant production, modification or customization and if we had VSOE of fair value for undelivered elements (e.g., maintenance), which we generally had, we would allocate a portion of the total arrangement fee to the undelivered element based on its VSOE of fair value, and the balance of the arrangement fee was recognized using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method of accounting.

Maintenance.

Our maintenance revenue relates primarily to support of our software once it has been implemented.  Maintenance revenues are recognized ratably over the software maintenance period as services are provided. Our maintenance consists primarily of client and product support, technical updates (e.g., bug fixes, etc.), and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to our software products. If specified upgrades or enhancements are offered in a contract, which is rare, they are accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Maintenance can be invoiced to our clients on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations.

As of December 31, 2018, our aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is approximately $538 million, which is made up of fixed fee consideration and guaranteed minimums expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied). We expect to recognize approximately 90% of this amount by the end of 2021, with the remaining amount recognized by the end of 2028. We have excluded from this amount variable consideration expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606). The majority of our future revenue is related to our cloud and related solution client contracts that include variable consideration dependent upon a series of monthly volumes and/or daily usage of services and have contractual terms ending from 2019 through 2028.  

We have not disclosed transaction price allocation to remaining performance obligations or an explanation thereof of comparable amounts as of December 31, 2017 (a transitional practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

Disaggregation of Revenue.

The nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and how revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted by type of revenue as presented on the face of our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income (“Income Statements”) and by geographic region as presented in Note 3.

Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable. Billed accounts receivable represents our unconditional rights to consideration. Once invoiced, our payment terms are generally between 30-60 days, and rarely do we have contracts with financing arrangements. Unbilled accounts receivable represents our rights to consideration for work completed but not billed.  Unbilled accounts receivable is transferred to billed accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional which is generally at the time of invoicing.

The following table rolls forward our unbilled accounts receivable from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Unbilled Receivables
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	31,187
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,193
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		(2,276	)
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	33,104
Recognized during the period		237,134
Reclassified to receivables		(231,689	)
Other		(1,322	)
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	37,227

Deferred Revenue.  Deferred revenue represents consideration received from clients in advance of services being performed.

The following table rolls forward our deferred revenue from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Deferred Revenue
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(54,231	)
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,344
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		2,276
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	(47,611	)
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period		38,832
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period		(50,861	)
Other		1,877
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(57,763	)

Postage. We pass through to our clients the cost of postage that is incurred on behalf of those clients, and typically require an advance payment on expected postage costs. These advance payments are included in client deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (“Balance Sheets” or “Balance Sheet”) and are classified as current liabilities regardless of the contract period. We net the cost of postage against the postage reimbursements for those clients where we require advance deposits, and include the net amount (which is not material) in cloud and related solutions revenues.  

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $3.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of restricted cash that serves to collateralize outstanding letters of credit. This restricted cash is included in cash and cash equivalents in our Balance Sheet.

Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt. Because of their short maturities, the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value.

Our short-term investments and certain of our cash equivalents are considered “available-for-sale” and are reported at fair value in our Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were not material in any period presented.

Primarily all short-term investments held by us as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have contractual maturities of less than two years from the time of acquisition. Our short-term investments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted almost entirely of fixed income securities. Proceeds from the sale/maturity of short-term investments in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $190.8 million, $193.5 million, and $157.8 million, respectively.

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	4,392	$	—	$	4,392	$	3,544	$	—	$	3,544
Commercial paper	—			9,078		9,078	—			32,467		32,467
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	—			16,357		16,357	—			124,182		124,182
U.S. government agency bonds	—			3,724		3,724	—			1,547		1,547
Asset-backed securities	—			3,522		3,522	—			13,388		13,388
Total	$	4,392	$	32,681	$	37,073	$	3,544	$	171,584	$	175,128

Valuation inputs used to measure the fair values of our money market funds were derived from quoted market prices. The fair values of all other financial instruments are based upon pricing provided by third-party pricing services. These prices were derived from observable market inputs.

We have chosen not to measure our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. The following table indicates the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of the indicated periods (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value		Value		Value
2015 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)	$	—	$	—	$	120,000	$	120,000
2018 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)		144,375		144,375		—		—
2016 Convertible debt (par value)		230,000		228,275		230,000		251,850

The fair value for our Credit Agreement was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology, while the fair value for our convertible debt was estimated based upon quoted market prices or recent sales activity, both of which are considered Level 2 inputs.  See Note 5 for discussion regarding our debt.

Settlement Assets and Settlement Liabilities. Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of our clients via payment processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client. The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust with various major financial institutions and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the clients. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held in trust and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers.

Concentrations of Credit Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to credit risk. The principal concentrations of credit risk relate to cash deposits, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. We regularly monitor credit risk exposures and take steps to mitigate the likelihood of these exposures resulting in a loss. We hold our cash deposits, cash equivalents, and short-term investments with financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition.

With the acquisition of Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”) (see Note 6), we are exposed to credit risk related to settlement assets and risk of loss related to our settlement obligations. We hold our settlement assets in major financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition. To mitigate the risk of loss due to non-performance or non-payment by a client, we perform credit risk evaluations based on multiple criteria and may require a cash deposit from the client depending on the risk profile. If a deposit is required, the cash is held in a segregated bank account for the duration of the relationship with the client. These deposits are restricted and are fully offset by corresponding liabilities and are included in Other Assets and Other Liabilities in our December 31, 2018 Balance Sheet.

We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We evaluate the credit worthiness of our clients in conjunction with our revenue recognition processes, as well as through our ongoing collectability assessment processes for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific clients, historical trends, and other information. We use various judgments and estimates in determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. See Note 3 for additional details of our concentration of accounts receivable.

The activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,149		$	3,080		$	3,600
Additions to expense		462			2,434			614
Write-offs		(1,659	)		(1,392	)		(1,102	)
Recoveries		—			5			—
Other		163			22			(32	)
Balance, end of year	$	3,115		$	4,149		$	3,080

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost (or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination) and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected in our Income Statements separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenues or the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation for income tax purposes is computed using accelerated methods.

Software. We expend substantial amounts on R&D, particularly for new products and services, or for enhancements of existing products and services. For development of software products that are to be licensed by us, we expense all costs related to the development of the software until technological feasibility is established. For development of software to be used internally (e.g., cloud-based systems software), we expense all costs prior to the application development stage.

During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we expended $124.0 million, $113.2 million, and $98.7 million, respectively, on R&D projects. We did not capitalize any R&D costs in 2018, 2017, and 2016, as the costs subject to capitalization during these periods were not material. We did not have any capitalized R&D costs included in our December 31, 2018 and 2017 Balance Sheets.

Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value.

Goodwill. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. In addition, we evaluate our goodwill on a more periodic basis (e.g., quarterly) if events occur or circumstances change that could indicate a potential impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit which includes the goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.

Contingencies. We accrue for a loss contingency when: (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred; and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The determination of accounting for loss contingencies is subject to various judgments and estimates. We do not record the benefit from a gain contingency until the benefit is realized.

Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”). Basic and diluted EPS amounts are presented on the face of our Income Statements.

The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Basic weighted-average common shares		32,488		32,415		30,968
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock		218		444	603
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes		—		—		1,062
Dilutive effect of Stock Warrants		149		6	381
Diluted weighted-average common shares		32,855		32,865		33,014

The Convertible Notes have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the current effective conversion price (see Note 5).

The Stock Warrants have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the exercise price of $26.68 per warrant (under the treasury stock method), and are not subject to performance vesting conditions (see Note 11).  

Potentially dilutive common shares related to unvested restricted stock and Stock Warrants excluded from the computation of diluted EPS, as the effect was antidilutive, were not material in any period presented.

Equity Method Investment. On July 30, 2018, we made a $2.0 million investment for a 4% noncontrolling financial interest in a payment technology and services company that enables omni-channel digital payments in Latin America. We are accounting for this investment using the equity method in accordance with Topic 323 Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures.  As of December 31, 2018, we recorded an investment of $2.8 million which includes direct costs of acquiring the investment.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date of the award, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Other Accounting Pronouncements Adopted. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This ASU requires entities to recognize at the transaction date the income tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers. This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and requires a modified retrospective transition method. We adopted this ASU in January 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Accounting Pronouncement Issued But Not Yet Effective. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).  This ASU requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than twelve months on its balance sheet.  This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. An entity is required to use a modified retrospective transition approach, but may choose to use either the effective date or the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in its financial statements as the date of initial application. .  

In 2018, we completed the process of evaluating the impact of this ASU on our accounting policies, business processes, and financial statements.  We formed a project team and completed the process of lease identification, review, and data extraction for purposes of calculating the transition adjustment to be recorded on the effective date.  In conjunction with these efforts, we updated our policies to align with the new accounting guidance and our processes to ensure we properly account for new, existing, and modifications to leases subsequent to the adoption of the ASU.  

We adopted this ASU in January of 2019, utilizing the effective date method. In conjunction with the adoption of this ASU, we recorded a balance sheet gross up of approximately $80 million, related to the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration

3. Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration

Segment Information. We have evaluated how our chief operating decision maker has organized our company for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing performance, and have concluded that as of December 31, 2018, we have one reportable segment.

Products and Services. Our products and services help companies around the world monetize and digitally enable the customer experience by accurately capturing, managing, generating, and optimizing the interactions and revenues associated with their customers. We generate a substantial percentage of our revenues from customers utilizing Advanced Convergent Platform (“ACP”), a pre-integrated hybrid cloud-based platform, and related customer communications management solutions (e.g. field force automation, analytics, electronic bill presentment, ACH, etc.) to the North American cable and satellite markets. In addition, a smaller portion of our revenues are generated from our public cloud revenue management and payments solutions serving service providers globally. These solutions serve a broad range of companies, including media, entertainment, government, insurance, and health care. Finally, we license certain products (e.g.,  mediation, partner management, rating, and charging) and provide our professional services to implement, configure, and maintain these solutions. These solutions are sometimes provided under a managed service arrangement, where we assume long-term responsibility for delivering our solutions and related operations under a defined scope and specified service levels.

Geographic Regions. For 2018, 2017, and 2016, revenues attributable to our operations in the Americas were 85%, 85%, and 86%, respectively. We use the location of the client as the basis of attributing revenues to individual regions.

Financial information relating to our operations by geographic region is as follows (in thousands):

Total Revenues:

	2018		2017		2016
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	740,885	$	669,712	$	652,376
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		89,924		72,120		69,425
Asia Pacific		44,250		47,750		39,157
Total revenues	$	875,059	$	789,582	$	760,958

Property and Equipment:	As of December 31,
	2018		2017
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	72,079	$	40,286
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		2,056		2,392
Asia Pacific		7,678		1,973
Total property and equipment	$	81,813	$	44,651

Significant Clients and Industry Concentration. A large percentage of our historical revenues have been generated from our largest clients, which are Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”), Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”), and DISH Network Corporation (“DISH”).  Due to Charter’s acquisition of Time Warner Cable, Inc. (“Time Warner”) in May 2016, in order to provide a consistent basis of comparison, Charter and Time Warner revenues and accounts receivable balances are combined in the following tables for all periods prior to the acquisition without adjustment.

Revenues from these clients represented the following percentages of our total revenues for the following years:

	2018			2017			2016
Comcast		25	%		28	%		26	%
Charter		20	%		22	%		21	%
DISH		9	%		11	%		13	%

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the percentage of net billed accounts receivable balances attributable to these clients were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Comcast		24	%		26	%
Charter		21	%		32	%
DISH		7	%		8	%

We expect to continue to generate a significant percentage of our future revenues from our largest clients, mentioned above.  There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of clients. Should a significant client: (i) terminate or fail to renew their contracts with us, in whole or in part for any reason; (ii) significantly reduce the number of customer accounts processed on our solutions, the price paid for our services, or the scope of services that we provide; or (iii) experience significant financial or operating difficulties, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

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Long-Lived Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-Lived Assets

4.Long-Lived Assets

Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment at December 31 consisted of the following (in thousands, except years):

	Useful Lives
	(Years)		2018			2017
Computer equipment	3-6		$	84,814		$	85,902
Leasehold improvements	5-10			22,494			15,463
Operating equipment	3-8			58,521			56,170
Furniture and fixtures		8		9,262			10,242
				175,091			167,777
Less - accumulated depreciation				(93,278	)		(123,126	)
Property and equipment, net			$	81,813		$	44,651

Goodwill. We do not have any intangible assets with indefinite lives other than goodwill.  A rollforward of goodwill in 2017 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

January 1, 2017 balance	$	201,094
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		9,046
December 31, 2017 balance		210,080
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Goodwill acquired during period		51,591
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		(5,795	)
December 31, 2018 balance	$	255,816

The goodwill acquired in 2018 is related to the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions discussed in Note 6.

Other Intangible Assets. As part of the adoption of ASC 606, at January 1, 2018, we reclassified our investments in client contracts and capitalized costs related to conversion/set-up activities from “client contracts” to “client contract costs” on our Balance Sheet.  As of December 31, 2018, our intangible assets subject to ongoing amortization consist of acquired client contracts and software.  Software consists of: (i) software and similar intellectual property rights from various business combinations; and (ii) internal use software.  As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying values of our other intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Gross							Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net		Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount		Amount		Amortization			Amount
Investments in client contracts	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	26,616	$	(9,782	)	$	16,834
Capitalized costs		—		—			—		26,811		(10,039	)		16,772
Acquired client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		87,308		(77,288	)		10,020
Total client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		140,735		(97,109	)		43,626
Acquired software (4)		75,156		(65,719	)		9,437		66,100		(64,268	)		1,832
Internal use software (5)		80,625		(53,662	)		26,963		69,792		(44,718	)		25,074
Total software		155,781		(119,381	)		36,400		135,892		(108,986	)		26,906
Total intangible assets	$	303,929	$	(202,073	)	$	101,856	$	276,627	$	(206,095	)	$	70,532

Other intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 include assets acquired in the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions (see Note 6).

The aggregate amortization related to client contracts included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Investments in client contracts (1)	$	—	$	7,402	$	6,591
Capitalized costs (2)		—		5,141		2,755
Acquired client contracts (3)		7,898		5,406		6,683
Total client contracts	$	7,898	$	17,949	$	16,029

(1) Investments in client contracts consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s accounts on, our customer care and billing systems.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(2) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up services related to long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(3) Acquired client contracts represent assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions.  Acquired client contracts are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to twenty years based on the approximate pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be realized.  Classification of the amortization of acquired client contracts generally follows where the acquired business’ cost of revenues is categorized in our Income Statements.

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of the acquired client contract as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 114 months.  Based on the net carrying value of these acquired client contracts, the estimated amortization for each of the five succeeding fiscal years ending December 31 will be: 2019 – $10.4 million;  2020 – $9.5 million; 2021 – $6.8 million; 2022 – $6.5 million; and 2023 – $5.5 million.  

The aggregate amortization related to software included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Acquired software (4)	$	1,801	$	1,458	$	1,806
Internal use software (5)		9,517		7,845		7,510
Total software	$	11,318	$	9,303	$	9,316

(4) Acquired software represents the software intangible assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions, which are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to fifteen years.

(5) Internal use software represents: (i) third-party software licenses; and (ii) the internal and external costs related to the implementation of the third-party software licenses.  Internal use software is amortized over its estimated useful life ranging from twelve months to ten years.

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of the software intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 51 months.  Based on the net carrying value of these intangible assets, the estimated amortization for each of the five succeeding fiscal years ending December 31 will be: 2019 – $11.2 million;  2020 – $8.9 million; 2021 – $6.9 million; 2022 – $4.9 million; and 2023 – $2.4 million.  

Client Contract Costs. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying values of our contract cost assets, related to those contracts with a contractual term greater than one year, were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018
	Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount
Client contract incentives (6)	$	28,366	$	(20,833	)	$	7,533
Capitalized costs (7)		44,469		(20,230	)		24,239
Capitalized commission fees (8)		7,505		(1,988	)		5,517
Total client contract costs	$	80,340	$	(43,051	)	$	37,289

The aggregate amortization related to our client contract costs included in our operations for 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018
Client contract incentives (6)	$	11,052
Capitalized costs (7)		10,304
Capitalized commission fees (8)		2,025
Total client contract costs	$	23,381

(6) Client contract incentives consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s account on, our outsourced solutions and are amortized ratably over the contract period to include renewal periods if applicable, which as of December 31, 2018, have termination dates that range from 2019 to 2025.  The amortization of client contract incentives is reflected as a reduction in cloud and related solutions revenue in our Income Statement.

(7) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up activities and direct material costs to fulfill long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements. These costs are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018 range from 2019 to 2023, and are included in cost of cloud and related solutions in our Income Statement.

(8) Capitalized commission fees are incremental commissions paid as a result of obtaining a customer contract. These fees are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018, range from 2019 to 2025, and are included in selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses in our Income Statement.  Incremental commission fees incurred as a result of obtaining a customer contract are expensed when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of client contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 31 months.

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

5. Debt

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our long-term debt was as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017
2015 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.75% (combined rate of 3.44% at December 31, 2017)	$                        —			$	120,000
Less - deferred financing costs	—				(2,274	)
2015 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		—			117,726
$200 million revolving loan facility, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
2018 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.5% (combined rate of 4.30% at December 31, 2018)		144,375		—
Less - deferred financing costs		(2,281	)	—
2018 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		142,094			—
$200 million revolving loan facility, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
Convertible Notes:
2016 Convertible Notes – Senior convertible notes; due March 15, 2036; cash interest at 4.25%		230,000			230,000
Less – unamortized original issue discount		(8,823	)		(11,487	)
Less – deferred financing costs		(3,445	)		(4,503	)
2016 Convertible Notes, net of unamortized discounts		217,732			214,010
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts		359,826			331,736
Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts		(7,500	)		(22,500	)
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts	$	352,326		$	309,236

Credit Agreement

2018 Credit Agreement.  On March 5, 2018, we entered into a new $350 million credit agreement (the “2018 Credit Agreement”) with a consortium of banks to replace the amended and restated $350 million credit agreement entered into in February 2015, (the “2015 Credit Agreement”).  

The 2018 Credit Agreement provides borrowings in the form of:  (i) a $150 million aggregate principal five-year term loan (the “2018 Term Loan”); and (ii) a $200 million aggregate principal five-year revolving loan facility (the “2018 Revolver”).  With the $150 million proceeds from the 2018 Term Loan, we repaid the outstanding $120 million balance of the term loan under the 2015 Credit Agreement, resulting in a net increase of available cash by $30 million, a portion of which was used to pay certain fees and expenses in connection with the refinancing, and the remainder of which was used for general corporate purposes.  

The interest rates under the 2018 Credit Agreement are based upon our choice of an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin of 1.50% - 2.50%, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 0.50% -1.50%, with the applicable margin, depending on our then-net secured total leverage ratio.  We will pay a commitment fee of 0.200% - 0.375% of the average daily unused amount of the 2018 Revolver, with the commitment fee rate also dependent upon our then-net secured total leverage ratio.  If the LIBOR rate is no longer available, then our interest rate under the Credit Agreement will be determined by the alternate base rate plus an applicable margin as discussed above.  The 2018 Credit Agreement includes mandatory repayments of the aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Term Loan (payable quarterly) for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth years, with the remaining principal balance due at maturity.  The 2018 Credit Agreement has no prepayment penalties and requires mandatory repayments under certain circumstances, including:  (i) asset sales or casualty proceeds; and (ii) proceeds of debt or preferred stock issuances.    

The 2018 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants.  In addition, the 2018 Credit Agreement has customary negative covenants that places limits on our ability to:  (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on our property; (iii) make investments; (iv) enter into mergers and consolidations; (v) sell assets; (vi) declare dividends or repurchase shares; (vii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (viii) prepay certain indebtedness; and (ix) issue capital stock of subsidiaries.  We must also meet certain financial covenants to include:  (i) a maximum total leverage ratio; (ii) a maximum first-lien leverage ratio; and (iii) a minimum interest coverage ratio.  In conjunction with the 2018 Credit Agreement, we entered into a security agreement in favor of Bank of America N.A, as collateral agent (the “Security Agreement”).  Under the Security Agreement and 2018 Credit Agreement, certain of our domestic subsidiaries have guaranteed our obligations, and have pledged substantially all of our assets to secure the obligations under the 2018 Credit Agreement and such guarantees.  

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we made $5.6 million of principal repayments on our 2018 Credit Agreement. As of  December 31, 2018, our interest rate on the 2018 Term Loan is 4.30% (adjusted LIBOR plus 1.50% per annum), effective through March 29, 2019, and our commitment fee on the 2018 Revolver is 0.20%.  As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowings outstanding on our 2018 Revolver and had the entire $200 million available to us.  

In conjunction with the closing of the 2018 Credit Agreement, we incurred financing costs of $1.5 million.  When combined with the remaining deferred financing costs of the 2015 Credit Agreement, financing costs of $2.8 million have been deferred and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the related term of the 2018 Credit Agreement. Additionally, as certain lenders from the 2015 Credit Agreement chose not to participate in the 2018 Credit Agreement syndication group, we wrote-off $0.8 million of unamortized debt issuance costs and recognized a loss on extinguishment of that debt.

Convertible Notes

2016 Convertible Notes.In March 2016, we completed an offering of $230 million of 4.25% senior convertible notes due March 15, 2036 (the “2016 Convertible Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 2016 Convertible Notes are unsecured obligations and pay 4.25% annual cash interest, payable semiannually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year.

The 2016 Convertible Notes will be convertible at the option of the note holders upon the satisfaction of specified conditions and during certain periods. During the period from, and including, December 15, 2021 to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2022 and on or after December 15, 2035, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2016 Convertible Notes at the conversion rate then in effect at any time regardless of these conditions. Under the terms of the 2016 Convertible Notes, we will adjust the conversion rate for any quarterly dividends exceeding $0.185 per share.  As of December 31, 2018, the conversion rate was 17.5298 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2016 Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $57.05 per share of our common stock.  As of December 31, 2018, the 2016 Convertible Notes were not convertible by the holders.

We will settle conversions of the 2016 Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election. It is our current intent and policy to settle our conversion obligations as follows: (i) pay cash for 100% of the par value of the 2016 Convertible Notes that are converted; and (ii) to the extent the value of our conversion obligation exceeds the par value, we can satisfy the remaining conversion obligation in our common stock, cash or a combination thereof. As of December 31, 2018, the value of our conversion obligation did not exceed the par value of the 2016 Convertible Notes.

Holders may require us to repurchase the 2016 Convertible Notes for cash on each of March 15, 2022, March 15, 2026, and March 15, 2031, or upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the 2016 Convertible Notes Indenture (the “2016 Notes Indenture”)) in each case at a purchase price equal to the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest.

We may not redeem the 2016 Convertible Notes prior to March 20, 2020. On or after March 20, 2020, we may redeem for cash all or part of the 2016 Convertible Notes if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which we provide notice of redemption. On or after March 15, 2022, we may redeem for cash all or part of the 2016 Convertible Notes regardless of the sales price condition described in the preceding sentence. In each case, the redemption price will equal the principal amount of the 2016 Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The 2016 Notes Indenture includes customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2016 Convertible Notes may be due and payable immediately. The Notes Indenture contains customary affirmative covenants, including compliance with terms of certain other indebtedness of the Company over a defined threshold amount.

The remaining original issue discount (“OID”) related to the 2016 Convertible Notes is being amortized to interest expense through December 15, 2021, the first date the 2016 Convertible Notes can be put back to us by the holders.

2010 Convertible Notes.  In March 2010, we completed an offering of $150 million of 3.0% senior subordinated convertible notes due March 1, 2017 (the “2010 Convertible Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

During 2016, we repurchased $115.3 million aggregated principal amount of our 2010 Convertible Notes at a total purchase price of $215.6 million, and recognized a loss on the repurchases of $8.7 million, to include the write-off of amortized deferred financing costs and OID.  In addition, during 2016, we had holders convert $50,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2010 Convertible Notes for a total price of $0.1 million.

In March 2017, we settled our final conversion obligation for the 2010 Convertible Notes as follows: (i) we paid cash of $34.8 million for the remaining par value of the 2010 Convertible Notes; and (ii) delivered 694,240 shares of our common shares from treasury stock, to settle the $28.8 million value of the conversion obligation in excess of the par value. See Note 11 for discussion of our equity transactions.

Estimated Maturities on Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2018, the maturities of our long-term debt, based upon: (i) the mandatory repayment schedule for the 2018 Term Loan; and (ii) the expected remaining life of the 2016 Convertible Notes, was as follows (in thousands):

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
2018 Term Loan	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	14,062	$	15,000	$	97,500
2016 Convertible Notes	—		—			230,000	—		—
Total long-term debt repayments	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	244,062	$	15,000	$	97,500

Deferred Financing Costs. As of December 31, 2018, net deferred financing costs related to the 2018 Credit Agreement were $2.3 million, and are being amortized to interest expense over the related term of the 2018 Credit Agreement (through March 2023).  As of December 31, 2018, net deferred financing costs related to the 2016 Convertible Notes were $3.4 million, and are being amortized to interest expense through December 15, 2021, the first date the 2016 Convertible Notes can be put back to us by the holders.  The net deferred financing costs are presented as a reduction from the carrying amount of the corresponding debt liability in our Balance Sheets.  Interest expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 includes amortization of deferred financing costs of $1.9 million, $2.4 million, and $2.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate on our debt borrowings, including amortization of OID, amortization of deferred financing costs, and commitment fees on the revolving loan facility, for 2018, 2017, and 2016, was approximately 5% for all periods.

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Acquisitions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

6.   ACQUISITIONS

Business Ink, Co.  On February 28, 2018, we acquired Business Ink, a multi-channel communications company based in Austin, Texas. We acquired 100% of the equity of Business Ink for a purchase price of approximately $70 million.  Business Ink provides outsourced, customized business communications services to the telecommunications, healthcare, financial services, utilities and government sectors across statements, email, mobile messaging and more. The acquisition extends the scale of our operations and platform capabilities, expands our customer base into new verticals, and further solidifies our customer communications footprint. We recorded $3.3 million of goodwill and $38.6 million of intangible assets as a result of this acquisition. The amount allocated to goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes.   

Forte Payment Systems, Inc.  

On October 1, 2018, we acquired Forte, a leading provider of advanced payment solutions headquartered in Allen, Texas. The acquisition of Forte accelerates our ability to offer a comprehensive suite of next generation payment solutions that enables service providers to provide a differentiated customer experience, while also strengthening our position in the revenue management and payments sector and allowing us to grow our footprint into new verticals.  We acquired 100% of the equity of Forte for a purchase price of approximately $93 million, (approximately $85 million, excluding cash acquired), of which approximately $13 million of the purchase price was held back subject to certain tax filings. The purchase agreement also includes provisions for $18.8 million of potential future earn-out payments over a four-year measurement period.  The earn-out payments are tied to performance-based goals and a defined service period by the eligible recipients and will be accounted for as post-acquisition compensation. As of December 31, 2018, we accrued $1.3 million related to the potential earn-out payments.  We recorded $48.3 million of goodwill and $34.4 million of intangible assets as a result of this acquisition. The determination of the deductibility of goodwill for income tax purposes is dependent on the resolution of the income tax matter discussed above.

Acquired Assets and Liabilities.  The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for our 2018 acquisitions collectively as of the dates of their respective acquisitions (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,090
Settlement assets		103,444
Trade accounts receivable		24,341
Other current assets		7,683
Property and equipment		13,539
Software		10,354
Goodwill		51,590
Acquired client contracts		63,570
Other assets		11,316
Total assets acquired		292,927
Client deposits		(6,102	)
Trade account payable		(7,147	)
Accrued employee compensation		(2,966	)
Settlement liabilities		(102,221	)
Other current liabilities		(1,706	)
Other non-current liabilities		(10,204	)
Total liabilities assumed		(130,346	)
Net assets acquired	$	162,581

The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the Forte acquisition are considered provisional, as we are awaiting resolution of the tax filings discussed above to complete the accounting for deferred income taxes.  Thus, the provisional measurement of fair value set forth above is subject to change and such changes may be significant.  We expect to complete the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable, but not later than one-year from the acquisition date.

Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of Forte clients via payment processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client.  The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust with various major banks and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the clients. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held in trust and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers.

Trade accounts receivable is primarily billed account receivable which has been adjusted to reflect an estimate for uncollectible amounts.  Property and equipment consist primarily of the estimated fair values of operational machinery and equipment. The property and equipment are being depreciated on a straight-line basis primarily over periods ranging from one to eight years.  

Software assets consist primarily of the estimated value of the acquired software technology assets. The acquired software technology assets are being amortized over their estimated lives ranging from four to eight years (weighted-average life of seven years) based on the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be achieved. The acquired client contract intangible assets represent the estimated value of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trademarks.  The acquired client contract intangible assets are being amortized over their estimated lives which range from four months to fifteen years (weighted-average life of eleven years) based upon the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be received.    

Goodwill, representing the excess of the purchase price over the net amounts assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, consists largely of the benefits from combining our operations and has been assigned to our one reportable segment.    

These acquisitions collectively contributed revenues of approximately $74 million and incurred approximately $72 million of operating expenses, excluding transaction-related costs and earn-out compensation of $3.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, which are primarily recorded in SG&A in our Income Statement.

Supplemental Pro Forma Information.  The following supplemental pro forma summary presents our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, assuming the acquisitions of Business Ink and Forte had been completed as of the beginning of each year, is presented in the table below (in thousands, except for per share amounts). These amounts were calculated to reflect the additional depreciation and amortization expense that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to the acquired fixed assets and intangible assets had been applied as of the beginning of each year. Adjustments were also made to exclude certain one-time costs included in the results of operations for Business Ink and Forte related to these acquisitions. In addition, transaction related costs and earn-out compensation of $3.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, have been excluded from the pro forma results.  The pro forma adjustments related to income tax expense have been recorded at the statutory rates in effect during the periods presented. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions been completed on January 1, 2017 or January 1, 2018, nor are they indicative of any future results.

	(Unaudited) Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Total revenues	$	960,160	$	935,565
Net income		69,759		64,868
Diluted income per common share:
Income from continuing operations	$	2.12	$	1.97
Weighted average common shares		32,855		32,865

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Restructuring and Reorganization Charges

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Restructuring And Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring and Reorganization Charges

7. Restructuring and Reorganization Charges

Restructuring and reorganization charges are expenses that generally result from cost reduction initiatives and/or significant changes to our business, to include such things as involuntary employee terminations, changes in management structure, divestitures of businesses, facility consolidations and abandonments, impairment of acquired intangible assets, and fundamental reorganizations impacting operational focus and direction.  The following are the key restructuring and reorganizational activities we incurred over the last three years that have impacted our results from operations:     

During 2016 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 60 employees, primarily in North America, as a result of organizational changes and the realignment of our workforce.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges of $7.2 million.

• In 2016, the cyber-security business we sold in 2015 was acquired by a third-party.  Based on the terms of the Agreement, we received additional consideration contingent upon a liquidation event, as defined in the Agreement.  This resulted in an additional gain on the sale of $6.6 million in the first quarter of 2016, which reduced restructuring and reorganization charges.

During 2017 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 60 employees, primarily in North America, as a result of organizational changes made to pursue global opportunities and efficiencies.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations of $3.7 million.

• We impaired a long-term receivable related to the disposition of a business in 2013 resulting in additional restructuring charges of $2.9 million.

• We have abandoned space at several locations to improve our space utilization, resulting in restructuring charges of $2.2 million.

During 2018 we implemented the following restructuring activities:

• We reduced our workforce by approximately 170 employees as a result of organizational changes made to pursue global opportunities and efficiencies.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations of $6.2 million.

• We closed one of our print facilities.  As a result, we incurred restructuring charges related to involuntary terminations and impairment of assets of $2.7 million.

• We reversed a liability related to a previous disposition of a business resulting in a reduction in restructuring charges of $2.3 million.

The activities discussed above resulted in total charges for 2018, 2017, and 2016 of $8.7 million, $8.8 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, which have been reflected as a separate line item in our Income Statements.

The activity in the business restructuring and reorganization reserves during 2018, 2017, and 2016 is as follows (in thousands):

							Disposition of
	Termination			Facilities			Business
	Benefits			Abandonment			Operations			Other			Total
January 1, 2016, balance	$	1,637		$	1,357		$	—		$	—		$	2,994
Charged to expense during period		7,201			556			(6,611	)		(730	)		416
Cash payments		(6,781	)		(473	)	—			—				(7,254	)
Adjustment for the gain on the disposition of business operations	—			—				6,611		—				6,611
Other	357				(108	)	—				730			979
December 31, 2016, balance		2,414			1,332			—			—			3,746
Charged to expense during period		3,693			2,236			2,904			(37	)		8,796
Cash payments		(4,345	)		(1,329	)	—			—				(5,674	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—				(231	)		(2,904	)	—				(3,135	)
Other		(646	)		1,024		—				37			415
December 31, 2017, balance		1,116			3,032			—			—			4,148
Charged to expense during period		6,555			1,981			(2,330	)		2,455			8,661
Cash payments		(6,744	)		(2,625	)	—			—				(9,369	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—			—			—				(1,851	)		(1,851	)
Other		475			546			2,330			(604	)		2,747
December 31, 2018, balance	$	1,402		$	2,934		$	—		$	—		$	4,336

As of December 31, 2018, $2.3 million of the business restructuring and reorganization reserves were included in current liabilities.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

8. Income Taxes

Income Tax Provision/(Benefit). The components of net income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017			2016
Domestic	$	80,234	$	89,095		$	98,966
Foreign		6,753		(1,385	)		1,033
Total	$	86,987	$	87,710		$	99,999

The income tax provision consists of the following (in thousands):

	2018			2017		2016
Current:
Federal	$	7,814		$	13,422	$	31,409
State		4,589			1,909		3,819
Foreign		3,541			3,903		4,639
		15,944			19,234		39,867
Deferred:
Federal		4,584			5,582		(2,229	)
State		(619	)		937		276
Foreign		948			593		(797	)
		4,913			7,112		(2,750	)
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346	$	37,117

The difference between our income tax provision computed at the statutory Federal income tax rate and our financial statement income tax is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Provision at Federal rate of 21% for 2018, 35% for 2017 and 2016)	$	18,267		$	30,699		$	35,000
State income taxes, net of Federal impact		2,985			1,850			2,662
Research and experimentation credits		(4,040	)		(2,853	)		(71	)
Stock award vesting		(1,513	)		(7,882	)		—
Tax uncertainties		(122	)		166			(1,597	)
Section 199 manufacturing deduction		168			(962	)		(4,060	)
Section 162(m) compensation limitation		951			273			297
Foreign rate differential		1,238			162			857
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(177	)		2,351			1,287
Other impact of foreign operations		2,755			3,933			2,157
Statutory rate change		(87	)		(2,210	)		—
Other		432			819			585
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346		$	37,117

We have undistributed earnings of approximately $40 million from certain foreign subsidiaries. We intend to indefinitely reinvest these foreign earnings; therefore, a provision has not been made for foreign withholding taxes that might be payable upon remittance of such earnings. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on unremitted foreign earnings is not practicable because of the complexities of the hypothetical calculation.  The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”), see further discussion below, effectively eliminates the U.S. tax consequences of unremitted earnings at December 31, 2017 due to inclusion of a deemed repatriation tax on such earnings. In addition, the Tax Reform Act establishes a participation exemption from the taxation of future dividends received from 10% owned foreign subsidiaries.

Deferred Income Taxes. Net deferred income tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Deferred income tax assets	$	51,533		$	56,013
Deferred income tax liabilities		(28,837	)		(25,184	)
Valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

The components of our net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Net deferred income tax assets:
Accrued expenses and reserves	$	7,180		$	10,745
Stock-based compensation		3,695			3,312
Software		(3,001	)		(4,364	)
Client contracts and related intangibles		(3,741	)		(5,932	)
Goodwill		(6,635	)		(5,828	)
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,857			29,953
Property and equipment		(8,315	)		1,381
Convertible debt securities		19			(3,639	)
Deferred revenue		2,606			2,225
State taxes		4,520			3,220
Contingent payments		(2,333	)		(1,860	)
Foreign exchange gain/loss		2,048			1,776
R&D credit		1,413			1,560
Other		383			(1,720	)
Total deferred income tax assets		22,696			30,829
Less: valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

We regularly assess the likelihood of the future realization of our deferred income tax assets. To the extent we believe that it is more likely than not that a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. As of December 31, 2018, we believe that between: (i) carryback opportunities to past periods with taxable income; and (ii) sufficient taxable income to be generated in the future, we will realize 100% of the benefit of our U.S. Federal deferred income tax assets, thus no valuation allowance has been established. As of December 31, 2018, we have deferred income tax assets net of federal benefit related to state and foreign income tax jurisdictions of $4.5 million and $28.4 million, respectively, and have established valuation allowances against those deferred income tax assets of $2.5 million and $17.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have an acquired U.S. Federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $34 million and $39 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2024 and can be utilized through 2030. The acquired U.S. Federal NOL carryforward is attributable to the pre-acquisition periods of acquired subsidiaries. The annual utilization of this U.S. Federal NOL carryforward is limited pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In addition, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have: (i) state NOL carryforwards of approximately $49 million and $50 million, respectively, which will expire beginning in 2019 and end in 2042; and (ii) foreign subsidiary NOL carryforwards of approximately $97 million and $103 million, respectively, which will expire beginning in 2019, with a portion of the losses available over an indefinite period of time.

Our 2004 Convertible Debt Securities, which we fully extinguished in 2011, were subject to special U.S. Treasury regulations governing contingent payment debt instruments. These regulations allowed us to take a tax deduction for interest expense on our U.S. Federal income tax return at a constant rate of 9.09% (subject to certain adjustments), compounded semi-annually, which represented the estimated yield on comparable non-contingent, non-convertible, fixed-rate debt instruments with terms and conditions otherwise similar to the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities. This interest expense tax deduction was greater than the interest expense reflected in the accompanying Income Statements, thus creating a deferred income tax liability. The extinguishment of the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities resulted in: (i) the holders of the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities not having the ability to achieve the 9.09% target yield, and (ii) a requirement for us to pay an amount equal to the cumulative deferred income tax liability to the U.S. tax authorities (without interest or penalties). During 2011, we paid cash of approximately $6 million related to the deferred income tax liabilities associated with the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities repurchased in 2011. In 2018, 2017 and 2016 we paid cash of $3.4 million, $5.6 million, and $5.6 million, respectively, related to the deferred income tax liabilities associated with the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities repurchased in 2009 and 2010.

Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes. We are required to estimate our income tax liability in each jurisdiction in which we operate, including U.S. Federal, state and foreign income tax jurisdictions. Various judgments and estimates are required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our provisions for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are certain transactions and calculations for which the ultimate income tax determination may be uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities, which could result in adverse outcomes. For these reasons, we establish a liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest may be due. This liability is adjusted based upon changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the expiration of a statute of limitations or the refinement of an estimate.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of our liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,915		$	1,891		$	4,079
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		—			136			—
Audit settlements		—			(183	)		(1,893	)
Lapse of statute of limitations		(226	)		(174	)		(122	)
Additions for tax positions of prior years		85			257			370
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(106	)		(12	)		(543	)
Balance, end of year	$	1,668		$	1,915		$	1,891

We recognize interest and penalty expense associated with our liability for unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in our Income Statements.  In addition to the $1.7 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million of liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, we had $0.6 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million, respectively, of income tax-related accrued interest, net of any federal benefit of deduction. If recognized, the $1.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, would favorably impact our effective tax rate in future periods.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction, various U.S. state and local jurisdictions, and many foreign jurisdictions. The U.S., U.K., and Australia are the main taxing jurisdictions in which we operate. The years open for audit vary depending on the taxing jurisdiction. During 2016, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) completed its audits of our 2010 through 2012 tax years and in December 2016 we made an additional payment of approximately $8 million and entered into an agreement with the IRS closing the audits for those tax years. We estimate that it is reasonably possible that the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by up to $0.4 million over the next twelve months due to completion of audits and the expiration of statute of limitations.

We adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) in the first quarter of 2017.  This ASU requires a change in the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies, related to share-based payment transactions, which were recorded in equity, and now are recorded discrete to the quarter incurred as a component of income tax expense in the income statement.  The adoption of this ASU provided an approximately $1 million and $3 million benefit to the income tax provision for 2018 and 2017, respectively.

U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act.  On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) was passed into legislation. The Tax Reform Act amends the Internal Revenue Code, reducing the corporate income tax rate, changing or eliminating certain income tax deductions and credits and provides sweeping change to how U.S. companies are taxed on their international operations. The Tax Reform Act is generally effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017; however, certain provisions of the Tax Reform Act have effective dates beginning in 2017.

The Tax Reform Act reduced the U.S. maximum rate of income taxation from 35% to 21% applicable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an estimated benefit of $2.3 million from revaluation of our U.S.-based net deferred income tax liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 740. In the fourth quarter of 2017 we recorded provisional amounts for the tax effects of the tax law changefor which the accounting was not complete, but for which a reasonable estimate could be determined. In the fourth quarter of 2018 we completed the accounting for the tax effects of the tax law change with no additional adjustments recorded.

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Employee Retirement Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Compensation And Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]

Employee Retirement Benefit Plans

9. Employee Retirement Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution-Type Plans. We sponsor defined contribution plans covering substantially all our U.S.-based employees. Participants may contribute up to 100% of their annual wages, subject to certain limitations, as pretax, salary deferral contributions. We make certain matching, and at our discretion, service-based contributions to the plan. The expense related to matching and service-related contributions for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $12.8 million, $10.4 million, and $9.9 million, respectively. We also have defined contribution-type plans for certain of our non-U.S.-based employees. The total contributions made to these plans in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $4.5 million, $4.5 million, and $3.9 million, respectively.

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Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments And Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies

10. Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies

Operating Leases. We lease certain office and production facilities under non-cancellable operating leases, with the longest lease that runs through October 2027. The leases generally are renewable and provide for the payment of real estate taxes and certain other occupancy expenses. Future aggregate minimum lease payments under these facilities are as follows: 2019 - $16.6 million; 2020 – $14.1 million; 2021 – $13.1 million; 2022 – $11.5 million; 2023 – $9.6 million; and thereafter – $14.7 million. Total rent expense for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $19.0 million, $16.4 million, and $14.5 million, respectively.

Service Agreements. We have an agreement with Ensono (formerly Infocrossing, a Wipro Limited company), to provide us outsourced computing services through June 30, 2022. We outsource the computer processing and related services required for the operation of our outsourced ACP solutions. Our ACP proprietary software and other software applications are run in an outsourced data center environment in order to obtain the necessary computerprocessing capacity and other computer support services without us having to make the substantial capital and infrastructure investments that would be necessary for us to provide these services internally. Our clients are connected to the outsourced data center environment through a combination of private and commercially-provided networks. Our ACP cloud-based solutions are generally considered to be mission critical customer management systems by our clients. As a result, we are highly dependent upon Ensono for system availability, security, and response time.

Warranties.We generally warrant that our solutions and related offerings will conform to published specifications, or to specifications provided in an individual client arrangement, as applicable. The typical warranty period is 90 days from delivery of the solution or offering. For certain service offerings we provide a limited warranty for the duration of the services provided. We generally warrant that services will be performed in a professional and workmanlike manner. The typical remedy for breach of warranty is to correct or replace any defective deliverable, and if not possible or practical, we will accept the return of the defective deliverable and refund the amount paid under the client arrangement that is allocable to the defective deliverable. Our contracts also generally contain limitation of damages provisions in an effort to reduce our exposure to monetary damages arising from breach of warranty claims. Historically, we have incurred minimal warranty costs, and as a result, do not maintain a warranty reserve.

Product and Services Indemnifications. Our arrangements with our clients generally include an indemnification provision that will indemnify and defend a client in actions brought against the client that claim our products and/or services infringe upon a copyright, trade secret, or valid patent. Historically, we have not incurred any significant costs related to such indemnification claims, and as a result, do not maintain a reserve for such exposure.

Claims for Company Non-performance. Our arrangements with our clients typically cap our liability for breach to a specified amount of the direct damages incurred by the client resulting from the breach. From time-to-time, these arrangements may also include provisions for possible liquidated damages or other financial remedies for our non-performance, or in the case of certain of our outsourced customer care and billing solutions, provisions for damages related to service level performance requirements. The service level performance requirements typically relate to system availability and timeliness of service delivery. As of December 31, 2018, we believe we have adequate reserves, based on our historical experience, to cover any reasonably anticipated exposure as a result of our nonperformance for any past or current arrangements with our clients.

Indemnifications Related to Officers and the Board of Directors. We have agreed to indemnify members of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and certain of our officers if they are named or threatened to be named as a party to any proceeding by reason of the fact that they acted in such capacity. We maintain directors’ and officers’ (“D&O”) insurance coverage to protect against such losses. We have not historically incurred any losses related to these types of indemnifications, and are not aware of any pending or threatened actions or claims against any officer or member of our Board. As a result, we have not recorded any liabilities related to such indemnifications as of December 31, 2018. In addition, as a result of the insurance policy coverage, we believe these indemnification agreements are not significant to our results of operations.

Legal Proceedings. From time-to-time, we are involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business.  

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Stockholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Stockholders Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

11. Stockholders’ Equity

Stock Repurchase Program. We currently have a stock repurchase program, approved by our Board, authorizing us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time-to-time as market and business conditions warrant (the “Stock Repurchase Program”). During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased 0.7 million shares of our common stock for $27.6 million (weighted–average price of $39.23 per share), 0.5 million shares of our common stock for $20.5 million (weighted-average price of $41.10 per share), and 0.3 million shares of our common stock for $11.6 million (weighted-average price of $36.42 per share), respectively, under a Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Rule 10b5-1 Plan.

As of December 31, 2018, the total remaining number of shares available for repurchase under the Stock Repurchase Program totaled 5.5 million shares.  

Stock Repurchases for Tax Withholdings. In addition to the above mentioned stock repurchases, during 2018, 2017, and 2016, we repurchased and then cancelled approximately 159,000 shares, 249,000 shares, and 344,000 shares for $7.4 million, $10.1 million, and $13.7 million, respectively, of common stock from our employees in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

Cash Dividend.  During  2018, 2017, and 2016 our Board approved total cash dividends of $0.84 per share, $0.79 per share, and $0.74 per share of common stock, totaling $28.1 million, $26.8 million, and $23.8 million, respectively.

Warrants.  In 2014, in conjunction with the execution of an amendment to our current agreement with Comcast, we issued stock warrants (the “Warrant Agreement”) for the right to purchase up to approximately 2.9 million shares of our common stock (the “Stock Warrants”) as an additional incentive for Comcast to convert new customer accounts onto our ACP cloud solution.   The Stock Warrants have a 10-year term and an exercise price of $26.68 per warrant.  

Of the total Stock Warrants, 1.9 million Stock Warrants relate to Comcast’s existing residential business and vested as follows:

• The first 25% of these Stock Warrants (approximately 0.5 million) vested upon the successful conversion of the first 0.5 million customer accounts, which occurred during the fourth quarter of 2014.

• The next 25% of these Stock Warrants had a time-based vesting provision, and vested in January 2015.

• The next 25% of these Stock Warrants vested after a cumulative total of 5.5 million customer accounts were converted onto ACP, which occurred in the fourth quarter of 2016.

• Of the last 25% of these Stock Warrants, 0.4 million vested upon completion of the conversion of all of Comcast’s approximately eleven million residential customer accounts onto ACP in the fourth quarter of 2017.  

The remaining 1.0 million Stock Warrants relate to additional residential accounts that Comcast may acquire and convert onto ACP in the future and vest proportionately with acquired customer accounts converted onto ACP from other providers’ billing platforms, with full vesting based on a target of five million newly converted customer accounts.

Fifty percent of the unvested Stock Warrants become fully vested upon a fundamental change (including a change in control) of the Company, as defined, proportionally reducing the number of Stock Warrants eligible for vesting based on future performance conditions.

Once vested, Comcast may exercise the Stock Warrants and elect either physical delivery of common shares or net share settlement (cashless exercise).  Alternatively, the exercise of the Stock Warrants may be settled with cash based solely on our approval, or if Comcast were to beneficially own or control in excess of 19.99% of the common stock or voting of the Company.   

Upon vesting, the Stock Warrants are recorded as a client incentive asset, as determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the corresponding offset to stockholders’ equity.  The client incentive asset related to the Stock Warrants is being amortized as a reduction in cloud and related solutions revenues through June 30, 2019.  As of  December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded a client incentive asset related to these Stock Warrants of $25.1 million as of both periods, and have recorded accumulated amortization related to these Stock Warrants of $19.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively.

The remaining unvested Stock Warrants will be accounted for as client incentive assets in the period the performance conditions necessary for vesting have been met.  

In January 2017, Comcast exercised 1.4 million vested Stock Warrants, which we net share settled under the provisions of the Warrant Agreement (discussed further in Treasury Stock below). As of December 31, 2018, approximately 1.4 million Stock Warrants remain issued, of which 0.4 million were vested.

Treasury Stock.  In January 2017, we net share settled the exercise of 1.4 million vested Stock Warrants noted above by delivering 649,221 of our common shares from treasury stock, which had a fair value of $31.5 million. The carrying value of the shares of treasury stock delivered was $15.4 million (weighted-average price of $23.66 per share).  The difference between the carrying amount of the treasury shares and the $16.0 million carrying amount of the common stock warrants was recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital.

In March 2017, we net share settled the portion of the conversion obligation in excess of the par value related to our 2010 Convertible Notes by delivering 694,240 of our common shares from treasury stock.  The carrying value of the shares of treasury stock delivered was $16.5 million (weighted average price of $23.71 per share).  The difference between the carrying amount of the treasury shares and the $28.8 million carrying amount of the conversion obligation on the settlement date was recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital.

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Equity Compensation Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Equity Compensation Plans

12. Equity Compensation Plans

Stock Incentive Plans

Stock Incentive Plan. In May 2018, our stockholders approved an increase of 2.7 million shares authorized for issuances under the 2005 Stock Inventive Plan (the “2005 Plan”), from 18.7 million shares to 21.4 million shares.  Shares reserved under the 2005 Plan can be granted to officers and other key employees of our company and its subsidiaries and to non-employee directors of our company in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance unit awards, restricted stock awards, or stock bonus awards.  Shares granted under the 2005 Plan in the form of a performance unit award, restricted stock award, or stock bonus award are counted toward the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2005 Plan as two shares for every one share granted or issued in payment of such award.  As of December 31, 2018, 4.2 million shares were available for issuance, with 3.8 million shares available for grant.

Restricted Stock. We generally issue new shares (versus treasury shares) to fulfill restricted stock award grants. Restricted stock awards are granted at no cost to the recipient. Historically, our restricted stock awards have vested annually primarily over three or four years with no restrictions other than the passage of time (i.e., the shares are released upon calendar vesting with no further restrictions) (“Time-Based Awards”). Unvested Time-Based Awards are typically forfeited and cancelled upon termination of employment with our company. Certain Time-Based Awards become fully vested (vesting accelerates) upon a change in control, as defined, and the subsequent involuntary termination of employment. The fair value of the Time-Based Awards (determined by using the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date) is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

We also issue restricted stock shares to key members of management that vest upon meeting either pre-established financial performance objectives or pre-established stock price or total shareholder return objectives (“Performance-Based Awards”). The structure of the performance goals for the Performance-Based Awards has been approved by our stockholders. The Performance-Based Awards become fully vested (vesting accelerates) upon a change in control, as defined, and the subsequent involuntary termination of employment. The fair value of the Performance-Based Awards (determined by using the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date) is charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, taking into consideration the probability of vesting, for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award is, in-substance, multiple awards.

A summary of our unvested restricted stock activity during 2018 is as follows (shares in thousands):

	2018
	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards, beginning		1,222		$	36.84
Awards granted		552			45.57
Awards forfeited/cancelled		(135	)		40.07
Awards vested		(494	)		34.60
Unvested awards, ending		1,145		$	41.64

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock shares granted during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $45.57, $39.79, and $39.07, respectively. The total market value of restricted stock shares vesting during 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $22.7 million, $29.5 million, and $38.5 million, respectively.

1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

As of December 31, 2018, we have an employee stock purchase plan whereby 1.7 million shares of our common stock have been reserved for sale to our U.S. employees through payroll deductions.  The price for shares purchased under the plan is 85% of market value on the last day of the purchase period. Purchases are made at the end of each month. During 2018, 2017, and 2016, 68,902 shares, 50,674 shares, and 43,655 shares, respectively, were purchased under the plan for $2.4 million ($27.00 to $39.68 per share), $1.8 million ($31.88 to $41.14 per share), and $1.6 million ($29.70 to $41.14 per share), respectively. As of December 31, 2018, 277,211 shares remain eligible for purchase under the plan.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of $19.4 million, $21.0 million, and $22.7 million, respectively, for 2018, 2017, and 2016. As of December 31, 2018 there was $32.3 million of total compensation cost related to unvested awards not yet recognized. That cost, excluding the impact of forfeitures, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

We recorded a deferred income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense during 2018, 2017, and 2016, of $4.4 million, $7.1 million, and $7.3 million, respectively. The actual income tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock for 2018, 2017, and 2016, totaled $5.3 million, $11.0 million, and $12.5 million, respectively.

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Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

13. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

	Quarter Ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
2018 (1):
Total revenues	$	201,704		$	213,033		$	213,055		$	247,267
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		101,096			109,492			109,052			130,180
Operating income (2)		25,767			24,087			25,653			29,425
Income before income taxes (2)		20,204			20,724			20,492			25,567
Income tax provision (3)		(6,190	)		(5,607	)		(4,391	)		(4,669	)
Net income (2)(3)		14,014			15,117			16,101			20,898
Basic earnings per common share (2)(3)	$	0.43		$	0.46		$	0.50		$	0.65
Diluted earnings per common share (2)(3)		0.42			0.46			0.49			0.64
2017:
Total revenues	$	192,470		$	192,713		$	199,195		$	205,204
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		97,708			97,660			99,717			99,726
Operating income (4)		27,013			24,248			28,376			26,048
Income before income taxes (4)		22,350			20,303			23,386			21,671
Income tax provision (3)		(2,113	)		(8,722	)		(8,806	)		(6,705	)
Net income (3)(4)		20,237			11,581			14,580			14,966
Basic earnings per common share (3)(4)	$	0.63		$	0.36		$	0.45		$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share (3)(4)		0.62			0.35			0.44			0.45

(1) During 2018, we completed the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions in February and October, respectively (see Note 6), and as a result, their results of operations are included in our 2018 results above.  Additionally, in conjunction with these acquisitions, during the first, third, and fourth quarters of 2018, we incurred transaction-related costs of $2.4 million, $0.2 million, and $2.3 million, respectively, or $0.05, $0.01, and $0.06 per diluted share.  

(2) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2018 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.9 million, $3.3 million, $2.8 million, and $1.6 million, respectively, or $0.02, $0.07, $0.07, and $0.04 per diluted share (see Note 7).     

(3) Fluctuations in our effective income tax rate between quarters generally relates to the accounting for discrete income tax items in any given quarter, and revisions of estimates for certain income tax components during the year.
For 2018:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 31%, 27%, 21%, and 18%, respectively.  The 2018 effective income tax rate reflects the impact of the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).  Additionally, the decreasing rate throughout 2018 is mainly attributed to a change in the estimate of research and development credits and improved profitability in certain international entities.
For 2017:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 9%, 43%, 38%, and 31%, respectively.  The first quarter 2017 effective income tax rate reflects an approximately $5 million net benefit resulting from Comcast’s exercise of 1.4 million vested stock warrants in January 2017 (see Note 11) and the fourth quarter effective income tax rate includes a $2 million benefit from the remeasurement of U.S.-based net deferred tax liabilities as required under the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).

(4) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2017 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.2 million, $2.7 million, $1.6 million, and $4.2 million, respectively, or $0.01, $0.05, $0.03, and $0.09 per diluted share (see Note 7).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation. Our Financial Statements include all of our accounts and our subsidiaries’ accounts. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Translation of Foreign Currency

Translation of Foreign Currency. Our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of the countries in which they operate as their functional currency. Their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements. The preparation of our Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The more critical estimates and related assumptions that affect our financial position and results of operations are in the areas of: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition. We adopted Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) as of January 1, 2018 using the cumulative effect method and have applied ASC 606 to all contracts with clients that had not been completed as of the date of initial application. In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we recorded a cumulative adjustment increasing beginning retained earnings (net of tax) by approximately $7 million, primarily related to contracts that we were previously required to defer revenue as we did not have vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value for certain undelivered elements. Since we adopted ASC 606 using the cumulative effect method, comparative information in our Financial Statements has not been adjusted and continues to be as previously reported.

The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on our Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	As of  December 31, 2018
Condensed Balance Sheet	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	$	37,227		$	(451	)	$	36,776
Other current assets		32,286			5,834			38,120
Client contracts, net of amortization		—			88,733			88,733
Acquired client contracts, net of amortization		65,456			(65,456	)		—
Client contract costs, net of amortization		37,289			(37,289	)		—
Other non-current assets		26,934			8,178			35,112
Other assets		915,170			—			915,170
Total assets (1)	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911
Deferred revenue	$	57,763		$	2,463		$	60,226
Deferred income taxes		8,205			87			8,292
Other liabilities		687,370			—			687,370
Total liabilities		753,338			2,550			755,888
Accumulated earnings		795,127			(3,001	)		792,126
Other stockholders' equity		(434,103	)		—			(434,103	)
Total stockholders' equity		361,024			(3,001	)		358,023
Total stockholders' equity and liabilities	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911

(1) See Note 4 for further discussion related to the reclassification of our client contracts and client contract costs.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Income	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)	$	766,377		$	(25,960	)	$	740,417
Software and services (2)		58,101			6,072			64,173
Maintenance (2)		50,581			21,152			71,733
Total revenues		875,059			1,264			876,323
Cost of revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)		392,801			(20,419	)		372,382
Software and services (2)		34,870			875			35,745
Maintenance (2)		22,149			18,600			40,749
Total cost of revenues		449,820			(944	)		448,876
Other expenses		338,252			—			338,252
Income before income taxes		86,987			2,208			89,195
Income tax provision		(20,857	)		(640	)		(21,497	)
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Net income per diluted share	$	2.01		$	0.05		$	2.06

(2) Adjustments are primarily related to software license products and related maintenance contracted as part of our cloud solutions contracts that were not capable of being distinct as a separate performance obligation under ASC 606 and are included in cloud solutions services in the year ended December 31, 2018.  Costs associated with these products were also reclassified to cost of cloud solution services in the year ended December 31, 2018.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Cash Flows	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities -
Amortization		44,328			(4,202	)		40,126
Deferred income taxes		4,913			640			5,553
Other		44,146			—			44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets		(23,179	)		13,183			(9,996	)
Deferred revenue		10,492			(1,881	)		8,611
Other		(3,489	)		—			(3,489	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		143,341			9,308			152,649
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		—			(9,308	)		(9,308	)
Other		(86,139	)		—			(86,139	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,139	)		(9,308	)		(95,447	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(37,509	)		—			(37,509	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash		(2,659	)		—			(2,659	)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents		17,034			—			17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,243			—			122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	139,277		$	—		$	139,277

As a result of adopting ASC 606, we have changed our accounting policies for revenue recognition as discussed in more detail below.

In summary, our revenue from client contracts is primarily related to our cloud and related solutions and, to a lesser degree, software and service and related maintenance arrangements, and is measured based on consideration specified within each of our contracts, excluding sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, if any.  We account for various products and services separately if they are distinct. A product or service, or group of products or services, is distinct if it is separately identifiable from other items in the context of the contract and if our client can benefit from the product or service on their own or with other resources that are readily available to that client. We recognize revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations by transferring control of a particular product or service, or group of products or services, to our clients, as described in more detail below.  Taxes assessed on our products and services based on governmental authorities at the time of invoicing are excluded from our revenue.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations.

As of December 31, 2018, our aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is approximately $538 million, which is made up of fixed fee consideration and guaranteed minimums expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied). We expect to recognize approximately 90% of this amount by the end of 2021, with the remaining amount recognized by the end of 2028. We have excluded from this amount variable consideration expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606). The majority of our future revenue is related to our cloud and related solution client contracts that include variable consideration dependent upon a series of monthly volumes and/or daily usage of services and have contractual terms ending from 2019 through 2028.  

We have not disclosed transaction price allocation to remaining performance obligations or an explanation thereof of comparable amounts as of December 31, 2017 (a transitional practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

Disaggregation of Revenue.

The nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and how revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted by type of revenue as presented on the face of our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income (“Income Statements”) and by geographic region as presented in Note 3.

Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable

Billed and Unbilled Accounts Receivable. Billed accounts receivable represents our unconditional rights to consideration. Once invoiced, our payment terms are generally between 30-60 days, and rarely do we have contracts with financing arrangements. Unbilled accounts receivable represents our rights to consideration for work completed but not billed.  Unbilled accounts receivable is transferred to billed accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional which is generally at the time of invoicing.

The following table rolls forward our unbilled accounts receivable from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Unbilled Receivables
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	31,187
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,193
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		(2,276	)
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	33,104
Recognized during the period		237,134
Reclassified to receivables		(231,689	)
Other		(1,322	)
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	37,227

Deferred Revenue

Deferred Revenue.  Deferred revenue represents consideration received from clients in advance of services being performed.

The following table rolls forward our deferred revenue from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Deferred Revenue
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(54,231	)
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,344
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		2,276
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	(47,611	)
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period		38,832
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period		(50,861	)
Other		1,877
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(57,763	)

Postage

Postage. We pass through to our clients the cost of postage that is incurred on behalf of those clients, and typically require an advance payment on expected postage costs. These advance payments are included in client deposits in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets (“Balance Sheets” or “Balance Sheet”) and are classified as current liabilities regardless of the contract period. We net the cost of postage against the postage reimbursements for those clients where we require advance deposits, and include the net amount (which is not material) in cloud and related solutions revenues.  

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had $3.0 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of restricted cash that serves to collateralize outstanding letters of credit. This restricted cash is included in cash and cash equivalents in our Balance Sheet.

Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments

Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt. Because of their short maturities, the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value.

Our short-term investments and certain of our cash equivalents are considered “available-for-sale” and are reported at fair value in our Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were not material in any period presented.

Primarily all short-term investments held by us as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have contractual maturities of less than two years from the time of acquisition. Our short-term investments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted almost entirely of fixed income securities. Proceeds from the sale/maturity of short-term investments in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $190.8 million, $193.5 million, and $157.8 million, respectively.

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	4,392	$	—	$	4,392	$	3,544	$	—	$	3,544
Commercial paper	—			9,078		9,078	—			32,467		32,467
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	—			16,357		16,357	—			124,182		124,182
U.S. government agency bonds	—			3,724		3,724	—			1,547		1,547
Asset-backed securities	—			3,522		3,522	—			13,388		13,388
Total	$	4,392	$	32,681	$	37,073	$	3,544	$	171,584	$	175,128

Valuation inputs used to measure the fair values of our money market funds were derived from quoted market prices. The fair values of all other financial instruments are based upon pricing provided by third-party pricing services. These prices were derived from observable market inputs.

We have chosen not to measure our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. The following table indicates the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of the indicated periods (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value		Value		Value
2015 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)	$	—	$	—	$	120,000	$	120,000
2018 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)		144,375		144,375		—		—
2016 Convertible debt (par value)		230,000		228,275		230,000		251,850

The fair value for our Credit Agreement was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology, while the fair value for our convertible debt was estimated based upon quoted market prices or recent sales activity, both of which are considered Level 2 inputs.  See Note 5 for discussion regarding our debt.

Settlement Assets and Settlement Liabilities

Settlement Assets and Settlement Liabilities. Settlement assets and settlement liabilities represent cash collected on behalf of our clients via payment processing services which is held for an established holding period until settlement with the client. The holding period is generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client. During the holding period, cash is held in trust with various major financial institutions and a corresponding liability is recorded for the amounts owed to the clients. At any given time, there may be differences between the cash held in trust and the corresponding liability due to the timing of operating-related cash transfers.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of Credit Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to credit risk. The principal concentrations of credit risk relate to cash deposits, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. We regularly monitor credit risk exposures and take steps to mitigate the likelihood of these exposures resulting in a loss. We hold our cash deposits, cash equivalents, and short-term investments with financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition.

With the acquisition of Forte Payment Systems, Inc. (“Forte”) (see Note 6), we are exposed to credit risk related to settlement assets and risk of loss related to our settlement obligations. We hold our settlement assets in major financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition. To mitigate the risk of loss due to non-performance or non-payment by a client, we perform credit risk evaluations based on multiple criteria and may require a cash deposit from the client depending on the risk profile. If a deposit is required, the cash is held in a segregated bank account for the duration of the relationship with the client. These deposits are restricted and are fully offset by corresponding liabilities and are included in Other Assets and Other Liabilities in our December 31, 2018 Balance Sheet.

We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We evaluate the credit worthiness of our clients in conjunction with our revenue recognition processes, as well as through our ongoing collectability assessment processes for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific clients, historical trends, and other information. We use various judgments and estimates in determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. See Note 3 for additional details of our concentration of accounts receivable.

The activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,149		$	3,080		$	3,600
Additions to expense		462			2,434			614
Write-offs		(1,659	)		(1,392	)		(1,102	)
Recoveries		—			5			—
Other		163			22			(32	)
Balance, end of year	$	3,115		$	4,149		$	3,080

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost (or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination) and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected in our Income Statements separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenues or the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation for income tax purposes is computed using accelerated methods.

Software

Software. We expend substantial amounts on R&D, particularly for new products and services, or for enhancements of existing products and services. For development of software products that are to be licensed by us, we expense all costs related to the development of the software until technological feasibility is established. For development of software to be used internally (e.g., cloud-based systems software), we expense all costs prior to the application development stage.

During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we expended $124.0 million, $113.2 million, and $98.7 million, respectively, on R&D projects. We did not capitalize any R&D costs in 2018, 2017, and 2016, as the costs subject to capitalization during these periods were not material. We did not have any capitalized R&D costs included in our December 31, 2018 and 2017 Balance Sheets.

Realizability of Long-Lived Assets

Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. In addition, we evaluate our goodwill on a more periodic basis (e.g., quarterly) if events occur or circumstances change that could indicate a potential impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit which includes the goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.

Contingencies

Contingencies. We accrue for a loss contingency when: (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred; and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The determination of accounting for loss contingencies is subject to various judgments and estimates. We do not record the benefit from a gain contingency until the benefit is realized.

Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”). Basic and diluted EPS amounts are presented on the face of our Income Statements.

The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Basic weighted-average common shares		32,488		32,415		30,968
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock		218		444	603
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes		—		—		1,062
Dilutive effect of Stock Warrants		149		6	381
Diluted weighted-average common shares		32,855		32,865		33,014

The Convertible Notes have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the current effective conversion price (see Note 5).

The Stock Warrants have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the exercise price of $26.68 per warrant (under the treasury stock method), and are not subject to performance vesting conditions (see Note 11).  

Potentially dilutive common shares related to unvested restricted stock and Stock Warrants excluded from the computation of diluted EPS, as the effect was antidilutive, were not material in any period presented.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date of the award, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Other Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

Accounting Pronouncements

Other Accounting Pronouncements Adopted. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This ASU requires entities to recognize at the transaction date the income tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers. This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and requires a modified retrospective transition method. We adopted this ASU in January 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Effective

Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncement Issued But Not Yet Effective. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).  This ASU requires lessees to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than twelve months on its balance sheet.  This ASU is effective in annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. An entity is required to use a modified retrospective transition approach, but may choose to use either the effective date or the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in its financial statements as the date of initial application. .  

In 2018, we completed the process of evaluating the impact of this ASU on our accounting policies, business processes, and financial statements.  We formed a project team and completed the process of lease identification, review, and data extraction for purposes of calculating the transition adjustment to be recorded on the effective date.  In conjunction with these efforts, we updated our policies to align with the new accounting guidance and our processes to ensure we properly account for new, existing, and modifications to leases subsequent to the adoption of the ASU.  

We adopted this ASU in January of 2019, utilizing the effective date method. In conjunction with the adoption of this ASU, we recorded a balance sheet gross up of approximately $80 million, related to the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

Topic 323

Equity Method Investment

Equity Method Investment. On July 30, 2018, we made a $2.0 million investment for a 4% noncontrolling financial interest in a payment technology and services company that enables omni-channel digital payments in Latin America. We are accounting for this investment using the equity method in accordance with Topic 323 Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures.  As of December 31, 2018, we recorded an investment of $2.8 million which includes direct costs of acquiring the investment.

Cloud and Related Solutions Revenue

Revenue Recognition

Cloud and Related Solutions.

Our cloud and related solutions revenues relate to: (i) our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), cloud-based, revenue management and digital monetization solutions, and various related ancillary services; (ii) our managed services offering in which we operate software solutions (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients; and (iii) payment processing transaction services.  

We contract for our cloud-based solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years. The long-term cloud-based arrangements include a series of multiple services delivered daily or monthly, to include such things as: (i) revenue and customer communications management services; (ii) business support services (e.g., workforce management tools, consumer credit verifications, etc.); (iii) content monetization and delivery functions; and (iv) customer statement invoice printing and mailing services. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients monthly based upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services (e.g., the number of client customers maintained on our systems, the number of transactions processed on our systems, and/or the quantity and content of the monthly statements and mailings processed through our systems).

For cloud-based solution contracts, the total contract consideration (including impacts of discounts or incentives) is primarily variable dependent upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services; however, these contracts can also include ancillary fixed consideration in the form of one-time, monthly or annual fees. Although there may be multiple performance obligations, there is generally no allocation of value between the individual performance obligations as all are considered cloud and related solutions revenues that are recognized based on activities performed in each daily or monthly period.

We contract for managed services solutions using long-term arrangements whose terms have typically ranged from three to five years.  Under managed services agreements, we may operate software products (primarily our software solutions) on behalf of our clients: (i) out of a client’s data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center we contract with for such services. Managed services can also include us providing other services, such as transitional services, fulfillment, remittance processing, operational consulting, back office, and end user billing services.

For managed services contracts, the total contract consideration is typically a fixed fee, but these contracts may also have variable fee components. The fees for these services typically are billed to our clients on a monthly basis.  Unless managed services are included with a software license contract (as discussed further below), there is generally only one performance obligation and revenue is recognized for these arrangements on a ratable basis as the services are performed.

Our contracts for payment processing transaction services are generally month-to-month or fixed term with automatic renewals. Services provided under these arrangements primarily include automated clearing house (ACH) transaction processing, credit/debit card processing, web-based and telephone payment processing and real-time check verification and authentication services. The fees for these services typically are billed on a monthly basis.

Our payment processing services are comprised of one performance obligation. Revenue for payment processing services is based primarily on a fee per transaction or a percentage of the transaction principal and recognized as delivered over a series of daily service periods. Transaction fees collected from clients are recognized as revenue on a gross basis when we are the principal in completing the payment processing transaction. As principal to the transaction, we control the service of processing payments on our platform. We bear primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the payment service, contract directly with our clients, and have full discretion in determining the fee charged to our clients which is independent of the costs we incur when we utilize payment processors or other financial institutions to perform services on our behalf.  We therefore bear full margin risk when completing a payment processing transaction.  Transaction fees paid to third-party payment processors and other financial institutions are primarily comprised of interchange and other payment-related fees paid in conjunction with the delivery of service to clients under our payment services contracts,  These fees are recognized in cost of revenue.  

Fees related to set-up or implementation activities for both cloud-based solution and managed services contracts are deferred and recognized ratably over the related service period to which the activities relate.

Depending on the significance of variable consideration, number of products/services, complex pricing structures and long-term nature of these types of contracts, the judgments and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenues recognized in any period.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue related to our cloud and related solutions contracts on a monthly basis as we provided the services.  The adoption of ASC 606 did not result in any significant changes to the timing of revenue recognition related to these contracts.

Software and Services Revenue

Revenue Recognition

Software and Services.

Our software and services revenues relate primarily to: (i) software license sales on either a perpetual or term license basis; and (ii) professional services to implement the software. Our software and services contracts are often contracted in bundled arrangements that include not only the software license and related implementation services, but can also include maintenance, managed services and/or additional professional services.

For our software arrangements, the total contract consideration is allocated between the separate performance obligations based on stand-alone selling prices for software licenses, cost plus applicable margin for services and established pricing for maintenance.  The initial sale of software products generally requires significant production, modification or customization, such that the delivery of the software license and the related professional services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation that is satisfied over time based of hours worked (hours-based method). We are using hours worked on the project as the measure to determine progress toward completion as we believe it is the most appropriate metric to measure such progress. The software and services fees are generally billed to our clients on a milestone or date basis.

The determination of the performance obligations and allocation of value for software license arrangements require significant judgment.  We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of total project revenues and costs, along with the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to various business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made in this area could: (i) have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred. To mitigate the inherent risks in using this hours-based method, we track our performance on projects and reevaluate the appropriateness of our estimates as part of our monthly accounting cycle.

In certain instances, we sell software license volume upgrades, which provide our clients the right to use our software to process higher transaction volume levels. In these instances, we analyze the contract to determine if the volume upgrade is a separate performance obligation and if so, we recognize the value associated with the software license as revenue on the effective date of the volume upgrade.

A portion of our professional services revenues are contracted separately (e.g., business consulting services, etc.). Such contracts can either be on a fixed-price or time-and-materials basis.  Revenues from fixed-price, professional service contracts are recognized using an hours-based method, as these professional services represent a performance obligation that is satisfied over time.  Revenues from professional services contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as the services are performed.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized revenue for our software arrangements under the guidelines of contract accounting as our software products required significant production, modification or customization and if we had VSOE of fair value for undelivered elements (e.g., maintenance), which we generally had, we would allocate a portion of the total arrangement fee to the undelivered element based on its VSOE of fair value, and the balance of the arrangement fee was recognized using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method of accounting.

Maintenance Revenue

Revenue Recognition

Maintenance.

Our maintenance revenue relates primarily to support of our software once it has been implemented.  Maintenance revenues are recognized ratably over the software maintenance period as services are provided. Our maintenance consists primarily of client and product support, technical updates (e.g., bug fixes, etc.), and unspecified upgrades or enhancements to our software products. If specified upgrades or enhancements are offered in a contract, which is rare, they are accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Maintenance can be invoiced to our clients on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Impacts of Adopting ASC 606 on Financial Statements

The following tables summarize the impacts of adopting ASC 606 on our Financial Statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	As of  December 31, 2018
Condensed Balance Sheet	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	$	37,227		$	(451	)	$	36,776
Other current assets		32,286			5,834			38,120
Client contracts, net of amortization		—			88,733			88,733
Acquired client contracts, net of amortization		65,456			(65,456	)		—
Client contract costs, net of amortization		37,289			(37,289	)		—
Other non-current assets		26,934			8,178			35,112
Other assets		915,170			—			915,170
Total assets (1)	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911
Deferred revenue	$	57,763		$	2,463		$	60,226
Deferred income taxes		8,205			87			8,292
Other liabilities		687,370			—			687,370
Total liabilities		753,338			2,550			755,888
Accumulated earnings		795,127			(3,001	)		792,126
Other stockholders' equity		(434,103	)		—			(434,103	)
Total stockholders' equity		361,024			(3,001	)		358,023
Total stockholders' equity and liabilities	$	1,114,362		$	(451	)	$	1,113,911

(1) See Note 4 for further discussion related to the reclassification of our client contracts and client contract costs.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Income	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)	$	766,377		$	(25,960	)	$	740,417
Software and services (2)		58,101			6,072			64,173
Maintenance (2)		50,581			21,152			71,733
Total revenues		875,059			1,264			876,323
Cost of revenues:
Cloud and related services (2)		392,801			(20,419	)		372,382
Software and services (2)		34,870			875			35,745
Maintenance (2)		22,149			18,600			40,749
Total cost of revenues		449,820			(944	)		448,876
Other expenses		338,252			—			338,252
Income before income taxes		86,987			2,208			89,195
Income tax provision		(20,857	)		(640	)		(21,497	)
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Net income per diluted share	$	2.01		$	0.05		$	2.06

(2) Adjustments are primarily related to software license products and related maintenance contracted as part of our cloud solutions contracts that were not capable of being distinct as a separate performance obligation under ASC 606 and are included in cloud solutions services in the year ended December 31, 2018.  Costs associated with these products were also reclassified to cost of cloud solution services in the year ended December 31, 2018.

	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Condensed Statement of Cash Flows	As Reported			Adjustments			Balances without adoption of ASC 606
Net income	$	66,130		$	1,568		$	67,698
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities -
Amortization		44,328			(4,202	)		40,126
Deferred income taxes		4,913			640			5,553
Other		44,146			—			44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets		(23,179	)		13,183			(9,996	)
Deferred revenue		10,492			(1,881	)		8,611
Other		(3,489	)		—			(3,489	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		143,341			9,308			152,649
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		—			(9,308	)		(9,308	)
Other		(86,139	)		—			(86,139	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(86,139	)		(9,308	)		(95,447	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(37,509	)		—			(37,509	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash		(2,659	)		—			(2,659	)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents		17,034			—			17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,243			—			122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	139,277		$	—		$	139,277

Rollforward of Unbilled Accounts Receivable

The following table rolls forward our unbilled accounts receivable from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Unbilled Receivables
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	31,187
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,193
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		(2,276	)
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	33,104
Recognized during the period		237,134
Reclassified to receivables		(231,689	)
Other		(1,322	)
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	37,227

Rollforward of Deferred Revenue

The following table rolls forward our deferred revenue from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

	Deferred Revenue
Beginning Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(54,231	)
Cumulative effect adjustments		4,344
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606		2,276
Beginning Balance, January 1, 2018	$	(47,611	)
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period		38,832
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period		(50,861	)
Other		1,877
Ending Balance, December 31, 2018	$	(57,763	)

Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	4,392	$	—	$	4,392	$	3,544	$	—	$	3,544
Commercial paper	—			9,078		9,078	—			32,467		32,467
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	—			16,357		16,357	—			124,182		124,182
U.S. government agency bonds	—			3,724		3,724	—			1,547		1,547
Asset-backed securities	—			3,522		3,522	—			13,388		13,388
Total	$	4,392	$	32,681	$	37,073	$	3,544	$	171,584	$	175,128

Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Debt

We have chosen not to measure our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. The following table indicates the carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt as of the indicated periods (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value		Value		Value
2015 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)	$	—	$	—	$	120,000	$	120,000
2018 Credit Agreement (carrying value including current maturities)		144,375		144,375		—		—
2016 Convertible debt (par value)		230,000		228,275		230,000		251,850

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable

The activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	4,149		$	3,080		$	3,600
Additions to expense		462			2,434			614
Write-offs		(1,659	)		(1,392	)		(1,102	)
Recoveries		—			5			—
Other		163			22			(32	)
Balance, end of year	$	3,115		$	4,149		$	3,080

Reconciliation of the Basic and Diluted EPS denominators

The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Basic weighted-average common shares		32,488		32,415		30,968
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock		218		444	603
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes		—		—		1,062
Dilutive effect of Stock Warrants		149		6	381
Diluted weighted-average common shares		32,855		32,865		33,014

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Financial Information Relating to Operations by Geographic Region

Financial information relating to our operations by geographic region is as follows (in thousands):

Total Revenues:

	2018		2017		2016
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	740,885	$	669,712	$	652,376
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		89,924		72,120		69,425
Asia Pacific		44,250		47,750		39,157
Total revenues	$	875,059	$	789,582	$	760,958

Property and Equipment:	As of December 31,
	2018		2017
Americas (principally the U.S.)	$	72,079	$	40,286
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)		2,056		2,392
Asia Pacific		7,678		1,973
Total property and equipment	$	81,813	$	44,651

Summary of Revenues from Significant Clients

Revenues from these clients represented the following percentages of our total revenues for the following years:

	2018			2017			2016
Comcast		25	%		28	%		26	%
Charter		20	%		22	%		21	%
DISH		9	%		11	%		13	%

Summary of Net Billed Accounts Receivable from Significant Clients

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the percentage of net billed accounts receivable balances attributable to these clients were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Comcast		24	%		26	%
Charter		21	%		32	%
DISH		7	%		8	%

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Long-Lived Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment at December 31 consisted of the following (in thousands, except years):

	Useful Lives
	(Years)		2018			2017
Computer equipment	3-6		$	84,814		$	85,902
Leasehold improvements	5-10			22,494			15,463
Operating equipment	3-8			58,521			56,170
Furniture and fixtures		8		9,262			10,242
				175,091			167,777
Less - accumulated depreciation				(93,278	)		(123,126	)
Property and equipment, net			$	81,813		$	44,651

Rollforward of Goodwill

Goodwill. We do not have any intangible assets with indefinite lives other than goodwill.  A rollforward of goodwill in 2017 and 2018 is as follows (in thousands):

January 1, 2017 balance	$	201,094
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		9,046
December 31, 2017 balance		210,080
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions		(60	)
Goodwill acquired during period		51,591
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates		(5,795	)
December 31, 2018 balance	$	255,816

Summary of Carrying Value of Other Intangible Assets

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the carrying values of our other intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Gross							Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net		Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount		Amount		Amortization			Amount
Investments in client contracts	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	26,616	$	(9,782	)	$	16,834
Capitalized costs		—		—			—		26,811		(10,039	)		16,772
Acquired client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		87,308		(77,288	)		10,020
Total client contracts		148,148		(82,692	)		65,456		140,735		(97,109	)		43,626
Acquired software (4)		75,156		(65,719	)		9,437		66,100		(64,268	)		1,832
Internal use software (5)		80,625		(53,662	)		26,963		69,792		(44,718	)		25,074
Total software		155,781		(119,381	)		36,400		135,892		(108,986	)		26,906
Total intangible assets	$	303,929	$	(202,073	)	$	101,856	$	276,627	$	(206,095	)	$	70,532

Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Intangible Assets

The aggregate amortization related to client contracts included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Investments in client contracts (1)	$	—	$	7,402	$	6,591
Capitalized costs (2)		—		5,141		2,755
Acquired client contracts (3)		7,898		5,406		6,683
Total client contracts	$	7,898	$	17,949	$	16,029

(1) Investments in client contracts consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s accounts on, our customer care and billing systems.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(2) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up services related to long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements.  As part of the adoption of ASC 606, in 2018 these were reclassified to client contract costs on our Balance Sheet.

(3) Acquired client contracts represent assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions.  Acquired client contracts are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to twenty years based on the approximate pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be realized.  Classification of the amortization of acquired client contracts generally follows where the acquired business’ cost of revenues is categorized in our Income Statements.

The aggregate amortization related to software included in our operations for 2018, 2017, and 2016 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017		2016
Acquired software (4)	$	1,801	$	1,458	$	1,806
Internal use software (5)		9,517		7,845		7,510
Total software	$	11,318	$	9,303	$	9,316

(4) Acquired software represents the software intangible assets acquired in our prior business acquisitions, which are being amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to fifteen years.

(5) Internal use software represents: (i) third-party software licenses; and (ii) the internal and external costs related to the implementation of the third-party software licenses.  Internal use software is amortized over its estimated useful life ranging from twelve months to ten years.

Summary of Carrying Values of Contract Cost Assets

Client Contract Costs. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying values of our contract cost assets, related to those contracts with a contractual term greater than one year, were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31, 2018
	Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated			Net
	Amount		Amortization			Amount
Client contract incentives (6)	$	28,366	$	(20,833	)	$	7,533
Capitalized costs (7)		44,469		(20,230	)		24,239
Capitalized commission fees (8)		7,505		(1,988	)		5,517
Total client contract costs	$	80,340	$	(43,051	)	$	37,289

Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Client Contract Costs

The aggregate amortization related to our client contract costs included in our operations for 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

	2018
Client contract incentives (6)	$	11,052
Capitalized costs (7)		10,304
Capitalized commission fees (8)		2,025
Total client contract costs	$	23,381

(6) Client contract incentives consist principally of incentives provided to new or existing clients to convert their customer accounts to, or retain their customer’s account on, our outsourced solutions and are amortized ratably over the contract period to include renewal periods if applicable, which as of December 31, 2018, have termination dates that range from 2019 to 2025.  The amortization of client contract incentives is reflected as a reduction in cloud and related solutions revenue in our Income Statement.

(7) Capitalized costs are related to client conversion/set-up activities and direct material costs to fulfill long-term cloud-based or managed services arrangements. These costs are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018 range from 2019 to 2023, and are included in cost of cloud and related solutions in our Income Statement.

(8) Capitalized commission fees are incremental commissions paid as a result of obtaining a customer contract. These fees are amortized over the contract period based on the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate, which as of December 31, 2018, range from 2019 to 2025, and are included in selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses in our Income Statement.  Incremental commission fees incurred as a result of obtaining a customer contract are expensed when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less (a practical expedient allowed under ASC 606).  

The weighted-average remaining amortization period of client contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was approximately 31 months.

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our long-term debt was as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2018			2017
2015 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.75% (combined rate of 3.44% at December 31, 2017)	$                        —			$	120,000
Less - deferred financing costs	—				(2,274	)
2015 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		—			117,726
$200 million revolving loan facility, due February 2020, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
2018 Credit Agreement:
Term loan, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus 1.5% (combined rate of 4.30% at December 31, 2018)		144,375		—
Less - deferred financing costs		(2,281	)	—
2018 term loan, net of unamortized discounts		142,094			—
$200 million revolving loan facility, due March 2023, interest at adjusted LIBOR plus applicable margin	—			—
Convertible Notes:
2016 Convertible Notes – Senior convertible notes; due March 15, 2036; cash interest at 4.25%		230,000			230,000
Less – unamortized original issue discount		(8,823	)		(11,487	)
Less – deferred financing costs		(3,445	)		(4,503	)
2016 Convertible Notes, net of unamortized discounts		217,732			214,010
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts		359,826			331,736
Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts		(7,500	)		(22,500	)
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts	$	352,326		$	309,236

Estimated Maturities on Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2018, the maturities of our long-term debt, based upon: (i) the mandatory repayment schedule for the 2018 Term Loan; and (ii) the expected remaining life of the 2016 Convertible Notes, was as follows (in thousands):

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
2018 Term Loan	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	14,062	$	15,000	$	97,500
2016 Convertible Notes	—		—			230,000	—		—
Total long-term debt repayments	$	7,500	$	10,313	$	244,062	$	15,000	$	97,500

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Acquisitions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Summary of Estimated Fair Values of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed as of Dates of Respective Acquisitions

Acquired Assets and Liabilities.  The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for our 2018 acquisitions collectively as of the dates of their respective acquisitions (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,090
Settlement assets		103,444
Trade accounts receivable		24,341
Other current assets		7,683
Property and equipment		13,539
Software		10,354
Goodwill		51,590
Acquired client contracts		63,570
Other assets		11,316
Total assets acquired		292,927
Client deposits		(6,102	)
Trade account payable		(7,147	)
Accrued employee compensation		(2,966	)
Settlement liabilities		(102,221	)
Other current liabilities		(1,706	)
Other non-current liabilities		(10,204	)
Total liabilities assumed		(130,346	)
Net assets acquired	$	162,581

Summary of Supplemental Pro Forma Information

This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions been completed on January 1, 2017 or January 1, 2018, nor are they indicative of any future results.

	(Unaudited) Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Total revenues	$	960,160	$	935,565
Net income		69,759		64,868
Diluted income per common share:
Income from continuing operations	$	2.12	$	1.97
Weighted average common shares		32,855		32,865

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Restructuring and Reorganization Charges (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Restructuring And Related Activities [Abstract]

Schedule of Activity in Business Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves

The activity in the business restructuring and reorganization reserves during 2018, 2017, and 2016 is as follows (in thousands):

							Disposition of
	Termination			Facilities			Business
	Benefits			Abandonment			Operations			Other			Total
January 1, 2016, balance	$	1,637		$	1,357		$	—		$	—		$	2,994
Charged to expense during period		7,201			556			(6,611	)		(730	)		416
Cash payments		(6,781	)		(473	)	—			—				(7,254	)
Adjustment for the gain on the disposition of business operations	—			—				6,611		—				6,611
Other	357				(108	)	—				730			979
December 31, 2016, balance		2,414			1,332			—			—			3,746
Charged to expense during period		3,693			2,236			2,904			(37	)		8,796
Cash payments		(4,345	)		(1,329	)	—			—				(5,674	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—				(231	)		(2,904	)	—				(3,135	)
Other		(646	)		1,024		—				37			415
December 31, 2017, balance		1,116			3,032			—			—			4,148
Charged to expense during period		6,555			1,981			(2,330	)		2,455			8,661
Cash payments		(6,744	)		(2,625	)	—			—				(9,369	)
Adjustment for asset impairment	—			—			—				(1,851	)		(1,851	)
Other		475			546			2,330			(604	)		2,747
December 31, 2018, balance	$	1,402		$	2,934		$	—		$	—		$	4,336

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Net Income from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes

Income Tax Provision/(Benefit). The components of net income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

	2018		2017			2016
Domestic	$	80,234	$	89,095		$	98,966
Foreign		6,753		(1,385	)		1,033
Total	$	86,987	$	87,710		$	99,999

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

The income tax provision consists of the following (in thousands):

	2018			2017		2016
Current:
Federal	$	7,814		$	13,422	$	31,409
State		4,589			1,909		3,819
Foreign		3,541			3,903		4,639
		15,944			19,234		39,867
Deferred:
Federal		4,584			5,582		(2,229	)
State		(619	)		937		276
Foreign		948			593		(797	)
		4,913			7,112		(2,750	)
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346	$	37,117

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

The difference between our income tax provision computed at the statutory Federal income tax rate and our financial statement income tax is summarized as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Provision at Federal rate of 21% for 2018, 35% for 2017 and 2016)	$	18,267		$	30,699		$	35,000
State income taxes, net of Federal impact		2,985			1,850			2,662
Research and experimentation credits		(4,040	)		(2,853	)		(71	)
Stock award vesting		(1,513	)		(7,882	)		—
Tax uncertainties		(122	)		166			(1,597	)
Section 199 manufacturing deduction		168			(962	)		(4,060	)
Section 162(m) compensation limitation		951			273			297
Foreign rate differential		1,238			162			857
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(177	)		2,351			1,287
Other impact of foreign operations		2,755			3,933			2,157
Statutory rate change		(87	)		(2,210	)		—
Other		432			819			585
Total income tax provision	$	20,857		$	26,346		$	37,117

Net Deferred Income Tax Assets

Deferred Income Taxes. Net deferred income tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Deferred income tax assets	$	51,533		$	56,013
Deferred income tax liabilities		(28,837	)		(25,184	)
Valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

The Components of Net Deferred Income Tax Assets (Liabilities)

The components of our net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017
Net deferred income tax assets:
Accrued expenses and reserves	$	7,180		$	10,745
Stock-based compensation		3,695			3,312
Software		(3,001	)		(4,364	)
Client contracts and related intangibles		(3,741	)		(5,932	)
Goodwill		(6,635	)		(5,828	)
Net operating loss carryforwards		24,857			29,953
Property and equipment		(8,315	)		1,381
Convertible debt securities		19			(3,639	)
Deferred revenue		2,606			2,225
State taxes		4,520			3,220
Contingent payments		(2,333	)		(1,860	)
Foreign exchange gain/loss		2,048			1,776
R&D credit		1,413			1,560
Other		383			(1,720	)
Total deferred income tax assets		22,696			30,829
Less: valuation allowance		(19,814	)		(21,356	)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	2,882		$	9,473

Reconciliation of Beginning and Ending Balances of Liability for Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of our liability for unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

	2018			2017			2016
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,915		$	1,891		$	4,079
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		—			136			—
Audit settlements		—			(183	)		(1,893	)
Lapse of statute of limitations		(226	)		(174	)		(122	)
Additions for tax positions of prior years		85			257			370
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(106	)		(12	)		(543	)
Balance, end of year	$	1,668		$	1,915		$	1,891

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Equity Compensation Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]

Summary of Unvested Restricted Common Stock Activity

A summary of our unvested restricted stock activity during 2018 is as follows (shares in thousands):

	2018
	Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards, beginning		1,222		$	36.84
Awards granted		552			45.57
Awards forfeited/cancelled		(135	)		40.07
Awards vested		(494	)		34.60
Unvested awards, ending		1,145		$	41.64

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Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Quarterly Financial Information

	Quarter Ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
2018 (1):
Total revenues	$	201,704		$	213,033		$	213,055		$	247,267
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		101,096			109,492			109,052			130,180
Operating income (2)		25,767			24,087			25,653			29,425
Income before income taxes (2)		20,204			20,724			20,492			25,567
Income tax provision (3)		(6,190	)		(5,607	)		(4,391	)		(4,669	)
Net income (2)(3)		14,014			15,117			16,101			20,898
Basic earnings per common share (2)(3)	$	0.43		$	0.46		$	0.50		$	0.65
Diluted earnings per common share (2)(3)		0.42			0.46			0.49			0.64
2017:
Total revenues	$	192,470		$	192,713		$	199,195		$	205,204
Total cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation)		97,708			97,660			99,717			99,726
Operating income (4)		27,013			24,248			28,376			26,048
Income before income taxes (4)		22,350			20,303			23,386			21,671
Income tax provision (3)		(2,113	)		(8,722	)		(8,806	)		(6,705	)
Net income (3)(4)		20,237			11,581			14,580			14,966
Basic earnings per common share (3)(4)	$	0.63		$	0.36		$	0.45		$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share (3)(4)		0.62			0.35			0.44			0.45

(1) During 2018, we completed the Business Ink and Forte acquisitions in February and October, respectively (see Note 6), and as a result, their results of operations are included in our 2018 results above.  Additionally, in conjunction with these acquisitions, during the first, third, and fourth quarters of 2018, we incurred transaction-related costs of $2.4 million, $0.2 million, and $2.3 million, respectively, or $0.05, $0.01, and $0.06 per diluted share.  

(2) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2018 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.9 million, $3.3 million, $2.8 million, and $1.6 million, respectively, or $0.02, $0.07, $0.07, and $0.04 per diluted share (see Note 7).     

(3) Fluctuations in our effective income tax rate between quarters generally relates to the accounting for discrete income tax items in any given quarter, and revisions of estimates for certain income tax components during the year.
For 2018:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 31%, 27%, 21%, and 18%, respectively.  The 2018 effective income tax rate reflects the impact of the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).  Additionally, the decreasing rate throughout 2018 is mainly attributed to a change in the estimate of research and development credits and improved profitability in certain international entities.
For 2017:  Our effective income tax rates for the first, second, third, and fourth quarters were 9%, 43%, 38%, and 31%, respectively.  The first quarter 2017 effective income tax rate reflects an approximately $5 million net benefit resulting from Comcast’s exercise of 1.4 million vested stock warrants in January 2017 (see Note 11) and the fourth quarter effective income tax rate includes a $2 million benefit from the remeasurement of U.S.-based net deferred tax liabilities as required under the Tax Reform Act (see Note 8).

(4) During the first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2017 we incurred restructuring and reorganization charges of $0.2 million, $2.7 million, $1.6 million, and $4.2 million, respectively, or $0.01, $0.05, $0.03, and $0.09 per diluted share (see Note 7).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 01, 2019	Jul. 30, 2018	Jan. 01, 2018
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations	$ 538,000
Remaining performance obligations expected to be recognized, year	2028
Restricted cash	$ 3,000	$ 4,200
Proceeds from sale/maturity of short-term investments	190,778	193,465	$ 157,825
Research and development	124,034	$ 113,215	$ 98,683
Equity method investments					$ 2,000
Equity method investment, include direct cost	$ 2,800
Payment Technology and Services Company
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Equity method investment, noncontrolling financial interest					4.00%
Common stock Warrants
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Common stock warrants issued, per warrant	$ 26.68
Minimum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Billed accounts receivable, payment term	30 days
Property and equipment, useful lives	3 years
Maximum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Billed accounts receivable, payment term	60 days
Short-term investment contractual maturities	2 years	2 years
Property and equipment, useful lives	10 years
Cloud and Related Solutions Revenue | Minimum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Long-term arrangements service period	3 years
Future revenue including variable consideration, contractual terms ending, year	2019
Cloud and Related Solutions Revenue | Maximum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Long-term arrangements service period	5 years
Future revenue including variable consideration, contractual terms ending, year	2028
Managed Services Solutions | Minimum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Long-term arrangements service period	3 years
Managed Services Solutions | Maximum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Long-term arrangements service period	5 years
ASC 606
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Cumulative effect upon adoption of new accounting principle, increase in retained earnings net of tax						$ 7,000
ASU 2016-02 | Subsequent Event
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Right of use assets				$ 80,000
Lease liabilities				$ 80,000

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Impacts of Adopting ASC 606 on Condensed Balance Sheet (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	$ 37,227	$ 33,104	$ 31,187
Other current assets	32,286		28,349
Intangible assets	101,856
Client contract costs, net of amortization	37,289
Other non-current assets	26,934		10,948
Other assets	915,170
Total assets	1,114,362		904,534
Deferred revenue	57,763	$ 47,611	54,231
Deferred income taxes	8,205		4,584
Other liabilities	687,370
Total liabilities	753,338		561,788
Accumulated earnings	795,127		749,438
Other stockholders' equity	(434,103)
Total stockholders' equity	361,024		342,746	$ 251,360	$ 345,845
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	1,114,362		904,534
Client contracts
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets			43,626
Acquired client contracts
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets	65,456
Adjustments | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	(451)
Other current assets	5,834
Client contract costs, net of amortization	(37,289)
Other non-current assets	8,178
Total assets	(451)
Deferred revenue	2,463
Deferred income taxes	87
Total liabilities	2,550
Accumulated earnings	(3,001)
Total stockholders' equity	(3,001)
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	(451)
Adjustments | Client contracts | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets	88,733
Adjustments | Acquired client contracts | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets	(65,456)
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Unbilled trade accounts receivable	36,776
Other current assets	38,120
Intangible assets			70,532
Other non-current assets	35,112
Other assets	915,170
Total assets	1,113,911
Deferred revenue	60,226
Deferred income taxes	8,292
Other liabilities	687,370
Total liabilities	755,888
Accumulated earnings	792,126
Other stockholders' equity	(434,103)
Total stockholders' equity	358,023
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	1,113,911
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | Client contracts | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets	$ 88,733		43,626
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | Acquired client contracts | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Intangible assets			$ 10,020

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Impacts of Adopting ASC 606 on Condensed Statement of Income (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Revenues:
Total revenues									$ 875,059	$ 789,582	$ 760,958
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues	$ 130,180	$ 109,052	$ 109,492	$ 101,096	$ 99,726	$ 99,717	$ 97,660	$ 97,708	449,820	394,811	375,147
Other expenses									338,252
Income before income taxes	25,567	20,492	20,724	20,204	21,671	23,386	20,303	22,350	86,987	87,710	99,999
Income tax provision	$ (4,669)	$ (4,391)	$ (5,607)	$ (6,190)	$ (6,705)	$ (8,806)	$ (8,722)	$ (2,113)	(20,857)	(26,346)	(37,117)
Net income									$ 66,130	$ 61,364	$ 62,882
Net income per diluted share	$ 0.64	$ 0.49	$ 0.46	$ 0.42	$ 0.45	$ 0.44	$ 0.35	$ 0.62	$ 2.01	$ 1.87	$ 1.90
Adjustments | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									$ 1,264
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									(944)
Income before income taxes									2,208
Income tax provision									(640)
Net income									$ 1,568
Net income per diluted share									$ 0.05
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									$ 876,323
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									448,876
Other expenses									338,252
Income before income taxes									89,195
Income tax provision									(21,497)
Net income									$ 67,698
Net income per diluted share									$ 2.06
Cloud and Related Services
Revenues:
Total revenues									$ 766,377	$ 651,010	$ 606,936
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									392,801	315,006	282,952
Cloud and Related Services | Adjustments | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									(25,960)
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									(20,419)
Cloud and Related Services | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									740,417
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									372,382
Software and Services
Revenues:
Total revenues									58,101	62,892	79,400
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									34,870	39,018	49,202
Software and Services | Adjustments | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									6,072
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									875
Software and Services | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									64,173
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									35,745
Maintenance
Revenues:
Total revenues									50,581	75,680	74,622
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									22,149	$ 40,787	$ 42,993
Maintenance | Adjustments | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									21,152
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									18,600
Maintenance | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Revenues:
Total revenues									71,733
Cost of revenues:
Total cost of revenues									$ 40,749

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Impacts of Adopting ASC 606 on Condensed Statement of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net income	$ 66,130	$ 61,364	$ 62,882
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities-
Amortization	44,328	29,501	27,626
Deferred income taxes	4,913	7,112	(2,811)
Other	44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets	(23,179)
Deferred revenue	10,492	(300)	957
Other	(3,489)
Net cash provided by operating activities	143,341	127,195	84,186
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts		(12,180)	(7,587)
Other	(86,139)
Net cash used in investing activities	(86,139)	(29,904)	(52,142)
Net cash used in financing activities	(37,509)	(105,494)	$ (42,950)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash	(2,659)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents	17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	139,277	122,243
Adjustments | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net income	1,568
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities-
Amortization	(4,202)
Deferred income taxes	640
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets	13,183
Deferred revenue	(1,881)
Net cash provided by operating activities	9,308
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts	(9,308)
Net cash used in investing activities	(9,308)
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net income	67,698
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities-
Amortization	40,126
Deferred income taxes	5,553
Other	44,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets	(9,996)
Deferred revenue	8,611
Other	(3,489)
Net cash provided by operating activities	152,649
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of and investments in client contracts	(9,308)
Other	(86,139)
Net cash used in investing activities	(95,447)
Net cash used in financing activities	(37,509)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash	(2,659)
Net increase cash and cash equivalents	17,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	122,243
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$ 139,277	$ 122,243

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual 1) - Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2019-01-01	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligations expected to be recognized, percentage	90.00%
Remaining performance obligations expected to be recognized, period	3 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Rollforward of Unbilled Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	$ 31,187	$ 31,187
Recognized during the period		237,134
Reclassified to receivables		(231,689)
Other		(1,322)
Ending Balance	33,104	$ 37,227
ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606	(2,276)
ASC 606 | Unbilled Receivables
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Cumulative effect adjustments	$ 4,193

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Rollforward of Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	$ (54,231)	$ (54,231)
Revenue recognized that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period		38,832
Consideration received in advance of services performed net of revenue recognized in the current period		(50,861)
Other		1,877
Ending Balance	(47,611)	$ (57,763)
ASC 606
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reclassification – adoption of ASC 606	2,276
ASC 606 | Deferred Revenue
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Cumulative effect adjustments	$ 4,344

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Assets:
Assets fair value	$ 37,073	$ 175,128
Cash equivalents | Money Market Funds
Assets:
Assets fair value	4,392	3,544
Cash equivalents | Commercial Paper
Assets:
Assets fair value	9,078	32,467
Short-term Investments | Corporate Debt Securities
Assets:
Assets fair value	16,357	124,182
Short-term Investments | U.S. Government Agency Bonds
Assets:
Assets fair value	3,724	1,547
Short-term Investments | Asset-backed securities
Assets:
Assets fair value	3,522	13,388
Level 1
Assets:
Assets fair value	4,392	3,544
Level 1 | Cash equivalents | Money Market Funds
Assets:
Assets fair value	4,392	3,544
Level 2
Assets:
Assets fair value	32,681	171,584
Level 2 | Cash equivalents | Commercial Paper
Assets:
Assets fair value	9,078	32,467
Level 2 | Short-term Investments | Corporate Debt Securities
Assets:
Assets fair value	16,357	124,182
Level 2 | Short-term Investments | U.S. Government Agency Bonds
Assets:
Assets fair value	3,724	1,547
Level 2 | Short-term Investments | Asset-backed securities
Assets:
Assets fair value	$ 3,522	$ 13,388

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
2015 Credit Agreement | 2015 Term Loan
Carrying value and estimated fair value of debt
Fair Value		$ 120,000
Carrying Value		120,000
2018 Credit Agreement | 2018 Term Loan
Carrying value and estimated fair value of debt
Fair Value	$ 144,375
Carrying Value	144,375
Senior Convertible Notes 2016
Carrying value and estimated fair value of debt
Fair Value	228,275	251,850
Carrying Value	$ 230,000	$ 230,000

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable
Balance, beginning of year	$ 4,149	$ 3,080	$ 3,600
Additions to expense	462	2,434	614
Write-offs	(1,659)	(1,392)	(1,102)
Recoveries		5
Other	163	22	(32)
Balance, end of year	$ 3,115	$ 4,149	$ 3,080

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Reconciliation of the Basic and Diluted EPS Denominators (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators
Basic weighted-average common shares	32,488	32,415	30,968
Dilutive effect of restricted common stock	218	444	603
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes			1,062
Dilutive effect of Stock Warrants	149	6	381
Diluted weighted-average common shares	32,855	32,865	33,014

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 Segment Client	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | Segment	1
Number of significant clients | Client	3
Americas | Sales Revenue, Net | Customer Concentration Risk
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues attributable to operations in Americas	85.00%	85.00%	86.00%

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration - Summary of Financial Information Relating to Operations by Geographic Region (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Total Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 247,267	$ 213,055	$ 213,033	$ 201,704	$ 205,204	$ 199,195	$ 192,713	$ 192,470	$ 875,059	$ 789,582	$ 760,958
Property and Equipment:
Property and Equipment	81,813				44,651				81,813	44,651
Americas (principally the U.S.)
Total Revenues:
Total revenues									740,885	669,712	652,376
Property and Equipment:
Property and Equipment	72,079				40,286				72,079	40,286
Europe, Middle East and Africa (principally Europe)
Total Revenues:
Total revenues									89,924	72,120	69,425
Property and Equipment:
Property and Equipment	2,056				2,392				2,056	2,392
Asia Pacific
Total Revenues:
Total revenues									44,250	47,750	$ 39,157
Property and Equipment:
Property and Equipment	$ 7,678				$ 1,973				$ 7,678	$ 1,973

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration - Summary of Revenues from Significant Clients (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk - Sales Revenue, Net	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Comcast
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue by Major Client, Percentage	25.00%	28.00%	26.00%
Charter
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue by Major Client, Percentage	20.00%	22.00%	21.00%
DISH
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenue by Major Client, Percentage	9.00%	11.00%	13.00%

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Segment Reporting and Significant Concentration - Summary of Net Billed Accounts Receivable from Significant Clients (Details) - Accounts Receivable - Customer Concentration Risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Comcast
Trade accounts receivable:
Accounts Receivable by Significant Client, Percentage	24.00%	26.00%
Charter
Trade accounts receivable:
Accounts Receivable by Significant Client, Percentage	21.00%	32.00%
DISH
Trade accounts receivable:
Accounts Receivable by Significant Client, Percentage	7.00%	8.00%

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Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 175,091	$ 167,777
Less - accumulated depreciation	(93,278)	(123,126)
Property and equipment, net	$ 81,813	44,651
Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	3 years
Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	10 years
Computer equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 84,814	85,902
Computer equipment | Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	3 years
Computer equipment | Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	6 years
Leasehold improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 22,494	15,463
Leasehold improvements | Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	5 years
Leasehold improvements | Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	10 years
Operating equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 58,521	56,170
Operating equipment | Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	3 years
Operating equipment | Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	8 years
Furniture and fixtures
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, useful lives	8 years
Property and equipment, gross	$ 9,262	$ 10,242

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Long-Lived Assets - Rollforward of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill RollForward
Beginning balance	$ 210,080	$ 201,094
Adjustments related to prior acquisitions	(60)	(60)
Goodwill acquired during period	51,591
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates	(5,795)	9,046
Ending balance	$ 255,816	$ 210,080

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Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Carrying Value of Other Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 303,929
Accumulated Amortization	(202,073)
Net Amount	101,856
Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount		$ 276,627
Accumulated Amortization		(206,095)
Net Amount		70,532
Investments in client contracts | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount		26,616
Accumulated Amortization		(9,782)
Net Amount		16,834
Capitalized costs | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount		26,811
Accumulated Amortization		(10,039)
Net Amount		16,772
Acquired client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	148,148
Accumulated Amortization	(82,692)	0
Net Amount	65,456
Acquired client contracts | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount		87,308
Accumulated Amortization		(77,288)
Net Amount		10,020
Client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Accumulated Amortization	0	(97,109)
Net Amount		43,626
Client contracts | Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 | ASC 606
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount		140,735
Accumulated Amortization		(97,109)
Net Amount	88,733	43,626
Acquired software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	75,156	66,100
Accumulated Amortization	(65,719)	(64,268)
Net Amount	9,437	1,832
Internal use software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	80,625	69,792
Accumulated Amortization	(53,662)	(44,718)
Net Amount	26,963	25,074
Software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	155,781	135,892
Accumulated Amortization	(119,381)	(108,986)
Net Amount	$ 36,400	$ 26,906

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Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Investments in client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense		$ 7,402	$ 6,591
Capitalized costs
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense		5,141	2,755
Acquired client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense	$ 7,898	5,406	6,683
Total client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense	7,898	17,949	16,029
Acquired software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense	1,801	1,458	1,806
Internal use software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense	9,517	7,845	7,510
Total Software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Total amortization expense	$ 11,318	$ 9,303	$ 9,316

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Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Intangible Assets (Parenthetical) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Acquired client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	114 months
Acquired client contracts | Minimum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	2 years
Acquired client contracts | Maximum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	20 years
Acquired software | Minimum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	2 years
Acquired software | Maximum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	15 years
Internal use software | Minimum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	12 months
Internal use software | Maximum
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	10 years

XML

Long-Lived Assets (Details Textual) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Acquired client contracts
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-average remaining amortization period	114 months
Estimated total amortization expense 2019	$ 10.4
Estimated total amortization expense 2020	9.5
Estimated total amortization expense 2021	6.8
Estimated total amortization expense 2022	6.5
Estimated total amortization expense 2023	$ 5.5
Software
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-average remaining amortization period	51 months
Estimated total amortization expense 2019	$ 11.2
Estimated total amortization expense 2020	8.9
Estimated total amortization expense 2021	6.9
Estimated total amortization expense 2022	4.9
Estimated total amortization expense 2023	$ 2.4
Client contract costs
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted-average remaining amortization period	31 months

XML

Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Carrying Values of Contract Cost Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 80,340
Accumulated Amortization	(43,051)	$ 0
Net Amount	37,289
Client contract incentives
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	28,366
Accumulated Amortization	(20,833)
Net Amount	7,533
Capitalized costs
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	44,469
Accumulated Amortization	(20,230)
Net Amount	24,239
Capitalized commission fees
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,505
Accumulated Amortization	(1,988)
Net Amount	$ 5,517

XML

Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Client Contract Costs (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total client contract costs, aggregate amortization	$ 23,381
Client contract incentives
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total client contract costs, aggregate amortization	11,052
Capitalized costs
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total client contract costs, aggregate amortization	10,304
Capitalized commission fees
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total client contract costs, aggregate amortization	$ 2,025

XML

Long-Lived Assets - Summary of Aggregate Amortization Related to Client Contract Costs (Parenthetical) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Minimum | Client contract incentives
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2019
Minimum | Capitalized costs
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2019
Minimum | Capitalized commission fees
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2019
Maximum | Client contract incentives
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2025
Maximum | Capitalized costs
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2023
Maximum | Capitalized commission fees
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, amortization year	2025
Policy election to expense fees as incurred	1 year

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Debt - Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Mar. 05, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Less – unamortized original issue discount	$ (14,549)		$ (18,264)
Less - deferred financing costs		$ (2,800)
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts	359,826		331,736
Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts	(7,500)		(22,500)
Long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts	352,326		309,236
2015 Credit Agreement | 2015 Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total long-term debt, gross			120,000
Less - deferred financing costs			(2,274)
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts			117,726
2018 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Less - deferred financing costs	(2,300)
2018 Credit Agreement | 2018 Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total long-term debt, gross	144,375
Less - deferred financing costs	(2,281)
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts	142,094	$ 150,000
Senior Convertible Notes 2016
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total long-term debt, gross	230,000		230,000
Less – unamortized original issue discount	(8,823)		(11,487)
Less - deferred financing costs	(3,445)		(4,503)
Total debt, net of unamortized discounts	$ 217,732		$ 214,010

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Debt - Long-Term Debt (Parenthetical) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 05, 2018	Mar. 31, 2016	Feb. 28, 2015
2015 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount available under credit facility					$ 350,000,000
2015 Credit Agreement | 2015 Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	1.75%
Term loan combined interest rate		3.44%
Maturity period	Feb. 29, 2020
2015 Credit Agreement | Revolving Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount available under credit facility	$ 200,000,000
Maturity period	Feb. 29, 2020
2018 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount available under credit facility			$ 350,000,000
2018 Credit Agreement | 2018 Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	1.50%
Term loan combined interest rate	4.30%
Maturity period	Mar. 31, 2023
2018 Credit Agreement | Revolving Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount available under credit facility	$ 200,000,000		$ 200,000,000
Maturity period	Mar. 31, 2023
Senior Convertible Notes 2016
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maturity period	Mar. 15, 2036
Interest rate on senior subordinated convertible notes	4.25%			4.25%

XML

Debt - Credit Agreement (Details Textual) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 05, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Feb. 28, 2015
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt		$ 359,826,000	$ 331,736,000
Proceeds from long term debt		150,000,000		$ 230,000,000
Principal repayments		125,625,000	$ 15,000,000	7,500,000
Net increase of available cash	$ 30,000,000
Payments of deferred financing costs		1,490,000		6,744,000
Financing costs	2,800,000
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(810,000)		$ (8,651,000)
2015 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal repayments	120,000,000
2018 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit Agreement	$ 350,000,000
Principal repayments		$ 5,600,000
Debt instrument, frequency of periodic payment		payable quarterly
Debt instrument, payment terms of principal of debt		The 2018 Credit Agreement includes mandatory repayments of the aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Term Loan (payable quarterly) for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth years, with the remaining principal balance due at maturity. The 2018 Credit Agreement has no prepayment penalties and requires mandatory repayments under certain circumstances, including: (i) asset sales or casualty proceeds; and (ii) proceeds of debt or preferred stock issuances.
Payments of deferred financing costs		$ 1,500,000
Financing costs		2,300,000
2018 Credit Agreement | Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage	0.20%
2018 Credit Agreement | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage	0.375%
2018 Credit Agreement | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) | Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	1.50%
2018 Credit Agreement | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	2.50%
2018 Credit Agreement | Base Rate | Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	0.50%
2018 Credit Agreement | Base Rate | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on term loan	1.50%
2018 Credit Agreement | Revolving Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit Agreement	$ 200,000,000	$ 200,000,000
Credit facility term		5 years
Line of credit facility, unused capacity, commitment fee percentage		0.20%
Credit facility, outstanding barrowings		$ 0
Credit facility, current borrowing capacity		200,000,000
2018 Credit Agreement | 2018 Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of debt	150,000,000	$ 142,094,000
Term loan period		5 years
Proceeds from long term debt	$ 150,000,000
Basis spread on term loan		1.50%
Term loan combined interest rate		4.30%
Financing costs		$ 2,281,000
2015 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit Agreement					$ 350,000,000
2015 Credit Agreement | Revolving Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit Agreement		200,000,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs		800,000
Loss on extinguishment of debt		$ 800,000

XML

Debt - 2016 Convertible Notes (Details Textual) - Senior Convertible Notes 2016 $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Tradingday $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Senior convertible notes face amount | $		$ 230,000
Interest rate on senior convertible notes	4.25%	4.25%
Maturity date of 2016 convertible Notes	Mar. 15, 2036
Initial conversion rate of common stock	17.5298
Convertible Notes, initial conversion of Par Value Convertible Notes to common stock | $	$ 1
Initial conversion price | $ / shares	$ 57.05
Minimum quarterly dividends to adjust conversion rate | $ / shares	$ 0.185
Percentage of par value of convertible notes to be settled in cash	100.00%
Rate of conversion price	130.00%
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold consecutive trading days | Tradingday	30
Debt instrument, convertible, threshold trading days | Tradingday	20

XML

Debt - 2010 Convertible Notes (Details Textual) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2010
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Convertible notes cash paid			$ 215,676,000
Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes 2010
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Senior subordinated convertible notes face amount				$ 150,000,000
Interest rate on senior subordinated convertible notes				3.00%
Maturity period		Mar. 01, 2017
Aggregate principal amount of convertible notes repurchased			115,300,000
Amount paid to purchase aggregate principal amount			215,600,000
Loss on repurchase of convertible notes			8,700,000
Convertible notes cash paid	$ 34,800,000
Settlement of conversion obligation by common shares delivered from treasury stock	694,240
Settlement of conversion obligation in excess of par value	$ 28,800,000
2010 Convertible Notes Converted by Holders
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of convertible notes repurchased			50,000
Amount paid to purchase aggregate principal amount			$ 100,000

XML

Debt - Estimated Maturities on Long-Term Debt (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Maturities on Long-Term Debt
2019	$ 7,500
2020	10,313
2021	244,062
2022	15,000
2023	97,500
Senior Convertible Notes 2016
Maturities on Long-Term Debt
2021	230,000
Term Loan | 2018 Credit Agreement
Maturities on Long-Term Debt
2019	7,500
2020	10,313
2021	14,062
2022	15,000
2023	$ 97,500

XML

Debt - Deferred Financing Costs (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Mar. 05, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Deferred financing costs related to convertible notes				$ 2,800
Amortization expenses of deferred financing costs included in Interest expense	$ 1,900	$ 2,400	$ 2,400
2018 Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Deferred financing costs related to convertible notes	2,300
Senior Convertible Notes 2016
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Deferred financing costs related to convertible notes	$ 3,445	$ 4,503
Credit Agreement and Convertible Notes | Debt Offerings
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rate on debt borrowings	5.00%	5.00%	5.00%

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Acquisitions (Details Textual) $ in Thousands			12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Segment	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired			$ 144,791
Goodwill			$ 255,816	$ 210,080	$ 201,094
Number of reportable segments | Segment			1
Revenues			$ 875,059	789,582	760,958
Operating expenses			$ 770,127	$ 683,897	$ 628,329
Software
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life			51 months
Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life			114 months
Minimum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Property and equipment depreciation period			3 years
Minimum | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life			2 years
Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Property and equipment depreciation period			10 years
Maximum | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life			20 years
Business Ink
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition date			Feb. 28, 2018
Business acquisition, acquired equity percentage		100.00%
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired		$ 70,000
Goodwill		3,300
Intangible assets		$ 38,600
Forte Payment Systems, Inc
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition date			Oct. 01, 2018
Business acquisition, acquired equity percentage	100.00%
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired	$ 85,000
Goodwill	48,300
Intangible assets	34,400
Business acquisition, cash consideration	93,000
Cash held subject to certain tax filings	13,000
Potential future earn out payments	$ 18,800
Potential future earn out payments meassurement period	4 years
Accrued earn out payments			$ 1,300
Settlement assets and settlement liabilities holding period			Generally one to four business days depending on the payment model and contractual terms with the client.
Business Ink and Forte
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill			$ 51,590
Revenues			74,000
Operating expenses			72,000
Business Ink and Forte | SG&A
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, transaction-related costs			3,600
Business acquisitions earn-out compensation			1,300
Business Ink and Forte | Software
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets			10,354
Weighted-average life	7 years
Business Ink and Forte | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets			$ 63,570
Weighted-average life	11 years
Business Ink and Forte | Minimum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Property and equipment depreciation period	1 year
Business Ink and Forte | Minimum | Software
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	4 years
Business Ink and Forte | Minimum | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	4 months
Business Ink and Forte | Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Property and equipment depreciation period	8 years
Business Ink and Forte | Maximum | Software
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	8 years
Business Ink and Forte | Maximum | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated useful life	15 years

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Acquisitions - Summary of Estimated Fair Values of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed as of Dates of Respective Acquisitions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 255,816	$ 210,080	$ 201,094
Business Ink and Forte
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	7,090
Settlement assets	103,444
Trade accounts receivable	24,341
Other current assets	7,683
Property and equipment	13,539
Goodwill	51,590
Other assets	11,316
Total assets acquired	292,927
Client deposits	(6,102)
Trade account payable	(7,147)
Accrued employee compensation	(2,966)
Settlement liabilities	(102,221)
Other current liabilities	(1,706)
Other non-current liabilities	(10,204)
Total liabilities assumed	(130,346)
Net assets acquired	162,581
Business Ink and Forte | Software
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets, Acquired	10,354
Business Ink and Forte | Acquired client contracts
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets, Acquired	$ 63,570

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Acquisitions - Summary of Supplemental Pro Forma Information (Details) - Business Ink and Forte - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 960,160	$ 935,565
Net income	$ 69,759	$ 64,868
Income from continuing operations	$ 2.12	$ 1.97
Weighted average common shares	$ 32,855	$ 32,865

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Restructuring and Reorganization Charges (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended									12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Employees	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) Employees	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) Employees	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Reduced workforce | Employees										170	60	60
Restructuring and reorganization charges	$ 1,600	$ 2,800	$ 3,300	$ 900	$ 4,200	$ 1,600	$ 2,700	$ 200		$ 8,661	$ 8,796	$ 416
Gain (loss) on disposition of business operations												6,611
Restructuring and reorganization reserve	4,336				4,148					4,336	4,148	3,746	$ 2,994
Current Liabilities
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and reorganization reserve	2,300									2,300
Cyber Security Business
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on disposition of business operations									$ 6,600
Termination Benefits Related to Organizational Changes
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and reorganization charges										6,200	3,700	7,200
Disposition of Business Operations
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and reorganization charges										(2,330)	2,904	(6,611)
Gain (loss) on disposition of business operations												6,611
Reversal of liability related to previous disposition of a business										2,300
Facilities Abandonment
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring and reorganization charges										1,981	2,236	556
Restructuring and reorganization reserve	$ 2,934				$ 3,032					2,934	$ 3,032	$ 1,332	$ 1,357
Closure of Print Facility
Restructuring Cost And Reserve [Line Items]
Restructuring charges and impairment of assets										$ 2,700

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Restructuring and Reorganization Charges - Schedule of Activity in Business Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Rollforward of Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves
Beginning Balance				$ 4,148				$ 3,746	$ 4,148	$ 3,746	$ 2,994
Charged to expense during period	$ 1,600	$ 2,800	$ 3,300	900	$ 4,200	$ 1,600	$ 2,700	200	8,661	8,796	416
Cash payments									(9,369)	(5,674)	(7,254)
Adjustment for the gain on the disposition of business operations											6,611
Adjustment for asset impairment									(1,851)	(3,135)
Other									2,747	415	979
Ending Balance	4,336				4,148				4,336	4,148	3,746
Termination Benefits
Rollforward of Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves
Beginning Balance				1,116				2,414	1,116	2,414	1,637
Charged to expense during period									6,555	3,693	7,201
Cash payments									(6,744)	(4,345)	(6,781)
Other									475	(646)	357
Ending Balance	1,402				1,116				1,402	1,116	2,414
Facilities Abandonment
Rollforward of Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves
Beginning Balance				$ 3,032				$ 1,332	3,032	1,332	1,357
Charged to expense during period									1,981	2,236	556
Cash payments									(2,625)	(1,329)	(473)
Adjustment for asset impairment										(231)
Other									546	1,024	(108)
Ending Balance	$ 2,934				$ 3,032				2,934	3,032	1,332
Disposition of Business Operations
Rollforward of Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves
Charged to expense during period									(2,330)	2,904	(6,611)
Adjustment for the gain on the disposition of business operations											6,611
Adjustment for asset impairment										(2,904)
Other									2,330
Other
Rollforward of Restructuring and Reorganization Reserves
Charged to expense during period									2,455	(37)	(730)
Adjustment for asset impairment									(1,851)
Other									$ (604)	$ 37	$ 730

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Income Taxes - Components of Net Income Before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Components of net income before income taxes
Domestic									$ 80,234	$ 89,095	$ 98,966
Foreign									6,753	(1,385)	1,033
Income before income taxes	$ 25,567	$ 20,492	$ 20,724	$ 20,204	$ 21,671	$ 23,386	$ 20,303	$ 22,350	$ 86,987	$ 87,710	$ 99,999

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current:
Federal									$ 7,814	$ 13,422	$ 31,409
State									4,589	1,909	3,819
Foreign									3,541	3,903	4,639
Total									15,944	19,234	39,867
Deferred:
Federal									4,584	5,582	(2,229)
State									(619)	937	276
Foreign									948	593	(797)
Total									4,913	7,112	(2,750)
Total income tax provision	$ 4,669	$ 4,391	$ 5,607	$ 6,190	$ 6,705	$ 8,806	$ 8,722	$ 2,113	$ 20,857	$ 26,346	$ 37,117

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Difference between income tax provision computed at the statutory Federal income tax rate and financial statement income tax
Provision at Federal rate of 21% for 2018, 35% for 2017 and 2016)									$ 18,267	$ 30,699	$ 35,000
State income taxes, net of Federal impact									2,985	1,850	2,662
Research and experimentation credits									(4,040)	(2,853)	(71)
Stock award vesting									(1,513)	(7,882)
Tax uncertainties									(122)	166	(1,597)
Section 199 manufacturing deduction									168	(962)	(4,060)
Section 162(m) compensation limitation									951	273	297
Foreign rate differential									1,238	162	857
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets									(177)	2,351	1,287
Other impact of foreign operations									2,755	3,933	2,157
Statutory rate change									(87)	(2,210)
Other									432	819	585
Total income tax provision	$ 4,669	$ 4,391	$ 5,607	$ 6,190	$ 6,705	$ 8,806	$ 8,722	$ 2,113	$ 20,857	$ 26,346	$ 37,117

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Parenthetical) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Difference between income tax provision computed at the statutory Federal income tax rate and financial statement income tax
Provision at Federal rate	21.00%	35.00%	35.00%

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Income Taxes - Income Tax Provision/(Benefit) and Deferred Income Taxes (Details Textual) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2011
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Undistributed Earnings of Foreign Subsidiaries	$ 40,000,000
Participation exemption rate established by the Tax Reform Act	10.00%
Deferred income tax assets benefits percentage	100.00%
Valuation allowance	$ 19,814,000	$ 21,356,000
Cash payments related to the deferred income tax liabilities associated with the 2004 Convertible Debt Securities	3,400,000	5,600,000	$ 5,600,000	$ 6,000,000
Domestic Country
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Valuation allowance	0
Operating loss carryforward	$ 34,000,000	39,000,000
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Expiration Dates	begin to expire in 2024 and can be utilized through 2030
Interest rate used for tax deduction				9.09%
State And Local Jurisdiction
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Valuation allowance	$ 2,500,000
Deferred income tax assets net of federal benefit	4,500,000
Operating loss carryforward	$ 49,000,000	50,000,000
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Expiration Dates	will expire beginning in 2019 and end in 2042
Foreign Country
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Valuation allowance	$ 17,300,000
Deferred income tax assets net of federal benefit	28,400,000
Operating loss carryforward	$ 97,000,000	$ 103,000,000
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Expiration Dates	2019

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Income Taxes - Net Deferred Income Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Net deferred income tax liabilities
Deferred income tax assets	$ 51,533	$ 56,013
Deferred income tax liabilities	(28,837)	(25,184)
Valuation allowance	(19,814)	(21,356)
Net deferred income tax assets	$ 2,882	$ 9,473

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Income Taxes - The Components of Net Deferred Income Tax Assets (Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Net deferred income tax assets:
Accrued expenses and reserves	$ 7,180	$ 10,745
Stock-based compensation	3,695	3,312
Software	(3,001)	(4,364)
Goodwill	(6,635)	(5,828)
Net operating loss carryforwards	24,857	29,953
Property and equipment	(8,315)	1,381
Convertible debt securities	19	(3,639)
Deferred revenue	2,606	2,225
State taxes	4,520	3,220
Contingent payments	(2,333)	(1,860)
Foreign exchange gain/loss	2,048	1,776
R&D credit	1,413	1,560
Other	383	(1,720)
Total deferred income tax assets	22,696	30,829
Less: valuation allowance	(19,814)	(21,356)
Net deferred income tax assets	2,882	9,473
Client contracts
Net deferred income tax assets:
Client contracts and related intangibles	$ (3,741)	$ (5,932)

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of the Beginning and Ending Balances of our Liability for Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Unrecognized tax benefits
Balance, beginning of year	$ 1,915	$ 1,891	$ 4,079
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		136
Audit settlements		(183)	(1,893)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(226)	(174)	(122)
Additions for tax positions of prior years	85	257	370
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(106)	(12)	(543)
Balance, end of year	$ 1,668	$ 1,915	$ 1,891

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Income Taxes - Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Income Taxes (Textual) [Abstract]
Liability for unrecognized tax benefits	$ 1,891	$ 1,668				$ 1,915				$ 1,668	$ 1,915	$ 1,891	$ 4,079
Income tax related to accrued interest, net of federal benefit	400	600				500				600	500	400
Unrecognized tax benefits that would favorably impact the tax rate		1,700								1,700
Income tax benefit		4,669	$ 4,391	$ 5,607	$ 6,190	$ 6,705	$ 8,806	$ 8,722	$ 2,113	20,857	26,346	$ 37,117
ASU 2016-09
Income Taxes (Textual) [Abstract]
Income tax benefit										(1,000)	$ 3,000
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Income Taxes (Textual) [Abstract]
Additional Income tax payment on audit for 2010 through 2012 tax year	$ 8,000
Maximum
Income Taxes (Textual) [Abstract]
Unrecognized tax benefits decrease amount over next twelve months		$ 400								$ 400

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Income Taxes - U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act (Details Textual) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Corporate income tax rate		21.00%	35.00%	35.00%
Benefit from revaluation of U.S.-based net deferred income tax liabilities	$ 2,300,000
Deemed repatriation tax		$ 0

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Employee Retirement Benefit Plans (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Employee Retirement Benefit Plans (Textual) [Abstract]
Maximum employee annual contributions, percent	100.00%
US Based Employees
Employee Retirement Benefit Plans (Textual) [Abstract]
Total contributions under plans	$ 12.8	$ 10.4	$ 9.9
Non US Based Employees
Employee Retirement Benefit Plans (Textual) [Abstract]
Total contributions under plans	$ 4.5	$ 4.5	$ 3.9

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Commitments, Guarantees and Contingencies (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Payments under operating lease agreement in 2019	$ 16.6
Payments under operating lease agreement in 2020	14.1
Payments under operating lease agreement in 2021	13.1
Payments under operating lease agreement in 2022	11.5
Payments under operating lease agreement in 2023	9.6
Thereafter	14.7
Operating Leases, Rent Expense	$ 19.0	$ 16.4	$ 14.5
Infocrossing service agreement expiry date	Jun. 30, 2022
Warranty Period	90 days
Building and Building Improvements
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Non-cancellable operating leases expiry term	2027-10

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Stockholders' Equity (Details Textual) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) CustomerAccount shares	Dec. 31, 2016 CustomerAccount	Dec. 31, 2014 CustomerAccount shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) CustomerAccount $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2014 $ / shares shares
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Remaining number of shares available for repurchase | shares							5,500,000
Repurchase of common stock for employee tax withholdings, shares | shares							159,000	249,000	344,000
Repurchase of common stock for tax withholdings, value							$ 7,400	$ 10,100	$ 13,700
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ / shares							$ 0.84	$ 0.79	$ 0.74
Cash dividend							$ 28,100	$ 26,800	$ 23,800
Stock warrants term										10 years
Stock warrants, exercise price | $ / shares										$ 26.68
Additional number of Residential Customer Accounts converted | CustomerAccount							5,000,000
Client contract costs, net of amortization							$ 37,289
Accumulated amortization expense of client contract incentive related to stock warrants				$ 0			43,051	0
Carrying amount of common stock warrants				$ 9,082			9,082	9,082
Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes 2010
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Common shares from treasury stock delivered to settle conversion obligation in excess of par value | shares	694,240
Carrying value of shares of treasury stock delivered	$ 16,500
Carrying value of treasury stock delivered, per share | $ / shares	$ 23.71
Conversion obligation in excess of par value	$ 28,800
Client contract incentives
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Client contract costs, net of amortization							7,533
Accumulated amortization expense of client contract incentive related to stock warrants							$ 20,833
Conversion Of Comcast Current Residential Customer Accounts
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock warrants | shares						1,900,000				1,900,000
Conversion Of Comcast Current Residential Customer Accounts | First 25 % of Stock Warrants
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Vesting percentage of stock warrants						25.00%
Number of customer account converted | CustomerAccount						500,000
Number of stock warrants vested | shares						500,000
Conversion Of Comcast Current Residential Customer Accounts | Second 25 % of Stock Warrants
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Vesting percentage of stock warrants			25.00%
Vesting date of stock warrants							2015-01
Conversion Of Comcast Current Residential Customer Accounts | Third 25 % of Stock Warrants
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Vesting percentage of stock warrants					25.00%
Number of customer account converted | CustomerAccount					5,500,000
Conversion Of Comcast Current Residential Customer Accounts | Last 25 % of Stock Warrants
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Vesting percentage of stock warrants				25.00%
Number of customer account converted | CustomerAccount				11,000,000
Number of stock warrants vested | shares				400,000
Conversion Of Comcast Acquired Additional Residential Customer Accounts
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock warrants | shares						1,000,000				1,000,000
Comcast
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Issuance of stock warrants | shares						2,900,000				2,900,000
Amount of unvested stock warrants that become vested upon a fundamental change of the Company							50.00%
Beneficial ownership required for potential cash settlement							19.99%
Stock warrants exercised | shares		1,400,000
Stock warrants issued | shares							1,400,000
Stock warrants vested | shares							400,000
Comcast | Common Stock Warrants
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Stock warrants exercised | shares		1,400,000
Common shares from treasury stock delivered to settle conversion obligation in excess of par value | shares		649,221
Fair value of shares of treasury stock delivered		$ 31,500
Carrying value of shares of treasury stock delivered		$ 15,400
Carrying value of treasury stock delivered, per share | $ / shares		$ 23.66
Carrying amount of common stock warrants		$ 16,000
Comcast | Common Stock Warrants | Client contract incentives
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Client contract costs, net of amortization				$ 25,100			$ 25,100	25,100
Accumulated amortization expense of client contract incentive related to stock warrants				$ 9,200			$ 19,800	$ 9,200
SEC Rule 10b5-1 Plan
Stockholders Equity Transaction [Line Items]
Repurchase of common stock, shares | shares							700,000	500,000	300,000
Total amount paid							$ 27,600	$ 20,500	$ 11,600
Weighted-average price per share | $ / shares							$ 39.23	$ 41.10	$ 36.42

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Equity Compensation Plans - Stock Incentive Plan (Details Textual) - Stock Incentive Plan 2005	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2018 shares	Dec. 31, 2018 shares	Apr. 30, 2018 shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Increase in number of shares approved for issuance under incentive plan	2,700,000
Number of shares approved for issuance under incentive plan	21,400,000		18,700,000
Number of shares counted for every share granted		2
Stockholder approved shares available for issuance		4,200,000
Stockholder approved shares available for grant		3,800,000

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Equity Compensation Plans - Restricted Stock (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards granted	$ 45.57	$ 39.79	$ 39.07
Market value of restricted stock shares vesting	$ 22.7	$ 29.5	$ 38.5
Minimum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock vesting period	3 years
Maximum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock vesting period	4 years

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Equity Compensation Plans - Summary of Unvested Restricted Common Stock Activity (Details) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards granted	$ 45.57	$ 39.79	$ 39.07
Restricted stock
Shares
Shares, Unvested awards, beginning balance	1,222
Shares, Awards granted	552
Shares, Awards forfeited/cancelled	(135)
Shares, Awards vested	(494)
Shares, Unvested awards, ending balance	1,145	1,222
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Unvested awards, beginning balance	$ 36.84
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards granted	45.57
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards forfeited/cancelled	40.07
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Awards vested	34.60
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value, Unvested awards, ending balance	$ 41.64	$ 36.84

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Equity Compensation Plans - 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Value of stock purchases made pursuant to employee stock purchase plan	$ 2,311	$ 1,776	$ 1,547
1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized for issue to employees under the employee stock purchase plan	1,700,000
Purchase Price of shares as a percentage of market value	85.00%
Number of shares purchased under employee stock purchase plan	68,902	50,674	43,655
Value of stock purchases made pursuant to employee stock purchase plan	$ 2,400	$ 1,800	$ 1,600
Remaining number of shares eligible for purchase under employee stock purchase plan	277,211
1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan | Minimum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Purchase price of shares under the plan	$ 27.00	$ 31.88	$ 29.70
1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan | Maximum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Purchase price of shares under the plan	$ 39.68	$ 41.14	$ 41.14

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Equity Compensation Plans - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 19,358	$ 21,049	$ 22,715
Total compensation cost related to unvested awards not yet recognized	$ 32,300
Stock based compensation expense period	2 years 4 months 24 days
Deferred income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense	$ 4,400	7,100	7,300
Income tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from stock-based compensation	$ 5,300	$ 11,000	$ 12,500

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Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data - Quarterly Financial Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Quarterly Financial Information
Total revenues	$ 247,267	$ 213,055	$ 213,033	$ 201,704	$ 205,204	$ 199,195	$ 192,713	$ 192,470	$ 875,059	$ 789,582	$ 760,958
Total cost of revenues	130,180	109,052	109,492	101,096	99,726	99,717	97,660	97,708	449,820	394,811	375,147
Operating income	29,425	25,653	24,087	25,767	26,048	28,376	24,248	27,013	104,932	105,685	132,629
Income before income taxes	25,567	20,492	20,724	20,204	21,671	23,386	20,303	22,350	86,987	87,710	99,999
Income tax provision	(4,669)	(4,391)	(5,607)	(6,190)	(6,705)	(8,806)	(8,722)	(2,113)	$ (20,857)	$ (26,346)	$ (37,117)
Net income	$ 20,898	$ 16,101	$ 15,117	$ 14,014	$ 14,966	$ 14,580	$ 11,581	$ 20,237
Basic earnings per common share	$ 0.65	$ 0.50	$ 0.46	$ 0.43	$ 0.46	$ 0.45	$ 0.36	$ 0.63	$ 2.04	$ 1.89	$ 2.03
Diluted earnings per common share	$ 0.64	$ 0.49	$ 0.46	$ 0.42	$ 0.45	$ 0.44	$ 0.35	$ 0.62	$ 2.01	$ 1.87	$ 1.90

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Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Quarterly Financial Information
Restructuring and reorganization charges		$ 1,600	$ 2,800	$ 3,300	$ 900	$ 4,200	$ 1,600	$ 2,700	$ 200	$ 8,661	$ 8,796	$ 416
Impact of restructuring and reorganization charges on EPS		$ 0.04	$ 0.07	$ 0.07	$ 0.02	$ 0.09	$ 0.03	$ 0.05	$ 0.01
Effective income tax rate		18.00%	21.00%	27.00%	31.00%	31.00%	38.00%	43.00%	9.00%
Income tax (expense) benefit		$ (4,669)	$ (4,391)	$ (5,607)	$ (6,190)	$ (6,705)	$ (8,806)	$ (8,722)	$ (2,113)	(20,857)	$ (26,346)	$ (37,117)
Benefit from revaluation of U.S.-based net deferred income tax liabilities						$ 2,300
Warrant Exercise
Quarterly Financial Information
Income tax (expense) benefit									$ 5,000
Comcast
Quarterly Financial Information
Stock warrants exercised	1.4
Business Ink and Forte
Quarterly Financial Information
Transaction related cost		$ 2,300	$ 200		$ 2,400					$ 2,300
Impact of transaction related cost on EPS		$ 0.06	$ 0.01		$ 0.05