2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation. Our Financial Statements include all of our accounts and our subsidiaries' accounts. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Translation of Foreign Currency. Our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of the countries in which they operate as their functional currency. Their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues, expenses, and cash flows are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in comprehensive income in stockholders' equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the determination of net income.

Use of Estimates in Preparation of Our Financial Statements. The preparation of our Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The more critical estimates and related assumptions that affect our financial position and results of operations are in the areas of: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) allowance for doubtful accounts receivable; (iii) impairment assessments of goodwill and other long-lived assets; (iv) income taxes; and (v) business combinations and asset purchases.

Revenue Recognition. We use various judgments and estimates in connection with the determination of the amount of revenues to be recognized in each accounting period. Our primary revenue recognition criteria include: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (ii) delivery; (iii) fixed or determinable fees; and (iv) collectibility of fees.

Processing and Related Services. Our processing and related services revenue relates to: (i) the outsourced, customer care and billing processing and related services provided to our North American cable and satellite clients; and (ii) the managed services provided to clients which utilize our software. Under managed services agreements, we operate certain of our software products on behalf of our clients: (i) out of a client's data center; (ii) out of a data center we own and operate; or (iii) out of a third-party data center we contract with for such services. Managed services can also include us providing other services, such as transitional services, fulfillment, remittance processing, operational consulting, back office, and end user billing services.

We contract for our processing and related services using long-term agreements whose terms range from three to ten years. The long-term processing agreements include multiple services delivered each month, to include such things as: (i) billing and data processing services; (ii) credit management and collection services; and (iii) customer statement invoice printing and mailing services. The fees for these deliverables typically are billed to our clients monthly based upon actual monthly volumes and/or usage of services (e.g., the number of client customers processed on our systems, the number of transactions processed on our systems, and/or the quantity and content of the monthly statements and mailings processed through our systems) or on a fixed monthly fee. We recognize processing and related services revenue on a monthly basis as we provide the services.

Software, maintenance and services. Our software, maintenance and services revenue relates primarily to: (i) software license sales; (ii) professional services to implement the software; and (iii) software maintenance services, to support the software once it has been implemented.

The accounting for software license arrangements, especially when software is sold in a multiple-element arrangement, can be complex and requires considerable judgment. Key factors considered in accounting for software license and related services include the following criteria: (i) the identification of the separate elements of the arrangement; (ii) the determination of whether any undelivered elements are essential to the functionality of the delivered elements; (iii) the assessment of whether the software, if hosted, should be accounted for as a services arrangement and thus outside the scope of the software revenue recognition literature; (iv) the determination of vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value for the undelivered element(s) of the arrangement; (v) the assessment of whether the software license fees are fixed or determinable; (vi) the determination as to whether the fees are considered collectible; and (vii) the assessment of whether services included in the arrangement represent significant production, customization or modification of the software. The evaluation of these factors, and the ultimate revenue recognition decision, requires significant judgments to be made by us. The judgments made in this area could have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized. In addition, because software licenses typically have little or no direct, incremental costs related to the recognition of the revenue, these judgments could also have a significant effect on our results of operations.

We acquired Intec Telecom Systems PLC ("Intec") on November 30, 2010 (see Note 3). During 2011, we obtained a significant portion of our software license, professional services and software maintenance revenues from the Intec software products.

The initial sale of the Intec software products generally requires significant production, modification or customization and thus falls under the guidelines of contract accounting. In these software license arrangements, the elements of the arrangements are typically a software license, professional services, and software maintenance. When we have VSOE of fair value for the software maintenance, which we generally do, we allocate a portion of the total arrangement fee to the software maintenance element based on its VSOE of fair value, and the balance of the arrangement fee is subject to contract accounting using the percentage-of-completion ("POC") method of accounting. Under the POC method of accounting, software license and professional services revenues are typically recognized as the professional services related to the software implementation project are performed. We are using hours performed on the project as the measure to determine the percentage of the work completed.

In certain instances, we sell software license volume upgrades, which provide our clients the right to use our software to process higher transaction volume levels. In these instances, if: (i) software maintenance is the only undelivered element of the software arrangement; (ii) we have VSOE of fair value for the software maintenance related to the volume upgrade; and (iii) we meet the other revenue recognition criteria, we recognize the software license revenue on the effective date of the volume upgrade.

A portion of our professional services revenues do not include an element of software delivery (e.g., business consulting services, etc.), and thus, do not fall within the scope of specific authoritative accounting literature for software arrangements. In these cases, revenues from fixed-price, professional service contracts are recognized using a method consistent with the proportional performance method, which is relatively consistent with our POC methodology. Under a proportional performance model, revenue is recognized by allocating revenue between reporting periods based on relative service provided in each reporting period, and costs are generally recognized as incurred. We utilize an input-based approach (i.e., hours worked) for purposes of measuring performance on these types of contracts. Our input measure is considered a reasonable surrogate for an output measure. In instances when the work performed on fixed price agreements is of relatively short duration, or if we are unable to make reasonably dependable estimates at the outset of the arrangement, we use the completed contract method of accounting whereby revenue is recognized when the work is completed.

Our use of the POC and proportional performance methods of accounting on professional services engagements requires estimates of the total project revenues, total project costs and the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information or experience on a project as work progresses are inherent characteristics of the POC and proportional performance methods of accounting as we are exposed to various business risks in completing these engagements. The estimation process to support these methods of accounting is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. The judgments and estimates made in this area could: (i) have a significant effect on revenues recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred. To mitigate the inherent risks in using the POC and proportional performance methods of accounting, we track our performance on projects and reevaluate the appropriateness of our estimates as part of our monthly accounting cycle.

Revenues from professional services contracts billed on a time-and-materials basis are recognized as the services are performed and as amounts due from clients are deemed collectible and contractually non-refundable.

Software maintenance revenues are recognized ratably over the software maintenance service period. Our software maintenance consists primarily of client and product support, technical updates (e.g., bug fixes, etc.), and unspecified upgrades or enhancements. If specified upgrades or enhancements are offered in an arrangement, which is rare, they are accounted for as a separate element of the software arrangement.

Deferred Revenue and Unbilled Accounts Receivable . Client payments and billed amounts due from clients in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue amounts expected to be recognized within the next twelve months are classified as current liabilities. Revenue recognized prior to the scheduled billing date is recorded as unbilled accounts receivable.

Postage. We pass through to our processing clients the cost of postage that is incurred on behalf of those clients, and typically require an advance payment on expected postage costs. These advance payments are included in "client deposits" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets ("Balance Sheets" or "Balance Sheet"), and are classified as current liabilities regardless of the contract period. We net the cost of postage against the postage reimbursements, and include the net amount in processing and related services revenues. The cost of postage that has been shown net of the postage reimbursements from our clients for 2011, 2010, and 2009 was $266.6 million, $269.7 million, and $264.8 million, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2011, our cash equivalents consist primarily of institutional money market funds, commercial paper and time deposits held at major banks.

As of December 31, 2011, we had $5.2 million of restricted cash that serves to collateralize outstanding letters of credit. This restricted cash is included in Cash and cash equivalents in our Balance Sheet.

Short-term Investments and Other Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, interest rate swap contracts and debt. Because of their short maturities, the carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their fair value.

Certain of our short-term investments and cash equivalents are considered "available-for-sale" and are reported at fair value in our Balance Sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of stockholders' equity. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were not material in any period presented.

All short-term investments held by us as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 have contractual maturities of less than one year from the time of acquisition. Our short-term investments at December 31, 2011 and 2010 consisted entirely of commercial paper. Proceeds from the sale/maturity of short-term investments were $43.5 million, $81.9 million, and $79.7 million, in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy based upon three levels of inputs, of which Levels 1 and 2 are considered observable and Level 3 is unobservable, for our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):


	December 31, 2011						December 31, 2010
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Money market funds(1)	$	77,174	$	—	$	77,174	$	91,002	$	—	$	91,002
Commercial paper(2)		—		16,895		16,895		—		26,590		26,590

Total	$	77,174	$	16,895	$	94,069	$	91,002	$	26,590	$	117,592

Liabilities:
Interest rate swap contracts(3)	$	—	$	1,005	$	1,005	$	—	$	—	$	—

Total	$	—	$	1,005	$	1,005	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)	As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, all of the money market funds were classified in our Balance Sheets as cash equivalents.

(2)	As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, of the total commercial paper, $4.8 million and $8.9 million, respectively, were classified in our Balance Sheets as cash equivalents, and $12.1 and $17.7 million, respectively, were classified in our Balance Sheets as short-term investments.

(3)	As of December 31, 2011, the fair value of the interest rate swap contracts were classified in our Balance Sheet as other non-current liabilities.

Valuation inputs used to measure the fair values of our money market funds were derived from quoted market prices. The fair values of all other financial instruments are based upon pricing provided by third-party pricing services. These prices were derived from observable market inputs.

We have chosen not to measure our debt at fair value, with changes recognized in earnings each reporting period. As of December 31, 2011, the estimated fair value of our Credit Agreement debt of $190 million (carrying value including current maturities) was approximately $201 million, and was estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. As of December 31, 2011, the estimated fair value of our $150 million (par value) convertible debt, based upon quoted market prices or recent sales activity, was approximately $140 million.

Concentrations of Credit Risk. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to credit risk. The principal concentrations of credit risk relate to cash deposits, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. We regularly monitor credit risk exposures and take steps to mitigate the likelihood of these exposures resulting in a loss. We hold our cash deposits, cash equivalents, and short-term investments with financial institutions we believe to be of sound financial condition.

We do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We evaluate the credit worthiness of our clients in conjunction with our revenue recognition processes, as well as through our ongoing collectibility assessment processes for accounts receivable. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific clients, historical trends, and other information. We use various judgments and estimates in determining the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable. See Note 4 for additional details of our concentration of accounts receivable.

The activity in our allowance for doubtful accounts receivable is as follows (in thousands):


	2011			2010			2009
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,837		$	2,036		$	2,999
Additions (reductions) to expense		844			(58	)		(461	)
Write-offs		(239	)		(103	)		(507	)
Other		(21	)		(38	)		5

Balance, end of year	$	2,421		$	1,837		$	2,036

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost (or at estimated fair value if acquired in a business combination) and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their economic life or the lease term. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes, with the exception of certain statement production equipment, which is depreciated using the units-of-production method. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected in our accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income ("Income Statements" or "Income Statement") separately in the aggregate and is not included in the cost of revenues or the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation for income tax purposes is computed using accelerated methods.

Software. We expend substantial amounts on R&D, particularly for new products and services, or for enhancements of existing products and services. For development of software products that are to be licensed by us, we expense all costs related to the development of the software until technological feasibility is established. For development of software to be used internally (e.g., processing systems software), we expense all costs prior to the application development stage.

During 2011, 2010, and 2009, we expended $111.1 million, $78.1 million, and $70.1 million, respectively, on R&D projects. We did not capitalize any R&D costs in 2011, 2010, or 2009, as the costs subject to capitalization during these periods were not material. We did not have any capitalized R&D costs included in our December 31, 2011 or 2010 Balance Sheets.

Realizability of Long-Lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value.

Goodwill. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis. In addition, we evaluate our goodwill on a more periodic basis (e.g., quarterly) if events occur or circumstances change that could indicate a potential impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit which includes the goodwill is greater than the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.

Contingencies. We accrue for a loss contingency when: (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred; and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The determination of accounting for loss contingencies is subject to various judgments and estimates. We do not record the benefit from a gain contingency until the benefit is realized.

Earnings Per Common Share ("EPS"). Basic and diluted EPS amounts are presented on the face of our Income Statements.

Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Unvested restricted stock awards under our stock incentive plans, granted prior to August 2008, contain nonforfeitable rights to cash dividends. As a result, basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders and participating securities (the numerators) by the respective weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period (the denominators) using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, undistributed earnings are allocated among each class of common stock and participating security prior to the calculation of EPS. Diluted EPS is calculated similarly, except that the calculation includes the effect of potentially dilutive stock options and non-participating restricted stock awards.

The amounts attributed to both common stock and participating restricted stock used as the numerators in both the basic and diluted EPS calculations are as follows (in thousands):


	2011		2010		2009
Income from continuing operations attributed to:
Common stock	$	42,040	$	22,061	$	40,524
Participating restricted stock		242		368		1,338

Total	$	42,282	$	22,429	$	41,862

Discontinued operations, net of tax, attributed to:
Common stock	$	—	$	—	$	1,424
Participating restricted stock		—		—		47

Total	$	—	$	—	$	1,471

Net income attributed to:
Common stock	$	42,040	$	22,061	$	41,948
Participating restricted stock		242		368		1,385

Total	$	42,282	$	22,429	$	43,333

The weighted-average shares outstanding used in the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to common stock and participating restricted stock are as follows (in thousands):


	2011		2010		2009
Weighted-average shares outstanding—Basic:
Common stock		32,624		32,537		33,228
Participating restricted stock		189		543		1,097

Total		32,813		33,080		34,325

Weighted-average shares outstanding—Diluted:
Common stock		32,833		32,822		33,352
Participating restricted stock		189		543		1,097

Total		33,022		33,365		34,449

The reconciliation of the basic and diluted EPS denominators related to the common shares is included in the following table (in thousands):


	2011		2010		2009
Basic weighted-average common shares		32,624		32,537		33,228
Dilutive effect of common stock options		19		24		26
Dilutive effect of unvested restricted stock		190		261		98
Dilutive effect of 2010 Convertible Notes		—		—		—

Diluted weighted-average common shares		32,833		32,822		33,352

Potentially dilutive common shares related to stock options and non-participating unvested shares of restricted stock of 0.2 million in each of the years 2011, 2010, and 2009, were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as their effect was antidilutive.

The 2010 Convertible Notes have a dilutive effect only in those quarterly periods in which our average stock price exceeds the current effective conversion price of $24.45 per share.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure stock-based compensation cost at the grant date of the award, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognize the cost (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period. Benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation expense, if any, are reported as a financing cash inflow rather than as an operating cash inflow.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Comprehensive Income. The components of comprehensive income are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity.