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Fair Value Measurements
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Fair Value Measurements  
Fair Value Measurements

5.     Fair Value Measurements

        The Company determines the fair value of certain investment securities and other financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities. Fair value is determined based on the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, utilizing a hierarchy of three different valuation techniques:

  Level 1—   Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments in active markets;
  Level 2—   Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs, or significant value drivers, are observable; and
  Level 3—   Prices reflect the Company's own assumptions concerning unobservable inputs to the valuation model. These inputs require significant management judgment and reflect the Company's assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

        The following table summarizes the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

 
   
  Fair Value Measurements  
 
  December 31,
2011
 
 
  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3  

Financial Assets

                         

Cash equivalents

  $ 23.2   $ 23.2   $   $  

Investments in marketable securities(1)

                         

Trading securities

    14.1     14.1          

Available-for-sale securities

    86.3     86.3          

Other investments(2)

    145.3     31.1     10.8     103.4  

Financial Liabilities

                         

Contingent payment arrangements(3)

  $ 87.1   $   $   $ 87.1  

Obligations to related parties(4)

    92.0             92.0  

Interest rate derivatives(5)

    2.9         2.9    
 

 

 
   
  Fair Value Measurements  
 
  December 31,
2012
 
 
  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3  

Financial Assets

                         

Cash equivalents

  $ 13.5   $ 13.5   $   $  

Investments in marketable securities(1)

                         

Trading securities

    13.6     13.6          

Available for sale securities

    115.3     115.3          

Other investments(2)

    155.4     15.7     20.8     118.9  

Financial Liabilities

                         

Contingent payment arrangements(3)

  $ 31.0   $   $   $ 31.0  

Obligations to related parties(4)

    77.8             77.8  

Interest rate derivatives(5)

    4.0         4.0    
 

(1)
Principally investments in equity securities.

(2)
Other investments are reported within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets.
(3)
Net present value of expected payments under contingent payment arrangements are reported in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities.

(4)
Obligations to related parties are presented within Payables to related party and Other long-term liabilities.

(5)
Interest rate derivatives are presented within Other long-term liabilities.

        The following is a description of the significant assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value methodologies used.

        Cash equivalents consist primarily of highly liquid investments in money market funds. Cash investments in daily redeeming money market funds are classified as Level 1.

        Investments in marketable securities consist primarily of investments in publicly traded securities and in funds advised by Affiliates which are valued using net asset value ("NAV"). Publicly traded securities and investments in daily redeeming funds that calculate NAVs are classified as Level 1.

        Other investments are valued using NAV. Investments in daily redeeming funds that calculate NAVs are classified as Level 1. Investments in funds that permit redemptions monthly or quarterly are classified as Level 2. Investments in funds that are subject to longer redemption restrictions are classified as Level 3. The fair value of Level 3 assets is determined using NAV one quarter in arrears (adjusted for current period calls and distributions).

        Interest rate derivatives include interest rate swaps. The fair value of these assets is determined by model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs were observable in active markets.

        Contingent payment arrangements represent the present value of the expected future settlement of contingent payment arrangements related to the Company's investments in Affiliates. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of these obligations are growth and discount rates. Increases in the growth rate would result in a higher obligation while an increase in the discount rate would result in a lower obligation.

        Obligations to related parties include agreements to repurchase Affiliate equity and liabilities offsetting certain investments which are held by the Company but economically attributable to a related party. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the agreements to repurchase Affiliate equity are growth and discount rates. Increases in the growth rate would result in a higher obligation while an increase in the discount rate would result in a lower obligation. The liability to a related party is measured based upon certain investments held by the Company, the fair value of which is determined using NAV one quarter in arrears.

        The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs in valuing our Level 3 financial liabilities:

 
  Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 
  Fair Value at
December 31, 2012
  Valuation
Techniques
  Unobservable Input   Range

Contingent payment arrangements

  $ 31.0   Discounted cash flow   Growth rates       6.0%  - 12.0%

            Discount rates     14.0%  - 18.0%

Affiliate equity repurchase obligations

   
9.4
 

Discounted cash flow

 

Growth rates

 

(10.0)% - 17.0%

 

            Discount rates     15.0%  - 24.0%

        The following table presents the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012:

 
  Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities at Fair Value  
Year Ended December 31, 2011
  Balance,
beginning of
period
  Net realized
gains/losses
  Net unrealized
gains/losses
relating to
instruments
still held at the
reporting date
  Purchases and
issuances
  Settlements
and reductions
  Net transfers
in and/or out
of Level 3
  Balance, end
of period
 

Other investments

  $ 85.7   $ (0.2 ) $ 9.6 (1) $ 17.7   $ (9.4 ) $   $ 103.4  

Contingent payment arrangements

    77.6         9.5 (2)               87.1  

Obligations to related parties

    79.6     0.4     1.7 (3)   52.8     (42.5 )       92.0  

 

 
  Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities at Fair Value  
Year Ended December 31, 2012
  Balance,
beginning of
period
  Net realized
gains/losses
  Net unrealized
gains/losses
relating to
instruments
still held at the
reporting date
  Purchases and
issuances
  Settlements
and reductions
  Net transfers
in and/or out
of Level 3
  Balance, end
of period
 

Other investments

  $ 103.4   $ (3.2 ) $ 11.0 (1) $ 18.8   $ (11.1 ) $   $ 118.9  

Contingent payment arrangements

    87.1     (0.6 )   (40.2 )(2)   24.8     (40.1 )       31.0  

Obligations to related parties

    92.0     1.0     0.8 (3)   32.1     (48.1 )       77.8  

(1)
Gains and losses on Other investments are recorded in Investment and other income.

(2)
Accretion and changes to payment estimates under the Company's contingent payment arrangements are recorded in Imputed interest expense and contingent payment arrangements and foreign currency translation adjustments related to such arrangements are recorded as Other comprehensive income.

(3)
Gains and losses associated with agreements to repurchase Affiliate equity are recorded in Imputed interest expense and contingent payment arrangements. Gains and losses related to liabilities offsetting certain investments are recorded in Investment and other income.

        It is the Company's policy to value financial assets or liabilities transferred as of the beginning of the period in which the transfer occurs. There were no significant transfers of financial assets or liabilities in 2011 or 2012.

        The Company relies on the NAV of certain investments as their fair value. The NAVs that have been provided by the investees have been derived from the fair values of the underlying investments as of the measurement dates. The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2011 and 2012, the nature of these investments and any related liquidation restrictions or other factors which may impact the ultimate value realized:

 
  December 31, 2011   December 31, 2012  
Category of Investment
  Fair Value   Unfunded
Commitments
  Fair Value   Unfunded
Commitments
 

Private equity fund-of-funds(1)

  $ 103.4   $ 80.5   $ 118.9   $ 75.4  

Other funds(2)

    47.2         68.9      
                   

 

  $ 150.6   $ 80.5   $ 187.8   $ 75.4  
                   

(1)
These funds primarily invest in a broad range of private equity funds, as well as making direct investments. Distributions will be received as the underlying assets are liquidated over the life of the funds, generally 15 years.

(2)
These are multi-disciplinary funds that invest across various asset classes and strategies including long/short equity, credit and real estate. Investments are generally redeemable on a daily or quarterly basis.

        There are no current plans to sell any of these investments.

        The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of notes receivable approximates fair value because interest rates and other terms are at market rates. The carrying value of notes payable approximates fair value principally because of the short-term nature of the notes. The carrying value of senior bank debt approximates fair value because the debt is a credit facility with variable interest based on selected short-term rates. The fair market value of the senior notes at December 31, 2012 was $351.8 million. The fair market value of the 2008 senior convertible notes and the junior convertible trust preferred securities at December 31, 2011 were $500.0 million and $594.3 million, respectively. The fair market value of the 2008 senior convertible notes and the junior convertible trust preferred securities at December 31, 2012 were $510.6 million and $719.9 million, respectively. The senior bank debt, senior notes, senior convertible notes and junior convertible securities are classified as Level 2 because the fair value was determined utilizing market quotes in non-active markets.