Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries. The equity interests in these controlled subsidiaries not owned by us are reflected as noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Investments in entities that we do not control, and VIEs in which we are not the primary beneficiary (to the extent applicable), are not consolidated and are reflected as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of reporting.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis ("ASU 2015-02"). ASU 2015-02 makes targeted amendments to the current consolidation guidance and ends the deferral granted to investment companies from applying the existing variable interest entity guidance. We have adopted ASU 2015-02 as of January 1, 2016, which has not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

As the result of the adoption of ASU 2015-02, which stipulates that limited partnerships (and similar entities) where the limited partners do not have substantive participating or kick-out rights are VIEs, we determined that the Partnership is a VIE. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2015-02, the General Partner consolidated the Partnership pursuant to the voting interest model. We concluded that, because it holds majority ownership and exercises control over every aspect of the Partnership's operations, the General Partner is the primary beneficiary of the Partnership and, as such, will continue to consolidate the Partnership.

The assets and liabilities of the General Partner and the Partnership are substantially the same, as the General Partner does not have any significant assets other than its investment in the Partnership.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements that have been reclassified to conform to the 2017 consolidated financial statement presentation include changes in presentation for the medical office properties determined to be discontinued operations (see Note 6), tax payments on stock-based compensation awards in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (pursuant to ASU 2016-09, as described below) as well as the separate presentation on the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the line items "Notes Receivable from Property Sales" and "Restricted Cash held in Escrow for Like-Kind Exchanges" (which were both previously presented within "Other Escrow Deposits and Other Assets" in the 2016 Form 10-K).

Real Estate Investments

Rental real property, including land, land improvements, buildings and tenant improvements, are included in real estate investments and are generally stated at cost. Construction in process and undeveloped land are included in real estate investments and are stated at cost. Real estate investments also include our equity interests in unconsolidated joint ventures that own and operate rental properties and hold land for development.

Depreciation

Buildings and land improvements are depreciated on the straight-line method over their estimated lives not to exceed 40 and 15 years, respectively, for properties that we develop, and not to exceed 30 and 10 years, respectively, for acquired properties. Tenant improvement costs are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or term of the related lease.

Cost Capitalization

Direct and certain indirect costs, including interest, clearly associated with the development, construction, leasing or expansion of real estate investments are capitalized as a cost of the property. In addition, all leasing commissions paid to third parties for new leases or lease renewals are capitalized. We capitalize a portion of our indirect costs associated with our construction, development and leasing efforts. In assessing the amount of direct and indirect costs to be capitalized, allocations are made based on estimates of the actual amount of time spent in each activity. We do not capitalize any costs attributable to downtime or to unsuccessful projects.

We capitalize interest and direct and indirect project costs associated with the initial construction of a property up to the time the property is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. In addition, we capitalize costs, including real estate taxes, insurance and utilities, that have been allocated to vacant space based on the square footage of the portion of the building not held available for immediate occupancy during the extended lease-up periods after construction of the building shell has been completed if costs are being incurred to ready the vacant space for its intended use. If costs and activities incurred to ready the vacant space cease, then cost capitalization is also discontinued until such activities are resumed. Once necessary work has been completed on a vacant space, project costs are no longer capitalized.

We cease capitalization of all project costs on extended lease-up periods when significant activities have ceased, which does not exceed the shorter of a one-year period after the completion of the building shell or when the property attains 90% occupancy.

Impairment

We evaluate our real estate assets, with the exception of those that are classified as held-for-sale, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such an evaluation is considered necessary, we compare the carrying amount of that real estate asset, or asset group, with the expected undiscounted cash flows that are directly associated with, and that are expected to arise as a direct result of, the use and eventual disposition of that asset, or asset group. Our estimate of the expected future cash flows used in testing for impairment is based on, among other things, our estimates regarding future market conditions, rental rates, occupancy levels, costs of tenant improvements, leasing commissions and other tenant concessions, assumptions regarding the residual value of our properties at the end of our anticipated holding period and the length of our anticipated holding period and is, therefore, subjective by nature. These assumptions could differ materially from actual results. If our strategy changes or if market conditions otherwise dictate a reduction in the holding period and an earlier sale date, an impairment loss could be recognized and such loss could be material. To the extent the carrying amount of a real estate asset, or asset group, exceeds the associated estimate of undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its fair value.

The determination of the fair value of real estate assets is also highly subjective, especially in markets where there is a lack of recent comparable transactions. We primarily utilize the income approach to estimate the fair value of our income producing real estate assets. We utilize marketplace participant assumptions to estimate the fair value of a real estate asset when an impairment charge is required to be measured. The estimation of future cash flows, as well as the selection of the discount rate and exit capitalization rate used in applying the income approach, are highly subjective measures in estimating fair value.

Real estate assets classified as held-for-sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Once a property is designated as held-for-sale, no further depreciation expense is recorded.

Purchase Accounting

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 provides revised guidance to determine when an acquisition meets the definition of a business or should be accounted for as an asset acquisition, likely resulting in more acquisitions being accounted for as asset acquisitions as opposed to business combinations. Transaction costs are capitalized for asset acquisitions while they are expensed as incurred for business combinations. ASU 2017-01 requires that when substantially all of the fair value of an acquisition is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets it does not meet the definition of a business. ASU 2017-01 also revises the definition of a business to include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create an output. ASU 2017-01 will be effective, on a prospective basis, for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted.

We early adopted ASU 2017-01 prospectively as of January 1, 2017 as permitted under the standard, which has not had a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

As a result of adoption of ASU 2017-01, our acquisitions of properties are generally asset acquisitions as they no longer meet the definition of a business. Transaction costs related to asset acquisitions are capitalized. To the extent that an acquired property meets the definition of a business, we expense acquisition related costs immediately as period costs.

To the extent that we gain control of real estate properties that are accounted for as asset acquisitions, as opposed to business combinations, we accumulate the costs of pre-existing equity interest and consideration paid for additional interest acquired and we do not remeasure our pre-existing equity interest. Generally contingencies arising from an asset acquisition are only recognized when the contingency is paid or becomes payable.

To the extent that we gain control of a property acquired that meets the definition of a business, we account for the acquisition in accordance with the guidance for step acquisitions at its full fair value and record a gain or loss, within acquisition-related activity in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, for the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of our pre-existing equity interest. Contingencies arising from a business combination are recorded at fair value if the acquisition date fair value can be determined during the measurement period.

We allocate the purchase price of asset acquisitions and acquired properties that meet the definition of a business to tangible and identified intangible assets based on their respective fair values, using all pertinent information available at the date of acquisition. Capitalized acquisition costs are also included in the total cost basis of acquired properties that are asset acquisitions. The allocation to tangible assets (buildings, tenant improvements and land) is based upon management's determination of the value of the property as if it were vacant. This “as-if vacant” value is estimated using an income, or discounted cash flow, approach that relies upon internally determined assumptions that we believe are consistent with current market conditions for similar properties. The most important assumptions in determining the allocation of the purchase price to tangible assets are the exit capitalization rate, estimated market rents and the fair value of the underlying land. The purchase price of real estate assets is also allocated to intangible assets consisting of the above or below market component of in-place leases, the value of in-place leases as well as, to the extent applicable, acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value. There have been no customer relationship intangible assets related to any of our acquisitions to date.

The value allocable to the above or below market component of an acquired in-place lease is determined based upon the present value (using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the lease over its remaining term and (ii) management's estimate of the amounts that would be received using fair market rates over the remaining term of the lease. The amounts allocated to above market leases are included in deferred leasing and other costs in the balance sheet and below market leases are included in other liabilities in the balance sheet; both are amortized to rental income over the remaining terms of the respective leases.

Factors considered in determining the value allocable to in-place leases include estimates, during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, of space that is actually leased at the time of acquisition, of lost rent at market rates, fixed operating costs that will be recovered from tenants and theoretical leasing commissions required to execute similar leases. These intangible assets are included in deferred leasing and other costs in the balance sheet and are amortized over the remaining term of the existing lease.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations - Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments ("ASU 2015-16"), which amends the retroactive requirement to apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination. ASU 2015-16 requires that an acquirer record, in the same period’s financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. We adopted ASU 2015-16 as of January 1, 2016 and it has not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Joint Ventures

We have equity interests in unconsolidated joint ventures that primarily own and operate rental properties or hold land for development. We consolidate those joint ventures that are considered to be VIEs where we are the primary beneficiary. We analyze our investments in joint ventures to determine if the joint venture is considered a VIE and would require consolidation. We (i) evaluate the sufficiency of the total equity investment at risk, (ii) review the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group and whether there are limited partners (or similar owning entities) that lack substantive participating or kick out rights, guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group and (iii) establish whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination.

To the extent that we own interests in a VIE and we (i) have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) have the obligation or rights to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE, then we would be determined to be the primary beneficiary and would consolidate the VIE. To the extent that we own interests in a VIE, then at each reporting period, we re-assess our conclusions as to which, if any, party within the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary.

To the extent that our joint ventures do not qualify as VIEs, they are consolidated if we control them through majority ownership interests or if we are the managing entity (general partner or managing member) and our partner does not have substantive participating rights. Control is further demonstrated by our ability to unilaterally make significant operating decisions, refinance debt and sell the assets of the joint venture without the consent of the non-managing entity and the inability of the non-managing entity to remove us from our role as the managing entity. Consolidated joint ventures that are not VIEs are not significant in any period presented in these consolidated financial statements.

We use the equity method of accounting for those joint ventures where we exercise significant influence but do not have control. Under the equity method of accounting, our investment in each joint venture is included on our balance sheet; however, the assets and liabilities of the joint ventures for which we use the equity method are not included on our balance sheet.

To the extent that we contribute assets to a joint venture, our investment in the joint venture is recorded at our cost basis in the assets that were contributed to the joint venture. To the extent that our cost basis is different than the basis reflected at the joint venture level, the basis difference is amortized over the life of the related asset and included in our share of equity in net income of the joint venture. We recognize gains on the contribution or sale of real estate to joint ventures, relating solely to the outside partner's interest, to the extent the economic substance of the transaction is a sale.

When circumstances indicate there may have been a reduction in the value of an equity investment, we evaluate whether the loss in value is other than temporary. If we conclude it is other than temporary, we recognize an impairment charge to reflect the equity investment at fair value.

There were no unconsolidated joint ventures, in which we have any recognized assets or liabilities or have retained any economic exposure to loss at December 31, 2017 that met the criteria to be considered VIEs.

Cash Equivalents

Investments with an original maturity of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents.

Valuation of Receivables

We reserve the entire receivable balance, including straight-line rent, of any tenant with an amount outstanding over 90 days. Additional reserves are recorded for more current amounts, as applicable, where we have determined collectability to be doubtful. Straight-line rent receivables for any tenant with long-term risk, regardless of the status of current rent receivables, are reviewed and reserved as necessary.

Deferred Costs

Deferred Financing Costs

Costs incurred in connection with obtaining financing are deferred and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related loan. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"). The standard requires the costs for issuing debt, other than lines of credit, to appear on a balance sheet as a direct deduction from the debt's value. ASU 2015-03 was effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2016 and was applied retrospectively. We adopted ASU 2015-03 as of January 1, 2016 and it has not had a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. Debt issuance costs related to the Partnership's unsecured line of credit continue to be presented as assets in the consolidated balance sheets, as part of escrow deposits and other assets, pursuant to ASU 2015-15, Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements.

Lease Related Costs and Acquired Lease-Related Intangible Assets

All direct and indirect costs, including estimated internal costs, associated with the leasing of real estate investments owned by us are capitalized and amortized over the term of the related lease. We include lease incentive costs, which are payments made on behalf of a tenant to sign a lease, in deferred leasing costs and amortize them on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms as a reduction of rental revenues. We include as lease incentives amounts funded to construct tenant improvements owned by the tenant. Unamortized costs are charged to expense upon the early termination of the lease or upon early payment of the financing.

Acquired lease-related intangible assets consist of above market lease assets and the value allocable to in-place leases. Above market lease assets are amortized as a reduction to rental income over the remaining terms of the respective leases. In-place lease intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis and included within depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Deferred leasing costs and acquired lease-related intangible assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016, excluding amounts classified as held-for-sale, were as follows (in thousands):



	2017			2016
Deferred leasing costs	$	312,206		$	275,491
Acquired lease-related intangible assets	189,927			170,048
	$	502,133		$	445,539

Accumulated amortization - deferred leasing costs	$	(108,177	)	$	(95,343	)
Accumulated amortization - acquired lease-related intangible assets	(101,274		)	(91,455		)
Total	$	292,682		$	258,741

Amounts recorded related to amortization expense for in-place leases for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 totaled $27.2 million, $33.7 million and $38.7 million, respectively. Charges to rental income related to the amortization of above market lease assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 totaled $913,000, $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

The expected future amortization, or charge to rental income, of acquired lease-related intangible assets is summarized in the table below (in thousands):



Year	Amortization Expense		Charge to Rental Income
2018	$	21,904	$	777
2019	16,455		703
2020	12,700		639
2021	9,563		367
2022	7,080		353
Thereafter	17,701		411
	$	85,403	$	3,250

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests relate to the minority ownership interests in the Partnership and interests in consolidated property partnerships that are not wholly owned by the General Partner or the Partnership. Noncontrolling interests are subsequently adjusted for additional contributions, distributions to noncontrolling holders and the noncontrolling holders' proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of each respective entity. We report noncontrolling interests as a component of total equity.

When a Common Unit of the Partnership is redeemed (Note 1), the change in ownership is treated as an equity transaction by the General Partner and there is no effect on its earnings or net assets.

Revenue Recognition

Rental and Related Revenue

The timing of revenue recognition under an operating lease is determined based upon ownership of the tenant improvements. If we are the owner of the tenant improvements, revenue recognition commences after the improvements are completed and the tenant takes possession or control of the space. If we determine that the tenant allowances or improvements we are funding are lease incentives, then we commence revenue recognition when possession or control of the space is turned over to the tenant. Rental income from leases is recognized on a straight-line basis.

We record lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with us and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any material conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to us.

General Contractor and Service Fee Revenue

Management fees are based on a percentage of rental receipts of properties managed and are recognized as the rental receipts are collected. Maintenance fees are based upon established hourly rates and are recognized as the services are performed. Construction management and development fees represent fee-based third-party contracts and are recognized as earned based on the percentage of completion method.

We recognize income on construction contracts where we serve as a general contractor on the percentage of completion method. Using this method, profits are recorded based on our estimates of the percentage of completion of individual contracts, commencing when the work performed under the contracts reaches a point where the final costs can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. The percentage of completion estimates are based on a comparison of the contract expenditures incurred to the estimated final costs. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. To the extent that a fixed-price contract is estimated to result in a loss, the loss is recorded immediately.

Under billed and over billed receivables on construction contracts totaled $8.3 million and $276,000, respectively, at December 31, 2017 and $4.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, at December 31, 2016. Over billed receivables are included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Property Sales

Only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations (for example, a disposal of a major geographic area or a major line of business) should be presented as discontinued operations in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 205-20 ("ASC 205-20"), without consideration of significant continuing involvement. The Medical Office Portfolio Disposition during 2017 has met the criteria under ASC 205-20 for all of the consolidated in-service properties within the portfolio to be classified within discontinued operations (see Note 6).

Gains on sales of all properties are recognized in accordance with FASB ASC 360-20. The specific timing of the sale of a building is measured against various criteria in ASC 360-20 related to the terms of the transactions and any continuing involvement in the form of management or financial assistance from the seller associated with the properties. We make judgments based on the specific terms of each transaction as to the amount of the total profit from the transaction that we recognize considering factors such as continuing ownership interest we may have with the buyer ("partial sales") and our level of future involvement with the property or the buyer that acquires the assets. If the full accrual sales criteria are not met, we defer gain recognition and account for the continued operations of the property by applying the finance, installment or cost recovery methods, as appropriate, until the full accrual sales criteria are met. Estimated future costs to be incurred after completion of each sale are included in the determination of the gain on sales.

Net Income Per Common Share or Common Unit

Basic net income per common share or Common Unit is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders or common unitholders, less dividends or distributions on share-based awards expected to vest (referred to as "participating securities" and primarily composed of unvested restricted stock units), by the weighted average number of common shares or Common Units outstanding for the period.

Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing the sum of net income attributable to common shareholders and the noncontrolling interest in earnings allocable to Limited Partner Units (to the extent the Limited Partner Units are dilutive), less dividends or distributions on participating securities that are anti-dilutive, by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and, to the extent they are dilutive, weighted average number of Limited Partner Units outstanding and any potential dilutive securities for the period. Diluted net income per Common Unit is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common unitholders, less dividends or distributions on participating securities that are anti-dilutive, by the sum of the weighted average number of Common Units outstanding and any potential dilutive securities for the period.

The following table reconciles the components of basic and diluted net income per common share or Common Unit (in thousands):



	2017			2016			2015
General Partner
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	1,634,431		$	312,143		$	615,310
Less: Dividends on participating securities	(3,981		)	(2,356		)	(3,081		)
Basic net income attributable to common shareholders	1,630,450			309,787			612,229
Add back dividends on dilutive participating securities	3,981			2,356			3,081
Noncontrolling interest in earnings of common unitholders	15,176			3,089			6,404
Diluted net income attributable to common shareholders	$	1,649,607		$	315,232		$	621,714
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding	355,762			349,942			345,057
Weighted average Limited Partner Units outstanding	3,303			3,481			3,582
Other potential dilutive shares	2,946			3,653			3,558
Weighted average number of common shares and potential dilutive securities	362,011			357,076			352,197

Partnership
Net income attributable to common unitholders	$	1,649,607		$	315,232		$	621,714
Less: Distributions on participating securities	(3,981		)	(2,356		)	(3,081		)
Basic net income attributable to common unitholders	$	1,645,626		$	312,876		$	618,633
Add back distributions on dilutive participating securities	3,981			2,356			3,081
Diluted net income attributable to common unitholders	$	1,649,607		$	315,232		$	621,714
Weighted average number of Common Units outstanding	359,065			353,423			348,639
Other potential dilutive units	2,946			3,653			3,558
Weighted average number of Common Units and potential dilutive securities	362,011			357,076			352,197

The following table summarizes the data that is excluded from the computation of net income per common share or Common Unit as a result of being anti-dilutive (in thousands):



	2017	2016	2015
General Partner and Partnership
Other potential dilutive shares or units:
Anti-dilutive outstanding potential shares or units under fixed stock option and other stock-based compensation plans	—	175	997
Anti-dilutive outstanding participating securities	—	—	—

Federal Income Taxes

General Partner

The General Partner has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, as amended. To qualify as a REIT, the General Partner must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its shareholders. Management intends to continue to adhere to these requirements and to maintain the General Partner's REIT status. As a REIT, the General Partner is entitled to a tax deduction for the dividends it pays to shareholders. Accordingly, the General Partner generally will not be subject to federal income taxes as long as it currently distributes to shareholders an amount equal to or in excess of its taxable income. The General Partner is, however, generally subject to federal income taxes on any taxable income that is not currently distributed to its shareholders. If the General Partner fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years.

REIT qualification reduces, but does not eliminate, the amount of state and local taxes we pay. In addition, our financial statements include the operations of taxable corporate subsidiaries that are not entitled to a dividends paid deduction and are subject to federal, state and local income taxes. As a REIT, the General Partner may also be subject to certain federal excise taxes if it engages in certain types of transactions.

The following table reconciles the General Partner's net income to taxable income before the dividends paid deduction, and subject to the 90% distribution requirement, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):



	2017			2016			2015
Net income	$	1,654,341		$	315,278		$	621,861
Book/tax differences	(1,076,060		)	(61,133		)	(316,097		)
Taxable income before the dividends paid deduction	578,281			254,145			305,764
Less: capital gains	(441,836		)	(63,550		)	(294,901		)
Adjusted taxable income subject to the 90% distribution requirement	$	136,445		$	190,595		$	10,863

The General Partner's dividends paid deduction is summarized below (in thousands):



	2017			2016			2015
Cash dividends paid	$	576,832		$	255,279		$	307,169
Cash dividends declared and paid in subsequent year that apply to current year	2,500			—			—
Less: Return of capital	—			(6,717		)	—
Plus: Deemed REIT distribution	—			6,717			—
Dividends paid deduction	579,332			255,279			307,169
Less: Capital gain distributions	(441,836		)	(63,550		)	(294,901		)
Dividends paid deduction attributable to adjusted taxable income subject to the 90% distribution requirement	$	137,496		$	191,729		$	12,268

Our tax return for the year ended December 31, 2017 has not been filed. The taxability information presented for our dividends paid in 2017 is based upon management’s estimate. Consequently, the taxability of dividends is subject to change. A summary of the tax characterization of the dividends paid by the General Partner for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:



	2017		2016		2015
Common Shares
Ordinary income	23.7	%	72.6	%	4.2	%
Return of capital	—	%	2.6	%	—	%
Capital gains	76.3	%	24.8	%	95.8	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

The 2017 Tax Act, since its enactment date of December 22, 2017, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Partnership

For the Partnership, the allocated share of income and loss other than the operations of its taxable REIT subsidiary is included in the income tax returns of its partners; accordingly the only federal income taxes included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Partnership are in connection with its taxable REIT subsidiary.

Deferred Tax Assets

A full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets of the taxable REIT subsidiary was maintained for 2017, 2016 and 2015. Based primarily on the projections of taxable income pursuant to our current operating strategy, management believes that it is more likely than not that the taxable REIT subsidiary will not generate sufficient taxable income to realize any of its deferred tax assets. Income taxes are not material to our operating results or financial position. Our taxable REIT subsidiary has no significant net deferred income tax positions or unrecognized tax benefit items.

Cash Paid for Income Taxes

We paid federal, state and local income taxes, net of income tax refunds, of $21.0 million and $600,000 in 2017 and 2016, respectively. We received income tax refunds, net of federal, state and local income tax payments, of $830,000 in 2015.

Fair Value Measurements

We follow the framework established under accounting standard FASB ASC 820 for measuring fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities that are not required or permitted to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis but only in certain circumstances, such as a business combination.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities to which we have access.

Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity's own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity.

In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

In addition to the acquired properties discussed in Note 3, assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in the Consolidated Financial Statements consisted of real estate assets, both buildings and undeveloped land, which were determined to be impaired and recorded at fair value as discussed in Note 6. The table below aggregates the total fair value of these impaired assets as determined during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, by the levels in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):



	2017				2016				2015
	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Real estate assets	—	—	$	14,299	—	—	$	34,744	—	—	$	31,100
Investment in land joint ventures	—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	$	19,500

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make a number of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Restricted Cash

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"). ASU 2016-18 requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 will be effective for us retrospectively for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We do not believe ASU 2016-18 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Statement of Cash Flows

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows ("ASU 2016-15"). ASU 2016-15 clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows and how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will be effective for us retrospectively for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We do not believe ASU 2016-15 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Stock Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation: Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"), which simplifies certain aspects of accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income tax consequences, forfeitures and the classification of amounts paid to taxing authorities when shares are withheld to cover employee tax withholdings for certain stock based compensation plans in the statements of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 was effective for us as of January 1, 2017 and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases ("ASU 2016-02"), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). ASU 2016-02 supersedes existing leasing standards.

ASU 2016-02 requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU 2016-02 also requires that lessors expense certain initial direct costs, which are capitalizable under existing leasing standards, as incurred.

ASU 2016-02 also specifies that payments for certain lease-related services, which are often included in lease agreements, represent "non-lease" components that will become subject to the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when ASU 2016-02 becomes effective. The FASB recently clarified that only new or modified leases subsequent to adoption of ASU 2016-02 will require different accounting for "non-lease" components under the guidance in ASU 2014-09. On January 5, 2018 the FASB issued a proposed update to ASU 2016-02 (the "Proposed Update"). This Proposed Update includes a practical expedient which would allow lessors not to separate "non-lease" components from the related lease components if both the timing and pattern of the revenue recognition are the same for the "non-lease" components and inclusion of the "non-lease" components into a combined single lease component would not change the lease classification.

ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. ASU 2016-02 will impact the accounting and disclosure requirements for the ground leases, and other operating leases, where we are the lessee.

ASU 2016-02 will be effective for us under a modified retrospective approach for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Proposed Update also includes a practical expedient which allows the lessors to use the effective date of ASU 2016-02 as the date of initial application, without restating comparative periods, and to recognize a cumulative effect adjustment as of the effective date.

A set of practical expedients for implementation, which must be elected as a package and for all leases, may also be elected. These practical expedients include relief from re-assessing lease classification at the adoption date for expired or existing leases, although a right-of-use asset and lease liability would still be recorded for such leases. We are currently assessing the method of adoption and the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements but have tentatively concluded that we will apply the practical expedients.

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will supersede nearly all existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance as well as impact the existing GAAP guidance governing the sale of non-financial assets. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it satisfies performance obligations, by transferring promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for fulfilling those performance obligations. In doing so, companies will need to exercise more judgment and make more estimates than under existing GAAP guidance.

ASU 2014-09 also created guidance governing the sale of non-financial assets with customers and non-customers with the only difference in the treatment of these transactions being presentation in the statement of operations (revenue and expense is reported when the sale is to a customer and net gain or loss is reported when the sale is to a non-customer). Based on the nature of our business, we have concluded that our property sales represent transactions with non-customers.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income: Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Non-financial Assets (“ASU 2017-05”). ASU 2017-05 provides guidance on how entities recognize sales, including partial sales, of non-financial assets (and in-substance non-financial assets) to non-customers. ASU 2017-05 requires the seller to recognize a full gain or loss in a partial sale of non-financial assets, to the extent control is not retained. Any noncontrolling interest retained by the seller would, accordingly, be measured at fair value.

Both ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 will be effective for public entities for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 allow for either full or modified retrospective ("cumulative effect") adoption. Both standards must be adopted concurrently. We have concluded that we will adopt both ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2017-05 using the cumulative effect method.

We have evaluated each of our revenue streams under ASU 2014-09 and determined that our revenues that will be impacted by this standard primarily include construction and development fees charged to third parties, fees for services performed for unconsolidated joint ventures and sales of real estate. We expect that the amount and timing of revenue recognition from these revenue streams referenced above will be generally consistent with our current measurement and pattern of recognition. In addition, the pattern of recognition for sales of real estate is not expected to change significantly. We have primarily disposed of property and land in all cash transactions with no contingencies and no future involvement in the operations, and therefore, do not expect ASU 2017-05 to significantly impact the recognition of property and land sales.

We do not believe that the cumulative adjustment recognized upon adoption of ASU 2014-09 will be material.