HEADWATERS INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, $.001 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of March 31, 2014 was $942,627,159, based upon the closing price on the New York Stock Exchange reported for such date. This calculation does not reflect a determination that persons whose shares are excluded from the computation are affiliates for any other purpose.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of October 31, 2014 was 73,510,147.

Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be issued in connection with registrant's annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2015 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report on Form 10-K.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements relating to Headwaters' operations that are based on management's current expectations, estimates and projections about the industries in which Headwaters operates. Words such as "may," "should," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "targets," "forecasts," "projects," "believes," "seeks," "schedules," "estimates," "budgets," "goals," "outlook" and similar expressions are intended to help identify such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include Headwaters' expectations as to the managing and marketing of coal combustion products, the production and marketing of building products, the sales to oil refineries of residue hydrocracking catalysts, the development, commercialization, and financing of new products and other strategic business opportunities and acquisitions, and other information about Headwaters which are not purely historical by nature, including those statements regarding Headwaters' future business plans, the operation of facilities, the availability of feedstocks, and the marketability of the coal combustion products,

building products and catalysts. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond the Company's control and are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in such forward-looking statements. The reader should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. Unless legally required, Headwaters undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Among the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are: changing feedstock and energy prices; actions of competitors or regulators; technological developments; potential disruption of the Company's production facilities, transportation networks and information technology systems due to war, terrorism, malicious attack, civil accidents, political events, civil unrest or severe weather; potential environmental liability or product liability under existing or future laws and litigation; potential liability resulting from other pending or future litigation; changed accounting rules under generally accepted accounting principles promulgated by rule-setting bodies; and the factors set forth under the heading "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and other periodic reports. In addition, such results could be affected by general domestic and international economic and political conditions and other unpredictable or unknown factors not discussed in this report which could have material adverse effects on forward-looking statements.

Our internet address is www.headwaters.com. There we make available, free of charge, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our reports can be accessed through the investor relations section of our web site. The information found on our web site is not part of this or any report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

Headwaters Incorporated ("Headwaters"®) is a building products company operating in the light and heavy building materials sectors. Our vision is to improve lives through innovative advancements in construction materials. We sell building products such as manufactured architectural stone, siding accessory products, roof products and concrete block. We also market coal combustion products ("CCPs"), including fly ash which is primarily used as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete.

We conduct our business through the following three reporting segments: light building products, heavy construction materials and energy technology. We have limited involvement in the energy sector where we sell catalytic materials to certain refineries engaged in heavy oil upgrading. We sold our other energy related businesses, including the business of reclaiming waste coal, which is presented as a discontinued operation.

Light Building Products. This segment has established leading positions in several product categories in the light building products sector, and is currently our largest reporting segment based on revenue.

We are a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of siding accessories used in residential repair and remodeling and new residential construction applications. Our siding accessories include decorative window shutters, gable vents, mounting blocks, and window and door trim products. We also market functional shutters, specialty siding products and window wells. Our siding accessory sales are primarily driven by the residential repair and remodeling market and, to a lesser extent, by the new residential construction market.

We are a leading producer of manufactured architectural stone. Eldorado Stone®, our largest stone brand by revenue, is designed and manufactured to be one of the most realistic manufactured architectural stone products in the world. Our two additional brands are marketed at different price points in the manufactured architectural stone market, allowing us to compete across a broad spectrum of customer profiles. Our manufactured stone sales primarily are driven by new residential construction, but we also sell product in the repair and remodel and commercial construction markets.

We have three product categories in specialty roofing. We manufacture and market resin-based roofing tiles through the InSpire® and Aledora® brands. In December 2013, we acquired an 80% equity interest in the business of a leading Florida manufacturer of concrete roof tiles sold under the Entegra® brand primarily in the Florida market. In May 2014, we acquired the assets of a leading U.S. manufacturer of stone-coated metal roofing materials. We market stone-coated metal roofing in the United States under the Gerard® and Allmet® brands.

We believe we are the largest manufacturer of concrete block in the Texas market, offering a variety of concrete-based masonry products through regional branding and distribution. A large portion of our concrete block sales is generated in the Texas institutional construction market, but we also serve the commercial and new residential construction markets.

Our light building products segment has a large customer base, including one-step and two-step wholesale distributors, retailers such as The Home Depot and lumber yards. We also sell certain products directly to contractors. As a result, sales are broadly diversified across the country geographically as well as by distribution channel. We believe we attract a large base of customers because we have a wide assortment of high quality products with strong brand recognition.

Heavy Construction Materials. We have a leading U.S. position in the marketing of fly ash in the heavy construction materials sector, and the marketing and management of fly ash is our second largest reporting segment based on revenue.

We procure fly ash from coal-fueled electric generating utilities and supply it to our customers as a partial replacement for portland cement in the production of concrete. CCPs, such as fly ash and bottom ash, are the non-carbon components of coal that remain after coal is burned.

Fly ash is most valuable when used as a mineral admixture to replace a portion of the portland cement used in concrete. Concrete made with fly ash has better performance characteristics than concrete made only from portland cement, including improved durability, decreased permeability and enhanced corrosion resistance. Further, concrete made with CCPs typically is easier to work with than concrete made only with portland cement, due in part to its better pumping and forming properties. Because fly ash can be substituted for a portion of the portland cement used in concrete and is generally less expensive per ton than portland cement, the total per cubic yard cost of concrete made with fly ash can be lower than the cost of concrete made exclusively with portland cement. According to a 2011 report sponsored by us from the American Road and Transportation Builders Association, the recycling of fly ash into concrete saves federal and state governments more than $5 billion annually in infrastructure costs, based on the initial price savings of fly ash relative to portland cement and the longer durability of concrete made with fly ash.

In order to ensure a steady and reliable supply of CCPs, we enter into long-term, exclusive supply agreements with coal-fueled electric generating utilities. Our supply chain includes stand-alone CCP distribution terminals strategically located to provide customer access to CCPs, as well as direct customer service at plant sites. Our extensive distribution network allows us to transport CCPs significant distances to meet customer demand when supplies in local markets are unavailable.

A substantial majority of our CCP revenue comes from sales to an extensive customer base that uses fly ash for the partial replacement for portland cement in concrete. These customers are primarily ready mix concrete producers, but also include paving contractors and other manufacturers of concrete products. Our customers typically operate in limited geographical areas because of the high cost of transporting concrete and concrete products, but we sell fly ash in multiple regions across the country utilizing our broad sources of supply and our efficient distribution system.

In addition to our focus on long-term contracts with utilities and bolt-on acquisitions to increase supply of CCPs, we plan to grow our heavy construction materials business by increasing the percentage of fly ash used as a mineral admixture for the partial replacement of portland cement and expanding the use of CCPs through market recognition of the performance, economic and environmental benefits of CCPs. Based on Portland Cement Association and American Coal Ash Association data, we estimate that for calendar 2012, fly ash replaced approximately 17% of the portland cement that otherwise would have been used in concrete produced in the United States.

Energy Technology. We are involved in heavy oil upgrading processes through the sale of our HCAT® catalyst material. HCAT is a proprietary technology that uses a liquid catalyst precursor to facilitate hydrogen transfer within the most difficult to upgrade, bottom-of-the-barrel feedstocks, enabling refiners to increase conversion or throughput with less fouling. HCAT is recognized in the industry as a proven technology, based on continued operations for more than three years at our initial customer location.

We formerly owned and operated 11 coal cleaning facilities capable of separating ash from waste coal to provide a refined coal product that is higher in Btu value and lower in impurities than the feedstock coal and which can generate refined coal tax credits under Internal Revenue Code Section 45. In September 2011 we committed to a plan to sell all of our coal cleaning facilities. During 2012 we sold one facility, and in 2013, we sold the remaining ten facilities.

Headwaters was incorporated in Delaware in 1995. Our stock trades under the New York Stock Exchange symbol "HW."

As used herein, "Headwaters," "combined company," "we," "our" and "us" refer to Headwaters Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Tapco International Corporation and its subsidiaries, Entegra Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, Gerard Roof Products, LLC and its subsidiary, Headwaters Construction Materials, Inc. and its subsidiaries, Eldorado Stone LLC, and its subsidiaries and affiliates (operating in our light building products segment); Headwaters Resources, Inc. and its subsidiaries (operating in our heavy construction materials segment); Headwaters Plant Services, Inc. (operating in our heavy construction materials segment); Headwaters Heavy Oil, LLC and Headwaters Technology Innovation Group, Inc. ("HTI," operating in our energy technology segment); and Headwaters Energy Services Corp. and its subsidiaries (formerly operating in our energy technology segment); unless the context otherwise requires. As used in this report, Headwaters Building Products or "HBP" refers to Tapco International Corporation and its subsidiaries, Entegra Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, Gerard Roof Products, LLC and its subsidiary and to Headwaters Construction Materials, Inc., together with its subsidiaries including "Eldorado", which refers to Eldorado Stone LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates); "HRI" refers to Headwaters Resources, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries; "HPS" refers to Headwaters Plant Services, Inc.; "HTI" refers to Headwaters Heavy Oil, LLC and Headwaters Technology Innovation Group, Inc.; and "HES" refers to Headwaters Energy Services Corp., together with its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates; unless the context otherwise requires.

We have leading product groups in siding accessories, manufactured architectural stone, concrete block and specialty roofing. We manufacture and distribute nationally siding accessories (such as window shutters, gable vents, mounting blocks, trim, moulding, and simulated wood shake siding) and professional tools used in exterior residential remodeling and new residential construction. Our

manufactured architectural stone has a national presence in commercial, residential and remodeling markets. We manufacture and sell concrete roof tiles in Florida and distribute nationally resin-based composite roof shingles and stone-coated metal roofing products. We also are a leading supplier of concrete blocks and specialty blocks in Texas. We believe our traditional building products and new product offerings position us for significant growth as residential remodeling and new residential construction activity continue to improve.

Siding and Exterior Siding Accessories. We are a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of resin-based siding accessories and professional tools used in exterior residential home improvement and construction under multiple brands. These products, which are either injection-molded or extruded, enhance the appearance of homes and include decorative window shutters, gable vents, and mounting blocks for exterior fixtures, roof ventilation, trim board and moulding products, specialty siding products and window well systems. Professional tools include portable cutting and shaping tools used by contractors, on-site, to fabricate customized aluminum shapes that complement the installation of exterior siding.

We market nationally our injection-molded building product accessories primarily to one-step distributors, and also market to big-box stores and manufactured housing. In addition, we market tools, functional shutters, specialty siding products, window wells, and cellular PVC trim board and moulding.

These building products principally serve applicator needs for siding and siding accessories. Our injection-molded products are designed to enhance the exterior appearance of the home while delivering durability at a lower cost compared to similar aluminum, wood and slate products.

Manufactured Architectural Stone. Under the Eldorado Stone®, Dutch Quality Stone® and StoneCraft™ brands, we offer a wide variety of high-quality manufactured architectural stone products to meet a variety of design needs and price points. Our manufactured architectural stone siding incorporates several key features, including high aesthetic quality, ease of installation, durability, low maintenance, attractive cost relative to other siding materials and widespread availability in the marketplace. Our largest brand by revenue, the Eldorado Stone brand is designed and manufactured to be one of the most realistic manufactured architectural stone products in the world.

Our manufactured architectural stone siding is a lightweight, adhered siding product recommended or used by national, regional and local architectural firms, real estate developers, contractors, builders and homeowners. Our stone products are used in construction projects ranging from large-scale residential housing developments and commercial projects to do-it-yourself home improvement jobs. In addition, our manufactured stone product lines are used in a variety of external and internal home applications such as walls, archways, fireplaces, patio kitchens, and landscaping. We continually introduce new products in order to improve our offering, such as outdoor fire bowls, fireplace surrounds, and thin-cut natural stone.

We believe that our focus on product quality, breadth and innovation, combined with a geographically diversified manufacturing platform, provides us with significant marketing advantages over traditional materials such as natural stone, brick or stucco. Our stone group has implemented a home builder marketing effort, enabling national home builders to have ready access to bundled packages of the full line of Headwaters stone division products, including stone and brick veneer from Eldorado Stone®, Dutch Quality Stone® and StoneCraft™, as well as Eldorado fireplace surrounds, Eldorado outdoor signature kitchens and artisan fire bowls.

Specialty Roofing Products. We have three product categories in specialty roofing, including resin-based composite, concrete, and stone-coated metal roofing products. We manufacture and market resin-based roofing tiles through the InSpire® and Aledora® brands. In December 2013, we acquired an 80% equity interest in the business of a leading Florida manufacturer of high quality concrete roof tiles and accessories sold under the Entegra® brand primarily in the Florida market. Many Entegra one-step

distribution customers are already customers of other Headwaters products. Entegra provides us with additional sales and distribution opportunities for building products in a large and growing state in the U.S. We believe that the centralized location of Entegra's manufacturing plant in Florida, the quality of its contractor and customer relationships, and the scope of its products and services provide a strong competitive advantage.

In May 2014, we acquired the assets of a leading U.S. manufacturer of stone-coated metal roofing materials. We market stone-coated metal roofing in the United States under the Gerard® and Allmet® brands. With the durability of metal but the appearance of more traditional shingles or tiles, the stone-coated metal roofing product complements our resin-based composite and concrete-based specialty roofing products, broadening our products as well as our geographic footprint in the specialty roofing category. Our roofing product sales are heavily dependent on residential repairs, often necessitated by certain extreme weather events, such as strong winds or hail, and to a lesser extent on new residential construction.

Concrete Block. We are one of the largest manufacturers and sellers of concrete block in the Texas market, which is one of the largest markets for block products in the U.S. We offer a variety of concrete-based masonry products including standard grey block, split faced block, ground face block, polished block and textured block. Our product offerings allow us to meet a range of architectural specifications for concrete block and other products. We employ a regional branding and distribution strategy. A large portion of our concrete block sales are generated from institutional construction markets in Texas, including school construction.

We conduct manufacturing, distribution and sales operations for resin-based siding accessories and ancillary products at four facilities. Manufacturing assets include approximately 100 injection molding presses, many of which are automated through robotics or conveyor systems which have reduced cycle times and have helped to reduce waste. Nonconforming output is reused as raw material, further minimizing waste.

Our manufactured architectural stone brands are currently manufactured through a network of five plants. We continually focus on safety, quality and service while reducing the cost of the manufactured architectural stone.

Our three specialty roofing products are produced in four manufacturing facilities. While resin and stone coated metal roofing products are distributed nationally from three locations, concrete tile is manufactured locally for the Florida market.

We operate six modern concrete block manufacturing facilities. Our block operations are located to provide coverage of all the key metropolitan areas in Texas and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and to lower transportation costs and gain efficiencies by concentrating the manufacturing of specific products in fewer facilities.

Our resin-based siding products' sales and marketing organization supports one-step and two-step distribution and retail channels through an extensive sales network that includes approximately 100 independent sales representatives and a group of business development managers, regional sales managers and sales executives.

Our manufactured architectural stone products sales force works directly with one-step and two-step masonry distributors as well as architects and contractors to provide information concerning the aesthetic, physical and installation attributes of our manufactured stone product. Specialty roofing

products are marketed through a direct sales force and a network of independent sales representatives through one-step and two-step distribution.

Our block sales personnel work directly with contractors and participate in the bidding process for large institutional and commercial projects. Often, the sales process starts with architects having our products specified on construction projects.

Roofing products are primarily sold through one-step distributors, although we also supplement sales directly to roofing contractors in certain circumstances. In addition to our four manufacturing sites, we have three distribution centers to facilitate customer service.

We maintain relationships with local contractors, professional builders, and other end-users by participating each year in many local and national shows. Local shows, sponsored by local distributors, enable us to promote our products through hands-on comparisons to competing products. These shows enable us to receive useful feedback from local contractors, which may lead to new product ideas as well as significant goodwill within the trade.

Resin-based siding accessories and our ancillary products are distributed throughout the United States and Canada through five primary distribution channels: one-step distributors that sell directly to contractors, two-step distributors that sell our products to lumber yards and one-step distributors, retail home centers/mass merchandisers, direct sales to lumber yards, and manufactured housing.

Manufactured architectural stone is distributed throughout North America, Europe and Asia primarily on a wholesale basis through a network of distributors, including masonry and stone suppliers, roofing and siding materials distributors, fireplace suppliers and other contractor specialty stores. We also distribute some brands through national retail home centers.

Resin-based roofing products are distributed in North America and Europe through one-step and two-step distribution. Stone-coated metal roofing is distributed in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa through one-step distribution, specialty roofing supply yards, and direct sales to roofing and home improvement contractors. Concrete roof tiles are distributed in Florida through one-step distribution, specialty roofing supply yards and direct sales to roofing contractors.

We distribute our concrete block products directly to masonry and general contractors as well as through national and regional retail home centers.

We have a large customer base for our light building products in the residential home improvement and new home construction markets that include many retail customers and siding wholesalers across North America and to a lesser extent, in Europe and Asia. Sales are diversified across customers and ship-to locations, mitigating the impact of regional economic circumstances.

The primary raw materials purchased for resin-based siding and roofing products are polypropylene and PVC which are available for purchase from multiple suppliers. We also use comparatively small amounts of styrene. From time to time, prices for some of the raw materials used in production and assembly processes fluctuate significantly. Although we do not have any long-term contracts with suppliers and we purchase supplies on a purchase order basis, we occasionally make volume purchases of materials at fixed prices.

We purchase cement, sand and aggregates as primary raw materials for our concrete-based products. We do not have long-term contracts for the supply of these materials and demand for these materials can be volatile while supplies are constrained to local sources because of transportation costs. Our costs to purchase raw materials have risen in some regions for certain materials. However, we have not suffered from any long-term shortages and believe that supplies will be adequate in the future.

The primary feedstocks for our stone-coated metal roofing products are rolled steel, stone chips and coatings. We do not purchase these materials under long term supply contracts, but benefit from long term supplier relationships. We have not suffered any shortages and believe that feedstock supplies will be adequate in the future. Our raw stone-coated metal roofing feedstock costs have risen gradually in recent years.

We have a leading market position in our legacy siding accessory products because of our strong ability to manufacture and distribute a broad range of products economically and rapidly. However, our strong market position suggests that future growth will come largely from improved demand for building products as the construction sector of the economy continues to strengthen, not from increasing market share in the siding accessories category. We believe that we have gained market share in our newer accessory products like specialty siding and trimboard. We have developed a recognized name in the manufactured architectural stone industry and a strong market share because of service, excellent authenticity and broad selection alternatives. Our architectural stone products use a multi-channel distribution network, but we face strong competition from other stone producers in the one-step channel and with products sold directly to contractors. Our specialty roofing products primarily compete against high-end roofing alternatives such as upper end asphalt, concrete, metal and other niche roofing products. Our block business is not national in breadth, although it enjoys a strong regional market position in Texas and Louisiana, facing competition from other Texas and Louisiana block manufacturers.

Our primary competition for resin-based siding products includes Ply Gem, Royal, and Alpha in the siding accessories market, Azek in the trimboard market, and CertainTeed in the specialty siding market. Notwithstanding our national position as a leading producer of manufactured architectural stone, we face significant competition from other national and regional producers of similar products, such as Boral Material Technologies Inc. and Coronado Stone Products. Our specialty roofing products also compete against national and regional manufacturers of similar products, such as Boral, Davinci, Decra, Owens Corning, GAF, Hanson, Eagle and Metro, as well as other types of roofing materials. With respect to concrete masonry units, national and regional competition includes Featherlite, IPC Building Products, Pavestone, Revels Block & Brick and Jewell Concrete Products. Many of our competitors have significant financial and other resources and may be able to take advantage of acquisitions and other opportunities more readily than we can.

We are the nation's largest manager and marketer of CCPs, including fly ash, a mineral admixture that may be used as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete. In order to ensure our supply of CCPs, we have formed numerous long-term exclusive supply and service agreements with coal-fueled electric generating utilities throughout the United States and maintain stand-alone CCP distribution terminals across North America, as well as plant-site supply facilities. With our extensive distribution network, we can transport CCPs significant distances to states that have limited coal-fueled electric utilities producing CCPs yet historically have been high volume CCP markets.

In 2014 we completed two tuck-in acquisitions for our CCP business. In February 2014, we acquired the assets of a business strategically located to supply and market CCPs to the Northeast

region of the United States. In July 2014, we acquired the assets of a Louisiana business to increase our supply of fluidized bed ash and improved access to specialty markets in the Gulf Coast region of the United States.

CCPs consist of several major classifications of inorganic residuals collected after coal is consumed in coal-fired power plants. Whereas a significant amount of CCPs are disposed by utilities without being used beneficially, when properly managed CCPs can be valuable products. We sell the most valuable CCP, fly ash, for the partial replacement for portland cement in a wide variety of concrete applications, including infrastructure, commercial, and residential construction. We believe we are currently the largest manager and marketer of CCPs in the United States, delivering fly ash to ready mix customers in most regions of the United States. We have a number of long-term, exclusive management contracts with coal-fueled utilities throughout the United States and provide CCP management services at plant-site locations.

Utilities produce CCPs year-round. In comparison, sales of CCPs are impacted by seasonality, following construction market demands, peaking in the summer months and declining in the winter. If CCPs are not used in the winter months, they must be disposed of or stored in terminals.

CCPs are produced at power plant sites and must be transported to the point of consumption, including thousands of ready mix locations across the country. Due to transportation costs, the CCP market is generally regional. Product transportation to areas that have few coal-fueled electric utilities producing high quality CCPs adds significantly to the cost, but creates a competitive advantage for us due to our robust distribution system.

As the largest manager and marketer of CCPs in the United States, we benefit from contractual supplies and our extensive distribution system. We maintain stand-alone CCP distribution terminals across North America, as well as plant-site supply facilities. In addition, we have area managers and technical sales representatives nationwide to provide customer support.

We provide services as an integrated component of our work with coal-fueled utilities and their production of CCPs. We focus on providing industrial services to utilities that include constructing and managing landfill operations, operating and maintaining material handling systems and equipment maintenance. These are services that enhance our reputation in the marketing of fly ash and that strategically position us as an integrated manager of CCPs. We have more than three decades of experience designing, permitting, constructing, operating and closing solid waste disposal operations for utilities and other industrial clients. We currently provide such services to some of the largest utilities in the United States.

The complexity of CCP disposal operations is expected to increase as new environmental regulations are adopted. Many utilities may be forced to upgrade disposal practices or convert to new types of disposal. As new disposal regulations are adopted, we plan to use our experience with landfill operations, pond cleanouts, converting disposal operations from wet to dry handling, designing and managing systems for handling flue gas desulphurization materials, and deploying systems for improving fly ash quality to expand our business. By providing such services to utilities, we expect to improve our position as the leading manager and marketer of fly ash in the United States.

The benefits of CCP use in construction applications include improved product performance, cost savings and positive environmental effects. Fly ash improves both the chemical and physical performance of concrete, decreasing permeability and enhancing durability while providing environmental benefits. Fly ash utilization conserves landfill space as well as conserves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), one ton of fly ash used as a mineral admixture in the partial replacement of portland cement eliminates

approximately one ton of carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production. The value of utilizing fly ash in concrete has been recognized by a number of federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the EPA. Today almost all states specify or recommend the use of fly ash in state and federal transportation projects. See "Business—Regulation" and "Risk Factors" for a description of regulatory actions that may affect the supply, management, and disposition of CCPs.

Higher-quality fly ash and other high-caliber CCPs possess greater value than low quality CCPs because of their diverse, higher-margin commercial uses. The quality of fly ash produced by the combustion process at coal-fueled facilities varies widely and is affected by the type of coal feedstock used and the boilers maintained by the utilities. We assist our utility clients in their efforts to improve the production of high-value CCPs at their facilities. Our quality control system ensures customers receive their specified quality of CCPs while our relationships with utilities, transportation equipment and terminal facilities provide stable and reliable supply. Recently, we implemented our proprietary technology addressing one of the more prominent reasons for poor ash quality, i.e., high levels of native or activated carbon in the ash. In many cases, poor quality ash treated with our additive results in ash that meets specifications for the replacement of portland cement.

Expansion of Market Awareness of CCPs' Benefits. Customer demands for quality and reliability drive our CCP marketing and sales program. Our marketing efforts emphasize lower cost than portland cement and availability, as well as performance and environmental benefits of CCP usage. We participate in a variety of marketing activities to increase fly ash sales, including professional outreach, technical publications, relationships with industry organizations, and involvement in legislative and regulatory initiatives planned to lead to greater use of CCPs.

New Technologies for CCP Utilization. Our research and development activities focus on expanding the use of CCPs and decreasing landfill disposal. For example, although generally unsuitable for use in traditional concrete applications, we developed and offer for sale two products that utilize the type of fly ash generated at fluidized bed combustion ("FBC") power plants. Stabil-Mix®, a mixture of fly ash and lime used for roadbed stabilization, may be custom blended for optimum results in varying soil conditions. Pozzalime takes advantage of the lower SO₃ and free lime content of some sources of FBC ash to create a product suited for use as a partial cement replacement in the manufacture of concrete masonry units.

Technologies to Improve Fly Ash Quality. We have also developed technologies that maintain and improve the quality of CCPs, further enhancing their marketability. Today, many utilities are switching fuel sources, changing boiler operations and introducing activated carbon and ammonia into the exhaust gas stream in an effort to meet increasingly stringent emissions control regulations. While these factors may negatively affect fly ash quality, we are addressing these challenges with the development and commercialization of two technologies—RestoreAir™, which treats unburned carbon and activated carbon in fly ash to minimize carbon's adverse effects on concrete's freeze-thaw characteristics. We have also introduced technology that mitigates the impact of ammonia contaminants in fly ash.

Most of our heavy construction materials customers purchase CCPs for beneficial use. A substantial majority of our CCP revenue comes from sales to customers who use fly ash as a mineral admixture for the partial replacement of portland cement in concrete. These customers are primarily ready mix concrete producers, but also include paving contractors and manufacturers of concrete products. CCPs are also used by some customers for soil stabilization, road base and other applications. Although our customers typically operate in limited regions because of the high cost of transporting

concrete and concrete products, we sell CCPs in most regions of country by utilizing our extensive distribution system. No customer represents more than 10% of our heavy construction materials segment revenue.

Coal is the largest indigenous fossil fuel resource in the United States. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2012 coal was used to produce approximately 37% of the electricity generated in the United States. The combustion of coal results in a high percentage of residual materials which serve as the "raw material" for the CCP industry. According to the American Coal Ash Association, in 2012 about 52 million tons of the approximately 110 million tons of U.S. CCPs generated were efficiently utilized. As long as a significant amount of electricity is created using coal-fueled generation, we believe there will be significant supplies of CCP raw materials. However, as Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") and other environmental rules are implemented, the efforts of coal-fueled electric power producers to comply with tighter regulatory requirements may have a serious adverse effect on the supply of CCPs. Increasingly strict requirements make coal burning less attractive for utilities. Faced with the prospect of more stringent regulations, litigation by environmental groups and a decrease in the cost of natural gas, some electric utilities are reducing their portfolio of coal powered energy facilities. In recent years, multiple companies have announced plans to close coal-fired power plant units, or dropped plans to open new plants. While the current level of reduced use of coal in power generation has not materially impacted our fly ash supply, significant diminished use of coal in the future could reduce our supply of CCP raw materials. (See "Business—Regulation" and "Risk Factors.")

Marketing CCPs, and particularly fly ash, competes vigorously with portland cement in the production of concrete. Based on Portland Cement Association and American Coal Ash Association data, we estimate that for calendar 2012, fly ash replaced approximately 17% of the portland cement that otherwise would have been used in concrete produced in the United States. There is also competition among fly ash suppliers. Our nationwide CCP distribution system not enjoyed by our competition allows us to effectively compete for long-term exclusive supply contracts with utilities. Our CCP business has a presence in every region in the United States but, because the market for cementitious materials is fragmented and because the costs of transportation are high relative to sales prices, most of the competition is regional. There are many local, regional and national companies that compete for market share with portland cement or similar CCP products and with numerous other substitute products. Although we have a number of long-term CCP management contracts with our clients, some of these contracts allow for the termination of the contract at the convenience of the utility company upon a specified notice. Our major competitors include Lafarge North America Inc., Eagle Materials, Boral Material Technologies Inc. and Cemex. Many of our competitors have greater financial, management and other resources and may be able to take advantage of potential acquisitions and other opportunities more readily than we can.

In our energy technology segment, we are focused on increasing the value of low value oil through a technology that improves conversion of petroleum refinery vacuum residuals into higher-value products.

We continue to develop for commercialization the following businesses and technologies:

Heavy Oil Upgrading Technology. We own patents and know-how related to the HCAT® Technology. HCAT is a unique heavy oil upgrading technology for the addition of hydrogen to heavy residual oils such as petroleum vacuum residue (so-called "bottom of the barrel") and tar sand bitumen which may result in lighter, more valuable petroleum materials. The proprietary HCAT process uses a highly active, molecular-scale catalyst to more efficiently convert heavy oils, including the asphaltenic components, into more valuable products, such as diesel fuel. We now supply our catalyst precursor to the heavy oil upgrading units at two refineries. We will continue to develop the long sale cycle opportunities for HCAT with additional refineries through the efforts of our own small group of sales executives and through marketing cooperation with established industry participants.

In September 2011 we decided to focus on our core light building products and heavy construction materials businesses and therefore committed to a plan to sell our coal cleaning business comprised primarily of 11 coal cleaning facilities and associated assets. In a series of transactions in 2012 and 2013, we sold our coal cleaning business. The financial results of our former coal cleaning business are presented in our statements of operations as a discontinued operation.

Our heavy oil upgrading business experiences competition from many of the world's major petroleum, chemical and energy companies. Those companies are actively engaged in research and development activities that could result in a competitive slurry catalyst system. For example, Chevron has recently begun marketing a catalyst system that could be competitive with HCAT®. Many of our competitors have greater financial and other resources and may be able to take advantage of acquisitions and other opportunities more readily.

We operate in three business segments, light building products, heavy construction materials and energy technology. Additional information about segments is presented in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included herein. No customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue from 2012 through 2014.

Our light building products and heavy construction materials segments experience seasonal changes in revenue. Construction of new homes, repair and remodeling, and commercial and infrastructure projects slow during winter conditions and increase during temperate seasons. Because our products are used in construction projects, our revenues increase in the spring, are strong in the summer and fall, and drop significantly in the winter months, typically making our second fiscal quarter our lowest revenue quarter.

As of September 30, 2014, we had approximately 265 U.S. and foreign counterpart patents and approximately 72 U.S. and foreign counterpart patents pending. Additionally, we have approximately

255 U.S. and foreign trademarks and approximately 96 U.S. and foreign trademark applications pending. The following table lists the number of patents and trademarks, U.S. and foreign, by segment:

Collectively, the intellectual property is important to us, but except in energy technology, there is no single patent or trademark that is itself material to us at the present time. In our energy segment, we have patents protecting our heavy oil upgrading technology that are material to that business.

There can be no assurance as to the scope of protection afforded by the patents. In addition, there are other technologies in use and others may subsequently be developed, which do not, or will not, utilize processes covered by the patents. There can be no assurance that our patents will not be infringed or challenged by other parties or that we will not infringe on patents held by other parties. Because some of these patents represent new technology, the importance of the patents to our business will depend on our ability to commercialize these technologies successfully, as well as our ability to protect our technology from infringement or challenge by other parties. Patents may expire before they are a commercial success.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets, know-how and confidentiality agreements to protect technologies. Despite these safeguards, such methods may not afford complete protection and there can be no assurance that others will not either independently develop such know-how or obtain access to our know-how, concepts, ideas, and documentation. Since our proprietary information is important to our business, failure to protect ownership of our proprietary information would likely have a material adverse effect on us.

Environmental. Our operations and those of our suppliers and customers involved in coal-based energy generation, primarily utilities, are subject to federal, state and local environmental regulations. Our coal-based operations and those of our customers, including our sold coal cleaning operations, are subject to regulations that impose limits on the discharge of air and water pollutants and establish standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous waste materials and the reclamation of land. Compliance with the applicable regulations adds to the cost of doing business and may expose us to potential fines for non-compliance or may require us to spend money to investigate or remediate contaminated facilities or reclaim disturbed land. Moreover, in order to establish and operate power plants, our operations to collect and transport CCPs and our former coal cleaning facilities, we and our customers have obtained various federal, state and local permits and must comply with processes and procedures that have been approved by regulatory authorities. Compliance with permits, regulations and approved processes and procedures helps protect the environment and is critical to our business. Any failure to comply could result in the issuance of substantial fines and penalties and may cause us to incur environmental or reclamation liabilities or subject us to third party claims.

We believe that all required permits to construct and operate facilities have been or will be obtained and believe all of our current and former facilities are in substantial compliance with, and our former facilities during our period of ownership or operations were in substantial compliance with, all applicable environmental laws and regulations governing our operations.

In spite of safeguards, our operations entail risks of regulatory noncompliance or accidental discharge that could create an environmental liability, because regulated materials are used or stored

during normal business operations, including in our CCP and former coal cleaning operations. Moreover, we use regulated chemicals in operations involving distillation to purify products, analysis, packaging of chemicals and the selling, warehousing and manufacturing of organic chemicals in small research volumes. We also use facilities to perform research and development activities involving coal, oil, chemicals and industrial gases such as hydrogen. As a result, petroleum and other hazardous materials have been and are present in and on our properties. We generally hire independent contractors to transport and dispose of any wastes we generate during such activities and send the wastes to approved facilities for disposal.

Our heavy construction materials business is dependent upon managing CCPs acquired from our suppliers, typically coal-burning power plants. Coal-burning power plants and the coal industry generally are highly regulated under federal and state law. Environmental regulation affecting this industry is ever-evolving, including the following:

Although our business managing CCPs for utility customers may benefit from opportunities to manage compliance with certain of the new regulatory requirements, increasingly strict requirements such as those described above generally will increase the cost of doing business and may make coal burning less attractive for utilities. Faced with the prospect of more stringent regulations, litigation by environmental groups, and a decrease in the cost of natural gas, some electric utilities are reducing their portfolio of coal powered energy facilities. For example, in recent years, multiple companies announced plans to close coal-fired power plant units, or dropped plans to open new plants, citing the cost of compliance with pending or new environmental regulations. The potential negative impact on job prospects in the utility and mining industries has prompted considerable concern in Congress, leading to calls to restrict the EPA's regulatory authority. The outcome of these developments cannot be predicted. To date, our business has not had a significant impact from plant closures because our national footprint allows us to move fly ash to satisfy demand; however, if the rate of coal-powered plant closures increases, we may be adversely affected in the future. Nevertheless, we believe that reliance on coal for a substantial amount of electric power generation in the United States is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. For example, the Energy Information Administration's Annual Energy Outlook for 2014 indicates that coal will continue to be the predominant fuel used for the production of electricity through 2035.

HRI manages, stores, transports and sells fly ash, and some products manufactured and sold by HRI contain fly ash. Currently, fly ash is not regulated as "hazardous waste" under Subtitle C of RCRA. However, in June 2010, the EPA proposed two alternative rules to regulate CCPs generated by electric utilities and independent power producers. One proposed option would classify CCPs disposed of in surface impoundments or landfills as "special wastes" subject to federal hazardous waste regulation under Subtitle C of RCRA. The second proposed option would instead regulate CCPs as non-hazardous waste

under Subtitle D of RCRA, with states retaining the lead authority on regulating their handling, storage and disposal. Under both options, the current exemption from hazardous waste regulation for CCPs that are used for beneficial purposes would remain in effect. However, the EPA has received comments on refining the definition of beneficial use subject to the exception, which could result in the narrowing of the scope of exempt uses in the final rule to certain encapsulated uses. Both rule options are controversial and the EPA has delayed its rulemaking to request and consider additional data. In June 2013, in a separate rulemaking on effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating facilities, EPA suggested that new information developed in the effluent limitation guidelines rulemaking could provide strong support for regulating CCPs under Subtitle D. However, EPA has not yet made a final decision. Meanwhile, environmental groups, members of industry (including HRI) and other parties filed suit against the EPA alleging that the EPA failed to timely take action on regulations applicable to the disposal of coal ash. In May 2014, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia issued a consent decree ordering the EPA to take final action by December 19, 2014 regarding EPA's proposed revision of RCRA Subtitle D regulations for CCPs. In October 2014, EPA submitted its proposed rule to the White House Office of Management and Budget. It is not yet known whether the final rule will regulate fly ash under RCRA Subtitle C or D.

Even though both EPA options continue to exempt beneficial uses of CCPs from hazardous waste rules, users of fly ash and other CCPs are likely to attach a stigma to material that is identified as "hazardous waste" and may seek alternative products. Several bills were introduced in Congress in 2012 attempting to block EPA from regulating coal ash as a hazardous waste under RCRA Subtitle D, but were unsuccessful. In July 2013, the U.S. House of Representatives passed H.R. 2218, the "Coal Residuals Reuse and Management Act of 2013", which would authorize states to implement and enforce CCP permit programs meeting minimum federal standards, allow EPA to implement and enforce a CCP permit program only where a state does not do so, and prohibit EPA from finalizing its June 2010 proposed CCP rule. As of the date of this report, no legislation has gathered sufficient support to pass both houses of Congress and there is no significant current Congressional legislative activity regarding the use or disposal of CCPs. Some states have undertaken their own review of CCP regulations. Whether regulated by EPA or expanded state programs, the complexity and cost of managing and disposing of CCPs could increase.

If the EPA determines to regulate CCPs as hazardous waste under RCRA Subtitle C, CCPs would become subject to a variety of regulations governing the handling, transporting, storing and disposing of hazardous waste, increasing the regulatory burden and costs of fly ash management for the utility industry and for HRI. The regulations could require modifications to or closure of disposal facilities, modifications to equipment used to handle, store and transport fly ash, additional training for personnel, new permitting requirements, increased recordkeeping and reporting requirements, as well as increased disposal costs at landfills. There can be no guarantee that such regulations would not reduce or eliminate our supply or our ability to market fly ash and other CCPs which would have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition.

Regulation of CCPs as hazardous waste would likely have an adverse effect on beneficial use and sales of CCPs and HRI's relationship with utilities, if users of fly ash and other CCPs seek alternative products to avoid material that is identified as "hazardous waste." Moreover, some environmental groups are urging the EPA to restrict some beneficial uses of CCPs, such as in cement, concrete and road base, alleging that contaminants may leach into the environment. This could reduce the demand for fly ash and other CCPs which would have an adverse effect on our CCP revenues. In addition, regulation of CCPs as hazardous waste would likely cause utilities and power producers to impose greater restrictions on the use of CCPs by HRI and its customers. Restrictions imposed by utilities may narrow the types of potential customers to which HRI can market CCPs and limit their uses of CCPs, reducing HRI's sales opportunities. Utilities are also likely to negotiate to shift actual or perceived liabilities associated with CCPs and their use to HRI through more onerous contract and indemnity

obligations. This could harm HRI's business by reducing the number of CCP management contracts or by increasing HRI's exposure to the contingent risks associated with any new regulation of CCPs.

HRI manages a number of landfill and pond operations that may be affected by new Clean Water Act requirements, as well as RCRA regulations. In June 2013, the EPA issued a proposed rule for Clean Water Act effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating facilities which requires discharges from waste streams and surface impoundments to meet certain limits. EPA is required by a consent decree filed in the D.C. district court to take final action on this proposed rule by September 2015. If adopted, this rule would phase in between 2017 and 2022, and would require project owners and HRI to implement pollution control measures to reduce discharges. The EPA has also finalized new regulations to minimize adverse environmental impacts from cooling water intake structures, which apply to existing electric generating and manufacturing plants. The rule has been challenged by both environmental and industry groups with petitions pending in multiple Circuit Courts.

At HTI, we have worked at the molecular level in the use of nanocatalysts. A number of agencies are studying the potential implications of nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials on human health and the environment, including the National Toxicology Program, the National Institute for Safety and Health, the National Science Foundation and the EPA. In September 2010, the EPA adopted its first rule regulating carbon nanomaterials under the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA") and has since issued direct final significant new use rulings for 5 other carbon nanomaterials. These significant new use rulings require persons intending to manufacture, import, or process one of the covered materials to notify the EPA at least 90 days before commencing that activity and also place certain restrictions on their use and manufacture. In October 2014, the EPA submitted a new rule for the gathering of data on nanomaterials to the White House Office of Management & Budget ("OMB"). Prior information collection rules have been stalled at OMB since 2010, in part due to the difficult question of how to define nanomaterials as a class. The new rule is expected to be available for public comment in early 2015. While these developments demonstrate increasing interest in this area, at this time it is not certain what further nanotechnology regulations may be adopted and how they may affect our business.

As of September 30, 2014, we employed approximately 2,665 full-time employees, including approximately 54 who work under collective bargaining agreements.

The following table lists the approximate number of employees by business segment as of September 30, 2012, 2013, and 2014:

The building products industry is experiencing slow growth and recent improvements in some of our end markets may not continue. Because the markets for our light building products and to a lesser extent, our heavy construction materials business, are dependent on residential construction and remodeling, our revenues could flatten or decrease as a result of events outside our control that impact home construction and home improvement activity, including economic factors specific to the building products industry and severe weather.

Our residential light building products business and to a lesser extent, our heavy construction materials business, rely upon the home repair and remodeling markets as well as new construction. Between 2007 and 2011, there was a severe slowing of new housing and remodeling and we experienced a significant slowdown in sales activity during these years. Although residential construction and remodeling activity has somewhat improved in recent years in certain regions of the United States, the homebuilding industry continues to experience activity near historically low levels. Modest consumer confidence, unsteady employment growth, limits on credit availability, rising building costs and other factors may adversely affect new construction or remodeling, resulting in continued slow improvement or a slowdown in new construction and repair and remodeling activities.

We, like many others in the building products industry, experienced a large drop in orders and a reduction in our margins in 2007 through 2011. In 2007-2009, we recorded significant goodwill impairments associated with our light building products business. While some increased market activity has occurred in 2012 through 2014, we can provide no assurances that the building products market will further improve in the near future. Downturns in the United States home improvement and remodeling and the new construction end markets or in specific regions of the United States economy where we have significant sales could adversely impact our end users and lower the demand for, and pricing of, our products, which in turn could cause our net sales and net income to decrease.

The construction markets are seasonal and generally dependent on temperate weather conditions. The majority of our light building products sales and a portion of our heavy construction materials sales are in the residential construction market, which tends to slow down in the winter months. If there are severe weather events such as hurricanes or flooding, or other events outside of our control, construction activities will slow and there may be a negative effect on our revenues. For the winter months of late 2014 and early 2015, our decreased seasonal revenues from our light building products and heavy construction materials businesses may result in negative cash flow.

Tight credit markets could negatively affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Construction lending has increased only modestly since its low in early 2013, which continues to adversely affect liquidity for builders, home purchasers and remodelers in 2014 and 2015.

The financial crisis of the banking system and financial markets beginning in 2008 and the going concern threats to banks, governments, and other financial institutions resulted in tight credit markets, including home construction lending, mortgages and home equity loans. Low liquidity for builders, homebuyers and remodelers or a tightening of construction or mortgage lending requirements could adversely affect the availability of capital for purchasers of our products and thereby reduce our sales.

There could be a number of follow-on effects on our business from limited credit and low liquidity of builders, prospective homebuyers or remodelers, including reduced ability to purchase our building products. These and other similar factors could:

Our building products business has been strengthened by the sales growth of new products. If we are unable to offer new products and expand our new product sales, our revenue growth may be adversely affected.

Part of our light building products revenues has come from sales in new product categories. New products require innovation, research, capital for development, manufacturing, and acquisition activities. If we are unable to sustain new product sales growth, whether for lack of new product development, access to adequate capital or for other reasons, sales will follow any future general industry slowdown in new residential construction and remodeling activity, which will negatively affect our revenue and growth.

Demand for our building products may decrease because of changes in customer preferences or because competing products gain price advantages. If demand for our products declines, our revenues will decrease.

Our building products are subject to reductions in customer demand for reasons such as changes in preferred home sizes, materials and styles. Many of our resin-based siding accessory products are complementary to an owner's choice of vinyl as a siding material. If sales of vinyl siding decrease, sale of our accessories will also decrease. Similarly, sales of our manufactured architectural stone products are dependent on the continuing popularity of stone finishes.

Demand for our building products can also decline if competing products become relatively less expensive. For example, if costs of petroleum-based resins that are used to make vinyl siding and accessories increase faster than the costs of stucco, then stucco products, which we do not sell, will become more attractive from a price standpoint, and our vinyl siding and accessory sales may decrease. Similarly, manufactured architectural stone and specialty roofing materials could lose price competitiveness compared to other finishes. If demand for our building products declines because of changes in the popularity or price advantages of our products, our revenues will be adversely affected.

A significant increase in the price of materials used in the production of our building products that cannot be passed on to customers could have a significant adverse effect on our operating income. Furthermore, we depend upon limited sources for certain key production materials, the interruption of which would materially disrupt our ability to manufacture and supply products, resulting in lost revenues and the potential loss of customers.

Our manufactured architectural stone, concrete block and roof products manufacturing processes require key production materials including cement, sand, manmade, natural, lightweight and other aggregates, oxides, rolled steel, packaging materials, and certain types of rubber-based products. The suppliers of these materials may experience shortages and capacity or supply constraints in meeting market demand that limit our ability to obtain needed production materials on a timely basis or at expected prices. We do not have long-term contracts with such suppliers. We do not currently maintain large inventories of production materials and alternative sources meeting our requirements could be difficult to arrange in the short term. A significant increase in the price of these materials that cannot be passed on to customers could have a significant adverse effect on our cost of sales and operating income. Additionally, our manufacturing and ability to provide products to our customers could be materially disrupted if this supply of materials was interrupted for any reason. Such an interruption and the resulting inability to supply our customers with manufactured stone, block and roof products could adversely impact our revenues and our relationships with our customers.

Certain of our resin-based siding, accessory, trim, roof and other products are manufactured from polypropylene and PVC, a large portion of which material is sold to us by single suppliers. The prices of polypropylene and PVC are primarily a function of manufacturing capacity, demand and the prices of petrochemical feedstocks, crude oil and natural gas liquids. Historically, the market prices of polypropylene and PVC have fluctuated, with steady price increases in 2014. A significant increase in the price of polypropylene or PVC that cannot be passed on to customers could have a significant

adverse effect on our cost of sales and operating income. We do not have long-term contracts with our polypropylene or PVC suppliers. We do not maintain large inventories of polypropylene or PVC and alternative sources could be difficult to arrange in the short term. Therefore, our manufacturing and ability to provide products to our customers could be materially disrupted if our supply of polypropylene or PVC were interrupted for any reason. Such an interruption and the resulting inability to supply our customers with resin-based products could adversely impact our revenues and potentially our relationships with our customers.

Interruption of our ability to manufacture and timely ship product orders could harm our reputation and result in lost revenues if customers turn to other sources for products.

We produce most of our building products in a small number of key manufacturing plants primarily located in the United States and Mexico. Our manufacturing plants or our systems that track customer orders and production could be disrupted because of natural or manmade disasters, accidents, political unrest, terrorism, crime or other problems. Our building products business is dependent upon rapid shipments to contractors and distributors of individual orders, a large portion of which orders are manufactured upon demand to meet customer specifications. If there is significant interruption of our order fulfillment for any reason, we are at risk of harming our reputation for speed and reliability with customers and losing short-term and long-term revenues if customers turn to alternative building product sources.

Our construction materials business is dependent upon governmental infrastructure spending.

Our fly ash and concrete block products, and to a much lesser extent, our other building products, are used in public infrastructure projects, which include the construction, maintenance, and improvement of highways, bridges, schools, prisons and similar projects. Our business is dependent on the level of federal, state, and local spending on these projects. We cannot be assured of the existence, amount, and timing of appropriations for government spending on these projects.

Federal and state budget deficits may continue to limit the funding available for infrastructure spending. The availability of credit affects the ability of states and other governmental entities such as cities and school districts to issue bonds to finance construction projects. In addition, infrastructure spending continues to be adversely affected by regions where sluggish economies persist, which leads to lower tax revenues and state government budget deficits. Shortages in state tax revenues can reduce the amounts spent on state infrastructure projects, even below amounts appropriated by the legislatures. Delays in state infrastructure spending can hurt our business. Further, rising construction and material prices constrain infrastructure construction budgets.

If HRI's coal-fueled electric utility industry suppliers fail to provide HRI with high-value CCPs due to environmental regulations or otherwise, HRI's costs could increase and supply could fail to meet customer needs, potentially negatively impacting our profitability or hindering growth.

HRI relies on the production of CCPs by coal-fueled electric utilities. HRI has occasionally experienced delays and other problems, such as planned and unplanned outages, in obtaining high-value CCPs from its suppliers and may in the future be unable to obtain high-value CCPs on the scale and within the time frames required by HRI to meet customers' needs. The coal-burning electric utility and coal mining industries are facing a number of new and pending initiatives by regulatory authorities seeking to address air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and management and disposal of CCPs, as described below. Although our business managing CCPs for utility customers may benefit from opportunities to manage compliance with some new regulatory requirements, increasingly strict requirements generally will increase the cost of doing business and may make coal burning less attractive for utilities. In recent years, multiple companies have announced plans to close coal-fired power plant units, or dropped plans to open new plants, citing the cost of compliance with pending or

new environmental regulations and the relatively low cost of natural gas. A reduction in the use of coal as fuel causes a decline in the production and availability of fly ash, the key product in our heavy construction materials business. The outcome of these developments cannot be predicted. To date, our business has not had a significant impact from plant closures because our national footprint allows us to move fly ash to satisfy demand; however, if closure of coal-powered plants continue, we may be adversely affected in the future.

Environmental regulation affecting the coal industry is ever-evolving, and federal and state regulation in recent years has imposed more stringent requirements regarding emission of air pollutants and other toxic chemicals, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and water quality impacts from coal mining operations. See "Business—Regulation." To meet emissions levels, utilities have been required to make changes such as changing their fuel sources, installing expensive pollution control equipment and, in some cases, shutting down plant units. Adoption of more stringent regulations governing coal combustion, water discharges and air emissions, or coal mining would likely have an adverse effect on the cost, quality, beneficial use and sales of CCPs. Faced with the prospect of more stringent regulations, litigation by environmental groups, and the relatively low cost of natural gas, an increasing number of electric utilities are reducing their portfolio of coal powered energy facilities. If HRI is unable to obtain CCPs or experiences a delay in the delivery of high-value or quality CCPs, HRI will have a reduced supply of CCPs to sell or may be forced to incur significant unanticipated expenses to secure alternative sources or to otherwise maintain supply to customers. Moreover, revenues could be adversely affected if CCP sales volumes cannot be maintained or if customers choose to find alternatives to HRI's products.

The EPA has proposed two alternative rules under RCRA to regulate CCPs to address environmental risks from the disposal of CCPs. Either option is likely to have an adverse effect on the cost of managing and disposing of CCPs. The hazardous waste alternative is likely to have an adverse effect on beneficial use and sales of CCPs and HRI's relationship with utilities.

In June 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") proposed two alternative rules to regulate CCPs generated by electric utilities and independent power producers. One proposed option would classify CCPs disposed of in surface impoundments or landfills as "special wastes" subject to federal hazardous waste regulation under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"). The second proposed option would instead regulate CCPs as non-hazardous waste under Subtitle D of RCRA, with states retaining the lead authority on regulating their handling, storage and disposal. Under both options, the current exemption from hazardous waste regulation for CCPs that are recycled for beneficial uses would remain in effect. In June 2013, in a separate rulemaking on effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating facilities, EPA suggested that new information developed in the effluent limitation guidelines rulemaking could provide strong support for regulating CCPs under Subtitle D. Environmental groups, members of industry (including HRI) and other parties filed suit against the EPA alleging that the EPA failed to timely take action on regulations applicable to the disposal of coal ash. Pursuant to a consent decree entered in May 2014 by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, it is expected that in December 2014 the EPA will publish notice taking final action regarding its proposed revision of RCRA subtitle D regulations pertaining to CCPs.

If the EPA determines to regulate CCPs as hazardous waste under RCRA Subtitle C, CCPs would become subject to a variety of regulations governing the handling, transporting, storing and disposing of hazardous waste, increasing regulatory burden and costs of fly ash management for the utility industry and for HRI. The regulations could require modifications to or closure of disposal facilities, modifications to equipment used to handle, store and transport fly ash, additional training for personnel, new permitting requirements, increased recordkeeping and reporting, as well as increased disposal costs at landfills. There can be no guarantee that such regulations would not reduce or eliminate our supply or our ability to market fly ash and other CCPs which would have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition.

Regulation of CCPs as hazardous waste would likely have an adverse effect on beneficial use and sales of CCPs and HRI's relationship with utilities if users of fly ash and other CCPs seek alternative products to avoid material that is identified as "hazardous waste." Moreover, some environmental groups are urging the EPA to restrict some beneficial uses of CCPs, such as in concrete, road base and soil stabilization, alleging contaminants may leach into the environment. This could reduce the demand for fly ash and other CCPs which would have an adverse effect on HRI's revenues. In addition, regulation of CCPs as hazardous waste would likely cause utilities and power producers to impose greater restrictions on the use of CCPs by HRI and its customers. Restrictions imposed by utilities may narrow the types of potential customers to which HRI can market CCPs and limit their uses of CCPs, reducing HRI's sales opportunities. Utilities are also likely to negotiate to shift actual or perceived liabilities associated with CCPs and their use to HRI through more onerous contract and indemnity obligations. This could harm HRI's business by reducing the number of CCP management contracts or by increasing HRI's exposure to the contingent risks associated with any new regulation of CCPs.

HRI has managed numerous large scale CCP disposal projects, primarily for coal fueled utilities and power producers. In addition, CCPs have beneficial use for road base, soil stabilization, and as large scale fill in contact with the ground. If the EPA decides to regulate CCPs as hazardous waste, HRI, together with CCP generators, could be subject to very expensive environmental cleanup, personal injury and other possible claims and liabilities.

HRI primarily sells fly ash for use in concrete; if use of fly ash does not increase, HRI may not grow.

HRI's revenues primarily are derived from the sale of fly ash as a mineral admixture used as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete products. HRI's growth has been and continues to be dependent upon the increased use of fly ash in the production of concrete. HRI's marketing initiatives emphasize the environmental, cost and performance advantages of partially replacing portland cement with fly ash in the production of concrete. The markets for HRI's products are regional, in part because of the costs of transporting CCPs, and HRI's business is affected by the availability and cost of competing products in the specific regions where it conducts business. If portland cement or competing replacement products are available at lower prices than fly ash, our sales of fly ash as a replacement for portland cement in concrete products could suffer, and HRI may not be able to grow or may experience a decline in revenue.

Further, utilities are switching fuel sources, changing boiler operations and introducing activated carbon and ammonia into the exhaust gas stream in an effort to decrease costs and to meet increasingly stringent emissions control regulations. All of these factors can have a negative effect on fly ash quantity and quality, including an increase in the amount of unburned carbon in fly ash and the presence of ammonia slip. We are attempting to address these challenges with the development and/or commercialization of two technologies: RestoreAir™, which pre-treats unburned carbon particles and activated carbon in fly ash in order to minimize the particles' adverse effects, and ammonia slip mitigation, which counteracts the impact of ammonia contaminants in fly ash. Decreased quantity and quality of fly ash may impede the use of fly ash in the production of concrete, which would adversely affect HRI's revenue.

If the EPA decides to regulate CCPs as hazardous waste, there would likely be an adverse effect on beneficial use and sales of CCPs and HRI's relationship with utilities. Even though the EPA proposes to continue to exempt beneficial uses of CCPs from hazardous waste rules, users of fly ash and other CCPs are likely to attach a stigma to material that is identified as "hazardous waste" and may seek alternative products. Moreover, some environmental groups are urging the EPA to restrict some beneficial uses of CCPs, such as in concrete, road base, and soil stabilization, alleging contaminants may leach into the environment. This could reduce the demand for fly ash and other CCPs which would have an adverse effect on our CCP revenues.

Because demand for CCPs sold by HRI is affected by fluctuations in weather and construction cycles, HRI's revenues and net income could decrease significantly as a result of unexpected or severe weather.

HRI manages and markets CCPs and uses CCPs to produce building products. Utilities produce CCPs year-round. In comparison, sales of CCPs are generally keyed to construction market demands that tend to follow national trends in construction with predictable increases during temperate seasons and decreases during periods of severe weather. HRI's CCP sales have historically reflected these seasonal trends, with the largest percentage of total annual revenues being realized in the quarters ended June 30 and September 30. Low seasonal demand normally results in reduced shipments and revenues in the quarters ended December 31 and March 31. The seasonal impact on HRI's revenue, together with the seasonal impact on HBP revenues may result in negative cash flows for the winter months of late 2014 and early 2015.

HES remains contingently responsible for certain covenants to the purchasers and for third-party liabilities transferred to the purchasers of our coal cleaning business.

In September 2011, we adopted a plan to sell our coal cleaning business. In a series of three transactions during 2012 and 2013, we sold our 11 coal cleaning facilities and associated assets and liabilities which are presented as a discontinued operation. HES has significant contingent liabilities to the purchasers, if our tax and other representations and warranties prove to be untrue, and to third parties, including regulatory authorities for site reclamation of disturbed mine lands, if purchasers fail to fulfill their assumed obligations, including the transfer of mining permits and associated reclamation and bonding obligations.

If the IRS is successful in its challenges of Section 45 refined coal tax credits claimed by us, or other tax positions we have taken, our future profitability will be adversely affected.

Section 45 provides a tax credit for the production and sale of refined coal. Based on the language of Section 45 and available public guidance, HES believes that the coal cleaning facilities it formerly owned and operated produced refined coal tax credits available to us until the sale of the facilities. However, the ability to claim tax credits is dependent upon our achievement of a number of conditions during the time of our ownership and operation, including, but not limited to:

In September 2010, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") issued Notice 2010-54 ("Notice") giving some public guidance about how this tax credit program will be administered and some of the restrictions on the availability of such credits. Among other things, the Notice requires that for coal

cleaning operations to qualify for Section 45 credits, the facilities must have been put into service for the purpose of producing refined coal and must produce refined coal from waste coal. In addition, the Notice gives guidance about the testing that must be conducted to certify the emissions reduction required by Section 45.

We have recorded and carried forward Section 45 refined coal tax credit benefits totaling approximately $22.8 million through September 30, 2014. The IRS has completed audits of Headwaters concerning its Section 45 tax credits for 2007 through 2009. There are multiple bases upon which the IRS may challenge our tax credits in future open tax years, including whether the facilities formerly owned by us were placed in service for the purpose of producing refined coal, whether the facilities used waste coal as a feedstock, and whether our testing methods and certifications adequately demonstrate the required emissions reductions. In addition, Congress may modify or repeal Section 45 so that these tax credits may not be available in the future. If HES is not successful in claiming and defending Section 45 credits earned while we owned the coal cleaning facilities, our future profitability will be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to audit by the IRS for 2011 and succeeding years. In addition, we are subject to state tax authority audits with respect to state taxes. The calculation of tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations and unique facts. In prior audit cycles, the IRS has investigated our federal tax positions on a number of issues, including coal cleaning capital asset depreciation. The audit of our federal and state tax returns could have a large effect on the taxes we might ultimately owe. If our estimates of tax liabilities prove to be less than the ultimate tax assessments by the IRS or state authorities, we could owe significantly more tax than is expected, resulting in additional tax expense, adversely affecting our future profitability and liquidity.

Our information technology consolidation and continuous improvement initiatives may not result in the intended benefits and could harm our business.

We strive to continuously take steps to restructure and achieve improvements in our business, including reorganization and reduction of some management and other employees, and changes in manufacturing, marketing, distribution, pricing and sales of products. In addition, we are in the process of consolidating our accounting, product order and fulfillment, and other information technology platforms. We may not realize the expected improvements to our business if we have made erroneous assumptions about our ability to successfully implement these changes, the demand for our products, and our ability to service that demand. If we are not successful, our information technology consolidation and restructuring efforts may be detrimental to our financial reporting, controls, service to customers and revenues which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business strategy to grow through acquisitions may result in integration costs and poor performance.

An aspect of our business strategy continues to be the pursuit of growth through acquisitions of products or complementary businesses. While our ABL Revolver and our senior secured notes limit our ability to engage in acquisitions, to the extent we engage in acquisitions, our ability to successfully implement the transactions is subject to a number of risks, including difficulties in identifying acceptable acquisition candidates, consummating acquisitions on favorable terms and obtaining adequate financing, which may adversely affect our ability to develop new products and services and to compete in our markets.

During 2013-2014 we acquired several businesses, and if we do not successfully integrate newly acquired businesses with our existing businesses, we may not realize the expected benefits of the acquisitions, and the resources and attention required for successful integration may interrupt the business activities of acquired businesses and our existing businesses. Successful management and integration of acquisitions are subject to a number of risks, including difficulties in assimilating

acquired operations, loss of key employees, diversion of management's attention from core business operations, assumption of contingent liabilities, incurrence of potentially significant write-offs, and various employee issues, such as issues related to human resource benefit plans, and an increase in employment and discrimination claims and claims for workers' compensation. Each business acquisition also requires us to expand our operational and financial systems, which increases the complexity of our information technology systems. Implementation of controls, systems and procedures may be costly and time-consuming and may not be effective.

Our new products and technologies may not be successfully developed, operated and marketed, which could affect our future profitability.

Although we have developed or acquired new products and technologies, and plan to continue to do so, successful commercialization of these products and technologies and their associated businesses in many cases are in early stages. Commercial success will depend on our ability to fully develop the products and technologies and their businesses, including generating demand from customers. We may not be able to profitably operate our new businesses or market our products or technologies produced from them. For example, the sale of our heavy oil upgrading products is dependent on refineries operating under conditions suitable to the performance of our catalyst precursor products, which conditions may not be available.

Our growth requires continued investment of capital. If we cannot invest additional capital into new and existing businesses, we may not be able to sustain or increase our growth.

Our operations require both maintenance and growth capital. A key part of our business strategy has been to expand through complementary acquisitions, which has required significant capital. In addition, commercialization of new products and technologies has required and will require significant financial commitments. Our utility services business will require financial commitments such as performance bonds in order to grow and we have limited bonding capacity. Our building products and CCP businesses also require significant capital expenditures. We estimate that our capital expenditure needs for 2015 will be approximately $40 million. If we do not have sufficient capital to make equity investments in new projects and/or are limited by financial covenants from doing so, our growth may suffer. Many of our competitors, including large businesses in the light building products, CCP management and heavy oil upgrading industries, have greater financial strength than us and may be able to enter our markets, make acquisitions and take advantage of other potential growth opportunities before we can.

We could face additional potential liability claims relating to our products.

We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims, including class actions, in the event that the use of any of our products results in personal injury or property damage. For example, in recent years we have faced an increase in personal injury, property damage, and environmental cleanup claims related to coal combustion products. In the event that any of our products proves to be defective, among other things, we may be responsible for damages related to any defective products and we may be required to recall or redesign such products. Because of the long useful life of our products, it is possible that latent defects might not appear for years. We often do not control the use or installation of our products. Improper use or installation can result in claims of defective products against our businesses. Product liability claims can be difficult and expensive to defend. Our insurance does not cover all liability claims relating to our products. Any insurance we maintain may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us or such coverage may not be adequate for liabilities actually incurred. Insurance for product liability claims could become much more expensive or more difficult to obtain or might not be available at all. Further, any claim or

product recall could result in adverse publicity against us, which could cause our sales to decline or increase our costs.

Significant increases in energy and transportation costs that cannot be passed on to customers could have a significant adverse effect on operating income.

We purchase a significant amount of energy from various sources to conduct our operations, including fossil fuels and electricity for production of building products and diesel fuel for distribution of our products and for production-related vehicles. In recent years, fuel and other cost increases have increased truck and rail carrier transportation costs for our products. At times, severe weather, including flooding, has reduced or eliminated access to roads and railways leaving us with more expensive transportation alternatives. Transportation cost increases have in the past and may in the future adversely affect the results of our operations and our financial condition. Transportation prices and availability of all petroleum products are subject to political, economic and market factors that are generally outside of our control.

We operate in industries subject to significant environmental regulation, and compliance with and changes in regulation could add significantly to the costs of conducting business.

Our CCP operations and our customers and licensees are subject to federal, state, local and international environmental regulations that impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and establish standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of waste products, and impose liability for the costs of remediating contaminated sites, which add to the costs of doing business and expose us to potential damage claims and fines for non-compliance. If the costs of environmental compliance increase for any reason, we may not be able to pass on these costs to customers. In order to establish and operate heavy oil upgrading facilities and power plants and operations to collect and transport CCPs, we and our customers have obtained various state and local permits and must comply with processes and procedures that have been approved by regulatory authorities. These environmental requirements and any failure to comply could give rise to substantial environmental liabilities and damage claims and to substantial fines and penalties.

Our light building products manufacturing operations are also subject to environmental regulations and permit requirements. If we cannot obtain or maintain required environmental permits for our existing and planned manufacturing facilities in a timely manner or at all, we may be subject to additional costs and fines.

Some of our research and development activities involve coal, oil, chemicals and energy technologies, including liquefaction of coal. As a result, petroleum and other regulated materials have been and are present in and on our properties. Regulatory noncompliance or accidental discharges, fires, or explosions, in spite of safeguards, could create environmental or safety liabilities. Therefore, our operations entail risk of environmental damage and injury to people, and we could incur liabilities in the future arising from the discharge of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal practices, or accidents, as well as changes in enforcement policies or newly discovered conditions.

We are involved in litigation and claims for which we incur significant costs and are exposed to significant liability.

We are a party to some significant legal proceedings and are subject to potential claims regarding operation of our business. These proceedings will require that we incur substantial costs, including attorneys' fees, managerial time and other personnel resources and costs in pursuing resolution, and adverse resolution of these proceedings could result in our payment of damages, materially adversely affect our income and reserves and damage our reputation. See "Business—Litigation."

We have significant competition in our industries which may cause demand for our products and services to decrease.

We experience significant competition in all of our segments and geographic regions. A failure to compete effectively or increased competition could lead to price cuts, reduced gross margins and loss of market share, which could decrease our profitability. Many of our competitors have greater financial, management and other resources than we have and may be able to take advantage of acquisitions and other opportunities more readily. In certain instances we must compete on the basis of superior products and services rather than price, thereby increasing the costs of marketing our services to remain competitive. See "Business—Competition" for more information on the competition faced by us in each of our segments.

If our internal controls over financial reporting are not adequate, our business and reputation could be harmed and we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or stockholder litigation.

Maintaining effective internal controls is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important in helping to prevent fraud and otherwise protect our business. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act") requires that we evaluate and report on our system of internal controls. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, our ability to rely on reported operating results to manage and protect our business could be harmed and we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or stockholder litigation. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also requires that our independent auditors report on our system of internal controls. We have documented and tested our system of internal controls to provide the basis for our reports in our relevant filings with the SEC. The growth and diversification of our business through acquisitions complicates the process of developing, documenting, maintaining and testing internal controls. Failure to remediate deficiencies in existing controls or to implement required new or improved controls could harm our business or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. No assurance can be given that in the future there may not be significant deficiencies or material weaknesses that would be required to be reported.

Information technology vulnerabilities and cyberattacks on our networks could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

We rely upon information technology to manage and conduct business, both internally and with our customers, suppliers and other third parties. Internet transactions involve the transmission and storage of data, including in certain instances customer and supplier business and personal information. Thus, maintaining the security of computers, computer networks and data storage resources is a critical issue for us and our customers and suppliers, because security breaches could result in reduced or lost ability to carry on our business and loss of and unauthorized access to confidential information. We have limited personnel and other resources to address information technology reliability and security of our computer networks and respond to known security incidents to minimize potential adverse impact. Experienced hackers, cybercriminals and perpetrators of threats may be able to penetrate our network security and misappropriate or compromise our confidential information or that of third parties, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. These perpetrators of cyberattacks also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, malware and other malicious software programs that attack our information and networks or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities of our information and networks. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until long after being launched against a target so that we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. A breach of our IT systems and security measures as a result of third-party action, malware, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise could materially adversely impact our business and results of operations and expose us to customer, supplier, and other third party liabilities.

Unauthorized use of or infringement claims regarding our proprietary intellectual property could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

We rely primarily on a combination of trade secrets, patents, copyright and trademark laws and confidentiality procedures to protect our intellectual property. Despite these precautions, unauthorized third parties may misappropriate, infringe upon, copy or reverse engineer portions of our technology or products. Identification of unauthorized users of our intellectual property can be very difficult and enforcement and defense of rights can be costly. Manufactured architectural stone competitors, heavy oil upgrading competitors and other competitors operate in foreign countries where we may not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property or where enforcement may be difficult. We do not know if current or future patent applications will be issued with the scope of the claims sought, if at all, or whether any patents issued will be challenged or invalidated. Our business could be harmed if we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others. We have been, and may be in the future, notified that we may be infringing intellectual property rights possessed by third parties. If any such claims are asserted against us, we may seek to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements. There is a risk in these situations that no license will be available or that a license will not be available on reasonable terms, precluding our use of the applicable technology. Alternatively, we may decide to litigate such claims or attempt to design around the patented technology. In addition, patents may expire before they are a commercial success. To date, while no single patent or trademark is material to our business, except in HTI's heavy oil upgrading business which relies upon a limited number of material patents, and the issues described in this paragraph have not resulted in significant cost or had an adverse impact on our business, future actions could be costly and would divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel.

We are conducting business in foreign countries where intellectual property and other laws, as well as business conditions, may leave our intellectual property, products and technologies vulnerable to duplication by competitors and create uncertainties as to our legal rights against such competitors' actions.

We have and expect to continue to use, license or otherwise make our products and technologies, available to persons and entities in foreign countries. There is a risk that foreign intellectual property laws will not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as under United States laws, leaving us vulnerable to competitors who may attempt to copy our products, processes or technologies. Our limited familiarity with, and the interpretation and enforcement of foreign laws, regulations and legal requirements involve some uncertainty. These uncertainties could limit the legal protection or recourse available to us. In addition, dependence on foreign licenses and conducting foreign operations may subject us to increased risk from political change, ownership issues or repatriation or currency exchange concerns.

Fluctuations in the value of currency may negatively affect our revenue and earnings.

Doing business internationally exposes us to risks related to the value of one currency compared to another. For example, some of our revenues are generated by sales of goods produced in the U.S. to buyers in foreign countries. If the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currency of foreign purchasers, the relative cost of our goods to such purchasers may go up, and the demand for our products may decrease, reducing our revenues. Also, in cases where our debt or other obligations are in currencies different than the currency in which we earn revenue, we may lose money as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rates, decreasing our earnings.

We are dependent on certain key personnel, the loss of whom could materially affect our financial performance and prospects.

Our continued success depends to a large extent upon the continued services of our senior management and certain key employees. Each member of our senior management team has substantial

experience and expertise in our industry and has made significant contributions to our growth and success. We do face the risk, however, that members of our senior management may not continue in their current positions and the loss of the services of any of these individuals could cause us to lose customers and reduce our net sales, lead to employee morale problems and the loss of key employees, or cause disruptions to our production. Also, we may be unable to find qualified individuals to replace any of the senior executive officers who leave our company.

The price of our common stock historically has been volatile. This volatility may affect the price at which you could sell your common stock, and the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

The market price for our common stock has varied between a high of $14.16 in June 2014 and a low of $8.31 in October 2013 during the twelve-month period ended September 30, 2014. This volatility may affect the price at which you could sell your common stock, and the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Our stock price is likely to continue to be volatile and subject to significant price and volume fluctuations in response to market and other factors, including the other factors discussed in "Risks Relating to Our Business;" variations in our quarterly operating results from our expectations or those of securities analysts or investors; downward revisions in securities analysts' estimates; and announcement by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of their stock, many companies have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we became involved in securities class action litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management's attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

The broader stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in recent months and years. This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, our announcements of our quarterly operating results, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets and other developments affecting us, our affiliates or our competitors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially.

We have never paid dividends and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock in the future, so any short-term return on your investment will depend on the market price of our common stock.

We currently intend to retain any earnings to finance our operations and growth. The terms and conditions of our senior secured credit facility restrict and limit payments or distributions in respect of our common stock.

Delaware law and our charter documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could cause the market price of our shares to decline.

We are a Delaware corporation, and the anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law impose various impediments to the ability of a third party to acquire control of us, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our board of directors has the power, without stockholder approval, to designate the terms of one or more series of preferred stock and issue shares of preferred stock, including the adoption of a "poison pill," which could be used defensively if a takeover is threatened. The ability of our board of directors to create and issue a new series of preferred stock and certain provisions of Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could impede a merger, takeover or other business combination involving us or discourage a potential

acquirer from making a tender offer for our common stock, which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

The sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely impact our stock price. As of September 30, 2014, we had outstanding approximately 73.5 million shares of our common stock and options to purchase approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock (all of which were exercisable as of that date). We also had outstanding approximately 3.7 million stock appreciation rights as of September 30, 2014, of which approximately 3.4 million were exercisable. The sale or the availability for sale of a large number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by equity research analysts. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock after the completion of this offering, and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the event we obtain equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control of the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to obtain financing in the future and to react to changes in our business.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which requires significant principal and interest payments. As of September 30, 2014, we had approximately $599.8 million face value of debt outstanding, including $400.0 million outstanding principal amount of our senior secured notes, $150.0 million outstanding principal amount of our senior unsecured notes and approximately $49.8 million outstanding principal amount of our convertible senior subordinated notes. We also have $70.0 million of undrawn availability, subject to a borrowing base limitation, under the ABL Revolver. After giving effect to the borrowing base limitation and issuance of letters of credit, we had availability of approximately $60.6 million under the ABL Revolver as of September 30, 2014.

Our significant amount of debt could have important consequences. For example, it could:

Despite our current indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may still incur significant additional indebtedness. Incurring more indebtedness could increase the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness, including additional secured indebtedness, in the future. The terms of the secured notes indenture, the senior notes indenture and the credit agreement governing our ABL Revolver restrict, but do not completely prohibit us from doing so. We have $70.0 million of undrawn availability under the ABL Revolver, subject to borrowing base limitations. After giving effect to the borrowing base limitation, we had availability of approximately $60.6 million under the ABL Revolver as of September 30, 2014. In addition, the secured notes indenture and the senior notes indenture will allow us to issue additional secured notes and senior notes under certain circumstances which will be guaranteed by our subsidiary guarantors and will allow our foreign subsidiaries to incur additional debt, which would be structurally senior to our existing secured notes and senior notes. In addition, the indentures do not prevent us from incurring other liabilities that do not constitute indebtedness. If new debt or other liabilities are added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries now face could intensify.

If we default under the ABL Revolver, our notes, or other indebtedness, we may not be able to service our debt obligations.

In the event of a default under the ABL Revolver, secured notes, senior notes, or other indebtedness, lenders could elect to declare all amounts borrowed, together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees, to be due and payable. If such acceleration occurs, thereby permitting an acceleration of amounts outstanding under our debt obligations, we may not be able to repay the amounts due. Events of default are separately defined in each loan agreement or indenture, but include events such as failure to make payments when due, breach of covenants, default under certain other indebtedness, failure to satisfy judgments in excess of $1.0 million, certain insolvency events and the occurrence of a material adverse effect (as defined in the ABL Revolver). The occurrence of an event of default could have serious consequences to our financial condition and results of operations, and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We will also be required to obtain the consent of the lenders under the ABL Revolver to refinance material portions of our indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. If our operating results and available cash are insufficient to meet our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds

that we could realize from them, and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. Additionally, our debt agreements limit the use of the proceeds from any disposition; as a result, we may not be allowed, under these documents, to use proceeds from such dispositions to satisfy all current debt service obligations.

We are a holding company with no independent operations or assets. Repayment of our indebtedness is dependent on cash flow generated by our subsidiaries.

Headwaters Incorporated is a holding company and repayment of our indebtedness is dependent upon cash flow generated by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. Unless they are guarantors of our notes, our subsidiaries do not have any obligation to pay amounts due on our notes or to make funds available for that purpose. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or be permitted to, make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness. For instance, if there is a default under the ABL Revolver, the ABL Borrowers will not be permitted to transfer funds to us to pay our notes. Each of our subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. While our secured notes indenture and our senior notes indenture limit the ability of our subsidiaries to restrict the payment of dividends or make other intercompany payments to us, these limitations are subject to certain qualifications and exceptions. In the event that we do not receive distributions from our subsidiaries, we may be unable to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness.

Our debt agreements impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, which may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities.

The indenture governing our secured notes, the indenture governing our senior notes and the credit agreement governing the ABL Revolver impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions limit our ability, among other things, to:

When (and for as long as) the availability under the ABL Revolver is less than a specified amount for a certain period of time, funds deposited into deposit accounts used for collections will be transferred on a daily basis into a blocked account with the administrative agent and applied to prepay loans under the ABL Revolver.

As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we may be limited in how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants.

There are limitations on our ability to incur the full $70.0 million of commitments under the ABL Revolver. Borrowings under our ABL Revolver are limited by a specified borrowing base consisting of a percentage of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less customary reserves. In addition, under the ABL Revolver, a monthly fixed charge maintenance covenant would become applicable if excess availability under the ABL Revolver is at any time less than 15% of the total $70 million of current revolving loan commitments, or $10.5 million currently. As of September 30, 2014, availability under the ABL Revolver was approximately $60.6 million. However, due primarily to the seasonality of our operations, it is possible that availability under the ABL Revolver could fall below the 15% threshold in a future period. If the covenant trigger were to occur, the ABL Borrowers would be required to satisfy and maintain on the last day of each month a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0x for the preceding twelve-month period. As of September 30, 2014, our fixed charge coverage ratio was approximately 1.4x. Our ability to meet the required fixed charge coverage ratio can be affected by events beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that we will meet this ratio. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the ABL Revolver.

Moreover, the ABL Revolver provides the lenders considerable discretion to impose reserves, which could materially impair the amount of borrowings that would otherwise be available to us. There can be no assurance that the lenders under the ABL Revolver will not impose such reserves during the term of the ABL Revolver and further, were they to do so, the resulting impact of this action could materially and adversely impair our ability to make interest payments on our notes.

Our headquarters are located at 10701 South River Front Parkway, Suite 300, South Jordan, Utah 84095. The lease for this office space of approximately 25,000 square feet has a term expiring December 2023. The monthly rent is approximately $47,000 for 2015, with certain adjustments for inflation plus expenses.

As of September 30, 2014, HBP owns or leases approximately 40 properties for its building products manufacturing, distribution, and sales operations. HBP has offices in Wixom, Michigan; San Marcos, California; Brea, California; and Alleyton, Texas and has major manufacturing facilities in Metamora, Michigan; Elkland, Pennsylvania; Greencastle, Pennsylvania; Westfield, Massachusetts; Okeechobee, Florida; Brea, California; Alleyton, Texas; and Rosarito, Mexico.

As of September 30, 2014, HRI owns or leases approximately 15 properties nationwide for its fly ash storage and distribution operations with East, Central, and West regional divisions. HRI also conducts operations at approximately 80 other sites via rights granted in various CCP through-put, handling and marketing contracts (for example, operating a storage or load-out facility located on utility-owned properties).

HTI owns approximately six acres in Lawrenceville, New Jersey where it maintains its principal office and research facility.

The information set forth under the caption "Legal Matters" in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Following the sale of all remaining coal cleaning facilities in January 2013, we have not been subject to regulation by the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The shares of our common stock trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HW. Options on our common stock are traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange under the symbol HQK. The following table sets forth the low and high trading prices of our common stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange for 2013 and 2014.

The following graph shows a comparison of the cumulative total stockholder return, calculated on a dividend reinvestment basis, for September 30, 2009 through September 30, 2014, on our Common Stock with the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index and the Dow Jones US Building Materials & Fixtures TSM Index. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on September 30, 2009. Historic stock price performance shown on the graph is not indicative of future price performance.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among Headwaters Incorporated, the NYSE Composite Index,
and the Dow Jones US Building Materials & Fixtures TSM Index

As of October 31, 2014 there were 279 stockholders of record of our common stock. We have not paid dividends on our common stock to date and do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Pursuant to the terms of our debt agreements (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements), we are prohibited from paying cash dividends. We intend to retain earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business. Payment of common stock dividends in the future will depend upon our debt covenants, our ability to generate earnings, our need for capital, our investment opportunities and our overall financial condition, among other things.

The information required by this item regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans.

We did not have any sales of unregistered equity securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2014, but did purchase treasury stock. As described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, we have a Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan (DDCP) under which non-employee directors can elect to defer certain compensation and choose from various options how the deferred compensation will be invested. One of the investment options is Headwaters common stock. When an eligible director chooses our common stock as an investment option, we purchase the common stock in open-market transactions in accordance with the director's request and hold the shares until such time as the deferred compensation obligation becomes payable. At such time, the treasury shares will be distributed to the director in satisfaction of the obligation.

The following table provides details about the treasury stock purchased in connection with the DDCP during the quarter ended September 30, 2014.

The following selected financial data are derived from our consolidated financial statements. This information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included in this Form 10-K. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended September 30, 2010 and 2011 and as of September 30, 2012 are derived from audited financial statements not included in this Form 10-K. The selected financial data as of September 30, 2013 and 2014 and for the years ended September 30, 2012, 2013, and 2014 were derived from our audited financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

As described in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, our coal cleaning business has been presented as a discontinued operation and is therefore not included in the results from continuing operations shown in the table below. Interest expense for 2011 includes $62.6 million of early debt repayment premiums. We also recorded approximately $17.9 million of restructuring costs in 2011. As

described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, we acquired several businesses in 2013 and 2014, the operations of which are included below only subsequent to the dates of acquisition.

	As of September 30,

(in thousands)	2010		2011		2012			2013		2014
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital	$	146,963	$	69,590	$	73,528		$	95,309	$	207,791
Net property, plant and equipment		268,650		164,709		159,706			159,619		182,111
Total assets		888,974		728,237		680,937			724,009		903,427
Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt		469,875		518,789		500,539			449,420		599,579
Income taxes		23,820		15,909		22,079			24,637		23,242
Other		15,034		14,587		20,280			16,968		28,586


Total long-term liabilities		508,729		549,285		542,898			491,025		651,407
Total stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency)		281,941		56,736		(3,129	)		84,410		102,442

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the information set forth under the caption entitled "ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA" and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Form 10-K. Our fiscal year ends on September 30 and unless otherwise noted, references to years refer to our fiscal year rather than a calendar year.

Consolidation and Segments. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Headwaters, all of our subsidiaries, and other entities in which we have a controlling interest. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation. We currently operate primarily in two construction-oriented business segments: light building products and heavy construction materials, and have several product lines within those segments. Our construction-oriented end markets include new residential, residential repair and remodel, commercial, institutional and infrastructure. Our third non-core operating segment is in energy technology.

Operations and Strategy. In the light building products segment, we design, manufacture, and sell manufactured architectural stone, exterior siding accessories (such as shutters, mounting blocks, and vents), roofing materials, concrete block and other building products. We manufacture our light building products in approximately 20 locations. Revenues consist of product sales to wholesale and retail distributors, contractors and other users of building products. In December 2012, we acquired the assets of Kleer Lumber, Inc., a manufacturer of PVC trim board and moulding products; in December 2013, we acquired 80% of the equity interests in the business of Roof Tile, Inc., a manufacturer of high

quality concrete roof tiles and accessories marketed primarily under the Entegra brand; and in May 2014, we acquired the stone coated metal roofing materials business of Metals USA Building Products, L.P., which products are marketed under the Gerard and Allmet brands.

Our heavy construction materials business acquires fly ash from coal-fueled electric generating utilities. Using a nationwide storage and distribution network, we sell fly ash directly to concrete manufacturers who use it as a mineral admixture for the partial replacement of portland cement in concrete. In addition to fly ash and other coal combustion products (CCP) sales, revenues also include CCP disposal services provided to utilities. We acquired two small businesses in the CCP industry in 2014.

The non-core energy technology segment has been focused on reducing waste and increasing the value of energy-related feedstocks, primarily in the area of low-value oil. Revenues for the energy technology segment consist primarily of catalyst sales to oil refineries. In September 2011, we committed to a plan to sell our coal cleaning business and since then the coal cleaning business has been presented as a discontinued operation. In January 2013, we sold all of our remaining coal cleaning facilities.

Light Building Products Segment. For several years, our light building products segment has been significantly affected by the depressed new housing and residential remodeling markets. Accordingly, we significantly reduced operating costs to be positively positioned to take advantage of an anticipated industry turnaround. While there was improvement in end markets in 2013 and 2014, performance during 2014 has been somewhat uneven. Demand for new homes rose in 2014, although there is still an environment characterized by uncertainties which constrain new building and purchases. New residential construction starts as of September 2014 were at a seasonally-adjusted annualized level of approximately 1.0 million units, an increase from 0.9 million units as of September 30, 2013.

Existing home sales have been relatively steady. The National Association of Realtors reported that for all of calendar 2013, there were 5.1 million sales, which was 9% higher than for calendar 2012. September 2014 total existing home sales were at a seasonally-adjusted annual rate of 5.2 million units, a slight decrease from 5.3 million units in September 2013. Total housing inventory as of September 30, 2014 was 2.3 million existing homes for sale, representing a 5.3-month supply. This compares to a 5.0-month supply as of September 30, 2013 and a 4.3-month supply in May 2005, near the peak of the housing boom. The median sales price for existing homes of all types in September 2014 was 6% higher than in September 2013. We believe population growth, pent-up household formation, somewhat increased builder confidence and growing rental demand are some of the factors that have resulted in positive momentum. However, some sectors of the repair and remodel markets, including resin-based siding, continue to be weak.

We, like many others in the light building products industry, experienced a large drop in sales and a reduction in our margins beginning in 2007 and continuing through 2011. While mortgage and home equity loan interest rates have been low in recent years, volatility continues to exist in credit and equity markets, increased borrowing requirements prevent many potential buyers from qualifying for home mortgages and equity loans and there exists a continued lack of consumer confidence. It is not possible to know if the improved market conditions and housing recovery are sustainable for the long-term and there are no assurances that improvements in our light building products markets will continue.

Heavy Construction Materials Segment. Our business strategy in the heavy construction materials industry is to negotiate long-term contracts with suppliers, supported by investment in transportation and storage infrastructure for the marketing and sale of CCPs. Demand for CCPs is somewhat dependent on federal and state funding of infrastructure projects. We are continuing our efforts to expand the demand for high-quality CCPs, develop more uses for lower-quality CCPs, and expand our CCP disposal services and site service revenue generated from CCP management. The economic downturn in 2007 though 2011 had less impact on our heavy construction materials segment than on

our light building products segment. However, to the extent that coal combustion power plant units are shut down or idled in the future, our CCP segment may be adversely affected.

Energy Technology Segment. Revenues for the energy technology segment consist primarily of catalyst sales. Two refineries utilized the HCAT catalyst technology during 2014 and on-site testing by potential new customers continues.

Until January 2013, we owned and operated coal cleaning facilities that remove impurities from waste coal, resulting in higher-value, marketable coal. In 2011, we assessed the strategic fit of our various operations and decided to divest our coal cleaning business, which did not align with our long-term strategy. In September 2011, the Board of Directors committed to a plan to sell the coal cleaning business, which has been classified as a discontinued operation since that time. We sold one coal cleaning facility during 2012 and the remaining ten facilities in 2013. We recognized small estimated gains on the 2012 and 2013 sales transactions, and subsequent to the dates of sale, some adjustments of the previously recognized estimated gains have been recognized. We currently expect that additional adjustments to the estimated gains and losses may be recognized in the future as certain contingencies are resolved.

Seasonality and Weather. Both our light building products and our heavy construction materials segments are greatly impacted by seasonality. Accordingly, revenues and profitability are generally highest in the June and September quarters.

Capitalization and Liquidity. In 2011, we restructured our long-term debt with the issuance of $400.0 million of 7-5/8% senior secured notes for net proceeds of approximately $392.8 million. We used most of those proceeds to repay in full the formerly outstanding 11-3/8% senior secured notes. The 7-5/8% senior secured notes mature in April 2019 while the 11-3/8% notes were scheduled to mature in 2014. During 2012 and 2013, we repaid a total of $85.6 million of our convertible senior subordinated notes and during 2014 we repaid $7.7 million of these notes. Currently, we have outstanding approximately $49.8 million face value of convertible debt, which is due in February 2016.

In December 2012, we issued 11.5 million shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $78.0 million. Approximately $43.3 million of the net proceeds were used to acquire the assets of Kleer Lumber. In December 2013, we issued $150.0 million of 7¹/4% senior notes for net proceeds of approximately $146.7 million. Approximately $95.0 million of those net proceeds were used to acquire the four businesses described above. As of September 30, 2014, we have approximately $152.5 million of cash on hand, total liquidity of approximately $213.1 million and additional cash flow is expected to be generated from operations over the next 12 months.

Capital expenditures for each of the years 2012 through 2014 ranged from approximately $26.0 million to $36.0 million and are currently expected to be approximately $40.0 million during 2015.

In summary, our strategy for 2015 and subsequent years is to continue activities to improve operational efficiencies and reduce operating costs. We also plan to pursue growth opportunities through targeted capital expenditures as well as potential additional strategic acquisitions of niche products or entities that expand our current operating platform when opportunities arise.

Our significant accounting policies are identified and described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and ii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

We continually evaluate our policies and estimation procedures. Estimates are often based on historical experience and on assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, but which could change in the future. Some of our accounting policies and estimation procedures require the use of substantial judgment, and actual results could differ materially from the estimates underlying the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Such policies and estimation procedures have been reviewed with our Audit Committee. The following is a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Income Taxes. Significant estimates and judgments are routinely required in the calculation of our income tax provisions. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and state tax jurisdictions based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes and interest will be due. If events occur (or do not occur) as expected and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when it is determined the liabilities are no longer required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Beginning in 2011, we have recorded a full valuation allowance on our net amortizable deferred tax assets and accordingly, did not recognize benefit for tax credit carryforwards, net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or other deferred tax assets, except to the extent of earnings in 2013 and 2014. We recorded approximately $0.7 million, $3.9 million and $3.6 million of income tax expense in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively, primarily due to current state income taxes in certain state jurisdictions where we generated taxable income.

A valuation allowance is required when there is significant uncertainty as to the realizability of deferred tax assets. The ability to realize deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward periods provided for in the tax law for each tax jurisdiction. We have considered the following possible sources of taxable income when assessing the realization of our deferred tax assets:

We considered both positive and negative evidence in determining the continued need for a valuation allowance, including the following:

We place more weight on objectively verifiable evidence than on other types of evidence and management currently believes that available negative evidence outweighs the available positive evidence. Management has therefore determined that we do not meet the "more likely than not" threshold that NOLs, tax credits and other deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, a valuation

allowance is required. During 2015, we may realize a three-year cumulative profit on a consolidated basis. If this occurs, we will also consider the other factors described above in evaluating the continued need for a full, or partial, valuation allowance.

All of the factors we are considering in evaluating whether and when to release all or a portion of the deferred tax asset valuation allowance involve significant judgment. For example, there are many different interpretations of "cumulative losses in recent years" which can be used. Also, significant judgment is involved in making projections of future financial and taxable income, especially because our financial results are significantly dependent upon industry trends, including the new residential, repair and remodel, and infrastructure construction markets. Most of the markets in which we participate are currently in varying states of recovery from the historic downturn experienced in recent years; however, it is not possible to accurately predict whether recovery will continue, and if it does, at what rate and for how long. Any reversal of the valuation allowance will favorably impact our results of operations in the period of reversal.

As of September 30, 2014, our NOL and capital loss carryforwards totaled approximately $70.3 million (tax effected). The U.S. and state NOLs expire from 2015 to 2034. In addition, there are approximately $24.8 million of tax credit carryforwards as of September 30, 2014, which expire from 2028 to 2034.

As of September 30, 2014, we had approximately $4.5 million of gross unrecognized income tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that approximately $1.0 million of our unrecognized income tax benefits, primarily related to state taxes, could be released within the next 12 months, due to the expiration of statute of limitation time periods. The calculation of tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple tax jurisdictions and we currently have open tax years subject to examination by the IRS and state tax authorities for the years 2011 through 2013. In 2013, the IRS completed an audit of 2009 which did not result in any material impact to earnings from continuing operations. However, the completion of this audit did result in a tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million in discontinued operations related to the reversal of unrecognized tax benefits related to audit periods that closed. It is not possible to predict the outcome of future audits by the IRS or any other taxing authority.

Litigation. We have ongoing litigation and asserted claims which have been incurred during the normal course of business, including the specific matters discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements. We intend to vigorously defend or resolve these matters by settlement, as appropriate. Management does not currently believe that the outcome of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow or financial position.

In accounting for legal matters, we follow the guidance in ASC Topic 450 Contingencies, under which loss contingencies are accounted for based upon the likelihood of the incurrence of a liability. If a loss contingency is "probable" and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, it is accrued. If a loss contingency is "probable" but the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, disclosure is made. If a loss contingency is "reasonably possible," disclosure is made, including the potential range of loss, if determinable. Loss contingencies that are "remote" are neither accounted for nor disclosed. We record legal fees associated with loss contingencies when incurred and do not record estimated future legal fees. Management uses outside legal counsel to assist in estimating the likelihood of the existence of liabilities with regard to all significant legal matters.

We incurred approximately $4.1 million, $3.3 million and $5.1 million of expense for legal matters in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Except for 2014, when $2.8 million of expense was recorded for potential losses, costs for outside legal counsel comprised a majority of our litigation-related costs in the years presented. We currently believe the range of potential loss for all unresolved legal matters, excluding costs for outside counsel, is from $2.8 million up to the amounts sought by claimants and have recorded a liability as of September 30, 2014 of $2.8 million. The substantial claims and damages

sought by claimants in excess of this amount are not currently deemed to be probable. Our outside counsel and management currently believe that unfavorable outcomes of outstanding litigation beyond the amount accrued are neither probable nor remote. Accordingly, management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of our liability, nor is it possible to estimate what litigation-related costs will be in future periods.

The specific matters discussed in Note 14 raise difficult and complex legal and factual issues, and the resolution of these issues is subject to many uncertainties, including the facts and circumstances of each case, the jurisdiction in which each case is brought, and the future decisions of juries, judges, and arbitrators. Therefore, although management believes that the claims asserted against us in the named cases lack merit, there is a possibility of material losses in excess of the amount accrued if one or more of the cases were to be determined adversely against us for a substantial amount of the damages asserted. It is possible that a change in the estimate of probable liability could occur, and the changes could be material. Additionally, as with any litigation, these proceedings require that we incur substantial costs, including attorneys' fees, managerial time and other personnel resources, in pursuing resolution.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets, including Property, Plant and Equipment, Intangible Assets and Goodwill. Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill. Intangible assets consist primarily of identifiable intangible assets obtained in connection with acquisitions. Most of our intangible assets are being amortized, using the straight-line method, our best estimate of the pattern of economic benefit, over their estimated useful lives. We also have some indefinite-lived intangible assets, consisting of certain tradenames acquired in 2013 and 2014. Goodwill consists of the excess of the purchase price for businesses acquired over the acquisition-date fair values of identified assets, net of liabilities assumed.

Acquisition-date fair values of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are estimated following the consummation of each business acquisition. Outside consultants are sometimes used to assist management in estimating the fair value of acquired property, plant and equipment, especially real estate, and in determining estimated useful lives of those assets. Outside consultants are almost always used to assist management in estimating the fair values of acquired intangible assets, and in determining their estimated useful lives.

In accordance with the requirements of ASC Topic 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, we do not amortize goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. ASC Topic 350 requires us to periodically test these assets for impairment, at least annually, or sooner if indicators of possible impairment arise. As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, we perform our annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year, using a June 30 test date and a one- to three-step process, the first step of which is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood of an existing impairment. Our reporting units for purposes of impairment testing are the same as our operating segments. Long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment only when indicators of potential impairment arise.

We evaluate, based on current events and circumstances, the carrying values of all long-lived assets, as well as the related amortization periods, to determine whether adjustments to these amounts or to the estimated useful lives are required. Changes in circumstances such as technological advances, or changes in our business model or capital strategy could result in actual useful lives differing from our current estimates. In those cases where we determine that the useful lives of property, plant and equipment or intangible assets should be changed, we amortize the net book value in excess of salvage value over the revised remaining useful life, thereby prospectively adjusting depreciation or amortization expense as necessary. No significant changes to estimated useful lives were made during the periods presented.

The carrying value of a long-lived asset other than goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is considered impaired when the anticipated cumulative undiscounted cash flow from the use and eventual disposition of that asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. Indicators of impairment include such things as a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the general business climate, a history of operating or cash flow losses, a decline in operating performance, a significant change in competition, or an expectation that significant assets will be sold or otherwise disposed of.

As described in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, a $13.0 million impairment of our discontinued energy segment property plant and equipment was recorded in 2012. No other material impairments of long-lived assets were recorded in any year presented. It is possible that some of our tangible or intangible long-lived assets or goodwill could be impaired in the future and that any resulting write-downs could be material.

Property, plant and equipment—As noted above, in 2012 we recorded an asset impairment in our energy technology segment related to our discontinued coal cleaning business. Many of our coal cleaning facilities were idled or produced coal at low levels of capacity and were cash flow negative for these or other reasons. In September 2011, the Board of Directors committed to a plan to sell the coal cleaning business. We sold one coal cleaning facility in 2012 and the remaining ten facilities in 2013. Using forecasts of future cash flows and other information, including offers of interest to acquire the assets from third parties, we determined that a coal cleaning asset impairment existed and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $13.0 million in 2012.

There were many estimates and assumptions involved in preparing expected future cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of our coal cleaning assets, including future production levels; future coal prices; whether cleaned coal would be sold in the steam or metallurgical markets; the extent to which Section 45 tax credits would be earned and utilized in future periods; future operating margins; required capital expenditures; the extent, quality and productive lives of feedstock coal refuse reserves; the potential relocation of facilities to more favorable sites, or the sale of facilities, among other considerations. ASC Topic 360-10-35 Property, Plant, and Equipment-Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets requires that an analysis for potential impairment be performed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets. For us, this meant ten different asset groups were required to be analyzed, each of which had many unique operating and contractual features associated with it. ASC Topic 360-10-35 also indicates that when alternative courses of action to recover the carrying amount of a long-lived asset group are under consideration or if a range is estimated for the amount of possible future cash flows associated with the likely course of action, the likelihood of those possible outcomes shall be considered. Accordingly, for most operations a probability-weighted approach was used in considering the likelihood of different potential outcomes.

For the 2012 impairment test, the assumptions included potential outcomes that all of the facilities would be sold. Management used its best efforts to reasonably estimate all of the fair value "Level 3" inputs in the cash flow models utilized to estimate the impairments, including current and forecasted market prices of coal, inflation, useful lives of probable reserves, historical production levels, and offers of interest to acquire the assets from third parties. Materially different input estimates and assumptions, including the probabilities of differing potential outcomes, would have necessarily resulted in materially different calculations of expected future cash flows and asset fair values and materially different impairment estimates.

recognized an estimated gain at the time of sale. Subsequent to the dates of sale in 2012 and 2013, some adjustments of the previously recognized estimated gains on the sales transactions were recognized, all of which have been included in the $0.1 million loss on disposal reported for 2013 and the $2.7 million gain on disposal for 2014, as reflected in the table in Note 5. We currently expect that additional adjustments to the estimated gains and losses may be recognized in the future as certain gain and loss contingencies are resolved.

For all sales transactions, a majority of the consideration is in the form of potential production royalties and deferred purchase price, which amounts are dependent upon future plant production levels over several years. Potential future production royalties and deferred purchase price on the sales transactions were not considered as being probable in the original gain calculations and are being accounted for in the periods when such amounts are received. During 2014, we received approximately $2.8 million in deferred purchase price payments, royalties and the collection of certain receivables which had been reserved.

In accordance with the terms of the asset purchase agreement for one of the sales transactions, the buyer of the coal cleaning facilities agreed to assume the lease and reclamation obligations related to certain of the facilities. Subsequent to the date of sale, the purchase agreement was amended to provide the buyer with additional time to make payments, as well as fulfill contractual requirements related to the assumed reclamation obligations. As of September 30, 2014, we remain contingently liable for one of the assumed obligations and have accrued approximately $8.0 million to meet that contingent liability as necessary. We have also reserved certain receivables due from the buyer until such time as collection is more certain.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets—Beginning with the June 30, 2012 goodwill impairment test, we adopted the new accounting rules described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, whereby companies may evaluate qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and cost factors, to determine whether it is necessary to perform step 1 of the two-step goodwill impairment test. This qualitative evaluation is commonly referred to as "step 0." We concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair values exceeded the carrying amounts of goodwill for both the light building products and heavy construction materials reporting units as of June 30, 2012, 2013 and 2014. Accordingly, further step 1 and step 2 testing for impairment was not required to be performed.

Beginning in 2014, we also used the "step 0" qualitative evaluation for the impairment test of indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired in 2013, and we currently expect to use the same approach in 2015 for the impairment tests of indefinite-lived intangible assets acquired in 2014 as well. In summary, for both reporting units, general industry trends are more positive than in recent prior years, and the overall financial performance of these reporting units improved in 2012, in 2013 and again in 2014 as compared to previous years. Based on currently available information and results of operations, management currently believes the likelihood of material impairments of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets in the near future is remote.

The information set forth below compares our operating results for the year ended September 30, 2014 with operating results for the year ended September 30, 2013. Except as noted, the references to captions in the statements of operations refer to continuing operations only.

Summary. Our total revenue for 2014 was $791.4 million, up 13% from $702.6 million for 2013. Gross profit increased 17%, from $192.5 million in 2013 to $225.7 million in 2014, and operating income of $54.4 million in 2013 improved by 23% to $66.7 million in 2014. Income from continuing operations increased from $8.3 million, or $0.12 per diluted share in 2013, to $16.5 million, or $0.21 per diluted share in 2014. Net income including discontinued operations increased from $7.1 million, or $0.10 per diluted share in 2013, to $16.1 million, or $0.20 per diluted share in 2014.

Revenue and Gross Margins. The major components of revenue, along with gross margins, are discussed in the sections below, by segment.

Light Building Products Segment. Sales of light building products in 2014 were $472.4 million with a corresponding gross profit of $136.2 million. Sales of light building products in 2013 were $394.3 million with a corresponding gross profit of $111.2 million. The 20% revenue increase in 2014 was due to both organic growth and the acquisition of Kleer Lumber in December 2012 and the acquisitions of Entegra and Gerard in December 2013 and May 2014, respectively. All of our major product categories experienced organic revenue growth in 2014 over 2013. Our block group revenues were higher in 2014 than in 2013 due to increases in commercial and institutional construction and the strength of the Texas economy. Stone revenues also increased as we experienced higher sales in all three of our major architectural stone brands, along with sales growth in our ancillary stone products. We believe our initiative to expand our top-line organic growth by focusing on core customers increased revenues in 2014 and will also have a positive impact on our 2015 results. Our siding group revenues increased in 2014 over 2013 and were benefitted by new product offerings and the strength of our new trim board products, despite geographic exposure to weather impacted regions and the continuing weakness in some sectors of the repair and remodel end markets. The gross margin improvement in 2014 in the light building products segment was due to several factors, including price increases, manufacturing efficiencies and transportation cost savings resulting from reduced reliance on third-party trucking, all of which was partially offset by siding's revenue mix that favored more of their lower-margin products.

According to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), the most current 10- and 50-year averages for new housing starts were 1.2 million and 1.5 million units, respectively. New housing starts were only 0.8 million units and 0.9 million units in calendar 2012 and 2013, respectively, and during the last 50 years, the six years with the lowest number of housing starts were the six calendar years 2008 through 2013. According to the NAHB, in September 2014 the seasonally-adjusted annual number of new housing starts was 1.0 million units. Also impacting some of our product offerings is a continuing weakness in some sectors of the repair and remodel end markets, including resin-based siding.

The significant weakness in the new housing and residential remodeling markets which began several years ago appeared to ease somewhat during 2013 and 2014, but the recovery has been somewhat uneven during 2014. In addition, there has been and continues to be significant regional differences in the strength of the improvement that has occurred. For example, the recovery has been more robust in some areas of the U.S., such as parts of the South and West, as compared to other regions such as the Northeast and Midwest, where growth has been minimal. These regional differences in the health of the housing market impact the sales of our various product groups differently. We believe our niche strategy and our focus on productivity improvements, cost reductions and price increases have tempered somewhat the impact of the weak housing market; however, it is not possible to know when improved market conditions and a housing recovery will become sustainable over the long-term.

Given our market leadership positions and reduced cost structure, we believe that we are positioned to benefit from a sustained recovery in the housing market when it occurs. We believe the long-term growth prospects in the industry are strong because the current seasonally-adjusted annualized housing starts are still below the 10- and 50-year averages. Also, according to a 2014 report by The Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, household growth is projected to average between approximately 1.2 million and 1.3 million units a year from 2015 to 2025.

Heavy Construction Materials Segment. Heavy construction materials revenues for 2014 were $309.3 million with a corresponding gross profit of $84.4 million. Heavy construction materials revenues for 2013 were $293.0 million with a corresponding gross profit of $73.0 million. Revenue increased

during 2014 primarily due to product volume and price increases, partially offset by a decrease in service revenue. Sales of fly ash increased in volume compared to last year, notwithstanding the impacts of extreme winter weather in the Northeast and Midwest, limiting the use of fly ash in both regions. Service revenue represented approximately 25% of total segment revenue for 2014, compared to 29% for 2013. Gross margin increased from 25% in 2013 to 27% in 2014. The increases in gross profit and gross margin percentage were primarily due to increases in fly ash revenue resulting from positive changes in volume and price, as well as to cost management initiatives.

According to the Portland Cement Association (PCA), calendar 2012 cement consumption increased 9.0% over calendar 2011 and cement consumption was projected to increase 4.5% in calendar 2013. It is not possible to accurately predict the future trends of either cement consumption or cement prices, nor the correlation between cement usage and prices and fly ash sales and prices. Nevertheless, because fly ash is sold as an admixture for the partial replacement of portland cement in a wide variety of concrete uses—including infrastructure, commercial, and residential construction—statistics and trends for portland and blended cement sales can be an indicator for fly ash sales. In September 2014, the PCA estimated the growth rate for calendar 2014 will be 7.9%, followed by increases of 8.4% in calendar 2015 and 10.7% in calendar 2016. In November 2013, the PCA's Chief Economist indicated the trough point for road construction, which accounts for the largest area of public cement consumption, was reached in 2013.

Low natural gas prices, EPA regulations, and reduced power demand, have combined to force the long-term shutdown or temporary idling of multiple coal combustion power plant units (primarily older, smaller units), negatively impacting the supply of CCPs for beneficial use in certain areas. This trend, which is currently expected to continue until the industry adjusts to requirements to update coal burning plants, has impacted somewhat our CCP supplies in certain regions of the country; however, we have multiple sources of supply and a broad distribution system, which allow us to move CCPs to locations where power plant units have closed, creating an opportunity for potential growth. Reallocating CCP supplies can increase our transportation costs, some but not all of which we have historically been able to pass on to customers. The two business acquisitions in the heavy construction materials industry in 2014 increased our supply of fly ash and other CCPs, increasing our competitive position in the Northeast and Southeast regions of the U.S.

The question of whether disposal of fly ash should be regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act), as hazardous waste, or Subtitle D, as solid waste, is near resolution. In a consent decree entered by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the EPA was ordered by December 19, 2014 to "sign for publication in the Federal Register a notice taking final action regarding EPA's proposed revision of RCRA Subtitle D regulations pertaining to coal combustion residuals." Recently, the EPA finalized the proposed regulations and delivered them to the White House Office of Management and Budget for review. Based on multiple statements previously made by the EPA, we believe that it is likely that fly ash disposal will be regulated under Subtitle D as a solid waste.

Energy Technology Segment. Energy technology segment revenues for 2014 were $9.7 million with a corresponding gross profit of $5.1 million. Revenues for 2013 were $15.3 million with a corresponding gross profit of $8.3 million. The decreases in revenue and gross profit were due primarily to the timing of shipments to the two refineries which use HCAT, our heavy oil upgrading catalyst. Timing of shipments depends upon the timing of orders and customer onsite inventory levels.

Operating Expenses. Amortization of intangible assets was higher in 2014 than in 2013 due to amortization of the assets acquired in the 2014 business acquisitions, partially offset by reduced amortization from fully amortized assets. Future amortization expense will depend in part on the values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets, once those are finalized. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased 17% from 2013 to 2014 due primarily to recurring expenses of the

businesses acquired in 2014, direct acquisition costs for those businesses, increased selling and marketing costs (including non-routine customer acquisition-related costs and costs designed to spur incremental organic revenue growth), plus increases in several other cost categories related to revenue growth.

Other Income and Expense. For 2014, we reported net other expense of $46.7 million, compared to net other expense of $42.2 million for 2013. The increase of $4.5 million was comprised of an increase in net interest expense of approximately $3.8 million and a change in net other expense of approximately $0.7 million. Net interest expense increased primarily due to the new senior debt which was issued in December 2013, partially offset by a decrease in interest expense for convertible senior subordinated notes, the average balance of which decreased in 2014 as compared to 2013. In 2013, there was approximately $2.1 million of accelerated debt discount and debt issue cost amortization as a result of early repayments of convertible debt. In 2014, we had no early repayments of long-term debt. Interest expense in 2015 is currently expected to be approximately $50.0 million.

The primary reason for the change in other expense from 2013 to 2014 was $0.5 million of losses related to unconsolidated joint ventures in 2014.

Income Tax Provision. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for the reasons for the 18% reported effective income tax rate for 2014 and the 32% rate for 2013, including why we recorded a valuation allowance on our net operating losses, tax credits and other deferred tax assets in both years. A valuation allowance is required when there is significant uncertainty as to the realizability of deferred tax assets. See "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Income Taxes" for a detailed discussion of this valuation allowance.

Discontinued Operations. We recorded $0.4 million of loss from discontinued operations in 2014, representing $3.1 million of operating losses (primarily expenses for certain litigation which commenced prior to disposal of the business) and $2.7 million of gain related to the coal cleaning facilities sold in the January 2013 sales transaction. We recorded $1.1 million of loss from discontinued operations in 2013, representing $3.8 million of operating losses (primarily the results of operations of the facilities prior to disposal) and $2.7 million of income tax benefit, due primarily to the reversal of unrecognized income tax benefits related to audit periods that closed. In 2013, the initial gain recorded on disposal was estimated, based on information available at the time, and in 2014, we received $4.7 million of deferred purchase price payments, along with the collection of certain receivables which had been reserved. We currently expect that additional adjustments to the estimated gains and losses from sale of the facilities may be recognized in the future as certain contingencies are resolved.

For all facility sales transactions, a majority of the consideration is in the form of potential production royalties and deferred purchase price, which amounts are dependent upon future plant production levels over several years. Potential future production royalties and deferred purchase price on the sales transactions were not considered in the original gain calculations and are being accounted for in the periods when such amounts are received.

The information set forth below compares our operating results for the year ended September 30, 2013 with operating results for the year ended September 30, 2012. Except as noted, the references to captions in the statements of operations refer to continuing operations only.

Summary. Our total revenue for 2013 was $702.6 million, up 11% from $632.8 million for 2012. Gross profit increased 10%, from $175.1 million in 2012 to $192.5 million in 2013. Operating income increased 58% from $34.4 million in 2012 to $54.4 million in 2013, and the 2012 loss from continuing operations of $(26.4) million, or a diluted loss per share of $(0.43), turned positive in 2013 and resulted in income of $8.3 million, or $0.12 per diluted share. The 2012 net loss including discontinued operations of $(62.2) million, or a diluted loss per share of $(1.02), also turned positive in 2013 with net income of $7.1 million, or $0.10 per diluted share, in 2013.

Revenue and Gross Margins. The major components of revenue, along with gross margins, are discussed in the sections below, by segment.

Light Building Products Segment. Sales of light building products in 2013 were $394.3 million with a corresponding gross profit of $111.2 million. Sales of light building products in 2012 were $339.6 million with a corresponding gross profit of $98.0 million. Our stone product group benefitted from strength in new residential construction, and our block product group benefitted from new product introductions and a strong Texas economy. This growth was partially offset by a decline in organic revenue from our siding product group, which has more exposure to the repair and remodel end market than to new housing and which was impacted by poor weather conditions during 2013, particularly in the upper Midwest and Northeast. The Kleer Lumber acquisition added $28.6 million in revenues in 2013. The decline in gross margin in 2013 was primarily attributable to a change in revenue mix. Revenue growth in our lower-margin block and trim board products, combined with a decline in revenue in the higher-margin siding products, resulted in a revenue mix that had lower overall margins in 2013 when compared to 2012.

Heavy Construction Materials Segment. Heavy construction materials revenues for 2013 were $293.0 million with a corresponding gross profit of $73.0 million. Heavy construction materials revenues for 2012 were $281.7 million with a corresponding gross profit of $71.5 million. Revenue increased due to both higher product sales and improved site service revenue, even though the U.S. infrastructure construction industry remained weak by historical standards. The shipped volume of high-value fly ash declined slightly from 2012 to 2013, but was more than offset by price increases. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to geographic changes in fly ash sales, and to non-recurring high-margin project revenue recorded in 2012.

Energy Technology Segment. Energy technology segment revenues for 2013 were $15.3 million with a corresponding gross profit of $8.3 million. Revenues for 2012 were $11.5 million with a corresponding gross profit of $5.6 million. The increases in revenue and gross profit were due primarily to the timing of shipments to the two refineries which use HCAT.

Operating Expenses. Amortization of intangible assets was not materially different between 2012 and 2013 because the increased amortization for the acquired Kleer Lumber intangible assets offset most of the decrease in amortization expense for assets that were fully amortized. Selling, general and administrative expenses also did not change materially from 2012 to 2013 as the costs related to Kleer Lumber's operations subsequent to the date of acquisition, along with $0.9 million of costs related to the Kleer Lumber acquisition, were offset by a decrease in cash-based compensation tied to stock price movement.

Other Income and Expense. For 2013, we reported net other expense of $42.2 million, compared to net other expense of $60.2 million for 2012. The decrease of $18.0 million was comprised of a

decrease in net interest expense of approximately $10.1 million and a decrease in net other expense of approximately $7.9 million. Net interest expense decreased from $52.7 million in 2012 to $42.6 million in 2013, due primarily to a decrease in interest expense related to our convertible senior subordinated notes, including reduced average levels of debt outstanding and routine and accelerated amortization of debt discount and debt issue costs, and a decrease of approximately $1.4 million in premiums paid on early debt repayments in 2013 than in 2012.

The reduction in net other expense of $7.9 million was primarily the result of approximately $6.2 million of loss in 2012 related to our equity interest in the Blue Flint joint venture which was sold effective January 1, 2012, plus a loss in 2012 of approximately $3.2 million related to another joint venture, partially offset by a decrease of approximately $2.4 million in gains from the early repayment of convertible debt in 2013 as compared to 2012.

Income Tax Provision. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for the reasons for the 32% reported effective income tax rate in 2013 and the negative (3)% rate for 2012, including why we recorded a valuation allowance on our net operating losses, tax credits and other deferred tax assets in both years.

Discontinued Operations. The loss from discontinued operations in 2013 was approximately $1.1 million, compared to a loss in 2012 of $35.8 million. In 2012, we recorded an impairment of the coal cleaning assets totaling $13.0 million. The losses from operations in 2012 also included approximately $9.8 million of non-cash accruals.

We sold one coal cleaning facility during 2012 for cash proceeds of $2.0 million plus potential future consideration and an estimated gain of approximately $0.3 million was recognized on that sale. In 2013, we sold the remaining ten facilities and again recognized an estimated gain at the time of sale. Subsequent to the dates of sale in 2012 and 2013, adjustments of the previously recognized estimated gains on the sales transactions were recognized, all of which were included in the $0.1 million loss on disposal reported for 2013. For all sales transactions, a majority of the consideration is in the form of potential production royalties and deferred purchase price, which amounts are dependent upon future plant production levels over several years. Such potential proceeds were not considered in the gain or loss calculations and are being accounted for in the periods when such amounts are received.

In 2013, we recognized a tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million in discontinued operations, due primarily to the reversal of unrecognized income tax benefits related to audit periods now closed.

In certain periods, some of our operations in the light building products segment have been negatively impacted by increased raw materials costs for commodities such as polypropylene, poly-vinyl chloride, cement and aggregates. In addition, we have experienced increases in our transportation costs in many parts of our business. We currently believe it is likely that raw materials and commodities such as fuels, along with the prices of other goods and services, could increase in future periods. We have passed certain increased costs to customers through higher prices, but it is not possible to accurately predict the future trends of these costs, nor our ability to pass on future cost increases.

Summary of Cash Flow Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities during 2014 was approximately $60.4 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities during 2013 of approximately $58.6 million. The two most significant differences in the major components of operating cash flows for the two years were an increase in net income of approximately $8.9 million from 2013 to 2014 and an offsetting change of approximately $9.0 million in cash outlays for current liabilities. The

increase in cash outlays for current liabilities in 2014 was due primarily to payment of a litigation-related obligation that was recorded several years ago.

In 2014, our primary investing activity consisted of four acquisitions, and in 2013 our primary investing activity consisted of one acquisition. Purchases of property, plant and equipment increased from $29.1 million in 2013 to $35.8 million in 2014. In 2014, our primary financing activity consisted of the issuance of senior debt, and in 2013 our primary financing activities consisted of the issuance of common stock and the repayment of long-term debt. More details about these and other investing and financing activities are provided in the following paragraphs.

Investing Activities. On December 31, 2012, we acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of Kleer Lumber, Inc., a company in the light building products industry. Total consideration paid for Kleer Lumber, all of which was cash, was approximately $43.3 million. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for advisory, legal and other professional services, totaled approximately $0.9 million. In 2014, we acquired four businesses for a total of $95.0 million, exclusive of acquisition costs. Two of the businesses are in the light building products industry and two are in the heavy construction materials industry.

On December 12, 2013, we acquired 80% of the equity interests in the business of Roof Tile, Inc., which markets its products primarily under the Entegra brand. Entegra is in the light building products industry. Total consideration paid for Entegra, all of which was cash, was approximately $57.5 million. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for legal services, totaled approximately $0.4 million and were included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations for 2014. On May 16, 2014, we acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of the roofing products business of Metals USA Building Products, L.P., which products are marketed under the Gerard and Allmet brands. Total consideration paid for Gerard, all of which was cash, was approximately $27.0 million. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for legal services, totaled approximately $0.3 million and were included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations for 2014. During the March 2014 quarter, we acquired the assets of a company in the heavy construction materials industry for initial cash consideration of approximately $3.1 million. During the September 2014 quarter, we acquired the assets of another company in the heavy construction materials industry for cash consideration of approximately $7.4 million.

In both 2013 and 2014, a majority of capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment was for maintenance of operating capacity in our light building products segment, with a smaller amount related to other segments and more discretionary expenditures for new product lines or projects. Capital expenditures in 2015 for both maintenance and growth are currently expected to be approximately $40.0 million, as compared to approximately $36.0 million in 2014 and less than $30.0 million in 2013 and 2012. Funding for 2015 capital expenditures is expected to come from working capital. As of September 30, 2014, we were committed to spend approximately $3.3 million on capital projects that were in various stages of completion.

We intend to continue to expand our business through growth of existing operations in our core light and heavy building materials businesses. We also continue to look for bolt-on niche acquisitions that meet our criteria and enhance product offerings to our core customer base. Acquisitions have historically been an important part of our long-term business strategy as well; however, primarily because of debt covenant restrictions, cash flow considerations and events affecting the debt and equity markets, we did not make any large acquisitions from 2008 until the December 2012 acquisition of Kleer Lumber described above. We have also invested in joint ventures accounted for using the equity method of accounting, and in 2014 we invested $1.9 million in unconsolidated joint ventures. We do not currently have plans to significantly increase our investments in any of the joint venture entities, none of which is material. Current debt agreements limit potential acquisitions and investments in joint

ventures. The ABL Revolver limits potential acquisitions and investments in joint ventures if pro forma net excess availability is 25% or less of total potential availability under the facility.

As noted earlier, in 2011 we assessed the strategic fit of our various operations and decided to divest our coal cleaning business, which did not align with our long-term strategy. In September 2011, the Board of Directors committed to a plan to sell the coal cleaning business, which has been classified as a discontinued operation since that time. We sold one coal cleaning facility during 2012 and sold the remaining ten facilities in 2013. For all sales transactions, a majority of the consideration is in the form of potential production royalties and deferred purchase price, which amounts are dependent upon future plant production levels over several years. In 2014, we received total proceeds of approximately $4.7 million related to the sale of facilities, representing deferred purchase price payments and the collection of certain receivables that had been reserved. We also collected approximately $4.0 million of long-term deposits related to the coal cleaning business in 2014.

In accordance with the terms of the asset purchase agreement for one of the sales transactions, the buyer of the coal cleaning facilities agreed to assume the lease and reclamation obligations related to certain of the facilities. Subsequent to the date of sale, we amended the purchase agreement to provide the buyer with additional time to make payments, as well as fulfill contractual requirements related to the assumed reclamation obligations. As of September 30, 2014, we remain contingently liable for one of the assumed obligations and have accrued approximately $8.0 million to meet that contingent liability as necessary (representing a net increase of $1.3 million during 2014). We have also reserved certain receivables due from the buyer until such time as collection is more certain. It is not possible to accurately predict the timing or amounts of any future cash receipts or payments related to our discontinued coal cleaning business.

Financing Activities. In the December 2012 quarter, we issued 11.5 million shares of common stock for gross cash proceeds of approximately $83.4 million. Offering costs totaled approximately $5.4 million, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $78.0 million, of which approximately $43.3 million was used to acquire Kleer Lumber. In the December 2013 quarter, we issued $150.0 million of 7¹/4% senior notes for net proceeds of approximately $146.2 million, of which approximately $95.0 million was used to acquire the businesses described above.

The approximately $7.7 million aggregate principal amount of 2.50% convertible notes that remained outstanding at September 30, 2013 was repaid in February 2014, and our remaining outstanding debt matures from 2016 through 2019. We believe our cash flow will be sufficient to repay all outstanding long-term debt on or before the due dates. Following certain asset sales, as defined, we could be required to prepay a portion of the senior secured notes.

Headwaters is a holding company and repayment of our senior secured notes and senior unsecured notes will be dependent upon cash flow generated by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. In the event of a default, the ABL Revolver limits the ability of the ABL borrowers, all of which are our subsidiaries, to make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our senior secured notes and senior unsecured notes. There are no other significant contractual or governmental restrictions on our ability to obtain funds from our guarantor subsidiaries.

We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of September 30, 2014. The senior secured notes, senior notes and ABL Revolver limit the incurrence of additional debt and liens on assets, prepayment of future new subordinated debt, merging or consolidating with another company, selling all or substantially all assets, making acquisitions and investments and the payment of dividends or distributions, among other things. In addition, if availability under the ABL Revolver is less than 15% of the total $70.0 million commitment, or $10.5 million currently, we are required to maintain a monthly fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0x for the preceding twelve-month period.

There have been no borrowings under the ABL Revolver since it was entered into in 2009. The ABL Revolver has a termination date of October 2018, with a contingent provision for early termination at any time within three months prior to the earliest maturity date of the senior secured notes or the convertible senior subordinated notes, at which time any amounts borrowed must be repaid. The contingent provision for early termination is precluded if borrowing base capacity under the ABL Revolver and/or cash collateral is at least equivalent to the amount of notes maturing on such date. Availability under the ABL Revolver cannot exceed $70.0 million, which includes a $35.0 million sub-line for letters of credit and a $10.5 million swingline facility. Availability under the ABL Revolver is further limited by the borrowing base valuations of the assets of our light building products and heavy construction materials segments which secure the borrowings, currently consisting of certain trade receivables and inventories. In addition to the first lien position on these assets, the ABL Revolver lenders have a second priority position on substantially all other assets.

As of September 30, 2014, availability under the ABL Revolver was approximately $60.6 million. However, due primarily to the seasonality of our operations, the amount of availability varies from period to period and, while not currently expected, it is possible that the availability under the ABL Revolver could fall below the 15% threshold, or $10.5 million, in a future period. As of September 30, 2014, our fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in the ABL Revolver agreement, is approximately 1.4. The fixed charge coverage ratio is calculated by dividing EBITDAR minus capital expenditures and cash payments for income taxes by fixed charges. EBITDAR consists of net income (loss) i) plus net interest expense, income taxes (as defined), depreciation and amortization, non-cash charges such as goodwill and other impairments, and rent expense; ii) plus or minus other specified adjustments such as equity earnings or loss in joint ventures. Fixed charges consist of cash payments for debt service plus rent expense. Voluntary prepayments of debt principal may be excluded from fixed charges if, at the time of the prepayment, the pro-forma net excess availability (after giving effect of the prepaid debt) for the prior and future 60 days is greater than 25% of the facility, or $17.5 million.

If availability under the ABL Revolver were to decline below $10.5 million at some future date and the fixed charge coverage ratio were to also be below 1.0, the ABL Revolver lender could issue a notice of default. If a notice of default were to become imminent, we would seek an amendment to the ABL Revolver, or alternatively, a waiver of the availability requirement and/or fixed charge coverage ratio for a period of time. We do not currently believe it is likely we will reach the lower limits of both our ABL Revolver and the fixed charge coverage ratio. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more detailed descriptions of the terms of our long-term debt and our ABL Revolver.

In February 2012, we filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC under which $210.0 million was available for offerings of securities. Following the issuance of common stock in December 2012, there is approximately $126.6 million available for future securities offerings. A prospectus supplement describing the terms of any additional securities to be issued is required to be filed before any future offering can commence under the registration statement.

Working Capital. As of September 30, 2014, our working capital was $207.8 million (including $152.5 million of cash and cash equivalents) compared to $95.3 million as of September 30, 2013. We currently expect operations to produce positive cash flow during 2015 and in future years. We also currently believe working capital will be sufficient for our operating needs for the next 12 months, and that it will not be necessary to utilize borrowing capacity under the ABL Revolver for our seasonal operational cash needs in the foreseeable future.

Income Taxes. Cash outlays for income taxes were less than $3.0 million for both 2013 and 2014. As of September 30, 2014, our NOL and capital loss carryforwards totaled approximately $70.3 million (tax effected). The U.S. and state NOLs and capital losses expire from 2015 to 2034. In addition, there are approximately $24.8 million of tax credit carryforwards as of September 30, 2014, which expire from

2028 to 2034. We do not currently expect cash outlays for income taxes during the next 12 months to be significant.

Summary of Future Cash Requirements. Significant cash requirements for the next 12 months, beyond seasonal operational working capital requirements, consist primarily of capital expenditures and interest payments on long-term debt. In subsequent periods, significant cash requirements will include the repayment of debt. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements where the potential risks of litigation are described in detail. Adverse conclusions to those legal matters could involve material amounts of cash outlays in future periods.

We have ongoing litigation and asserted claims which have been incurred during the normal course of business. Reference is made to Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our accounting for legal costs and for other information about legal matters.

As described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, we have operating leases for certain facilities and equipment. Other than operating leases, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources.

The following table presents a summary by period of our contractual cash obligations as of September 30, 2014.

	Payments due by Fiscal Year

(in millions)	Total		2015		2016 - 2017		2018 - 2019		After 2019
Senior secured notes	$	400.0	$	0	$	0	$	400.0	$	0
Senior notes		150.0		0		0		150.0		0
Convertible senior subordinated notes		49.8		0		49.8		0		0


Total long-term debt		599.8		0		49.8		550.0		0
Interest payments on long-term debt		190.2		45.7		84.2		60.3		0
Unconditional purchase obligations		131.2		16.7		30.9		21.7		61.9
Operating lease obligations		86.9		28.0		35.2		16.7		7.0
Other long-term obligations		27.8		14.4		13.2		0.2		0


Total contractual cash obligations	$	1,035.9	$	104.8	$	213.3	$	648.9	$	68.9

As disclosed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, we have no borrowings under our ABL Revolver as of September 30, 2014. The ABL Revolver provides for potential borrowings of up to $70.0 million, which includes a $35.0 million sub-line for letters of credit and a $10.5 million swingline facility.

As of September 30, 2014, we had approximately $7.3 million of unrecognized income tax benefits, including $2.7 million of potential interest and penalties. At the current time an estimate of the range of reasonably possible outcomes cannot be made beyond amounts currently accrued, nor can we reliably estimate the timing of any potential payments.

Reference is made to the caption "Compensation Arrangements" in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of potential commitments to certain officers and employees under employment agreements, executive change in control agreements, cash performance unit awards and cash-settled SARS. Amounts in addition to those included in the table above could become obligations under the terms of those agreements, depending upon the outcomes of the future events described in Note 14.

We have ongoing litigation and asserted claims which have been incurred during the normal course of business, including the specific matters discussed in Note 14. We intend to vigorously defend or resolve these matters by settlement, as appropriate. We have recorded a liability of $2.8 million as of September 30, 2014 for all legal matters, however, it is not possible to know what amounts will ultimately be paid, nor when any such payments will occur and accordingly, no amounts for legal matters have been included in the table above. We do not currently believe that the outcome of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow or financial position. Final resolutions of these matters could affect the amounts included in the table.

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of accounting pronouncements that have been issued which we have not yet adopted.

We are exposed to financial market risks, primarily related to our stock price. In addition, future borrowings, if any, under our ABL Revolver will bear interest at a variable rate, as described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Through December 31, 2011, we were also exposed to market risks related to the activities of one of our joint ventures, the Blue Flint joint venture, which had derivatives in place related to variable interest rates and commodities. As described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, we sold our interest in that joint venture effective January 1, 2012.

Cash Performance Unit Awards. As described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Compensation Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to participants in certain business units related to cash flows generated during 2014, including a provision for adjustment for changes in our average stock price during the 2014 fiscal year. The terms of these awards are similar to those for the 2012 and 2013 awards with one added feature that provides for potential further adjustment based on cash flows generated in 2015 and 2016. Therefore, adjustments to the estimated liability for the 2014 awards may occur in 2015 and 2016 depending on cash flows generated in those years, but not for changes in the stock price subsequent to September 30, 2014.

Subsequent to September 30, 2014, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to participants in certain business units related to cash flows generated during 2015, with terms similar to those for the 2014 awards. Changes in our cash flow generation as well as changes in the stock price through September 30, 2015 will result in adjustment of the expected liability as of September 30, 2015, which adjustment (whether positive or negative) will be reflected in our statement of operations each quarter through September 30, 2015. Potential adjustments to the liability for the 2015 awards may also occur in 2016 and 2017, depending on cash flows generated in those years.

Cash-Settled SAR Grants. As described in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements, in 2011 and 2012 the Committee approved grants to certain employees of approximately 1.4 million cash-settled SARs, approximately 0.5 million of which remain outstanding as of September 30, 2014. All of these SARs have vested. The SARs terminate on or before September 30, 2016 and as of September 30, 2014, approximately $5.5 million has been accrued for outstanding awards because the stock price at September 30, 2014 was above the grant-date stock prices of $3.81 and $1.85. Future

changes in our stock price through the expiration dates in any amount above the grant-date stock prices will result in adjustment to the expected remaining liability, which adjustment (whether positive or negative) will be reflected in our statement of operations each quarter.

Compensation expense for all cash-settled SARs was approximately $3.6 million, $4.6 million and $4.6 million for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. A change in our stock price of $1.00 would result in an increase or decrease of approximately $0.5 million in the ultimate payout liability. The portion of total cash-based compensation expense resulting from changes in our stock price for all performance unit awards and cash settled SARs described above, was approximately $12.3 million, $5.6 million and $6.1 million for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

The financial statements and supplementary financial data required by this Item 8 are set forth in Item 15 of this Form 10-K. All information that has been omitted is either inapplicable or not required.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Disclosure Controls and Procedures—We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2014, pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act. This evaluation included a review of the controls' objectives and design, the operation of the controls, and the effect of the controls on the information presented in this Annual Report. Our management, including the CEO and CFO, do not expect that disclosure controls can or will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud, if any. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide such reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. Also, the projection of any evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures to future periods is subject to the risk that the disclosure controls and procedures may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on their review and evaluation, and subject to the inherent limitations described above, our CEO and CFO have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective as of September 30, 2014 at the above-described reasonable assurance level.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting—Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide

reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even internal controls determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. The projection of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods is subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies may deteriorate. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2014 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system has been designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and presentation of our financial statements.

Our management has assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2014 using the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that assessment, management believes that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2014.

As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, we acquired four businesses during 2014. Some elements of Entegra's and Gerard's internal control over financial reporting have been integrated into Headwaters' internal control over financial reporting since the acquisition dates. However, management has excluded certain other elements of Entegra's and Gerard's internal control over financial reporting from its assessment of Headwaters' internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2014. Entegra's and Gerard's total assets and net assets comprised approximately 12% and 1%, respectively, of our related consolidated amounts as of September 30, 2014. Entegra's and Gerard's total revenues and net income comprised approximately 6% and 13%, respectively, of our related consolidated amounts for the year ended September 30, 2014.

BDO USA, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm which audits our consolidated financial statements, has issued the following attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Headwaters Incorporated
South Jordan, Utah

We have audited Headwaters Incorporated's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). Headwaters Incorporated's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As indicated in the accompanying "Item 9A, Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting," management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Roof Tile, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as "Entegra") and the acquired assets and liabilities of a roofing products business (hereinafter referred to as "Gerard") which were acquired on December 12, 2013 and May 16, 2014, respectively, and are included in the consolidated balance sheet of Headwaters Incorporated as of September 30, 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency), and cash flows for the year ended September 30, 2014. Entegra and Gerard constituted 12% and 1% of total assets and net assets, respectively, as of September 30, 2014, and 6% and 13% of revenues and net income, respectively, for the year then ended. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Entegra and Gerard because of the timing of the acquisitions which were completed in December 2013 and May 2014, respectively.

Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of Headwaters Incorporated also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Entegra and Gerard.

In our opinion, Headwaters Incorporated maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2014, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Headwaters Incorporated as of September 30, 2013 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2014 and our report dated November 18, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

The applicable information to be set forth under the captions "Executive Officers," "Corporate Governance," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Proposal No. 1—Election of Directors" in our Proxy Statement to be filed in January 2015 for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2015 (the "Proxy Statement"), is incorporated herein by reference.

The applicable information to be set forth under the captions "Executive Compensation" and "Corporate Governance" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information to be set forth under the captions "Summary Information about Incentive Compensation Plans" and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information to be set forth under the caption "Transactions with Related Persons" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

The information to be set forth under the caption "Audit and Non-Audit Fees" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

	Description

1.1	Underwriting Agreement dated as of December 18, 2012	(30)
2.1	Asset Purchase Agreement by and among Tapco International Corporation and Kleer Lumber, Inc. and Louis H. Price, Walter F. Valentine and Jo-Anne G. Price, dated as of December 14, 2012	(29)
3.1.9	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Headwaters dated 1 March 2005	(5)
3.1.10	Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Headwaters dated February 24, 2011	(19)
3.2.5	Amended and Restated By-Laws of Headwaters	(7)
3.2.6	Amendment of Amended and Restated By-Laws of Headwaters	(13)
4.1	Indenture related to the 7¹/4% Senior Notes due 2019, dated as of December 10, 2013, among Headwaters, the guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust, N.A. as trustee (including forms of 7¹/4% Senior Notes due 2019)	(33)
4.9	Loan and Security Agreement dated as of October 27, 2009, among certain Headwaters subsidiaries and Bank of America, N.A. as the sole administrative agent, arranger and collateral agent, and the lenders named therein	(21)
4.9.1	First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement among certain Headwaters subsidiaries and various lenders and First Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2010	(17)

	Description

4.9.2	Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement and Second Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of February 15, 2011 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(18)
4.9.3	Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2011 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(22)
4.9.4	Fourth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement and Third Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2011 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(24)
4.9.5	Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement and Fourth Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of April 26, 2012 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(26)
4.9.6	Sixth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2012 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(27)
4.9.7	Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of December 13, 2012 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(29)
4.9.8	Eighth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement and Fifth Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2013 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(32)
4.9.9	Ninth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement and Sixth Amendment to Guaranty and Security Agreement, dated as of December 9, 2013 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(33)
4.9.10	Tenth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2014 among Headwaters, certain Headwaters subsidiaries and certain lenders named therein	(35)
4.10	Indenture related to the 7-5/8% Senior Secured Notes due 2019, dated as of March 11, 2011, among Headwaters, the guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust FSB as trustee and collateral agent (including forms of 7-5/8% Senior Secured Notes due 2019)	(20)
4.11	Indenture dated as of June 7, 2012 between Headwaters and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee, relating to 8.75% Convertible Senior Subordinated Notes due 2016	(28)
10.60	Employment Agreement with Kirk A. Benson dated as of June 23, 2014	(36)
10.103	Employment agreement dated December 8, 2010 between Headwaters and Donald P. Newman	(16)
12	Computation of ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends	*
14	Code of Ethics	(4)
21	List of Subsidiaries of Headwaters	*
23	Consent of BDO USA, LLP	*

	Description

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer	*
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer	*
32	Section 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer	*
99.1	2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as Amended and Restated Effective 5 November 2011	(24)
99.2	1995 Stock Option Plan (originally designated as Exhibit No. 10.5)	(1)
99.2.1	First Amendment to the 1995 Stock Option Plan (originally designated as Exhibit 10.5.1)	(1)
99.4	2002 Stock Incentive Plan	(3)
99.7	2003 Stock Incentive Plan	(2)
99.10	Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Compensation Plan (Effective March 3, 2009)	(12)
99.11	Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, dated December 19, 2008	(11)
99.12	Audit Committee Charter, dated December 19, 2008	(11)
99.13	Compensation Committee Charter, dated 5 June 2013	(31)
99.17	Form of 2006 Executive Change in Control Agreement	(6)
99.17.1	Form of (first) Amendment to 2006 Executive Change in Control Agreement	(15)
99.17.2	Form of (second) Amendment to 2006 Executive Change in Control Agreement	(23)
99.17.3	Form of 2011 Executive Change in Control Agreement	(23)
99.18	Amended Deferred Compensation Plan	(8)
99.20	Stock Appreciation Right Agreement (November 2007)	(9)
99.20.1	Form of Notice of Stock Appreciation Right Grant (November 2007)	(9)
99.21	Restricted Stock Award Agreement (November 2007)	(9)
99.21.1	Form of Restricted Stock Award Grant Notice (November 2007)	(9)
99.22	2012 Executive Master Bonus Plan	(25)
99.23	Broad-Based Management Bonus Plan	(26)
99.24	Form of Common Stock Certificate	(10)
99.25	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement (October 2008)	(11)
99.26	Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (January 2009)	(11)
99.29	2010 Incentive Compensation Plan	(14)
99.29.1	Amendment No. 1 to 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan	(25)
99.30	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement (April 2010)	(14)
99.31	Form of Notice of Cash-Settled Stock Appreciation Right Grant (November 2010)	(15)
99.34	Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan	(26)

*: Filed herewith.

Unless another exhibit number is indicated as the exhibit number for the exhibit as "originally filed," the exhibit number in the filing in which any exhibit was originally filed and to which reference is made hereby is the same as the exhibit number assigned herein to the exhibit.

(1): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Registration Statement on Form 10, filed February 26, 1996.
(2): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended December 31, 2002.
(3): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2004.
(4): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.
(5): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated March 1, 2005, filed March 3, 2005.
(6): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended June 30, 2006.
(7): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2006.
(8): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2007.
(9): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended December 31, 2007.
(10): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008.
(11): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended December 31, 2008.
(12): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended March 31, 2009.
(13): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 19, 2008, filed December 22, 2008.

(14): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended March 31, 2010.
(15): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2010.
(16): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 8, 2010, filed December 10, 2010.
(17): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 10, 2010, filed December 14, 2010.
(18): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated February 15, 2011, filed February 16, 2011.
(19): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated February 24, 2011, filed February 25, 2011.
(20): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated March 11, 2011, filed March 14, 2011.
(21): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K/A, for the event dated October 27, 2009, filed March 18, 2011.
(22): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended March 31, 2011.
(23): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated August 5, 2011, filed August 8, 2011.
(24): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended December 31, 2011.
(25): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated February 23, 2012, filed February 27, 2012.
(26): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended March 31, 2012.
(27): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated May 7, 2012, filed May 9, 2012.
(28): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated June 7, 2012, filed June 11, 2012.
(29): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 14, 2012, filed December 17, 2012.
(30): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 18, 2012, filed December 26, 2012.
(31): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for the quarter ended June 30, 2013.
(32): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated November 6, 2013, filed November 12, 2013.
(33): Incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit filed with Headwaters' Current Report on Form 8-K, for the event dated December 9, 2013, filed December 12, 2013.

The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report. See Item 15 (a) 3 above.

The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report. See Item 15 (a) 2 above.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Harlan M. Hatfield and Donald P. Newman, and each of them, his/her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him/her and in his/her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he/she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact and agents or their substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Headwaters Incorporated
South Jordan, Utah

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Headwaters Incorporated as of September 30, 2013 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Headwaters Incorporated at September 30, 2013 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of Headwaters Incorporated's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated November 18, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

	As of September 30,

(in thousands, except par value)	2013			2014
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	75,316		$	152,542
Trade receivables, net		109,868			119,330
Inventories		37,383			50,633
Deferred income taxes		14,036			11,076
Other		7,280			10,536


Total current assets		243,883			344,117


Property, plant and equipment, net		159,619			182,111


Other assets:
Goodwill		137,198			175,586
Intangible assets, net		139,797			159,863
Other		43,512			41,750


Total other assets		320,507			377,199


Total assets	$	724,009		$	903,427




LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	21,810		$	27,026
Accrued personnel costs		47,746			48,902
Accrued interest		16,077			18,273
Current income taxes		120			368
Other accrued liabilities		55,268			41,757
Current portion of long-term debt		7,553			0


Total current liabilities		148,574			136,326


Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt		449,420			599,579
Income taxes		24,637			23,242
Other		16,968			28,586


Total long-term liabilities		491,025			651,407


Total liabilities		639,599			787,733


Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary		0			13,252
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; authorized 200,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 73,149 shares at September 30, 2013 (including 65 shares held in treasury) and 73,510 shares at September 30, 2014 (including 61 shares held in treasury)		73			74
Capital in excess of par value		720,828			723,648
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		(635,972	)		(620,688	)
Treasury stock		(519	)		(592	)


Total stockholders' equity		84,410			102,442


Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	724,009		$	903,427

	Year ended September 30,

(in thousands, except per-share amounts)	2012			2013			2014
Revenue:
Light building products	$	339,632		$	394,324		$	472,434
Heavy construction materials		281,672			293,000			309,337
Energy technology		11,483			15,252			9,676


Total revenue		632,787			702,576			791,447
Cost of revenue:
Light building products		241,669			283,128			336,283
Heavy construction materials		210,158			219,996			224,888
Energy technology		5,893			6,970			4,583


Total cost of revenue		457,720			510,094			565,754


Gross profit		175,067			192,482			225,693
Operating expenses:
Amortization		20,675			20,230			21,319
Selling, general and administrative		119,989			117,841			137,650


Total operating expenses		140,664			138,071			158,969


Operating income		34,403			54,411			66,724
Other income (expense):
Net interest expense		(52,678	)		(42,566	)		(46,329	)
Other, net		(7,493	)		364			(348	)


Total other income (expense), net		(60,171	)		(42,202	)		(46,677	)


Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		(25,768	)		12,209			20,047
Income tax provision		(661	)		(3,924	)		(3,574	)


Income (loss) from continuing operations		(26,429	)		8,285			16,473
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(35,819	)		(1,148	)		(415	)


Net income (loss)		(62,248	)		7,137			16,058
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		0			0			(774	)


Net income (loss) attributable to Headwaters Incorporated	$	(62,248	)	$	7,137		$	15,284




Basic and diluted income (loss) per share attributable to Headwaters Incorporated:
From continuing operations	$	(0.43	)	$	0.12		$	0.21
From discontinued operations		(0.59	)		(0.02	)		(0.01	)


	$	(1.02	)	$	0.10		$	0.20

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(NET CAPITAL DEFICIENCY)

															Total stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency)

	Common stock					Capital in excess of par value			Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)			Treasury stock and other
(in thousands)	Shares			Amount		Capital in excess of par value			Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)			Treasury stock and other
Balances as of September 30, 2011		60,947		$	61	$	637,547		$	(580,861	)	$	(11	)	$	56,736
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		212			0		635									635
Restricted stock cancellations		(13	)		0											0
Stock-based compensation							1,737									1,737
24 share increase in treasury stock held for deferred compensation plan obligations, at cost							128						(128	)		0
Other													11			11
Net loss for the year ended September 30, 2012										(62,248	)					(62,248	)


Balances as of September 30, 2012		61,146			61		640,047			(643,109	)		(128	)		(3,129	)


Issuance of common stock, net of offering costs of $5,418		11,500			12		77,945									77,957
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		101			0		742									742
Exercise of stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units		250			0											0
Issuance of restricted stock, net of cancellations		152			0											0
Stock-based compensation							1,703									1,703
Net 41 share increase in treasury stock held for deferred compensation plan obligations, at cost							391						(391	)		0
Net income for the year ended September 30, 2013										7,137						7,137


Balances as of September 30, 2013		73,149			73		720,828			(635,972	)		(519	)		84,410


Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock purchase plan		78			1		758									759
Issuance of restricted stock, net of cancellations		150			0											0
Exercise of stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units		133			0											0
Stock-based compensation							2,165									2,165
Net 4 share decrease in treasury stock held for deferred compensation plan obligations, at cost							73						(73	)		0
Adjustment of estimated redemption value of non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary							(176	)								(176	)
Net income attributable to Headwaters Incorporated for the year ended September 30, 2014										15,284						15,284


Balances as of September 30, 2014		73,510		$	74	$	723,648		$	(620,688	)	$	(592	)	$	102,442

	Year ended September 30,

(in thousands)	2012			2013			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(62,248	)	$	7,137		$	16,058
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		51,481			52,317			55,134
Interest expense related to amortization of debt issue costs and debt discount		14,184			5,841			2,175
Stock-based compensation		1,737			1,703			2,165
Deferred income taxes		198			698			1,666
Net loss (gain) on disposition of property, plant and equipment		(538	)		(649	)		95
Loss (gain) on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(267	)		55			(2,727	)
Asset impairments		13,166			0			1,815
Net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures		9,314			0			529
Gain on convertible debt repayments		(2,479	)		(35	)		0
Decrease (increase) in trade receivables		(9,792	)		(5,035	)		517
Decrease (increase) in inventories		2,954			2,221			(2,347	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		27,443			(4,218	)		(13,225	)
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities, net		1,016			(1,472	)		(1,478	)


Net cash provided by operating activities		46,169			58,563			60,377


Cash flows from investing activities:
Business acquisitions		(996	)		(43,250	)		(94,998	)
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures		0			0			(1,875	)
Proceeds from sale of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures		18,522			0			0
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(26,447	)		(29,119	)		(35,799	)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment		1,261			791			905
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations		2,000			4,813			4,666
Net decrease (increase) in long-term receivables and deposits		(42	)		(1,171	)		7,445
Net change in other assets		(706	)		(437	)		(2,162	)


Net cash used in investing activities		(6,408	)		(68,373	)		(121,818	)


Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock		0			77,957			0
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		0			0			146,650
Payments on long-term debt		(36,334	)		(47,355	)		(7,792	)
Debt issue costs		(1,090	)		0			0
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary		0			0			(950	)
Employee stock purchases		635			742			759


Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(36,789	)		31,344			138,667


Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		2,972			21,534			77,226
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		50,810			53,782			75,316


Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	53,782		$	75,316		$	152,542




Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Increase in accrued liabilities for acquisition-related commitments	$	1,467		$	0		$	2,614
Exchange of convertible senior subordinated notes		49,791			0			0
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	40,878		$	37,290		$	42,572
Cash paid for income taxes		1,391			2,537			1,729

Headwaters Incorporated (Headwaters) is a building products company incorporated in Delaware, providing products and services in the light and heavy building materials segments. Headwaters' vision is to improve lives through innovative advancements in construction materials.

The light building products segment designs, manufactures, and sells a wide variety of building products, including exterior vinyl siding accessories (such as shutters, mounting blocks, and vents), manufactured architectural stone, roofing materials and concrete block. Revenues from Headwaters' light building products businesses are diversified geographically and also by market, including the new housing and residential repair and remodel markets, as well as commercial construction markets.

The heavy construction materials segment is the nationwide leader in the management and marketing of coal combustion products (CCPs), including fly ash which is primarily sold directly to concrete manufacturers who use it as a mineral admixture for the partial replacement of portland cement in concrete. Headwaters' heavy construction materials business is comprised of a nationwide supply, storage and distribution network. Headwaters also provides services to electric utilities related to the management of CCPs.

In addition to the two building materials segments described above, Headwaters also has a non-core energy technology segment which has been focused on reducing waste and increasing the value of energy-related feedstocks, primarily in the areas of low-value oil and coal. In oil, Headwaters' heavy oil upgrading process uses a liquid catalyst precursor to generate a highly active molecular catalyst to convert low-value residual oil into higher-value distillates that can be further refined into gasoline, diesel and other products. In coal, Headwaters owned and operated coal cleaning facilities that separate ash from waste coal to provide a refined coal product that is higher in Btu value and lower in impurities than the feedstock coal. As described in Note 5, Headwaters disposed of its remaining coal cleaning facilities in January 2013 and the results of Headwaters' coal cleaning operations have been presented as discontinued operations for all periods.

Headwaters' fiscal year ends on September 30 and unless otherwise noted, references to years refer to Headwaters' fiscal year rather than a calendar year.

Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Headwaters, all of its subsidiaries and other entities in which Headwaters has a controlling interest. In accordance with the requirements of ASC Topic 810 Consolidation, Headwaters is required to consolidate any variable interest entities for which it is the primary beneficiary. For investments in entities in which Headwaters has a significant influence over operating and financial decisions (generally defined as owning a voting or economic interest of 20% to 50%), Headwaters applies the equity method of accounting. In instances where Headwaters' investment is less than 20% and significant influence does not exist, investments are carried at cost. As of September 30, 2014, there are no material variable interest entities or equity-method investments. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities

at the date of the financial statements, and ii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Segment Reporting, Major Customers and Other Concentrations of Risk—Headwaters currently operates three business segments: light building products, heavy construction materials and energy technology. Additional information about these segments is presented in Note 3. No customer accounted for over 10% of total revenue in any year presented and less than 10% of Headwaters' revenue was from sales outside the United States. Approximately 13%, 12% and 10% of Headwaters' total revenue and cost of revenue was for services in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Substantially all service-related revenue for all periods was in the heavy construction materials segment. Headwaters normally purchases a majority of the polypropylene and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) used in its resin-based building products from a single supplier; however, polypropylene and PVC could be obtained from other suppliers if necessary and management currently believes any such change in suppliers would not be materially disruptive.

Revenue Recognition and Cost of Revenue—Revenue from the sale of light building products, CCPs and energy-related products is recognized upon passage of title to the customer, which coincides with physical delivery and assumption of risk of loss by the customer. Estimated sales rebates and discounts pertaining to the sale of building products are provided for at the time of sale and are based primarily upon established policies and historical experience. Revenues include transportation charges and shipping and handling fees associated with delivering products and materials to customers when the transportation and/or shipping and handling is contractually provided for between the customer and Headwaters. Cost of revenue includes shipping and handling fees.

CCP service revenues are primarily earned under long-term contracts to dispose of residual materials created by coal-fired electric power generation. Revenues under long-term site service contracts are recognized concurrently with the removal of material and are based on the volume of material removed at established prices per ton. In compliance with contractual obligations, the cost of CCPs purchased from certain utilities is based on a percentage of the "net revenues" from sale of the CCPs purchased. Costs also include landfill fees and transportation charges to deliver non-marketable CCPs to landfills.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Headwaters considers all short-term, highly-liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Certain cash and cash equivalents are deposited with financial institutions, and at times such amounts exceed insured depository limits.

Receivables—Allowances are provided for uncollectible accounts and notes when deemed necessary. Such allowances are based on an account-by-account analysis of collectability or impairment plus a provision for non-customer specific defaults based upon historical collection experience. Headwaters performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers but collateral is not required for trade receivables. Collateral is generally required for notes receivable, which were not material during the periods presented.

Inventories—Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market (net realizable value). Cost includes direct material, transportation, direct labor and allocations of manufacturing overhead costs and is determined primarily using the first-in, first-out method.

Property, Plant and Equipment—Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. For significant self-constructed assets, cost includes direct labor and interest. Expenditures for major improvements are capitalized; expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to expense as incurred. Assets are depreciated using primarily the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, limited to the lease terms for improvements to leased assets. The units-of-production method is used to depreciate certain light building products segment assets. Upon the sale or retirement of property, plant and equipment, any gain or loss on disposition is reflected in results of operations and the related asset cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill—Intangible assets consist primarily of identifiable intangible assets obtained in connection with acquisitions. With the exception of certain indefinite-lived trade names, intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method, Headwaters' best estimate of the pattern of economic benefit, over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill consists of the excess of the purchase price for acquired businesses over the fair value of assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. As described in more detail in Note 7, in accordance with ASC Topic 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are tested at least annually for impairment. Amortizable intangible assets are tested for impairment only when an indicator of impairment exists.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets—Headwaters evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets, as well as the related depreciation and amortization periods, to determine whether adjustments to carrying amounts or to estimated useful lives are required based on current events and circumstances. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated cumulative undiscounted cash flow from that asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. As more fully described in Note 5, in 2012 there was a significant asset impairment charge for long-lived assets in the discontinued coal cleaning business.

Debt Issue Costs and Debt Repayment Premiums—Debt issue costs represent direct costs incurred for the issuance of long-term debt. These costs are amortized to interest expense over the lives of the respective debt issues using the effective interest method. When debt is repaid early, the portion of unamortized debt issue costs related to the early principal repayment is written off and included in interest expense. Any premiums associated with the repayment of debt are also charged to interest expense.

Financial Instruments—Derivatives are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, as required by ASC Topic 815 Derivatives and Hedging. Accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative, which is established at inception. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges and which meet the effectiveness guidelines of ASC Topic 815, changes in fair value, to the extent effective, are recognized in other comprehensive income

until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. Hedge effectiveness is measured at least quarterly based on the relative changes in fair value between the derivative contract and the hedged item over time. Any change in fair value of a derivative resulting from ineffectiveness, or an excluded component of the gain or loss, is recognized immediately and is recorded as interest expense.

Headwaters formally documents all hedge transactions at inception of the contract, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction. This process includes linking the derivatives that are designated as hedges to specific assets, liabilities, firm commitments or forecasted transactions. Headwaters also formally assesses the effectiveness of any hedging instruments on an ongoing basis. Historically, Headwaters has entered into hedge agreements primarily to limit its exposure for interest rate movements and certain commodity price fluctuations.

In connection with the issuance of 2.50% convertible senior subordinated notes, Headwaters entered into convertible note hedge and warrant transactions for the purpose of effectively increasing the common stock conversion price. This convertible note hedge terminated when the notes were repaid in full in the March 2014 quarter. Since that time, and as of September 30, 2014, Headwaters has had no material hedge agreements or other derivatives in place.

Asset Retirement Obligations—From time to time Headwaters incurs asset retirement obligations associated with the restoration of certain CCP disposal sites. Headwaters records its legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets in accordance with the requirements of ASC Topic 410 Asset Retirements and Environmental Obligations. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the consolidated financial statements when the asset is placed in service. At such time, the fair value of the liability is estimated using discounted cash flows. In subsequent periods, the retirement obligation is accreted to its estimated future value as of the asset retirement date through charges to operating expenses. An asset equal in value to the retirement obligation is also recorded as a component of the carrying amount of the long-lived asset and is depreciated over the asset's useful life. As of September 30, 2013 and 2014, CCP asset retirement obligations totaled $0. However, as described in Note 5, Headwaters has recorded a liability for one of the reclamation obligations assumed by the buyer of a cleaning facility which was sold in 2013, but for which Headwaters remains contingently liable.

Income Taxes—Headwaters files a consolidated federal income tax return with substantially all of its subsidiaries. Income taxes are determined on an entity-by-entity basis and are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 740 Income Taxes. Headwaters recognizes deferred tax assets or liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or in income tax returns. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are determined based upon the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply when the differences are expected to be settled or realized. Deferred income tax assets are periodically reviewed for recoverability based on current events, and valuation allowances are provided as necessary. Expenses for interest and penalties related to income taxes are classified within the income tax provision.

Advertising Costs—Advertising costs are expensed as incurred, except for the cost of certain materials which are capitalized and amortized to expense as the materials are distributed. Total

advertising costs were approximately $5.9 million, $6.2 million and $8.0 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Warranty Costs—Provision is made for warranty costs at the time of sale, based upon established policies and historical experience. Warranty costs were approximately $1.2 million, $1.5 million and $1.8 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Contingencies—In accounting for legal matters and other contingencies, Headwaters follows the guidance in ASC Topic 450 Contingencies, under which loss contingencies are accounted for based upon the likelihood of an impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability. If a loss contingency is "probable" and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, it is accrued. If a loss contingency is "probable" but the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, disclosure is made. If a loss contingency is "reasonably possible," disclosure is made, including the potential range of loss, if determinable. Loss contingencies that are "remote" are neither accounted for nor disclosed. Gain contingencies are given no accounting recognition until realized, but are disclosed if material. Headwaters records legal fees associated with loss contingencies when incurred and does not record estimated future legal fees.

Stock-Based Compensation—Headwaters uses the fair value method of accounting for stock-based compensation required by ASC Topic 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. ASC Topic 718 requires companies to expense the value of equity-based awards. Stock-based compensation expense is reported within the same expense line items as used for cash compensation expense. Excess tax benefits resulting from exercise of stock options and stock appreciation rights (SARs) are reflected as necessary in the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity and in financing cash flows in the statement of cash flows.

Headwaters recognizes compensation expense equal to the grant-date fair value of stock-based awards for all awards expected to vest, over the period during which the related service is rendered by grantees. The fair value of stock-based awards is determined primarily using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (B-S-M model), adjusted where necessary to account for specific terms of awards that the B-S-M model does not have the capability to consider; for example, awards which have a cap on allowed appreciation. For such awards, the output determined by the B-S-M model has been reduced by an amount determined by a Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation to reflect the reduction in fair value associated with the appreciation cap or other award feature.

The B-S-M model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and that are fully transferable. Option valuation models require the input of certain subjective assumptions, including expected stock price volatility and expected term. For stock-based awards, Headwaters primarily uses the "graded vesting" or accelerated method to allocate compensation expense over the requisite service periods. Estimated forfeiture rates are based largely on historical data and ranged from 1% to 3% during the periods presented. As of September 30, 2014, the estimated forfeiture rate for most unvested awards was 1% per year.

Earnings per Share Calculation—Earnings per share (EPS) has been computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS computations reflect the increase in weighted-average common shares outstanding that would result from the assumed exercise

of outstanding stock-based awards calculated using the treasury stock method, and the assumed conversion of convertible securities using the if-converted method, when such stock-based awards or convertible securities are dilutive.

In accordance with the requirements of ASC Topic 260 Earnings Per Share, the diluted EPS calculations consider all of the following as assumed proceeds in using the treasury stock method to calculate whether and to what extent options and SARs are dilutive: i) the amount employees must pay upon exercise; plus ii) the average amount of unrecognized compensation cost during the period attributed to future service; plus iii) the amount of tax benefits, if any, that would be credited to additional paid-in capital if the award were to be exercised.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements—In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606). This new revenue standard creates a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. For Headwaters, the mandatory adoption date of ASC 606 is October 1, 2017 and there are two methods of adoption allowed, either a "full" retrospective adoption or a "modified" retrospective adoption. Headwaters is currently evaluating the impact of ASC 606, but at the current time does not know what impact the new standard will have on revenue recognized and other accounting decisions in future periods, if any, nor what method of adoption will be selected if the impact is material.

Headwaters has reviewed other recently issued accounting standards which have not yet been adopted in order to determine their potential effect, if any, on the results of operations or financial position of Headwaters. Based on the review of these other recently issued standards, Headwaters does not currently believe that any of those accounting pronouncements will have a significant effect on its current or future financial position, results of operations, cash flows or disclosures.

Reclassifications—Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or total assets.

Headwaters currently operates three business segments: light building products, heavy construction materials and energy technology. These segments are managed and evaluated separately by management due to differences in their markets, operations, products and services. Revenues for the light building products segment consist of product sales to wholesale and retail distributors, contractors and other users of building products. Revenues for the heavy construction materials segment consist primarily of CCP sales to ready-mix concrete businesses, with a smaller amount from services provided to coal-fueled electric generating utilities. Currently, continuing revenues for the energy technology segment consist primarily of catalyst sales to oil refineries. Historically, revenues for the energy technology segment consisted primarily of coal sales; however, as described in Note 5, Headwaters sold all of its coal cleaning facilities in 2012 and 2013. Coal sales revenue and results of operations have been reflected as discontinued operations in the accompanying statements of operations for all periods. Intersegment sales are immaterial.

The following segment information has been prepared in accordance with ASC Topic 280 Segment Reporting. Segment performance is evaluated primarily on revenue and operating income, although other factors are also used, such as Adjusted EBITDA. Headwaters defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income plus net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, cash-based compensation tied to stock price, goodwill and other impairments, and other non-routine adjustments that arise from time to time.

Segment costs and expenses considered in deriving segment operating income (loss) include cost of revenue, amortization, and segment-specific selling, general and administrative expenses. Amounts included in the Corporate column represent expenses that are not allocated to any segment and include administrative departmental costs and general corporate overhead. Segment assets reflect those specifically attributable to individual segments and primarily include cash, accounts receivable, inventories, property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets. Certain other assets are included in the Corporate column. The net operating results of the discontinued coal cleaning business are reflected in the single line item for discontinued operations.

	2012

(in thousands)	Light building products			Heavy construction materials			Energy technology			Corporate			Totals
Segment revenue	$	339,632		$	281,672		$	11,483		$	0		$	632,787




Depreciation and amortization	$	(35,724	)	$	(13,322	)	$	(2,287	)	$	(148	)	$	(51,481	)




Operating income (loss)	$	25,553		$	40,254		$	(6,045	)	$	(25,359	)	$	34,403




Net interest expense														(52,678	)
Other income (expense), net														(7,493	)
Income tax provision														(661	)


Loss from continuing operations														(26,429	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes														(35,819	)


Net loss													$	(62,248	)




Capital expenditures	$	17,707		$	5,240		$	1,472		$	2,028		$	26,447




Segment assets	$	271,554		$	338,753		$	36,377		$	34,253		$	680,937

	2013

(in thousands)	Light building products			Heavy construction materials			Energy technology			Corporate			Totals
Segment revenue	$	394,324		$	293,000		$	15,252		$	0		$	702,576




Depreciation and amortization	$	(37,065	)	$	(12,809	)	$	(2,153	)	$	(290	)	$	(52,317	)




Operating income (loss)	$	34,194		$	43,519		$	(1,939	)	$	(21,363	)	$	54,411




Net interest expense														(42,566	)
Other income (expense), net														364
Income tax provision														(3,924	)


Income from continuing operations														8,285
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes														(1,148	)


Net income													$	7,137




Capital expenditures	$	21,455		$	4,851		$	634		$	2,179		$	29,119




Segment assets	$	306,686		$	358,684		$	34,509		$	24,130		$	724,009

	2014

(in thousands)	Light building products			Heavy construction materials			Energy technology			Corporate			Totals
Segment revenue	$	472,434		$	309,337		$	9,676		$	0		$	791,447




Depreciation and amortization	$	(39,425	)	$	(13,706	)	$	(1,731	)	$	(272	)	$	(55,134	)




Operating income (loss)	$	46,888		$	51,503		$	(6,829	)	$	(24,838	)	$	66,724




Net interest expense														(46,329	)
Other income (expense), net														(348	)
Income tax provision														(3,574	)


Income from continuing operations														16,473
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes														(415	)


Net income													$	16,058




Capital expenditures	$	25,307		$	5,721		$	473		$	4,298		$	35,799




Segment assets	$	411,968		$	325,140		$	22,674		$	143,645		$	903,427

Kleer Lumber—On December 31, 2012, a subsidiary of Headwaters acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of Kleer Lumber, Inc., a privately-held Massachusetts-based company in the light building products industry. Kleer Lumber's results of operations have been included with Headwaters' consolidated results beginning January 1, 2013.

Kleer Lumber is a manufacturer of high quality cellular PVC products, primarily trim board, but also millwork, sheet stock, paneling, and moulding. Headwaters believes the demand for cellular PVC building products is growing due to the ability to cut, mill, shape, and install in the same manner as wood products, but with the added benefit of cellular PVC requiring significantly less maintenance than wood. Kleer Lumber distributes its products to independent lumber yards located primarily in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states.

Total consideration paid for Kleer Lumber was approximately $43.3 million, all of which was cash. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for advisory, legal and other professional services, totaled approximately $0.9 million and were included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations for 2013.

The Kleer Lumber acquisition was accounted for as a business combination in accordance with the requirements of ASC 805 Business Combinations. The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

Kleer Lumber's future growth attributable to new customers, geographic market presence and assembled workforce are additional assets that are not separable and which contributed to recorded goodwill, all of which is tax deductible over 15 years.

Entegra—On December 12, 2013, Headwaters acquired 80% of the equity interests of Roof Tile Acquisition, LLC, a privately-held Florida-based company in the light building products industry, which markets its products primarily under the Entegra brand. Entegra's results of operations have been included with Headwaters' consolidated results beginning December 13, 2013.

Entegra is a leading manufacturer of concrete roof tiles and accessories which are sold primarily into the Florida market. The acquisition of Entegra provides additional product offerings to Headwaters' current roofing products portfolio. Headwaters believes the strategic location of Entegra's centralized manufacturing plant in Florida, the quality of its contractor/customer relationships, and the scope of its products and services provide a competitive advantage. Many of its customers are currently customers of Headwaters, and provide Headwaters the opportunity to expand existing sales and

distribution within the Florida market, which is one of the fastest growing states in the U.S. in terms of population.

Total consideration paid for Entegra was approximately $57.5 million, all of which was cash. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for legal services, totaled approximately $0.4 million and were included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations for 2014. Headwaters has the right, but not the obligation, to acquire the non-controlling 20% equity interest in Entegra for a stipulated multiple of EBITDA adjusted for certain prescribed items. This call right is exercisable at any time after five years following the date of acquisition, unless certain defined events occur prior to that time, in which case the right is exercisable earlier. The non-controlling owners have the right, but not the obligation, to require Headwaters to acquire the non-controlling 20% equity interest, again for a stipulated multiple of EBITDA adjusted for certain prescribed items. This put right is exercisable at any time after 18 months following the date of acquisition, unless certain defined events under Headwaters' control occur prior to that time, in which case the right is exercisable earlier.

The Entegra acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with the requirements of ASC 805 Business Combinations. The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

Entegra's future growth attributable to new customers, geographic market presence and assembled workforce are additional assets that are not separable and which contributed to recorded goodwill, all of which is tax deductible over 15 years.

Gerard—On May 16, 2014, Headwaters acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of the roofing products business of Metals USA Building Products, L.P., which products are marketed under the Gerard and Allmet brands. Gerard's results of operations are being reported within the light building products segment and have been included with Headwaters' consolidated results beginning May 16, 2014.

Gerard is one of the largest manufacturers of stone coated metal roofing materials in the U.S. and sells seven primary metal profiles. These niche roofing products combine profiles resembling tile, shake, or slate with a fire proof material and a low lifetime installed cost. The acquisition of Gerard increases

the number of specialty niche roofing products that Headwaters provides to its core customers and is an area of focus for Headwaters. With the addition of Gerard, Headwaters now has three product categories in niche roofing, including resin-based composite, concrete, and metal, which could increase opportunities for cross selling. Besides broadening the niche roofing product lines, Gerard also expands Headwaters geographic footprint in the roofing category.

Total consideration paid for Gerard was approximately $27.0 million, all of which was cash. Direct acquisition costs, consisting primarily of fees for legal services, totaled approximately $0.3 million and were included in selling, general and administrative expense in the statement of operations for 2014.

The Gerard acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with the requirements of ASC 805 Business Combinations. The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, using available information and assumptions Headwaters deems to be reasonable at the current time. Headwaters is in the process of finalizing all of the estimated amounts shown below, including the third-party valuations of the fair values of the acquired intangible assets; therefore, the provisional measurements shown in the table are subject to change.

The process of identifying and valuing the intangible assets that were acquired has not been completed. When the intangible assets have been identified and valued, and estimated useful lives are determined, amortization of those intangible assets will be adjusted effective as of May 16, 2014. Gerard's future growth attributable to new customers, geographic market presence and assembled workforce are additional assets that are not separable and which contributed to recorded goodwill, most of which is tax deductible over 15 years.

Other—During the March 2014 quarter, Headwaters acquired the assets of a company in the heavy construction materials industry located in the Northeast U.S. for initial cash consideration of approximately $3.1 million. This acquisition increased Headwaters' supply of fly ash and bottom ash, improving its competitive position in that region. During the September 2014 quarter, Headwaters acquired the assets of another company in the heavy construction materials industry located in the Southeast U.S. for cash consideration of approximately $7.4 million. This acquisition has increased Headwaters' supply of ash products produced by industrial boilers and has strengthened the ability to meet customers' needs along the Gulf Coast.

Headwaters' goodwill from all acquisitions plus all indefinite-lived trade names are tested for impairment annually. In addition, all acquired goodwill and intangible assets are subject to review for impairment if indicators of impairment develop in the future.

Combined Financial Information—The actual revenue included in Headwaters' statements of operations for 2013 and 2014 from all of the above acquisitions was approximately $28.6 million and $47.6 million, respectively, and the actual earnings (including non-controlling interest) included in Headwaters' statements of operations for 2013 and 2014 was approximately $1.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively. The following unaudited information presents the pro forma consolidated revenue and net income (loss) for Headwaters for the years indicated as if the 2013 Kleer Lumber acquisition had been included in Headwaters' consolidated results of operations beginning October 1, 2011 and the 2014 acquisitions had been included in Headwaters' consolidated results of operations beginning October 1, 2012.

The above unaudited pro forma results have been calculated by combining the historical results of Headwaters and the acquisitions as if the 2013 Kleer Lumber acquisition had occurred on October 1, 2011 and the 2014 acquisitions had occurred on October 1, 2012, and then adjusting the income tax provisions as if they had been calculated on the resulting, combined results. The pro forma results include estimates for intangible asset amortization which is subject to change when the final asset values have been determined. The pro forma results reflect the following 2013 expenses in 2012 instead of in 2013: $0.9 million of direct acquisition costs, $0.5 million of nonrecurring expense related to the fair value adjustment to acquisition-date inventory, and $0.3 million of other costs; and also reflect the following 2014 expenses in 2013 instead of in 2014: $0.7 million of direct acquisition costs and $1.2 million of nonrecurring expense related to the fair value adjustments to acquisition-date inventories. For all periods presented, historical depreciation and amortization expense of the acquired companies was adjusted to reflect the acquisition date fair value amounts of the related assets. No other material pro forma adjustments were deemed necessary, either to conform the acquisitions to Headwaters' accounting policies or for any other situation. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results that would have been achieved had the transactions occurred on the dates indicated or that may be achieved in the future.

Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated Subsidiary—As described above, Headwaters acquired 80% of the equity interests of Entegra, and the non-controlling owners have the right to require Headwaters to acquire the non-controlling 20% equity interest. This put right is not deemed to be a freestanding financial instrument and because it is not solely within the control of Headwaters, the non-controlling interest does not qualify as permanent equity and has been reported outside the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet as temporary, or mezzanine, equity. The value of the non-controlling interest was affected by the lack of control as well as the estimated fair values of the put and call rights.

Because there is no fixed or probable redemption date for the put right, Headwaters adjusts quarterly the carrying value of the non-controlling interest to reflect its estimated redemption value at each period end. Estimated redemption value is calculated primarily using the EBITDA formula described previously for determining the price that would be paid if the put right were to have been exercised at the end of the reporting period, except that the adjusted carrying amount cannot be decreased below the original acquisition date redemption amount.

The following table summarizes the activity of the non-controlling interest during 2014.

In September 2011, the Board of Directors committed to a plan to sell Headwaters' coal cleaning business, which was part of the energy technology segment. At that time the business met all of the criteria for classification as held for sale and presentation as a discontinued operation. Following the sale of all remaining coal cleaning facilities in January 2013, there are no remaining assets held for sale. The results of operations for the coal cleaning business have been presented as discontinued operations for all periods presented and certain summarized information for the discontinued business is presented in the following table.

In 2012, Headwaters recorded an impairment charge related to the coal cleaning business totaling $13.0 million. In 2013, Headwaters recognized a tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million, due primarily to the reversal of unrecognized income tax benefits related to audit periods that closed. Headwaters sold all of its coal cleaning facilities in 2012 and 2013, and recognized estimated gains on the sales dates. Subsequent to the dates of sale, some adjustments of the previously recognized estimated gains on the sales transactions have been recognized, including the reported amounts reflected in the table above. Headwaters currently expects that additional adjustments to the estimated gains and losses may

be recognized in the future as certain contingencies are resolved. The loss from operations reflected in the table includes expenses for certain litigation which commenced prior to disposal of the business.

For all sales transactions, a majority of the consideration is in the form of potential production royalties and deferred purchase price, which amounts are dependent upon future plant production levels over several years. Potential future production royalties and deferred purchase price on the sales transactions were not considered as being probable in the original gain calculations and are being accounted for in the periods when such amounts are received. During 2014, Headwaters received approximately $4.7 million in deferred purchase price payments, royalties and the collection of certain receivables which had been reserved.

In accordance with the terms of the asset purchase agreement for one of the sales transactions, the buyer of the coal cleaning facilities agreed to assume the lease and reclamation obligations related to certain of the facilities. Subsequent to the date of sale, Headwaters amended the purchase agreement to provide the buyer with additional time to make payments to Headwaters, as well as fulfill contractual requirements related to the assumed reclamation obligations. As of September 30, 2014, Headwaters remains contingently liable for one of the assumed obligations and has accrued approximately $8.0 million to meet that contingent liability as necessary. Headwaters has also reserved certain receivables due from the buyer until such time as collection is more certain.

Headwaters currently expects to continue to reflect as discontinued operations all activity related to the former coal cleaning business, at least until such time as the significant reclamation contingency is resolved.

Receivables—Activity in the trade receivables allowance account was as follows for the three-year period ended September 30, 2014.

In addition to the allowance for trade receivables, in 2013 Headwaters had additional activity of approximately $9.0 million in the allowance account for other receivables, all related to amounts owed to Headwaters by one of the buyers of some of the coal cleaning facilities described in Note 5. This $9.0 million addition represented a 100% reserve on a note receivable and other payments contractually agreed to by the buyer as of September 30, 2013, given the level of uncertainty of collection from the buyer. In 2014, approximately $2.0 million of the $9.0 million receivable was collected, which amount was reflected as gain on disposal from discontinued operations.

Other Accrued Liabilities—Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following at September 30:

Property, Plant and Equipment—Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following at September 30:

Depreciation expense was approximately $30.8 million, $32.1 million and $33.8 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Intangible Assets—With the exception of certain indefinite-lived trade names, Headwaters' identified intangible assets are being amortized over the estimated useful lives shown in the table

below. The table also summarizes the gross carrying amounts and related accumulated amortization of all intangible assets as of September 30:

Total amortization expense related to intangible assets was approximately $20.7 million, $20.2 million and $21.3 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Total estimated annual amortization expense for 2015 through 2019 is shown in the following table.

Goodwill—Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, are as follows for the two-year period ended September 30, 2014.

Impairment Testing—In accordance with the requirements of ASC Topic 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, Headwaters does not amortize goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets, all of which relate to acquisitions. However, Headwaters is required to periodically test these assets for impairment, at least annually, or sooner if indicators of possible impairment arise. Headwaters performs its annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of its fiscal year using a June 30 test

date and a one- to three-step process. Headwaters' reporting units for purposes of impairment testing are the same as its operating segments.

Under new accounting rules adopted in 2012, Headwaters evaluates qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and cost factors, to determine whether it is necessary to perform step 1 of the two-step impairment test. This qualitative evaluation is commonly referred to as "step 0." After assessing the appropriate qualitative factors, only if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, is it necessary to perform step 1.

Step 1 of the impairment testing consists of determining and comparing the fair value of a reporting unit, calculated primarily using discounted expected future cash flows, to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If step 1 is failed for a reporting unit, indicating a potential impairment, Headwaters is required to complete step 2, which is a more detailed test to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, and compare that value to the carrying value. If the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets exceeds the implied fair value, an impairment loss is required to be recorded.

For all years presented, Headwaters performed a step 0 qualitative evaluation for both the heavy construction materials and light building products reporting units and concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair values exceeded the carrying amounts of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets. Accordingly, further step 1 and step 2 testing for impairment was not required to be performed.

The total undiscounted face amount of Headwaters' outstanding long-term debt was approximately $457.5 million as of September 30, 2013 and $599.8 million as of September 30, 2014. As of those dates, the discounted carrying value of long-term debt consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	2013			2014

7-5/8% Senior secured notes, due April 2019	$	400,000		$	400,000
7¹/4% Senior notes, due January 2019		0			150,000
Convertible senior subordinated notes:
2.50%, repaid in February 2014 (face amount $7,687), net of discount		7,553			0
8.75%, due February 2016 (face amount $49,791), net of discount		49,420			49,579


Total convertible senior subordinated notes, net of applicable discounts		56,973			49,579


Carrying amount of long-term debt, net of discounts		456,973			599,579
Less current portion		(7,553	)		0


Long-term debt	$	449,420		$	599,579

7-5/8% Senior Secured Notes—In 2011, Headwaters issued $400.0 million of 7-5/8% senior secured notes for net proceeds of approximately $392.8 million. The 7-5/8% notes mature in April 2019 and bear interest at a rate of 7.625%, payable semiannually. The notes are secured by substantially all assets of Headwaters; however, the note holders have a second priority position with respect to the assets that secure the ABL Revolver described below, currently consisting of certain trade receivables and inventories of Headwaters' light building products and heavy construction materials segments. The notes are senior in priority to the 7¹/4% senior notes described below to the extent of the value of the assets securing the 7-5/8% notes, and are senior to all other outstanding and future subordinated debt.

Headwaters can redeem the 7-5/8% notes, in whole or in part, at any time after March 2015 at redemption prices ranging from 103.8% to 100.0%, depending on the redemption date. Headwaters can also redeem any portion of the notes at any time through March 2015 at a price equal to 100% plus a make-whole premium. If there is a change in control, Headwaters will be required to offer to purchase the notes from holders at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount.

The senior secured notes limit Headwaters in the incurrence of additional debt and liens on assets, prepayment of future new subordinated debt, merging or consolidating with another company, selling all or substantially all assets, making investments and the payment of dividends or distributions, among other things. Headwaters was in compliance with all debt covenants as of September 30, 2014.

7¹/4% Senior Notes—In December 2013, Headwaters issued $150.0 million of 7¹/4% senior notes for net proceeds of approximately $146.7 million. The 7¹/4% notes are unsecured, mature in January 2019 and bear interest at a rate of 7.25%, payable semiannually. The notes are effectively subordinate in priority to the 7-5/8% senior secured notes and the ABL Revolver to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt, and are senior to all other outstanding and future subordinated debt.

Headwaters can redeem the 7¹/4% notes, in whole or in part, at any time after January 15, 2016 at redemption prices ranging from 103.625% to 100.0%, depending on the redemption date. In addition, until January 15, 2016, Headwaters can redeem at a price of 107.25% up to 35% of the outstanding notes with the net proceeds from one or more equity offerings. Headwaters can also redeem any of the notes at any time prior to January 15, 2016 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium. If there is a change in control, Headwaters will be required to offer to purchase the notes from holders at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount.

The 7¹/4% notes limit Headwaters in the incurrence of additional debt and liens on assets, prepayment of subordinated debt, merging or consolidating with another company, selling all or substantially all assets, making investments and the payment of dividends or distributions, among other things. Headwaters was in compliance with all debt covenants as of September 30, 2014.

ABL Revolver—Since entering into the ABL Revolver, Headwaters has not borrowed any funds under the arrangement and has no borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2014. Availability under the ABL Revolver cannot exceed $70.0 million, which includes a $35.0 million sub-line for letters of credit and a $10.5 million swingline facility. Availability under the ABL Revolver is further limited by the borrowing base valuations of the assets of Headwaters' light building products and heavy construction materials segments which secure the borrowings, currently consisting of certain trade receivables and inventories. In addition to the first lien position on these assets, the ABL Revolver

lenders have a second priority position on substantially all other assets of Headwaters. As of September 30, 2014, Headwaters had secured letters of credit under the ABL Revolver of approximately $7.4 million for various purposes and had availability under the ABL Revolver of approximately $60.6 million.

The ABL Revolver terminates in October 2018. There is a contingent provision for early termination at any time within three months prior to the earliest maturity date of the senior secured notes, the senior notes or the convertible senior subordinated notes, at which time any amounts borrowed must be repaid. The contingent provision for early termination is precluded if borrowing base capacity under the ABL Revolver and/or cash collateral is at least equivalent to the amount of notes maturing on such date.

Outstanding borrowings under the ABL Revolver accrue interest at Headwaters' option, at either i) the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 1.75%, 2.0% or 2.25%, depending on Headwaters' average net excess availability under the ABL; or ii) the "Base Rate" plus 0.5%, 0.75% or 1.0%, again depending on average net excess availability. The base rate is subject to a floor equal to the highest of i) the prime rate, ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%, and iii) the 30-day LIBOR rate plus 1.0%. Fees on the unused portion of the ABL Revolver range from 0.25% to 0.375%, depending on the amount of the credit facility which is utilized. If there would have been borrowings outstanding under the ABL Revolver as of September 30, 2014, the interest rate on those borrowings would have been approximately 2.0%.

The ABL Revolver contains restrictions and covenants common to such agreements, including limitations on the incurrence of additional debt and liens on assets, prepayment of subordinated debt, merging or consolidating with another company, selling assets, making acquisitions and investments and the payment of dividends or distributions, among other things. In addition, if availability under the ABL Revolver is less than 15%, Headwaters is required to maintain a monthly fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0x for the preceding twelve-month period. Headwaters was in compliance with all covenants as of September 30, 2014.

2.50% Convertible Senior Subordinated Notes Due 2014—The 2.50% convertible senior subordinated notes matured and were fully repaid in February 2014. In 2012, Headwaters issued approximately $49.8 million of new 8.75% convertible senior subordinated notes in exchange for cancellation of an equal amount of outstanding 2.50% notes, plus a cash payment of approximately $0.6 million. The unamortized balances of debt discount and debt issue costs related to the $49.8 million of retired 2.50% notes, aggregating approximately $4.5 million, were written off and charged to interest expense. Also in 2012, Headwaters repurchased and canceled $16.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2.50% notes for cash consideration of approximately $13.5 million. The $2.5 million gain was recorded in other income. Accelerated debt discount and debt issue costs aggregating approximately $1.6 million were charged to interest expense. In 2013, Headwaters repurchased and canceled approximately $47.4 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2.50% notes for cash consideration of approximately $47.7 million. The premiums and accelerated debt discount and debt issue costs aggregating approximately $2.4 million were charged to interest expense.

Headwaters' Chairman and CEO was a holder of $1.15 million of the 2.50% notes that were exchanged for 8.75% notes, which exchange was approved by the Board of Directors and occurred under the same terms as for the other exchange participants.

8.75% Convertible Senior Subordinated Notes Due 2016—As noted above, in 2012 Headwaters issued approximately $49.8 million of 8.75% convertible senior subordinated notes in exchange for cancellation of an equal amount of outstanding 2.50% notes. The 8.75% notes have a maturity date of February 2016 with no early redemption options for either Headwaters or the holders of the notes (except for certain allowed open market purchases). The conversion rate for the 8.75% notes is 33.9236 shares per $1,000 principal amount ($29.48 conversion price), subject to adjustment. Upon conversion, Headwaters is required to pay cash up to the principal amount of the notes, and shares of common stock to the extent the price of Headwaters' common stock exceeds the conversion price during a 20-trading-day observation period. The conversion rate is adjusted for certain corporate transactions referred to as "fundamental changes."

The 8.75% notes are convertible at the option of the holders prior to December 1, 2015 if any of the following criteria are met: 1) during any fiscal quarter the closing price of Headwaters' common stock exceeds $38.32 per share for at least 20 trading days during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the preceding fiscal quarter; 2) during the five-business-day period after any ten-consecutive-trading-day period, the notes trade at less than 98% of the product of the common stock trading price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of $1,000 principal amount of the notes; or 3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions. The 8.75% notes are convertible on or after December 1, 2015 regardless of the foregoing circumstances. If a fundamental change in common stock occurs, including termination of trading, holders may require Headwaters to repurchase the notes at a price equal to the principal amount plus any accrued interest.

Other Convertible Senior Subordinated Notes—In addition to the 2.50% notes and 8.75% notes described above, Headwaters had other issues of convertible senior subordinated notes outstanding at various times during 2012. All of the outstanding balances of these notes were repaid on or before their maturity dates. Early repayments often required premiums and the acceleration of recognition of unamortized debt discount and debt issue costs. All such premiums and additional interest expense related to these former notes totaled approximately $2.5 million in 2012.

Interest and Debt Maturities—During 2012, Headwaters incurred total interest costs of approximately $53.4 million, including approximately $14.2 million of non-cash interest expense. During 2013, Headwaters incurred total interest costs of approximately $42.9 million, including approximately $5.8 million of non-cash interest expense. During 2014, Headwaters incurred total interest costs of approximately $46.9 million, including approximately $2.2 million of non-cash interest expense. Neither capitalized interest nor interest income was material for any period presented. The weighted-average interest rate on the face amount of outstanding long-term debt, excluding amortization of debt discount and debt issue costs, was approximately 7.7% at September 30, 2013 and 7.6% at September 30, 2014.

Future maturities of long-term debt as of September 30, 2014, are shown in the following table.

Headwaters' material financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, accounts payable and long-term debt. All of these financial instruments except long-term debt are either carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets or are short-term in nature. Accordingly, the carrying values for those financial instruments as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets closely approximate their fair values.

All of Headwaters' outstanding long-term debt as of September 30, 2013 and 2014 was fixed-rate. Using fair values for the debt, the aggregate fair value of Headwaters' long-term debt as of September 30, 2013 would have been approximately $484.0 million, compared to a carrying value of $457.5 million, and the aggregate fair value as of September 30, 2014 would have been approximately $626.0 million, compared to a carrying value of $599.6 million.

Fair value "Level 2" estimates for long-term debt were based primarily on price estimates from broker-dealers. The fair values for long-term debt differ from the carrying values primarily due to interest rates that differ from current market interest rates and differences between Headwaters' common stock price at the balance sheet measurement dates and the conversion prices for the convertible senior subordinated notes.

Headwaters recorded income tax expense of approximately $0.7 million, $3.9 million and $3.6 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. For all years presented, Headwaters recorded a full valuation allowance on its net amortizable deferred tax assets and accordingly, did not recognize benefit for tax credit carryforwards, net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or other deferred tax assets, except to the extent of earnings in 2013 and 2014. The reported income tax rate of (3)% for 2012 was due to the combination of not recognizing benefit for pre-tax losses and tax credits, but recognizing current state income taxes in certain state jurisdictions where Headwaters generated taxable income. The reported 32% and 18% rates for 2013 and 2014 were also due primarily to state income taxes in certain state jurisdictions. In 2013, Headwaters recognized a tax benefit of approximately $2.7 million in discontinued operations, due primarily to the reversal of unrecognized income tax benefits related to audit periods that closed.

tax jurisdiction. Headwaters has considered the following possible sources of taxable income when assessing the realization of its deferred tax assets:

Headwaters considered both positive and negative evidence in determining the continued need for a valuation allowance, including the following:

Headwaters places more weight on objectively verifiable evidence than on other types of evidence and management currently believes that available negative evidence outweighs the available positive evidence. Management has therefore determined that Headwaters does not meet the "more likely than not" threshold that NOLs, tax credits and other deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, a valuation allowance is required. During 2015, Headwaters may realize a three-year cumulative profit on a consolidated basis. If this occurs, Headwaters will also consider the other factors described above in evaluating the continued need for a full, or partial, valuation allowance.

All of the factors Headwaters is considering in evaluating whether and when to release all or a portion of the deferred tax asset valuation allowance involve significant judgment. For example, there are many different interpretations of "cumulative losses in recent years" which can be used. Also, significant judgment is involved in making projections of future financial and taxable income, especially because Headwaters' financial results are significantly dependent upon industry trends, including the new residential, repair and remodel, and infrastructure construction markets. Most of the markets in which Headwaters participates are currently in varying states of recovery from the historic downturn experienced in recent years; however, it is not possible to accurately predict whether recovery will continue, and if it does, at what rate and for how long. Any reversal of the valuation allowance will favorably impact Headwaters' results of operations in the period of reversal.

As of September 30, 2014, Headwaters' NOL and capital loss carryforwards totaled approximately $70.3 million (tax effected). The U.S. and state NOLs expire from 2015 to 2034. In addition, there are approximately $24.8 million of tax credit carryforwards as of September 30, 2014, which expire from 2028 to 2034.

The income tax provision consisted of the following for the years ended September 30:

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed using the statutory federal income tax rate due to the following:

The components of Headwaters' deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows as of September 30:

(in thousands)	2013			2014

Deferred tax assets:
NOL and capital loss carryforwards	$	78,095		$	70,320
Tax credit carryforwards		25,619			24,784
Estimated liabilities		14,165			15,925
Debt repurchase premium		15,503			12,711
Stock-based compensation		8,127			6,958
Deferred revenue		6,792			5,898
Reserves and allowances		5,805			4,860
Other		2,136			1,644
Valuation allowances		(127,418	)		(119,424	)


Total deferred tax assets		28,824			23,676
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment basis differences		(26,065	)		(20,483	)
Goodwill and intangible asset basis differences		(2,759	)		(3,193	)
Indefinite lived intangible asset basis differences		(3,204	)		(4,869	)


Total deferred tax liabilities		(32,028	)		(28,545	)


Net deferred tax liability	$	(3,204	)	$	(4,869	)

A reconciliation of the change in the amount of gross unrecognized income tax benefits is as follows.

During 2012, Headwaters released approximately $0.4 million of liabilities for interest and penalties. During 2013, Headwaters accrued approximately $0.3 million of liabilities for interest and penalties. During 2014, Headwaters accrued approximately $0.1 million of liabilities for interest and penalties and as of September 30, 2014, approximately $2.7 million was accrued for the payment of interest and penalties. Changes to the estimated liability for unrecognized income tax benefits during 2012 were primarily the result of an agreement reached with the IRS regarding its audit of 2009 and the expiration of statute of limitation time periods. Changes to the estimated liability during 2013 were primarily the result of additional state income tax reserves and the reversal in discontinued operations

of unrecognized income tax benefits related to the completion of the 2009 IRS audit, as noted previously. Changes to the estimated liability during 2014 were primarily the result of the expiration of statute of limitation time periods. As of September 30, 2014, approximately $4.6 million of unrecognized income tax benefits would affect the 2014 effective tax rate if released into income, due to the impact of the valuation allowance.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple tax jurisdictions. Headwaters currently has open tax years subject to examination by the IRS and state tax authorities for the years 2011 through 2013. Headwaters recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and state tax jurisdictions based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes and interest will be due. If events occur (or do not occur) as expected and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when it is determined the liabilities are no longer required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result. It is reasonably possible that approximately $1.0 million of Headwaters' unrecognized income tax benefits, primarily related to state taxes, will be released within the next 12 months, due to the expiration of statute of limitation time periods.

Authorized Stock—In addition to the 200.0 million shares of authorized common stock, Headwaters also has 10.0 million shares of authorized preferred stock. No preferred stock was issued or outstanding as of September 30, 2014 or at any time during the periods presented.

Issuance of Common Stock—In 2013, Headwaters issued 11.5 million shares of common stock for gross cash proceeds of approximately $83.4 million. Offering costs totaled approximately $5.4 million, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $78.0 million.

Shelf Registration—In February 2012, Headwaters filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC under which $210.0 million was available for offerings of securities. Following the issuance of common stock described above, there is currently approximately $126.6 million available for future securities offerings. A prospectus supplement describing the terms of any additional securities to be issued is required to be filed before any future offering can commence under the registration statement.

Treasury Shares Held for Deferred Compensation Obligation—In accordance with the terms of the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan (DDCP), non-employee directors can elect to defer certain compensation and choose from various options how the deferred compensation will be invested. One of the investment options is Headwaters common stock. When a director chooses Headwaters stock as an investment option, Headwaters purchases the common stock in accordance with the director's request and holds the shares until such time as the deferred compensation obligation becomes payable, normally when the director retires from the Board. At such time, the shares held by Headwaters are distributed to the director in satisfaction of the obligation. Headwaters accounts for the purchase of common stock as treasury stock, at cost. The corresponding deferred compensation obligation is reflected in capital in excess of par value. Changes in the fair value of the treasury stock are not

recognized. As of September 30, 2014, the treasury stock and related deferred compensation obligation had fair values of approximately $0.8 million, which was $0.2 million higher than the carrying values at cost.

Grants and Cancellations of Stock Incentive Awards—The Compensation Committee of Headwaters' Board of Directors (the Committee) approved grants of approximately 1.2 million, 0.5 million and 0.5 million stock-based awards during 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The awards consisted of stock-settled SARs and restricted stock granted to officers and employees. Subsequent to September 30, 2014, the Committee approved grants of approximately 0.3 million stock-based awards to officers and employees.

All stock-based awards for the years 2012 through 2014 and subsequent thereto were granted under existing equity compensation plans, and all of the SARs vest over an approximate three-year period, have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Headwaters' common stock on the dates of grant and a contractual term of 10 years. In addition, the vesting of the SARs was made subject to 60-day average stock price hurdles that precluded vesting unless the stock price exceeded by predetermined amounts the stock prices on the dates of grant, which thresholds must be reached prior to the final vest dates. The stock price thresholds for all of the SARs granted prior to September 30, 2014 have been met. When exercised by grantees, stock-settled SARs are settled in Headwaters' common stock. Headwaters has also granted cash-settled SARs as described in Note 14.

Stock-Based Compensation—Stock-based compensation expense was approximately $1.7 million in both 2012 and 2013 and $2.2 million in 2014. The total income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation in the consolidated statements of operations was $0 for all years presented.

Valuation Assumptions—The fair values of stock-settled SARs have been estimated using the B-S-M model. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in determining the fair values of these awards for the years indicated.

Expected stock price volatility was estimated primarily using historical volatilities of Headwaters' stock. Implied volatilities of traded options on Headwaters' stock, volatility predicted by other models, and an analysis of volatilities used by other public companies in comparable lines of business to Headwaters were also considered. Risk-free interest rates used were the U.S. Treasury bond yields with terms corresponding to the expected terms of the awards being valued. In estimating expected lives, Headwaters considered the contractual and vesting terms of awards, along with historical experience; however, due to insufficient pertinent historical data from which to reliably estimate expected lives, Headwaters used estimates based on the "simplified method" set forth by the SEC in Staff Accounting Bulletins No. 107 and 110, where expected life is estimated by summing the award's vesting term and contractual term and dividing that result by two. Insufficient historical data from which to more reliably

estimate expected lives is expected to exist for the foreseeable future due to the varying terms of awards granted in recent and past years, along with other factors.

Equity Compensation Plans—Headwaters has five equity compensation plans under which outstanding awards have been granted, four of which have been approved by stockholders. In connection with stockholder approval of the newest plan, the 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan (2010 ICP), Headwaters agreed to not issue any additional stock-based awards under any of its other existing incentive compensation plans. In 2012, Headwaters' stockholders approved a 2.7 million share increase in the total number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2010 ICP, to 5.2 million shares. Following the grants of equity-based awards made subsequent to September 30, 2014, approximately 3.5 million shares were available for future grants under the 2010 ICP.

Headwaters uses newly issued shares to meet its obligations to issue stock when awards are exercised. The Committee, or in its absence the full Board, administers and interprets all equity compensation plans. This Committee is authorized to grant stock-based awards and other awards both under the plans and outside of any plan to eligible employees, officers, directors, and consultants of Headwaters. Terms of awards granted under the plans, including vesting requirements, are determined by the Committee and historically have varied significantly. Most outstanding awards granted under the plans vest over a three-year period, expire ten years from the date of grant and are not transferable other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. Incentive stock option grants must meet the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code.

Stockholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plans—The following table presents information related to stockholder approval of equity compensation plans as of September 30, 2014.

Headwaters has issued options not covered by any plan, though not since 2004, and none of those options remain outstanding as of September 30, 2014.

Stock Options—The following table summarizes the activity for all of Headwaters' stock options.

(in thousands, except per-share amounts)			Weighted- average exercise price			Aggregate intrinsic value

Outstanding at September 30, 2011	1,547		$	21.86
Granted	0			0.00
Exercised	0			0.00
Forfeited or expired	(285	)		17.02


Outstanding at September 30, 2012	1,262		$	22.95	1.5	$	0




Granted	0		$	0.00
Exercised	0			0.00
Forfeited or expired	(644	)		18.66


Outstanding at September 30, 2013	618		$	27.42	1.2	$	0




Granted	0		$	0.00
Exercised	0			0.00
Forfeited or expired	(437	)		26.28


Outstanding at September 30, 2014	181		$	30.17	1.0	$	0




Exercisable at September 30, 2012	1,262		$	22.95	1.5	$	0




Exercisable at September 30, 2013	618		$	27.42	1.2	$	0




Exercisable at September 30, 2014	181		$	30.17	1.0	$	0

SARs—The following table summarizes the activity for all of Headwaters' stock-settled SARs.

(in thousands, except per-share amounts)			Weighted- average threshold price			Aggregate intrinsic value

Outstanding at September 30, 2011	2,892		$	10.08
Granted	1,241			1.85
Exercised	(8	)		4.28
Forfeited or expired	(231	)		11.12


Outstanding at September 30, 2012	3,894		$	7.41	6.7	$	8,147




Granted	307		$	6.79
Exercised	(322	)		4.51
Forfeited or expired	(240	)		12.93


Outstanding at September 30, 2013	3,639		$	7.25	6.4	$	13,157




Granted	314		$	9.19
Exercised	(146	)		5.18
Forfeited or expired	(77	)		16.15


Outstanding at September 30, 2014	3,730		$	7.31	5.7	$	22,893




Exercisable at September 30, 2012	2,909		$	9.18	6.0	$	3,920




Exercisable at September 30, 2013	3,027		$	8.01	6.0	$	9,801




Exercisable at September 30, 2014	3,418		$	7.21	5.5	$	21,604

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of SARs granted was $0.86, $3.38 and $4.40 in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The total intrinsic value of SARs exercised was approximately $0, $1.8 million and $1.1 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Other Stock-Based Awards and Unrecognized Compensation Cost—In addition to the SARs granted as reflected in the tables above, during 2012 through 2014 Headwaters also issued approximately 0.3 million shares of restricted common stock to officers and employees, all of which vests over an approximate three-year period. The restricted stock was issued at no cost to the recipients and compensation expense equal to the trading price of the stock on the dates of grant is therefore

recognized over the respective vesting periods, which also represent the requisite service periods. The following table summarizes the activity for Headwaters' nonvested restricted stock during 2014.

Headwaters also recognizes compensation expense in connection with its Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Compensation expense related to restricted stock and the ESPP was approximately $0.7 million in both 2012 and 2013 and $0.9 million in 2014.

As of September 30, 2014, there was approximately $2.0 million of total compensation cost related to unvested awards not yet recognized, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years. Due to the grant of stock-based awards subsequent to September 30, 2014 described above, the amount of total compensation cost related to nonvested awards has increased, and the weighted-average period over which compensation cost will be recognized has changed.

The following table sets forth the computations of basic and diluted EPS for the years indicated, reflecting the amounts attributable to Headwaters and excluding the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interest in Entegra. In accordance with ASC 260, income (loss) from continuing operations for each period is used as the control number in determining whether potentially dilutive

common shares should be included in the diluted earnings per share computations for those periods, even when the effect of doing so is anti-dilutive to the other per-share amounts.

(in thousands, except per-share amounts)	2012			2013			2014

Numerator:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(26,429	)	$	8,285		$	16,473
Income from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interest		0			0			(774	)
Adjustment of estimated redemption value of non-controlling interest		0			0			(176	)


Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations—income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Headwaters Incorporated		(26,429	)		8,285			15,523
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations—income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(35,819	)		(1,148	)		(415	)


Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share—net income (loss) attributable to Headwaters Incorporated	$	(62,248	)	$	7,137		$	15,108




Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average shares outstanding		60,894			70,128			73,160
Effect of dilutive securities—shares issuable upon exercise of options and SARs and vesting of restricted stock		0			1,124			1,291


Denominator for diluted earnings per share—weighted-average shares outstanding after assumed exercises and vesting		60,894			71,252			74,451




Basic and diluted income (loss) per share from continuing operations	$	(0.43	)	$	0.12		$	0.21
Basic and diluted income (loss) per share from discontinued operations		(0.59	)		(0.02	)		(0.01	)


Basic and diluted income (loss) per share	$	(1.02	)	$	0.10		$	0.20




Anti-dilutive securities not considered in diluted EPS calculation:
SARs		2,957			2,479			2,279
Stock options		1,356			906			446
Restricted stock		82			105			126

Investments in entities in which Headwaters has a significant influence over operating and financial decisions are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. One such equity method investee was Blue Flint Ethanol LLC (Blue Flint). Effective January 1, 2012, Headwaters sold its interest in Blue Flint for approximately $18.5 million. Subsequent to Headwaters' initial investment in Blue Flint, equity earnings in excess of $15.0 million were recorded that increased Headwaters' carrying value of the investment to an amount that was more than the sales proceeds. As a result, a non-cash loss of approximately $6.3 million was recorded in other expense in the 2012 statement of operations.

Headwaters entered into various joint ventures with Evonik Industries AG, an international chemical company based in Germany. Headwaters incurred a non-cash loss of approximately $3.2 million in 2012 related to one of the joint ventures with Evonik. The loss was recorded in other expense in the statement of operations.

Commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2014 not disclosed elsewhere, are as follows.

Leases—Headwaters has noncancellable operating leases for certain facilities and equipment. These leases, most of which are in the heavy construction materials segment, currently are set to expire in various years through 2024, but many have renewal options under which the lease term can be extended. Rental expense was approximately $33.3 million, $34.9 million and $33.4 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. As of September 30, 2014, minimum rental payments due under these leases are as follows.

Purchase Commitments—Certain CCP contracts with suppliers require Headwaters to make minimum purchases of CCP materials. Actual purchases under contracts with minimum requirements

were approximately $12.0 million, $14.9 million and $20.3 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. As of September 30, 2014, minimum future purchase requirements, are as follows.

Compensation Arrangements—Employment Agreements. Headwaters has entered into employment agreements with its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and two other employees. The agreements have original terms of approximately three years and the CEO and CFO agreements are renewable for one-year terms. The CEO's agreement calls for supplemental retirement contributions equal to 72.5% of his salary during the term of the agreement. The aggregate commitment for salaries and other obligations for all future periods as of September 30, 2014, assuming no renewals, is approximately $4.5 million. The agreements also provide for certain termination benefits. If the officers' and employees' employment would have terminated (but not by reason of a change in control, which is described hereafter), as of September 30, 2014 the termination benefits as of that date would have aggregated approximately $8.4 million, of which approximately $2.8 million has been expensed and accrued.

Executive Change in Control Agreements. The Compensation Committee (Committee) has approved "Executive Change in Control Agreements" with certain officers and employees. Upon a change in control, as defined, the agreements provide for immediate vesting and exercisability of all outstanding stock-based awards. In addition, if termination of employment occurs within a specified period of a change in control, the agreements provide for i) severance pay equal to a stipulated multiple of the sum of the person's current annual salary plus a bonus component based on either past bonuses paid or the target bonus for the fiscal year in which the change in control occurs; and ii) continuance of health and other benefits and perquisites for a stipulated period following the change in control. Further, if any long-term cash awards are not continued, payment shall be made based on the pro-rated level of performance achieved as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter. If terminations associated with a change in control would have occurred on September 30, 2014, the cash severance payments due to the officers and employees (including amounts due under long-term cash awards and the estimated costs of continuing benefits and perquisites) and the excess of the market value of unvested stock-based awards on that date above related exercise prices would have aggregated approximately $24.4 million (of which approximately $9.3 million has been expensed and accrued).

Cash Performance Unit Awards. In 2009, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to certain officers and employees, to be settled in cash, based on the achievement of goals tied to cumulative divisional cash flow generated subsequent to September 30, 2008. In 2010, the

Committee assigned a five-year performance period to these grants which period ended September 30, 2013. Approximately $5.4 million of expense was recognized during the performance period for these awards, none of which remains outstanding as of September 30, 2014.

In 2012, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to certain officers and employees in the corporate business unit, to be settled in cash, based on the achievement of goals related to consolidated cash flow generated during 2012. For purposes of these awards, cash flow is generally defined as operating income plus depreciation, amortization and asset impairments, reduced by capital expenditures. The number of awards granted was determined using a target compensation amount for each participant and was adjusted, subject to prescribed limitations, based on the actual consolidated cash flow generated during the 2012 performance year, using a threshold/target/maximum adjustment structure. The actual cash flow generated during the performance period exceeded the maximum level, and the awards provided for 50% vesting as of September 30, 2013 and 50% vesting as of September 30, 2014, provided the participant was still employed by Headwaters on those vest dates. The terms of the awards provided for further adjustment for changes in Headwaters' average stock price for the 60 days preceding September 30, 2012 as compared to Headwaters' average stock price for the 60 days preceding September 30, 2011. A total of $9.6 million of expense was recorded for the 2012 grants, all of which was recognized in 2012, and as of September 30, 2014, approximately $4.7 million remains accrued and unpaid.

In 2013, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to participants in certain business units related to cash flow generated during 2013, with terms similar to those described above for 2012. Approximately $4.7 million of expense was recognized for these awards during 2013, all of which was accrued and unpaid as of September 30, 2014.

In 2014, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to participants in certain business units related to cash flow generated during 2014, with terms similar to those described above for 2012 and 2013, with an added feature that provides for potential further adjustment based on cash flows generated in 2015 and 2016. Approximately $5.1 million of expense was recognized for these awards during 2014, which amount is subject to adjustment in 2015 and 2016, depending on cash flows generated in those years.

Subsequent to September 30, 2014, the Committee approved grants of performance unit awards to participants in certain business units related to cash flow generated during 2015, with terms similar to those described above for 2014. Expense for these awards will be recognized during 2015, with potential adjustments in 2016 and 2017, depending on cash flows generated in those years.

Cash-Settled SAR Grants. In 2011, the Committee approved grants to certain employees of approximately 0.4 million cash-settled SARs, approximately 0.1 million of which remain outstanding as of September 30, 2014. These SARs are considered liability awards and vested in annual installments through September 30, 2013, provided the participant was still employed by Headwaters at the respective vest dates, and are settled in cash upon exercise by the employee. The SARs terminate on September 30, 2015 and must be exercised on or before that date. As of September 30, 2014, approximately $0.9 million has been accrued for outstanding awards because the stock price at September 30, 2014 was above the grant-date stock price of $3.81. Future changes in Headwaters' stock price in any amount above $3.81 through September 30, 2015 will result in adjustment to the expected

remaining liability, which adjustment (whether positive or negative) will be reflected in Headwaters' statement of operations each quarter.

In 2012, the Committee approved grants to certain officers and employees of approximately 1.0 million cash-settled SARs, approximately 0.4 million of which remain outstanding as of September 30, 2014. These SARs have terms similar to those described above, except they could not vest until and unless the 60-day average stock price exceeded approximately 135% of the stock price on the date of grant (or $2.50), which occurred during 2012. Approximately $4.6 million has been accrued for outstanding awards as of September 30, 2014. Changes in Headwaters' stock price in any amount above the grant-date stock price of $1.85 through September 30, 2016, the date these SARs expire, will result in adjustment to the expected remaining liability, which adjustment (whether positive or negative) will be reflected in Headwaters' statement of operations each quarter. Compensation expense for all cash-settled SARs was approximately $3.6 million, $4.6 million and $4.6 million for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Employee Benefit Plans—In addition to standard health and life insurance programs, Headwaters has six employee benefit plans that were operative during the years presented: the 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan (401(k) Plan), the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), the Incentive Bonus Plan (IBP), the Deferred Compensation Plan (DCP), an Incentive Compensation Plan (ICP) and an Executive Retirement Program (ERP). Substantially all employees of Headwaters are eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan and the ESPP after meeting length of service requirements. Only designated employees are eligible to participate in the IBP, DCP, ICP and ERP.

The total expense for all of Headwaters' benefit plans combined, including all general and discretionary bonuses and cash-settled SARs, but excluding stock-settled SARs and ESPP expenses (which are included in stock-based compensation) and standard health and life insurance programs, was approximately $31.3 million, $23.0 million and $26.7 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

401(k) Plan. Under the terms of the 401(k) Plan, eligible employees may elect to make tax-deferred contributions of up to 50% of their compensation, subject to statutory limitations. Headwaters may match employee contributions up to a designated maximum rate, which matching contributions historically vested after three years of plan eligibility. Effective January 1, 2013, Headwaters agreed to comply with the terms of a "safe harbor" 401(k) plan, which requires a mandatory minimum match of employee contributions and immediate vesting of employer contributions. Headwaters is not required to be profitable to make the matching contributions.

ESPP. The ESPP provides eligible employees with an opportunity to purchase Headwaters common stock on favorable terms and to pay for such purchases through payroll deductions. Approximately 4.3 million shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under the ESPP and approximately 2.4 million shares remain available for future issuance as of September 30, 2014. In accordance with terms of the ESPP, participating employees purchase shares of stock directly from Headwaters, which provides newly-issued shares to meet its commitment. The ESPP is intended to comply with Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, but is not subject to the requirements of ERISA. Employees purchase stock through payroll deductions of 1% to 10% of cash compensation, subject to certain limitations. The stock is purchased in a series of quarterly offerings. The cost per share to the employee is 85% of the fair market value at the end of each quarterly offering period.

IBP. The IBP, the specifics of which are approved annually by the Committee, provides for annual cash bonuses to be paid if Headwaters accomplishes certain financial goals and if participating employees meet individual goals.

DCP. The DCP is a nonqualified plan that allows eligible employees to make tax-deferred contributions of up to 50% of their base compensation and 100% of their incentive compensation. Headwaters may match employee contributions up to a designated maximum rate, which matching contributions have historically vested after three years of plan eligibility. Effective January 1, 2013, Headwaters agreed to a match (similar to the "safe harbor" 401(k) match discussed above) of certain employee contributions, again with immediate vesting of employer contributions. Headwaters is not required to be profitable to make the matching contributions.

ICP. Through early 2010, Headwaters used the 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan for cash bonus awards and certain other incentive awards. Following stockholder approval of the 2010 ICP, Headwaters began issuing awards under that plan. Significant obligations under these two ICPs include i) the cash performance unit awards, described above; ii) the cash-settled SAR grants, also described above; and iii) grants of certain stock-based awards described in Note 11.

ERP. In 2013, Headwaters initiated the ERP to provide retirement benefits to designated officers and employees. There is no formal plan document governing this program, which operates and is funded at the sole discretion of the Committee. Although it is the current intent of the Committee to consider funding the ERP annually, there is no obligation to make contributions in any amount for any period, irrespective of whether Headwaters is profitable. Headwaters' contributions to participants in the ERP vest 20% per year once a participant reaches the age of 61 and become fully vested at age 65.

Self Insurance—Headwaters has adopted self-insured medical insurance plans that cover substantially all employees. There is stop-loss coverage for amounts in excess of $0.2 million per individual per year. Headwaters also self insures for workers compensation claims in most states, limited by stop-loss coverage which begins for amounts in excess of $0.25 million per occurrence and approximately $6.1 million in the aggregate annually. Headwaters has contracted with third-party administrators to assist in the payment and administration of claims. Insurance claims are recognized as expense when incurred and include an estimate of costs for claims incurred but not reported at the balance sheet date. As of September 30, 2014, approximately $4.8 million was accrued for medical and workers compensation claims incurred on or before September 30, 2014 that have not been paid or reported.

Property, Plant and Equipment—As of September 30, 2014, Headwaters was committed to spend approximately $3.3 million on capital projects that were in various stages of completion.

Legal Matters—Headwaters has ongoing litigation and asserted claims which have been incurred during the normal course of business, including the specific matters discussed below. Headwaters intends to vigorously defend or resolve these matters by settlement, as appropriate. Management does not currently believe that the outcome of these matters will have a material adverse effect on Headwaters' operations, cash flow or financial position.

Headwaters incurred approximately $4.1 million, $3.3 million and $5.1 million of expense for legal matters in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Except for 2014, when $2.8 million of expense was recorded for potential losses, costs for outside legal counsel comprised a majority of Headwaters' litigation-related costs in the years presented. Headwaters currently believes the range of potential loss for all unresolved legal matters, excluding costs for outside counsel, is from $2.8 million up to the amounts sought by claimants and has recorded a liability as of September 30, 2014 of $2.8 million. The substantial claims and damages sought by claimants in excess of this amount are not currently deemed to be probable. Headwaters' outside counsel and management currently believe that unfavorable outcomes of outstanding litigation beyond the amount accrued are neither probable nor remote. Accordingly, management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of Headwaters' liability, nor is it possible to estimate what litigation-related costs will be in future periods.

The specific matters discussed below raise difficult and complex legal and factual issues, and the resolution of these issues is subject to many uncertainties, including the facts and circumstances of each case, the jurisdiction in which each case is brought, and the future decisions of juries, judges, and arbitrators. Therefore, although management believes that the claims asserted against Headwaters in the named cases lack merit, there is a possibility of material losses in excess of the amount accrued if one or more of the cases were to be determined adversely against Headwaters for a substantial amount of the damages asserted. It is possible that a change in the estimate of probable liability could occur, and the changes could be material. Additionally, as with any litigation, these proceedings require that Headwaters incur substantial costs, including attorneys' fees, managerial time and other personnel resources, in pursuing resolution.

Edwards. In May 2013, James W. Edwards, purportedly a stockholder of Headwaters Incorporated, filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Utah against current and former members of the Board of Directors of the Company and against Headwaters Incorporated. The complaint alleged that the Board breached its fiduciary duties and wasted corporate assets in connection with the Compensation Committee's grant of certain stock appreciation rights to the Company's Chief Executive Officer in November 2011 under the 2010 Incentive Plan (Plan). The complaint alleged that the 2011 grant exceeded Plan limits and that the 2013 Proxy Statement in connection with the Company's 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders contained false and misleading information concerning the 2011 grant. The complaint sought to rescind the 2011 grant, unspecified damages and other remedies, plus interest, attorney fees, and costs. The complaint was brought derivatively on behalf of Headwaters Incorporated and as a purported class action on behalf of all shareholders of record as of December 31, 2012. Defendants filed their initial response to the complaint in January 2014. The parties entered into a stipulation of settlement in February 2014 on terms including (i) the cancellation of stock appreciation rights granted to the CEO allegedly in excess of the Plan, with authority for the Compensation Committee to assess and compensate the CEO for the value of the cancelled award; (ii) certain training and controls in relation to future grants under the Plan; and (iii) payment of plaintiff's attorney fees in the amount of $500,000. In May 2014, the District Court entered an order granting preliminary approval of settlement and Headwaters published notice of the proposed settlement. In September 2014, the District Court entered an order of final judgment approving the settlement and dismissing the case with prejudice.

EPA. In April 2012, Headwaters Resources, Inc. (HRI) filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The complaint alleges that the EPA has failed to review, and where necessary, revise RCRA subtitle D regulations applicable to the disposal of coal ash within the timeframe required by statute. Other parties also initiated litigation against the EPA alleging the same (and other) failures of the EPA to perform its duties regarding coal ash disposal regulations. HRI's complaint seeks certain declaratory relief with respect to EPA rulemaking at issue in the case. The District Court consolidated HRI's case with related actions brought by other parties. In October 2013, the District Court granted summary judgment that the EPA has failed to fulfill its statutory duty to review coal ash disposal regulations, among other things, ordering the EPA to propose a schedule to complete its review of coal ash disposal regulations, and, as necessary, revise the regulations. In May 2014, the District Court entered a consent decree ordering the EPA to take final action in December 2014 regarding EPA's proposed revisions of RCRA subtitle D regulations pertaining to coal combustion residuals. How the EPA will revise its regulations will not be known until the EPA issues its final regulations. Because the final resolution of the litigation is uncertain, legal counsel and management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate outcome.

Fentress Families Trust. VFL Technology Corporation (VFL), acquired by HRI in 2004, provides services related to fly ash management to Virginia Electric and Power Company. In February 2012, 383 plaintiffs, most of whom are residents living in the City of Chesapeake, Virginia, filed a complaint in the State of Virginia Chesapeake Circuit Court against 15 defendants, including Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO), and certain other persons associated with the Battlefield Golf Course, including owners, developers, contractors, and others, including VFL and Headwaters, alleging causes of action for nuisance and negligence. The complaint alleges that fly ash used to construct the golf course was carried in the air and contaminated water exposing plaintiffs to dangerous chemicals and causing property damage. Plaintiffs' complaint seeks injunctive relief and damages of approximately $850.0 million for removal and remediation of the fly ash and the water supply, $1.9 billion for vexation, $8.0 million and other unspecified amounts for personal injuries, and $55.0 million as damages to properties, plus prejudgment interest, attorney fees, and costs. In a related case, other plaintiffs have filed a separate lawsuit asserting the same claims against the same defendants claiming additional damages totaling approximately $307.2 million. In August 2013 the court ruled on VEPCO's demurrer ordering that claims for personal injury or property damage based upon allegations of groundwater contamination were dismissed but that claims of nuisance and negligence based upon allegations of air-borne ash and contaminated surface water would not be dismissed. These cases are based on substantially the same alleged circumstances asserted in complaints filed by the plaintiffs in 2009 and voluntarily dismissed in 2010. Discovery is underway. HRI has filed claims for defense and indemnity with several of its insurers. In 2010, HRI filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Utah against two insurers that denied coverage based on allegations in the 2009 Fentress complaints. The District Court ruled in the insurers' favor, which ruling was affirmed in October 2014 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Another insurer continues to pay for the defense of the underlying cases under a reservation of rights. The relatively novel fly ash claims of the plaintiffs together with multiple insurance policies and policy periods make insurance coverage issues complex and uncertain. Moreover, plaintiffs' total claims exceed the potential limits of insurance available to HRI. Because resolution of the litigation is uncertain, legal counsel and management

cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of HRI's liability, or the insurers' obligation to indemnify HRI against loss, if any.

CPM. In December 2012, CPM filed a complaint in the State of Virginia Chesapeake Circuit Court against HRI related to construction of the golf course described in the Fentress Families Trust case, alleging breach of contract and seeking declaratory judgment and compensatory damages in the amount of $0.5 million plus attorney fees and costs. CPM alleges that HRI should indemnify CPM for past and future expenses incurred in defending against the Fentress complaints. Because resolution of this litigation is uncertain, legal counsel and management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of HRI's liability, or the insurers' obligation to indemnify HRI against loss, if any.

Archstone. Archstone owns an apartment complex in Westbury, New York. Archstone alleges that moisture penetrated the building envelope and damaged moisture sensitive parts of the buildings which began to rot and grow mold. In 2008, Archstone evicted its tenants and began repairing the 21 apartment buildings. Also in 2008, Archstone filed a complaint in the Nassau County Supreme Court of the State of New York against the prime contractor and its performance bond surety, the designer, and Eldorado Stone, LLC which supplied architectural stone that was installed by others during construction. The prime contractor then sued over a dozen subcontractors who in turn sued others. Most parties filed cross-claims for contribution and indemnity against Eldorado Stone and others. Archstone claims as damages approximately $36.0 million in repair costs, $19.0 million in lost lease payments and rent abatement, $7.0 million paid to tenants who sued Archstone, and $7.0 million for class action defense fees, plus prejudgment interest and attorney's fees. Eldorado Stone answered denying liability and tendered the matter to its insurers. Eldorado Stone obtained an order of summary judgment dismissing three of Archstone's four claims. Eldorado Stone then moved for summary judgment on Archstone's remaining claim of common law indemnification for damages paid to the tenants and associated attorney's fees. In October 2014, Archstone and Eldorado Stone entered into a settlement which was covered by insurance, ending Eldorado Stone's involvement in the case.

Headwaters Building Products Matters. There are litigation and pending and threatened claims made against certain subsidiaries of Headwaters Building Products (HBP), a division within Headwaters' light building products segment, with respect to several types of exterior finish systems manufactured and sold by its subsidiaries for application by contractors on residential and commercial buildings. The plaintiffs or claimants in these matters typically allege that the structures have suffered damage from water penetration due to some alleged failure of the building product or wall system. The claims involve alleged liabilities associated with certain stucco and architectural stone products which are produced and sold by certain subsidiaries of HBP. The Archstone case summarized above is an example of these types of claims.

The foregoing litigation and claims typically cite damages for alleged personal injuries, property damage, economic loss, unfair business practices and punitive damages. Claims made against Headwaters and its subsidiaries generally have been paid by their insurers, subject to Headwaters' payment of deductibles or self-insured retentions, although such insurance carriers typically have issued "reservation of rights" letters. There is no guarantee of insurance coverage or continuing coverage. These and future proceedings may result in substantial costs to Headwaters and HBP, including attorneys' fees, managerial time and other personnel resources and costs. Adverse resolution of these

proceedings could have a materially negative effect on Headwaters' businesses, financial condition, and results of operation, and its ability to meet its financial obligations. Although Headwaters carries general and product liability insurance, subject to exclusions and self-insured retentions, Headwaters cannot assure that such insurance coverage will remain available, that Headwaters' insurance carriers will remain viable, will accept claims or that the insured amounts will cover all claims in excess of self-insured retentions. Future rate increases may also make such insurance uneconomical for Headwaters to maintain. Because resolution of the litigation and claims is uncertain, legal counsel and management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of HBP's liability.

Heavy Construction Materials Matters. In addition, there are litigation and pending and threatened claims made against HRI, Headwaters' Heavy Construction Materials segment, with respect to coal combustion products. The plaintiffs or claimants in these matters have alleged that inhalation or other exposure to fly ash is unsafe, and that HRI has failed to warn about the alleged dangers of fly ash exposure and the use of adequate protection, resulting in personal injury, contamination of land and water, and diminution in property value. The Fentress Family Trust case summarized above is an example of these types of claims. The application of relatively novel fly ash claims to insurance policies is complex and uncertain and HRI has had limited success in tendering defense of such claims to insurers, which is dependent upon the alleged facts and specific policy terms. Adverse resolution of these claims and insurance coverage disputes could have a materially negative effect on Headwaters' businesses, financial condition, and results of operation, and its ability to meet its financial obligations. Because resolution of the litigation, claims, and insurance coverage disputes is uncertain, legal counsel and management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of HRI's liability.

Other. Headwaters and its subsidiaries are also involved in other legal proceedings that have arisen in the normal course of business. Because resolution of these proceedings is uncertain, legal counsel and management cannot express an opinion as to the ultimate amount, if any, of Headwaters' liability.

In addition to transactions disclosed elsewhere, Headwaters was involved in the following transactions with related parties. A director of Headwaters who retired from the Board in 2014 was also a principal in one of the insurance brokerage companies Headwaters uses to purchase certain insurance benefits for its employees. Commissions paid to that company by providers of insurance services to Headwaters totaled approximately $0.1 million in each of the years 2012 through 2014.

Until December 2013, when the contract was terminated, a majority of one of Headwaters' subsidiary's transportation needs was provided by a company, two of the principals of which are related to an officer of the subsidiary. Costs incurred were approximately $5.8 million, $6.4 million and $1.4 million in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Headwaters' 7-5/8% senior secured notes and 7¹/4% senior notes are jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Headwaters Incorporated and by all of Headwaters' 100%-owned domestic subsidiaries. Separate stand-alone financial statements and disclosures for Headwaters

Incorporated and each of the guarantor subsidiaries are not presented because the guarantees are full and unconditional and the guarantor subsidiaries have joint and several liability. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of Headwaters Incorporated to obtain funds from the guarantor subsidiaries nor on the ability of the guarantor subsidiaries to obtain funds from Headwaters Incorporated or other guarantor subsidiaries.

Non-guaranteeing entities include subsidiaries that are not 100% owned, foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures in which Headwaters has a non-controlling ownership interest. For certain periods, the non-guaranteeing entities represent less than 3% of consolidated assets, stockholders' equity, revenues, income from continuing operations before taxes and cash flows from operating activities. Accordingly, for those periods the condensed consolidating financial information which follows does not present separately the non-guarantor entities' information. Due to various events in 2014, the non-guaranteeing entities have become material and therefore have been presented separately.

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations and Reclassifications			Headwaters Consolidated

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	70,747		$	4,569		$	—		$	75,316
Trade receivables, net		109,868									109,868
Inventories		37,383									37,383
Deferred income taxes		25,828			17,895			(29,687	)		14,036
Other		6,548			732						7,280


Total current assets		250,374			23,196			(29,687	)		243,883


Property, plant and equipment, net		155,499			4,120			—			159,619


Other assets:
Goodwill		137,198									137,198
Intangible assets, net		139,797									139,797
Investments in subsidiaries					282,979			(282,979	)		—
Intercompany accounts and notes		360,482			637,046			(997,528	)		—
Deferred income taxes		53,228			22,179			(75,407	)		—
Other		22,300			21,212						43,512


Total other assets		713,005			963,416			(1,355,914	)		320,507


Total assets	$	1,118,878		$	990,732		$	(1,385,601	)	$	724,009




LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	21,051		$	759		$	—		$	21,810
Accrued personnel costs		14,622			33,124						47,746
Accrued interest					16,077						16,077
Current and deferred income taxes		20,073			9,734			(29,687	)		120
Other accrued liabilities		52,898			2,370						55,268
Current portion of long-term debt					7,553						7,553


Total current liabilities		108,644			69,617			(29,687	)		148,574


Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt					449,420						449,420
Income taxes		80,877			19,167			(75,407	)		24,637
Intercompany accounts and notes		637,046			360,482			(997,528	)		—
Other		9,332			7,636						16,968


Total long-term liabilities		727,255			836,705			(1,072,935	)		491,025


Total liabilities		835,899			906,322			(1,102,622	)		639,599


Stockholders' equity:
Common stock					73						73
Capital in excess of par value		458,498			720,828			(458,498	)		720,828
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		(175,519	)		(635,972	)		175,519			(635,972	)
Treasury stock					(519	)					(519	)


Total stockholders' equity		282,979			84,410			(282,979	)		84,410


Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,118,878		$	990,732		$	(1,385,601	)	$	724,009

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-guarantor Subsidiaries		Parent Company			Eliminations and Reclassifications			Headwaters Consolidated

ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	33,552		$	5,764	$	113,226		$	—		$	152,542
Trade receivables, net		113,940			5,390								119,330
Inventories		48,482			2,151								50,633
Deferred income taxes		15,509			289		18,427			(23,149	)		11,076
Other		9,286			168		1,082						10,536


Total current assets		220,769			13,762		132,735			(23,149	)		344,117


Property, plant and equipment, net		162,458			11,674		7,979			—			182,111


Other assets:
Goodwill		145,068			30,518								175,586
Intangible assets, net		131,150			28,713								159,863
Investments in subsidiaries							406,327			(406,327	)		—
Intercompany accounts and notes		381,082					637,045			(1,018,127	)		—
Deferred income taxes		41,658					22,928			(64,586	)		—
Other		14,388			1,381		25,981						41,750


Total other assets		713,346			60,612		1,092,281			(1,489,040	)		377,199


Total assets	$	1,096,573		$	86,048	$	1,232,995		$	(1,512,189	)	$	903,427




LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	25,643		$	956	$	427		$	—		$	27,026
Accrued personnel costs		13,483			418		35,001						48,902
Accrued interest							18,273						18,273
Current income taxes		23,198			319					(23,149	)		368
Other accrued liabilities		36,811			3,006		1,940						41,757


Total current liabilities		99,135			4,699		55,641			(23,149	)		136,326


Long-term liabilities:
Long-term debt							599,579						599,579
Income taxes		65,133			893		21,802			(64,586	)		23,242
Intercompany accounts and notes		572,356			4,061		441,710			(1,018,127	)		—
Other		16,167			774		11,645						28,586


Total long-term liabilities		653,656			5,728		1,074,736			(1,082,713	)		651,407


Total liabilities		752,791			10,427		1,130,377			(1,105,862	)		787,733


Redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary					13,252								13,252


Stockholders' equity:
Common stock							74						74
Capital in excess of par value		458,498			60,453		723,824			(519,127	)		723,648
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		(114,716	)		1,916		(620,688	)		112,800			(620,688	)
Treasury stock							(592	)					(592	)


Total stockholders' equity		343,782			62,369		102,618			(406,327	)		102,442


Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,096,573		$	86,048	$	1,232,995		$	(1,512,189	)	$	903,427

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations		Headwaters Consolidated

Revenue:
Light building products	$	339,632		$	—		$	—	$	339,632
Heavy construction materials		281,672								281,672
Energy technology		11,483								11,483


Total revenue		632,787			—			—		632,787
Cost of revenue:
Light building products		241,669								241,669
Heavy construction materials		210,158								210,158
Energy technology		5,893								5,893


Total cost of revenue		457,720			—			—		457,720


Gross profit		175,067			—			—		175,067
Operating expenses:
Amortization		20,675								20,675
Selling, general and administrative		94,630			25,359					119,989


Total operating expenses		115,305			25,359			—		140,664


Operating income (loss)		59,762			(25,359	)		—		34,403
Other income (expense):
Net interest expense		(80	)		(52,598	)				(52,678	)
Intercompany interest income (expense)		(25,945	)		25,945					—
Equity in earnings (loss) of subsidiaries					(13,536	)		13,536		—
Other, net		(9,972	)		2,479					(7,493	)


Total other income (expense), net		(35,997	)		(37,710	)		13,536		(60,171	)


Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		23,765			(63,069	)		13,536		(25,768	)
Income tax benefit (provision)		(1,482	)		821					(661	)


Income (loss) from continuing operations		22,283			(62,248	)		13,536		(26,429	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(35,819	)							(35,819	)


Net loss	$	(13,536	)	$	(62,248	)	$	13,536	$	(62,248	)

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations			Headwaters Consolidated

Revenue:
Light building products	$	394,324		$	—		$	—		$	394,324
Heavy construction materials		293,000									293,000
Energy technology		15,252									15,252


Total revenue		702,576			—			—			702,576
Cost of revenue:
Light building products		283,128									283,128
Heavy construction materials		219,996									219,996
Energy technology		6,970									6,970


Total cost of revenue		510,094			—			—			510,094


Gross profit		192,482			—			—			192,482
Operating expenses:
Amortization		20,230									20,230
Selling, general and administrative		96,478			21,363						117,841


Total operating expenses		116,708			21,363			—			138,071


Operating income (loss)		75,774			(21,363	)		—			54,411
Other income (expense):
Net interest expense		(54	)		(42,512	)					(42,566	)
Intercompany interest income (expense)		(23,434	)		23,434						—
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries					47,117			(47,117	)		—
Other, net		329			35						364


Total other income (expense), net		(23,159	)		28,074			(47,117	)		(42,202	)


Income from continuing operations before income taxes		52,615			6,711			(47,117	)		12,209
Income tax benefit (provision)		(4,350	)		426						(3,924	)


Income from continuing operations		48,265			7,137			(47,117	)		8,285
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(1,148	)								(1,148	)


Net income	$	47,117		$	7,137		$	(47,117	)	$	7,137

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations			Headwaters Consolidated

Revenue:
Light building products	$	438,473		$	33,961		$	—		$	—		$	472,434
Heavy construction materials		309,337												309,337
Energy technology		9,676												9,676


Total revenue		757,486			33,961			—			—			791,447
Cost of revenue:
Light building products		312,220			24,063									336,283
Heavy construction materials		224,888												224,888
Energy technology		4,583												4,583


Total cost of revenue		541,691			24,063			—			—			565,754


Gross profit		215,795			9,898			—			—			225,693
Operating expenses:
Amortization		20,231			1,088									21,319
Selling, general and administrative		108,602			4,209			24,839						137,650


Total operating expenses		128,833			5,297			24,839			—			158,969


Operating income (loss)		86,962			4,601			(24,839	)		—			66,724
Other income (expense):
Net interest expense		(349	)		(2	)		(45,978	)					(46,329	)
Intercompany interest income (expense)		(22,737	)					22,737						—
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries								62,719			(62,719	)		—
Other, net		(24	)		(324	)								(348	)


Total other income (expense), net		(23,110	)		(326	)		39,478			(62,719	)		(46,677	)


Income from continuing operations before income taxes		63,852			4,275			14,639			(62,719	)		20,047
Income tax benefit (provision)		(3,296	)		(923	)		645						(3,574	)


Income from continuing operations		60,556			3,352			15,284			(62,719	)		16,473
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(415	)											(415	)


Net income		60,141			3,352			15,284			(62,719	)		16,058
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest					(774	)								(774	)


Net income attributable to Headwaters Incorporated	$	60,141		$	2,578		$	15,284		$	(62,719	)	$	15,284

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations			Headwaters Consolidated

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(13,536	)	$	(62,248	)	$	13,536		$	(62,248	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		51,333			148						51,481
Interest expense related to amortization of debt issue costs and debt discount					14,184						14,184
Stock-based compensation		673			1,064						1,737
Deferred income taxes		199			(1	)					198
Net gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment		(538	)								(538	)
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(267	)								(267	)
Asset impairments		13,166									13,166
Net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures		9,314									9,314
Gain on convertible debt repayments					(2,479	)					(2,479	)
Equity in (earnings) loss of subsidiaries					13,536			(13,536	)		0
Increase in trade receivables		(9,792	)								(9,792	)
Decrease in inventories		2,954									2,954
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		9,646			17,797						27,443
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities, net		16,928			(15,912	)					1,016


Net cash provided by (used in)operating activities		80,080			(33,911	)		—			46,169


Cash flows from investing activities:
Business acquisitions		(996	)								(996	)
Proceeds from sale of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures		18,522									18,522
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(24,419	)		(2,028	)					(26,447	)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment		1,261									1,261
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations		2,000									2,000
Net decrease (increase) in long-term receivables and deposits		24			(66	)					(42	)
Net change in other assets		(214	)		(492	)					(706	)


Net cash used in investing activities		(3,822	)		(2,586	)		—			(6,408	)


Cash flows from financing activities:
Payments on long-term debt					(36,334	)					(36,334	)
Debt issue costs					(1,090	)					(1,090	)
Employee stock purchases		462			173						635
Intercompany transfers		(68,731	)		68,731						0


Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(68,269	)		31,480			—			(36,789	)


Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		7,989			(5,017	)		—			2,972
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		36,122			14,688						50,810


Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	44,111		$	9,671		$	—		$	53,782

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations			Headwaters Consolidated

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	47,117		$	7,137		$	(47,117	)	$	7,137
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		52,027			290						52,317
Interest expense related to amortization of debt issue costs and debt discount					5,841						5,841
Stock-based compensation		765			938						1,703
Deferred income taxes		698									698
Net gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment		(649	)								(649	)
Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		55									55
Gain on convertible debt repayments					(35	)					(35	)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries					(47,117	)		47,117			0
Increase in trade receivables		(5,035	)								(5,035	)
Decrease in inventories		2,221									2,221
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(5,637	)		1,419						(4,218	)
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities, net		31,000			(32,472	)					(1,472	)


Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		122,562			(63,999	)		—			58,563


Cash flows from investing activities:
Business acquisitions		(43,250	)								(43,250	)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(26,940	)		(2,179	)					(29,119	)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment		791									791
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations		4,813									4,813
Net decrease (increase) in long-term receivables and deposits		(1,890	)		719						(1,171	)
Net change in other assets		(294	)		(143	)					(437	)


Net cash used in investing activities		(66,770	)		(1,603	)		—			(68,373	)


Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock					77,957						77,957
Payments on long-term debt					(47,355	)					(47,355	)
Employee stock purchases		539			203						742
Intercompany transfers		(29,695	)		29,695						0


Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(29,156	)		60,500			—			31,344


Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		26,636			(5,102	)		—			21,534
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		44,111			9,671						53,782


Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	70,747		$	4,569		$	—		$	75,316

(in thousands)	Guarantor Subsidiaries			Non-guarantor Subsidiaries			Parent Company			Eliminations			Headwaters Consolidated

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	60,141		$	3,352		$	15,284		$	(62,719	)	$	16,058
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		52,716			2,146			272						55,134
Interest expense related to amortization of debt issue costs and debt discount								2,175						2,175
Stock-based compensation		843						1,322						2,165
Deferred income taxes		1,062			604									1,666
Net loss on disposition of property, plant and equipment		44			6			45						95
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(2,727	)											(2,727	)
Asset impairments		1,815												1,815
Net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures					529									529
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries								(62,719	)		62,719			0
Decrease (increase) in trade receivables		(90	)		607									517
Decrease (increase) in inventories		(3,927	)		1,580									(2,347	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(17,364	)		828			3,311						(13,225	)
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities, net		33,349			129			(34,956	)					(1,478	)


Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		125,862			9,781			(75,266	)		—			60,377


Cash flows from investing activities:
Business acquisitions		(10,500	)					(84,498	)					(94,998	)
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures					(1,875	)								(1,875	)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(30,672	)		(829	)		(4,298	)					(35,799	)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment		905												905
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations		4,666												4,666
Net decrease in long-term receivables and deposits		7,145						300						7,445
Net change in other assets		(2,275	)					113						(2,162	)


Net cash used in investing activities		(30,731	)		(2,704	)		(88,383	)		—			(121,818	)


Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt								146,650						146,650
Payments on long-term debt								(7,792	)					(7,792	)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiary					(950	)								(950	)
Employee stock purchases		580						179						759
Intercompany transfers		(132,872	)		(397	)		133,269						0


Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(132,292	)		(1,347	)		272,306			—			138,667


Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(37,161	)		5,730			108,657			—			77,226
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		70,713			34			4,569						75,316


Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	33,552		$	5,764		$	113,226		$	—		$	152,542

(1): Headwaters' revenue is seasonal, with higher revenues typically occurring in the third and fourth quarters of the fiscal year than in the first and second quarters. As a result, profitability is also usually higher in the last half of the fiscal year than in the first half of the year.
(2): As described in Note 4, Headwaters acquired several businesses during 2013 and 2014 and these acquisitions have affected to a certain extent the comparability of the above information.
(3): In both 2013 and 2014, Headwaters recorded a full valuation allowance on its net amortizable deferred tax assets and recorded income tax expense in both years, primarily from the combination of recognizing benefit for deferred tax assets only to the extent of projected fiscal year earnings, plus state income taxes in certain state jurisdictions (see Note 10).
(4): In accordance with ASC Topic 260 Earnings Per Share, EPS is computed independently for each of the four fiscal quarters in a year. The basic and diluted EPS computed for certain years may not equal the sum of the four quarterly computations due to the combination of profitable quarters and loss quarters and / or rounding conventions.


ý		ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2014,
or
o		TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to


Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		87-0547337 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
10701 South River Front Parkway, Suite 300 South Jordan, Utah (Address of principal executive offices)		84095 (Zip Code)


Large accelerated filer ý		Accelerated filer o		Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting company o



PART I
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	4
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	20
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	35
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	35
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	35
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	35
PART II
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	36
ITEM 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	37
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	38
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	55
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	56
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	56
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	56
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	59
PART III
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	60
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	60
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	60
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	60
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	60
PART IV
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	61
SIGNATURES		67

	Low		High

*Fiscal 2013*
Quarter ended December 31, 2012	$	5.97	$	8.89
Quarter ended March 31, 2013		8.49		11.52
Quarter ended June 30, 2013		8.37		11.57
Quarter ended September 30, 2013		8.30		10.22
*Fiscal 2014*
Quarter ended December 31, 2013	$	8.31	$	10.17
Quarter ended March 31, 2014		9.67		13.98
Quarter ended June 30, 2014		11.02		14.16
Quarter ended September 30, 2014		10.27		14.08

	Patents				Trademarks

	Issued		Pending		Issued		Pending
Light Building Products		112		10		212		92
Heavy Construction Materials		24		1		16		3
Energy Technology and Corporate		129		61		27		1



Light Building Products	1,395	1,400	1,670
Heavy Construction Materials	980	875	920
Discontinued Operations	70	0	0
Energy Technology	35	35	35
Corporate	40	45	40


Total	2,520	2,355	2,665

Period		Average Price Paid per Share(1)

July 1, 2014 - July 31, 2014	0		n/a	n/a	n/a
August 1, 2014 - August 31, 2014	5,321	$	10.92	n/a	n/a
September 1, 2014 - September 30, 2014	0		n/a	n/a	n/a


Total	5,321	$	10.92	n/a	n/a

	Year ended September 30,

(in thousands, except per share data)	2010			2011			2012			2013		2014
OPERATING DATA:
Total revenue	$	584,566		$	587,964		$	632,787		$	702,576	$	791,447
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(21,080	)		(133,932	)		(26,429	)		8,285		16,473
Diluted income (loss) per share from continuing operations attributable to Headwaters Incorporated		(0.35	)		(2.21	)		(0.43	)		0.12		0.21

Consolidated Financial Statements of Headwaters Incorporated		Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2013 and 2014			F-2
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended September 30, 2012, 2013 and 2014			F-3
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Net Capital Deficiency) for the years ended September 30, 2012, 2013 and 2014			F-4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended September 30, 2012, 2013 and 2014			F-5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-6

	Description

99.35	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement (November 2013)	(34)
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	*
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	*
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase	*
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase	*
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase	*
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase	*


		HEADWATERS INCORPORATED
		By:		/s/ KIRK A. BENSON Kirk A. Benson Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
		By:		/s/ DONALD P. NEWMAN Donald P. Newman Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
		Date: November 18, 2014

SIGNATURE	TITLE	DATE


/s/ KIRK A. BENSON Kirk A. Benson	Director and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	November 18, 2014
/s/ DONALD P. NEWMAN Donald P. Newman	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	November 18, 2014
/s/ JAMES A. HERICKHOFF James A. Herickhoff	Director	November 18, 2014

SIGNATURE	TITLE	DATE


/s/ R SAM CHRISTENSEN R Sam Christensen	Director	November 18, 2014
/s/ MALYN K. MALQUIST Malyn K. Malquist	Director	November 18, 2014
/s/ BLAKE O. FISHER, JR. Blake O. Fisher, Jr.	Director	November 18, 2014
/s/ SYLVIA SUMMERS Sylvia Summers	Director	November 18, 2014
/s/ THOMAS N. CHIEFFE Thomas N. Chieffe	Director	November 18, 2014

	(in thousands)

Current assets	$	5,818
Current liabilities		(3,093	)
Property, plant and equipment		4,098
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships (15 year life)		11,100
Trade name (indefinite life)		4,800
Goodwill		20,527


Net assets acquired	$	43,250

Unaudited (in thousands)	2012			2013		2014

Revenue	$	670,682		$	784,395	$	827,574
Net income (loss)		(63,095	)		12,387		19,909

(in thousands)	2013		2014

Raw materials	$	9,909	$	12,017
Finished goods		27,474		38,616


	$	37,383	$	50,633

	(in thousands)

Current assets	$	8,261
Current liabilities		(3,422	)
Property, plant and equipment		10,589
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships (15 year life)		20,600
Trade name (indefinite life)		6,600
Goodwill		28,156


Net assets acquired		70,784
Less redeemable non-controlling interest		(13,252	)


Net assets attributable to Headwaters	$	57,532

	(in thousands)

Current assets	$	9,195
Current liabilities		(1,869	)
Property, plant and equipment		8,314
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships (15 year life)		4,000
Trade name (indefinite life)		3,900
Goodwill		7,332
Long-term liabilities		(3,906	)


Net assets acquired	$	26,966

	(in thousands)

Estimated fair value as of acquisition date	$	13,252
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		774
Dividends		(950	)
Adjustment of estimated redemption value		176


Balance as of September 30, 2014	$	13,252

(in thousands)	2012			2013			2014

Revenue	$	22,268		$	4,386		$	0




Loss from operations of discontinued operations before income taxes	$	(36,210	)	$	(3,752	)	$	(3,175	)
Gain (loss) on disposal		267			(55	)		2,727
Income tax benefit		124			2,659			33


Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes	$	(35,819	)	$	(1,148	)	$	(415	)

(in thousands)	Balance at beginning of year		Charged to expense		Accounts written off			Balance at end of year

2012	$	2,938	$	532	$	(1,047	)	$	2,423
2013		2,423		1,302		(948	)		2,777
2014		2,777		2,022		(1,261	)		3,538

(in thousands)	2013		2014

Products and services received but not yet invoiced	$	24,355	$	19,870
Litigation		16,012		2,795
Other		14,901		19,092


	$	55,268	$	41,757

(in thousands of dollars)	Estimated useful lives	2013			2014

Land and improvements	15 - 40 years	$	11,359		$	15,298
Buildings and improvements	5 - 40 years		61,760			69,018
Equipment and vehicles	3 - 20 years		204,438			222,800
Dies and molds	3 - 20 years		79,248			83,299
Construction in progress	—		11,608			16,402


			368,413			406,817
Less accumulated depreciation			(208,794	)		(224,706	)


Net property, plant and equipment		$	159,619		$	182,111

		2013				2014

(in thousands of dollars)	Estimated useful lives	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Trade names	Indefinite	$	4,800		—	$	15,300		—
CCP contracts	15 - 20 years		106,400	$	58,699		112,300	$	64,192
Customer relationships	5 - 17 years		83,564		44,129		107,953		50,355
Trade names	5 - 20 years		67,790		30,502		67,220		33,394
Patents and patented technologies	5 - 19 years		55,099		46,954		14,526		11,686
Other	3 - 17 years		3,960		1,532		3,935		1,744


		$	321,613	$	181,816	$	321,234	$	161,371

(in thousands)	Light building products		Heavy construction materials		Total

Balances as of September 30, 2012	$	672	$	115,999	$	116,671
Goodwill related to 2013 acquisition		20,527		0		20,527


Balances as of September 30, 2013	$	21,199	$	115,999	$	137,198
Goodwill related to 2014 acquisitions		35,488		2,900		38,388


Balances as of September 30, 2014	$	56,687	$	118,899	$	175,586

(in thousands)	2012			2013			2014

Current tax benefit (provision):
Federal	$	1,267		$	(1,292	)	$	65
State		(1,717	)		(1,934	)		(1,973	)


Total current tax provision		(450	)		(3,226	)		(1,908	)
Deferred tax provision:
Federal		(211	)		(698	)		(1,666	)
State		0			0			0


Total deferred tax provision		(211	)		(698	)		(1,666	)


Total income tax provision	$	(661	)	$	(3,924	)	$	(3,574	)

(in thousands)	2012			2013			2014

Tax benefit (provision) at U.S. statutory rate	$	9,019		$	(4,273	)	$	(7,016	)
State income taxes, net of federal tax effect		(1,717	)		(1,934	)		(1,973	)
Valuation allowance		(8,913	)		3,955			7,994
Non-deductible executive compensation		0			0			(1,242	)
Unrecognized tax benefits		1,268			(1,245	)		101
Other		(318	)		(427	)		(1,438	)


Income tax provision	$	(661	)	$	(3,924	)	$	(3,574	)

(in thousands)	2012			2013			2014

Gross unrecognized income tax benefits at beginning of year	$	8,312		$	4,872		$	4,552
Changes based on tax positions related to the current year		(370	)		0			0
Increases for tax positions related to prior years		560			1,214			0
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years		(2,073	)		(1,439	)		0
Settlements		(65	)		(16	)		0
Lapse of statute of limitations		(1,492	)		(79	)		(55	)


Gross unrecognized income tax benefits at end of year	$	4,872		$	4,552		$	4,497

	2012	2013	2014

Expected stock volatility	65%	65%	60%
Risk-free interest rates	0.4% - 1.0%	0.8% - 1.2%	1.4% - 2.0%
Expected lives (beyond vest dates)	4 years	4 years	4 years
Dividend yield	0%	0%	0%

(in thousands of shares)

Plan Category	Maximum shares to be issued upon exercise of options and other awards		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options and other awards		Shares remaining available for future issuance under existing equity compensation plans (excluding shares reflected in the first column)
Plans approved by stockholders		3,811	$	7.51		3,912
Plan not approved by stockholders		292		14.14		0


Total		4,103	$	7.98		3,912

(in thousands of shares)			Weighted- average grant date fair value

Outstanding at beginning of year	102		$	6.79
Granted	150			9.19
Vested	(101	)		7.98
Forfeited	0


Outstanding at end of year	151		$	8.38

Year ending September 30:	(in thousands)

2015	$	28,037
2016		20,325
2017		14,907
2018		10,030
2019		6,634
Thereafter		7,016


	$	86,949

Year ending September 30:	(in thousands)

2015	$	16,703
2016		17,059
2017		13,813
2018		10,871
2019		10,867
Thereafter		61,893


	$	131,206

	2013(1)(2)

(in thousands, except per-share amounts)	First quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter		Fourth quarter		Full year
Net revenue	$	149,573		$	140,988		$	197,030	$	214,985	$	702,576
Gross profit		37,245			32,411			58,505		64,321		192,482
Net income (loss)(3)		(5,872	)		(8,260	)		11,016		10,253		7,137
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share(4)		(0.09	)		(0.11	)		0.15		0.14		0.10