The significant accounting policies followed by Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company") for interim financial reporting are consistent with the accounting policies followed for annual financial reporting. The Company prepared these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements in accordance with Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X and, in management's opinion, has included all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation. The accompanying consolidated condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2011 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or any other period. The amounts in the December 31, 2010 consolidated condensed balance sheet are derived from the audited financial statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010.

On June 14, 2010, the Company spun off its compound partnering business into a new independent, publicly traded company, Furiex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: FURX). Substantially all of the operating business components of the Discovery Sciences segment were included in the spin-off. The Company contributed $100.0 million of cash and cash equivalents to Furiex and distributed all outstanding shares of Furiex to the Company's shareholders as a pro-rata, tax-free dividend, issuing one share of Furiex common stock for every twelve shares of the Company's common stock to shareholders of record on June 1, 2010. The results of operations for the former compound partnering business conducted by the Company until June 14, 2010 are included as part of this report as continuing operations because the Company believes this transaction does not qualify for discontinued operations treatment due to the ongoing master development services agreement between the Company and Furiex. The Company does not have any equity or other form of ownership interest in Furiex subsequent to the separation.

Prior to the Company's June 2010 spin-off, the Discovery Sciences segment included the compound partnering business, a preclinical toxicology research business, and a biomarker discovery services business. In 2009, the Company sold both its preclinical toxicology research and biomarker discovery businesses, which were part of the Discovery Sciences segment. In 2010, the Company discontinued the operations of its wholly owned subsidiary PPD Dermatology, Inc. The Company's Discovery Sciences revenues were all generated in the United States

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and include the accounts of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. and its majority-owned subsidiaries that it controls. Amounts pertaining to the noncontrolling ownership interests held by third parties in the operating results and financial position of the Company's majority-owned subsidiaries are reported as noncontrolling interests. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In connection with the formation of the Company's subsidiary BioDuro Biologics Pte. Ltd., or BioDuro Biologics, the Company has contractual rights and restrictions related to certain activities of MAB Discovery GmbH, or MAB, a variable interest entity that provides services to BioDuro Biologics. The Company determined that it has a controlling financial interest in MAB because it directs the most significant activities that impact MAB's economic performance and has an obligation to absorb certain losses that could potentially be significant to MAB. As a result, the Company consolidates the financial results of MAB into its financial statements. MAB creditors have no recourse against the Company in the event of a default by MAB. As of September 30, 2011, MAB had total assets of $6.1 million and total liabilities of $5.7 million, and the Company had a commitment to provide up to $8.7 million of credit to MAB for purposes of acquiring equipment, of which $3.9 million had been advanced.

In May 2011, the Financial Account Standards Board, or FASB, issued updated fair value measurement and disclosure guidance that clarifies how to measure fair value and requires additional disclosures regarding Level 3 fair value measurements, as well as any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements. The updated accounting guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011 on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the updated fair value guidance, and it does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated condensed financial statements.

In June 2011, the FASB amended the manner in which an entity presents the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single, continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The amendment eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of equity. The amendment is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this guidance will not change the previously reported amounts of comprehensive income but will change the Company's presentation of comprehensive income in the consolidated condensed financial statements for the period ending March 31, 2012.

In September 2011, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that amends the two-step goodwill impairment test by permitting an entity to first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the entity determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing the two-step goodwill impairment test is unnecessary. The amendment is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011 on a prospective basis. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have an impact on its consolidated condensed financial statements.

In October 2009, the FASB issued a new accounting standard related to accounting for revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. This standard applies to all deliverables in contractual arrangements in all industries in which the vendor will perform multiple revenue-generating activities. This standard also addresses the unit of accounting for an arrangement involving multiple deliverables and how arrangement consideration should be allocated. This standard was effective on January 1, 2011 on a prospective basis. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated condensed financial statements, other than requiring additional disclosures included below under "Revenue recognition."

In March 2010, the FASB issued a new accounting standard, the objective of which is to establish a revenue recognition model for contingent consideration that is payable upon the achievement of an uncertain future event, referred to as a milestone. This standard applies to milestones in single or multiple-deliverable arrangements involving research and development transactions and was effective on January 1, 2011 on a prospective basis. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated condensed financial statements, other than requiring additional disclosures included below under "Revenue recognition."

In April 2011, the FASB issued an accounting standard update clarifying the guidance as to whether a restructuring of accounts receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring. The guidance applies to modifications of receivables when a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties. The updated guidance was effective on July 1, 2011 on a retrospective basis to January 1, 2011. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated condensed financial statements because the Company did not modify any of its receivables.

The Company generally enters into contracts with clients to provide services with payments based on fixed and variable fee arrangements. The Company recognizes revenue for services, as rendered, only after persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the sales price is determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Once the above criteria have been met, the Company recognizes revenue for the services provided based on the proportional performance methodology, which determines the proportion of outputs or performance obligations that have been completed or delivered compared to the total contractual outputs or performance obligations.

Some of the Company's contractual arrangements with clients involve multiple service deliverables, such as developing testing methodologies, database management, investigator recruitment and clinical trial monitoring, among others. Upon entering into the contractual arrangement, the Company determines whether each deliverable has standalone value to the client. If the multiple deliverables within the arrangement each have standalone value to the client, then a separate unit of accounting is assigned to each separate deliverable. If the multiple deliverables are not considered to each have standalone value to the client because the separate deliverables can only be used together, then the deliverables are considered bundled and only one unit of accounting is assigned to the entire arrangement.

A newly adopted accounting standard related to the accounting for revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables requires the allocation of the contractual arrangement's value based on the relative selling price of the separately identified units of accounting within the arrangement. The standard requires a hierarchy of evidence to be followed when determining the best evidence of the selling price of an item. The best evidence of selling price for a unit of accounting is vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, or the price charged when a deliverable is sold routinely on a standalone basis. When VSOE is not available to determine selling price, relevant third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price should be used, such as prices competitors charge for interchangeable services to similar clients. When neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price for similar deliverables exists, the Company must use its best estimate of selling price, or BESP, considering all relevant information that is available.

The Company generally is not able to establish TPE for its services, as its deliverables are highly customized and competitor pricing is not available. VSOE can often be established for certain deliverables based on the Company's standard price lists used for unitized services or the unit price or hourly rates set forth in the customer arrangement. BESP for deliverables is generally established based on labor costs, risks, and expected profit margins developed from the competitive bidding process for client contracts. The Company allocates the contractual arrangement's value at the inception of the arrangement using the relative selling prices of the deliverable services within the contract based upon VSOE when available but primarily upon BESP. Consistent with the Company's accounting policies prior to the adoption of this standard, the Company recognizes revenue for the separate elements of its contracts in accordance with the revenue recognition criteria above. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated condensed financial statements.

Under a small number of client contracts, a portion of the payments owed to the Company are contingent upon successful achievement of performance standards or research and development success milestones. These payments are not included in the total contract value used for the proportional performance calculations until the achievement of the performance standard or milestone is reasonably assured. Milestone payments on contracts entered into subsequent to January 1, 2011 were immaterial.

The accounting standards establish a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The fair value measurement of a financial instrument and its classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the inputs as follows:

Earnings per share

The Company computes basic income per common share based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company computes diluted income per common share information based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the effects of any dilutive common stock equivalents. The Company excluded 7,033,229 shares and 6,651,821 shares from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share during the three months ended September 30, 2010 and 2011, respectively, and 8,644,124 shares and 6,681,751 shares from the calculation of diluted earnings per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2010 and 2011, respectively, because they were antidilutive. The antidilutive shares consist of shares underlying stock options, employee stock purchase plan subscriptions and restricted stock units that were antidilutive for the period.

Use of estimates in preparation of the financial statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.