10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-14129

STAR GROUP, L.P.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	06-1437793
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
9 West Broad Street Stamford, Connecticut	06902
(Address of principal executive office)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 328-7310

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Units	SGU	New York Stock Exchange
Common Unit Purchase Rights	N/A	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non- accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At April 30, 2024, the registrant had 35,230,492 Common Units outstanding.

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

	Page
Part I Financial Information
Item 1 - Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	3
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited) and September 30, 2023	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023	5
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Partners’ Capital (unaudited) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023	6-7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023	8
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9-21
Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22-39
Item 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	40
Item 4 - Controls and Procedures	40
Part II Other Information:	41
Item 1 - Legal Proceedings	41
Item 1A - Risk Factors	41
Item 2 - Purchase of Equity Securities by Issuer	41
Item 3 - Defaults Upon Senior Securities	41
Item 4 - Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Item 5 - Other Information	41
Item 6 - Exhibits	42
Signatures	43

2

Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31,			September 30,
	2024			2023
(in thousands)	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	12,063		$	45,191
Receivables, net of allowance of $8,896 and $8,375, respectively		198,280			114,079
Inventories		63,293			56,463
Fair asset value of derivative instruments		222			10,660
Weather hedge contract receivable		7,498			—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		28,574			28,308
Total current assets		309,930			254,701
Property and equipment, net		106,141			105,404
Operating lease right-of-use assets		87,834			90,643
Goodwill		268,360			262,103
Intangibles, net		81,359			76,306
Restricted cash		250			250
Captive insurance collateral		72,811			70,717
Deferred charges and other assets, net		13,067			15,354
Total assets	$	939,752		$	875,478
LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	37,597		$	35,609
Revolving credit facility borrowings		29,239			240
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		2,189			118
Current maturities of long-term debt		16,500			20,500
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		18,030			18,085
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		147,796			115,606
Unearned service contract revenue		72,900			63,215
Customer credit balances		51,276			111,508
Total current liabilities		375,527			364,881
Long-term debt		119,189			127,327
Long-term operating lease liabilities		74,615			77,600
Deferred tax liabilities, net		23,207			25,771
Other long-term liabilities		16,079			16,175
Partners’ capital
Common unitholders		348,382			281,862
General partner		(4,544	)		(4,615	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		(12,703	)		(13,523	)
Total partners’ capital		331,135			263,724
Total liabilities and partners’ capital	$	939,752		$	875,478

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per unit data - unaudited)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Sales:
Product	$	595,298		$	669,212		$	1,043,848		$	1,239,141
Installations and services		70,734			68,405			150,280			146,663
Total sales		666,032			737,617			1,194,128			1,385,804
Cost and expenses:
Cost of product		389,394			466,267			692,732			885,360
Cost of installations and services		70,592			68,311			145,699			144,854
(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments		(11,752	)		3,022			7,278			20,658
Delivery and branch expenses		104,085			95,942			198,449			193,878
Depreciation and amortization expenses		7,748			7,626			16,134			15,463
General and administrative expenses		6,887			6,698			13,908			13,554
Finance charge income		(1,253	)		(1,764	)		(2,024	)		(3,083	)
Operating income		100,331			91,515			121,952			115,120
Interest expense, net		(3,838	)		(4,963	)		(7,056	)		(9,237	)
Amortization of debt issuance costs		(249	)		(258	)		(499	)		(587	)
Income before income taxes		96,244			86,294			114,397			105,296
Income tax expense		27,870			24,253			33,044			29,716
Net income	$	68,374		$	62,041		$	81,353		$	75,580
General Partner’s interest in net income		620			562			738			684
Limited Partners’ interest in net income	$	67,754		$	61,479		$	80,615		$	74,896
Basic and diluted income per Limited Partner Unit (1):	$	1.56		$	1.42		$	1.88		$	1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding:
Basic and Diluted		35,549			35,653			35,571			35,786

(1) See Note 15 - Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands - unaudited)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net income	$	68,374		$	62,041		$	81,353		$	75,580
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		319			382			638			762
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		(85	)		(104	)		(160	)		(201	)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		263			775			1,195			1,130
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		(50	)		(164	)		(252	)		(238	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges		221			(704	)		(821	)		(1,081	)
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges		(65	)		186			220			288
Total other comprehensive income		603			371			820			660
Total comprehensive income	$	68,977		$	62,412		$	82,173		$	76,240

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PARTNERS’ CAPITAL

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Number of Units											Accum. Other			Total
(in thousands - unaudited)	Common			General Partner		Common			General Partner			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Partners’ Capital
Balance as of December 31, 2023		35,590			326	$	288,789		$	(4,831	)	$	(13,306	)	$	270,652
Net income		—			—		67,754			620			—			68,374
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			319			319
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			(85	)		(85	)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			263			263
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			(50	)		(50	)
Unrealized gain on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			221			221
Tax effect of unrealized gain on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			(65	)		(65	)
Distributions		—			—		(5,783	)		(333	)		—			(6,116	)
Retirement of units		(218	)		—		(2,378	)		—			—			(2,378	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		35,372			326	$	348,382		$	(4,544	)	$	(12,703	)	$	331,135
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Number of Units											Accum. Other			Total
(in thousands - unaudited)	Common			General Partner		Common			General Partner			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Partners’ Capital
Balance as of December 31, 2022		35,681			326	$	281,516		$	(3,826	)	$	(15,317	)	$	262,373
Net income		—			—		61,479			562			—			62,041
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			382			382
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			(104	)		(104	)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			775			775
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			(164	)		(164	)
Unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			(704	)		(704	)
Tax effect of unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			186			186
Distributions		—			—		(5,442	)		(289	)		—			(5,731	)
Retirement of units		(78	)		—		(879	)		—			—			(879	)
Balance as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited)		35,603			326	$	336,674		$	(3,553	)	$	(14,946	)	$	318,175

6

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PARTNERS’ CAPITAL

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Number of Units											Accum. Other			Total
(in thousands - unaudited)	Common			General Partner		Common			General Partner			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Partners’ Capital
Balance as of September 30, 2023		35,603			326	$	281,862		$	(4,615	)	$	(13,523	)	$	263,724
Net income		—			—		80,615			738			—			81,353
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			638			638
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			(160	)		(160	)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			1,195			1,195
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			(252	)		(252	)
Unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			(821	)		(821	)
Tax effect of unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			220			220
Distributions		—			—		(11,567	)		(667	)		—			(12,234	)
Retirement of units		(231	)		—		(2,528	)		—			—			(2,528	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		35,372			326	$	348,382		$	(4,544	)	$	(12,703	)	$	331,135
	Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Number of Units											Accum. Other			Total
(in thousands - unaudited)	Common			General Partner		Common			General Partner			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Partners’ Capital
Balance as of September 30, 2022		36,092			326	$	277,177		$	(3,656	)	$	(15,606	)	$	257,915
Net income		—			—		74,896			684			—			75,580
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			762			762
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation		—			—		—			—			(201	)		(201	)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			1,130			1,130
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral		—			—		—			—			(238	)		(238	)
Unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			(1,081	)		(1,081	)
Tax effect of unrealized loss on interest rate hedges		—			—		—			—			288			288
Distributions		—			—		(10,924	)		(581	)		—			(11,505	)
Retirement of units		(489	)		—		(4,475	)		—			—			(4,475	)
Balance as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited)		35,603			326	$	336,674		$	(3,553	)	$	(14,946	)	$	318,175

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands - unaudited)	2024			2023
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:
Net income	$	81,353		$	75,580
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in)    operating activities:
(Increase) decrease in fair value of derivative instruments		7,278			20,658
Depreciation and amortization		16,633			16,050
Provision for losses on accounts receivable		3,672			4,768
Change in deferred taxes		(2,756	)		(12,379	)
Change in weather hedge contracts		(7,498	)		(12,500	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in receivables		(87,709	)		(124,764	)
(Increase) decrease in inventories		(5,473	)		11,609
Decrease in other assets		9,708			14,199
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable		2,852			(7,516	)
Decrease in customer credit balances		(61,615	)		(41,768	)
Increase in other current and long-term liabilities		38,376			42,230
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,179	)		(13,833	)
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(6,022	)		(5,182	)
Proceeds from sales of fixed assets		328			539
Proceeds from sale of certain assets		—			2,202
Purchase of investments		(946	)		(465	)
Acquisitions		(22,577	)		(1,193	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(29,217	)		(4,099	)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:
Revolving credit facility borrowings		79,596			125,601
Revolving credit facility repayments		(50,597	)		(75,941	)
Term loan repayments		(12,250	)		(8,250	)
Distributions		(12,234	)		(11,505	)
Unit repurchases		(2,528	)		(4,475	)
Customer retainage payments		(719	)		(33	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,268			25,397
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(33,128	)		7,465
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		45,441			14,870
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	12,313		$	22,335

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

STAR GROUP, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1) Organization

Star Group, L.P. (“Star,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a full service provider specializing in the sale of home heating and air conditioning products and services to residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers. The Company has one reportable segment for accounting purposes. We also sell diesel fuel, gasoline and home heating oil on a delivery only basis. We believe we are the nation’s largest retail distributor of home heating oil based upon sales volume.

The Company is organized as follows:

•Star is a limited partnership, which at March 31, 2024, had outstanding 35.4 million Common Units (NYSE: “SGU”), representing a 99.1% limited partner interest in Star, and 0.3 million general partner units, representing a 0.9% general partner interest in Star. Our general partner is Kestrel Heat, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Kestrel Heat” or the “general partner”). The Board of Directors of Kestrel Heat (the “Board”) is appointed by its sole member, Kestrel Energy Partners, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Kestrel”). Although Star is a partnership, it is taxed as a corporation and its distributions to unitholders are treated as taxable dividends.

•Star owns 100% of Star Acquisitions, Inc. (“SA”), a Minnesota corporation that owns 100% of Petro Holdings, Inc. (“Petro”). SA and its subsidiaries are subject to Federal and state corporate income taxes. Star’s operations are conducted through Petro and its subsidiaries. Petro is primarily a Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S. region retail distributor of home heating oil and propane that at March 31, 2024 served approximately 403,700 full service residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers and 60,800 customers on a delivery only basis. We also sell gasoline and diesel fuel to approximately 26,700 customers. We install, maintain, and repair heating and air conditioning equipment and to a lesser extent provide these services outside our heating oil and propane customer base including approximately 20,700 service contracts for natural gas and other heating systems.

•Petroleum Heat and Power Co., Inc. (“PH&P”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Star. PH&P is the borrower and Star is the guarantor of the sixth amended and restated credit agreement’s $165 million five-year senior secured term loan and the $400 million ($550 million during the heating season of December through April of each year) revolving credit facility, both due July 6, 2027. (See Note 11—Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings).

2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Star and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany items and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The financial information included herein is unaudited; however, such information reflects all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments), which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair statement of financial condition and results for the interim periods. Due to the seasonal nature of the Company’s business, the results of operations and cash flows for the six-month period ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

These interim financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of Net income and Other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income consists of the unrealized gain on amortization on the Company’s pension plan obligation for its two frozen defined benefit pension plans, unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges and the corresponding tax effects.

9

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At March 31, 2024, the $12.3 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $12.1 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. At September 30, 2023, the $45.4 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $45.2 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. Restricted cash represents deposits held by our captive insurance company that are required by state insurance regulations to remain in the captive insurance company as cash.

Fair Value Valuation Approach

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

•Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

•Level 2 inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

•Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

Captive Insurance Collateral

The captive insurance collateral is held by our captive insurance company in an irrevocable trust as collateral for certain workers’ compensation and automobile liability claims. The collateral is required by a third party insurance carrier that insures per claim amounts above a set deductible. If we did not deposit cash into the trust, the third party carrier would require that we issue an equal amount of letters of credit, which would reduce our availability under the sixth amended and restated credit agreement. Due to the expected timing of claim payments, the nature of the collateral agreement with the carrier, and our captive insurance company’s source of other operating cash, the collateral is not expected to be used to pay obligations within the next twelve months.

Unrealized gains and losses, net of related income taxes, are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for losses from impairments which are determined to be other-than-temporary. Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in the determination of net income and are included in Interest expense, net, at which time the average cost basis of these securities are adjusted to fair value.

Weather Hedge Contract

To partially mitigate the adverse effect of warm weather on cash flows, the Company has used weather hedge contracts for a number of years. Weather hedge contracts are recorded in accordance with the intrinsic value method defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815-45-15 Derivatives and Hedging, Weather Derivatives (EITF 99-2). The premium paid is included in the caption “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the accompanying balance sheets and amortized over the life of the contract, with the intrinsic value method applied at each interim period.

The Company entered into weather hedge contracts for fiscal years 2023 and 2024. The hedge period runs from November 1 through March 31, taken as a whole. The “Payment Thresholds,” or strikes, are set at various levels and are referenced against degree days for the prior ten year average. Under these contracts, the maximum amount the Company can receive is $12.5 million annually. For the contracts applicable to fiscal 2023, we were additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceeded the Payment Threshold. This obligation does not exist under the contract applicable to fiscal year 2024.

The temperatures experienced during the hedge period through March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were warmer than the strikes in the weather hedge contracts. As a result at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company reduced delivery and branch expenses and recorded a receivable under those contracts of $7.5 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The amounts were received in full in April 2024 and April 2023, respectively.

10

For fiscal 2025, the Company entered into weather hedge contracts with the similar hedge period described above. The maximum that the Company can receive is $15.0 million annually and we are additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceed the Payment Threshold.

New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund (“the NETTI Fund”) Liability

As of March 31, 2024, we had $0.3 million and $15.8 million balances included in the captions “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities,” respectively, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet representing the remaining balance of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability. As of September 30, 2023, we had $0.3 million and $16.0 million balances reflected in these categories respectively. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for long-term financing of a similar maturity, the fair value of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was $18.9 million and $18.5 million, respectively. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of this liability.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires accounting for contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers in a business combination to be accounted for in accordance with ASC No. 606. The Company adopted the ASU effective October 1, 2023. The Company's adoption of the ASU did not have an impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The disclosure requirements included in ASU No. 2023-07 are required for all public entities, including entities with a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance is required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to income tax disclosures, which requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption is either with a prospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements.

3) Revenue Recognition

The following disaggregates our revenue by major sources for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Petroleum Products:
Home heating oil and propane	$	508,155	$	566,457	$	859,369	$	1,001,980
Other petroleum products		87,143		102,755		184,479		237,161
Total petroleum products		595,298		669,212		1,043,848		1,239,141
Installations and Services:
Equipment installations		26,224		25,208		60,539		57,997
Equipment maintenance service contracts		29,386		28,961		58,302		57,677
Billable call services		15,124		14,236		31,439		30,989
Total installations and services		70,734		68,405		150,280		146,663
Total Sales	$	666,032	$	737,617	$	1,194,128	$	1,385,804

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Deferred Contract Costs

We recognize an asset for incremental commission expenses paid to sales personnel in conjunction with obtaining new residential customer product and equipment maintenance service contracts. We defer these costs only when we have determined the commissions are, in fact, incremental and would not have been incurred absent the customer contract. Costs to obtain a contract are amortized and recorded ratably as delivery and branch expenses over the period representing the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate. Costs to obtain new residential product and equipment maintenance service contracts are amortized as expense over the estimated customer relationship period of approximately five years. Deferred contract costs are classified as current or non-current within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net,” respectively. At March 31, 2024, the amount of deferred contract costs included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net” was $3.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the amount of deferred contract costs included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net” was $3.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 we recognized expense of $1.8 million and for the six months ended March 31, 2023 we recognized expense of $2.0 million associated with the amortization of deferred contract costs within “Delivery and branch expenses” in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Contract Liability Balances

The Company has contract liabilities for advanced payments received from customers for future oil deliveries (primarily amounts received from customers on “smart pay” budget payment plans in advance of oil deliveries) and obligations to service customers with equipment maintenance service contracts. Contract liabilities are recognized straight-line over the service contract period, generally one year or less. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 the Company had contract liabilities of $118.5 million and $170.3 million, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized $133.2 million of revenue that was included in the September 30, 2023 contract liability balance. During the six months ended March 31, 2023 the Company recognized $117.4 million of revenue that was included in the September 30, 2022 contract liability balance.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivables from customers are recorded at the invoiced amounts. Finance charges may be applied to trade receivables that are more than 30 days past due, and are recorded as finance charge income.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s estimate of the amount of trade receivables that may not be collectible. The allowance is determined at an aggregate level by grouping accounts based on certain account criteria and its receivable aging. The allowance is based on both quantitative and qualitative factors, including historical loss experience, historical collection patterns, overdue status, aging trends, current and future economic conditions. The Company has an established process to periodically review current and past due trade receivable balances to determine the adequacy of the allowance. No single statistic or measurement determines the adequacy of the allowance. The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of losses inherent in its trade receivables at the balance sheet date. Different assumptions or changes in economic conditions could result in material changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts.

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Changes in the allowance for credit losses are as follows:

(in thousands)	Credit Loss Allowance
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	8,375
Current period provision		3,672
Write-offs, net and other		(3,151	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	8,896

4) Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement

In July 2012, the Board adopted a plan to repurchase certain of the Company’s Common Units (the “Repurchase Plan”). Through May 2023, the Company had repurchased approximately 20.5 million Common Units under the Repurchase Plan. In May 2023, the Board authorized an increase of the number of Common Units that remained available for the Company to repurchase from 1.1 million to a total of 2.6 million, of which, approximately 2.3 million were available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million were available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions. There is no guarantee of the number of units that will be purchased under the Repurchase Plan and the Company may discontinue purchases at any time. The Repurchase Plan does not have a time limit. The Board may also approve additional purchases of units from time to time in private transactions. The Company’s repurchase activities take into account SEC safe harbor rules and guidance for issuer repurchases. All of the Common Units purchased under the Repurchase Plan will be retired.

Under the Company’s sixth amended and restated credit agreement dated July 6, 2022, as amended, in order to pay distributions and repurchase Common Units, we must maintain Availability (as defined in the sixth amended and restated credit agreement) of $60 million, 15.0% of the facility size of $400 million (assuming no borrowings under the seasonal advance) on a historical pro forma and forward-looking basis, and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 through February 27, 2024 and 1.15 thereafter measured as of the date of repurchase or distribution. (See Note 11—Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings).

The following table shows repurchases under the Repurchase Plan:

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Period	Total Number of Units Purchased		Average Price Paid per Unit (a)		Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased
Fiscal year 2012 to 2023 total		25,422	$	8.82		20,534		2,568
First quarter fiscal year 2024 total		13	$	11.27		13		2,555
January 2024		15	$	11.27		15		2,540
February 2024		90		11.03		90		2,450
March 2024		113		10.78		113		2,337
Second quarter fiscal year 2024 total		218	$	10.92		218		2,337
April 2024		141	$	10.58		141		2,196	(b)

(a)Amount includes repurchase costs.

(b)Of the total available for repurchase, approximately 1.9 million units are available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million units are available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions, under the Repurchase Plan.

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5) Captive Insurance Collateral

The Company considers all of its captive insurance collateral to be Level 1 available-for-sale investments. Investments at March 31, 2024 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	26,848	$	—	$	—		$	26,848
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		32,377		—		(708	)		31,669
Corporate Debt Securities		14,696		—		(402	)		14,294
Total	$	73,921	$	—	$	(1,110	)	$	72,811

Investments at September 30, 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	4,335	$	—	$	—		$	4,335
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		50,471		—		(1,620	)		48,851
Corporate Debt Securities		18,210		12		(691	)		17,531
Total	$	73,016	$	12	$	(2,311	)	$	70,717

Maturities of investments were as follows at March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Net Carrying Amount
Due within one year	$	60,077
Due after one year through five years		12,734
Due after five years through ten years		—
Total	$	72,811

6) Derivatives and Hedging—Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses derivative instruments such as futures, options and swap agreements in order to mitigate exposure to market risk associated with the purchase of home heating oil for price-protected customers, physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit, priced purchase commitments and internal fuel usage. FASB ASC 815-10-05 Derivatives and Hedging, established accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded at fair value and included in the consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities, along with qualitative disclosures regarding the derivative activity. The Company has elected not to designate its commodity derivative instruments as hedging derivatives, but rather as economic hedges whose change in fair value is recognized in its statement of operations in the caption “(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments.” Depending on the risk being economically hedged, realized gains and losses are recorded in cost of product, cost of installations and services, or delivery and branch expenses.

As of March 31, 2024, to hedge a substantial majority of the purchase price associated with heating oil gallons anticipated to be sold to its price-protected customers, the Company held the following derivative instruments that settle in future months to match anticipated sales: 7.5 million gallons of swap contracts, 3.5 million gallons of call options, 3.5 million gallons of put options, and 35.1 million net gallons of synthetic call options. To hedge its physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit and basis risk, the Company, as of March 31, 2024, held 0.2 million gallons of swap contracts and 13.9 million gallons of short future contracts that settle in future months. To hedge its internal fuel usage and other activities for fiscal 2024 and 2025, the Company held 3.8 million gallons of swap contracts that settle in future months.

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As of March 31, 2023, to hedge a substantial majority of the purchase price associated with heating oil gallons anticipated to be sold to its price-protected customers, the Company held the following derivative instruments that settle in future months to match anticipated sales: 5.4 million gallons of swap contracts, 6.5 million gallons of call options, 2.4 million gallons of put options, and 36.7 million net gallons of synthetic call options. To hedge its physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit and basis risk, the Company, as of March 31, 2023, held 13.5 million gallons of swap contracts and 1.8 million gallons of short future contracts that settle in future months. To hedge its internal fuel usage and other activities for fiscal 2023 and 2024, the Company held 3.7 million gallons of swap contracts that settle in future months.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company has interest rate swap agreements in order to mitigate exposure to market risk associated with variable rate interest on $53.8 million, or 39%, of its long term debt. The Company has designated its interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedging derivatives. To the extent these derivative instruments are effective and the accounting standard’s documentation requirements have been met, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. As of March 31, 2024 the fair value of the swap contracts was $0.8 million. As of September 30, 2023, the notional value of the swap contracts was $55.5 million and the fair value of the swap contracts was $1.6 million. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of the swap contracts.

The Company’s derivative instruments are with the following counterparties: Bank of America, N.A., Bank of Montreal, Cargill, Inc., Citibank, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Key Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The Company assesses counterparty credit risk and considers it to be low. We maintain master netting arrangements that allow for the non-conditional offsetting of amounts receivable and payable with counterparties to help manage our risks and record derivative positions on a net basis. The Company generally does not receive cash collateral from its counterparties and does not restrict the use of cash collateral it maintains at counterparties. At March 31, 2024, the aggregate cash posted as collateral in the normal course of business at counterparties was $2.1 million and recorded in “Prepaid expense and other current assets.” Positions with counterparties who are also parties to our credit agreement are collateralized under that facility. As of March 31, 2024, $2.2 million hedge positions or payable amounts were secured under the credit facility.

The Company’s Level 1 derivative assets and liabilities represent the fair value of commodity contracts used in its hedging activities that are identical and traded in active markets. The Company’s Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities represent the fair value of commodity and interest rate contracts used in its hedging activities that are valued using either directly or indirectly observable inputs, whose nature, risk and class are similar. No significant transfers of assets or liabilities have been made into and out of the Level 1 or Level 2 tiers. All derivative instruments were non-trading positions and were either a Level 1 or Level 2 instrument. The Company had no Level 3 derivative instruments. The fair market value of our Level 1 and Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities are calculated by our counter-parties and are independently validated by the Company. The Company’s calculations are, for Level 1 derivative assets and liabilities, based on the published New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) market prices for the commodity contracts open at the end of the period. For Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities the calculations performed by the Company are based on a combination of the NYMEX published market prices and other inputs, including such factors as present value, volatility and duration.

15

The Company had no assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis subsequent to their initial recognition. The Company’s commodity financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)					Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
Derivatives Not Designated    as Hedging Instruments					Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs
Under FASB ASC 815-10	Balance Sheet Location	Total			Level 1		Level 2
Asset Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	7,671		$	—	$	7,671
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		490			—		490
Commodity contract assets at March 31, 2024		$	8,161		$	—	$	8,161
Liability Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(9,638	)	$	—	$	(9,638	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(491	)		—		(491	)
Commodity contract liabilities at March 31, 2024		$	(10,129	)	$	—	$	(10,129	)
Asset Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	17,891		$	—	$	17,891
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		779			—		779
Commodity contract assets September 30, 2023		$	18,670		$	—	$	18,670
Liability Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(7,349	)	$	—	$	(7,349	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(679	)		—		(679	)
Commodity contract liabilities September 30, 2023		$	(8,028	)	$	—	$	(8,028	)

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The Company’s commodity derivative assets (liabilities) offset by counterparty and subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
Offsetting of Financial Assets (Liabilities)    and Derivative Assets (Liabilities)	Gross Assets Recognized		Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position			Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	1,951	$	(1,729	)	$	222		$	—	$	—	$	222
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		124		(84	)		40			—		—		40
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		5,720		(7,909	)		(2,189	)		—		—		(2,189	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		366		(407	)		(41	)		—		—		(41	)
Total at March 31, 2024	$	8,161	$	(10,129	)	$	(1,968	)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,968	)
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	17,815	$	(7,155	)	$	10,660		$	—	$	—	$	10,660
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		567		(452	)		115			—		—		115
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		76		(194	)		(118	)		—		—		(118	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		212		(227	)		(15	)		—		—		(15	)
Total at September 30, 2023	$	18,670	$	(8,028	)	$	10,642		$	—	$	—	$	10,642

(In thousands)
The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations
		Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized					Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Under FASB ASC 815-10	Location of (Gain) or Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		Six Months Ended March 31, 2024			Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commodity contracts	Cost of product (a)	$	13,386		$	13,954	$	18,109		$	5,012
Commodity contracts	Cost of installations and service (a)	$	(55	)	$	39	$	(41	)	$	79
Commodity contracts	Delivery and branch expenses (a)	$	(517	)	$	349	$	(909	)	$	149
Commodity contracts	(Increase) / decrease in the fair  value of derivative instruments (b)	$	(11,752	)	$	3,022	$	7,278		$	20,658

(a)Represents realized closed positions and includes the cost of options as they expire.

(b)Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

7) Inventories

The Company’s product inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value computed on the weighted average cost method. All other inventories, representing parts and equipment are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the FIFO method. The components of inventory were as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Product	$	40,948	$	33,994
Parts and equipment		22,345		22,469
Total inventory	$	63,293	$	56,463

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8) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets using the straight-line method (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Property and equipment	$	249,550	$	244,816
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		143,409		139,412
Property and equipment, net	$	106,141	$	105,404

9) Business Combinations and Divestitures

During the six months ended March 31, 2024 the Company acquired one propane and three heating oil businesses for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $22.6 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $14.4 million to intangible assets, $6.3 million to goodwill, $2.8 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital. The acquired companies’ operating results are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements starting on their respective acquisition date, and are not material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold certain assets for cash proceeds of $2.2 million and acquired two heating oil businesses for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.2 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $1.7 million to intangible assets, $0.2 million to goodwill, $0.2 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital.

10) Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

Goodwill

A summary of changes in Company’s goodwill is as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	262,103
Fiscal year 2024 business combinations		6,257
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	268,360

Intangibles, net

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024						September 30, 2023
	Gross						Gross
	Carrying		Accum.				Carrying		Accum.
	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amount		Amortization		Net
Customer lists	$	431,540	$	366,827	$	64,713	$	418,190	$	358,855	$	59,335
Trade names and other intangibles		41,723		25,077		16,646		41,782		24,811		16,971
Total	$	473,263	$	391,904	$	81,359	$	459,972	$	383,666	$	76,306

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $9.4 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $8.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023.

11) Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings

The Company’s debt is as follows (in thousands):

	March 31,				September 30,
	2024				2023
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)		Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)
Revolving Credit Facility Borrowings	$	29,239	$	29,239	$	240	$	240
Senior Secured Term Loan (b)		135,689		136,250		147,827		148,500
Total debt	$	164,928	$	165,489	$	148,067	$	148,740
Total short-term portion of debt	$	45,739	$	45,739	$	20,740	$	20,740
Total long-term portion of debt (b)	$	119,189	$	119,750	$	127,327	$	128,000

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(a)The face amount of the Company’s variable rate long-term debt approximates fair value.

(b)Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023.

On July 6, 2022, the Company refinanced its five-year term loan and the revolving credit facility with the execution of the sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement (the “credit agreement”) with a bank syndicate comprised of ten participants, which enables the Company to borrow up to $400 million ($550 million during the heating season of December through April of each year) on a revolving credit facility for working capital purposes (subject to certain borrowing base limitations and coverage ratios), provides for a $165 million five-year senior secured term loan (“Term Loan”), allows for the issuance of up to $25 million in letters of credit, and has a maturity date of July 6, 2027.

The Company can increase the revolving credit facility size by an additional $200 million without the consent of the bank group. However, the bank group is not obligated to fund the $200 million increase. If the bank group elects not to fund the increase, the Company can add additional lenders to the group, with the consent of the Agent (as defined in the credit agreement), which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Obligations under the credit agreement are guaranteed by the Company and its subsidiaries and are secured by liens on substantially all of the Company’s assets, including accounts receivable, inventory, general intangibles, real property, fixtures and equipment.

All amounts outstanding under the sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility become due and payable on the facility termination date of July 6, 2027. The Term Loan is repayable in quarterly payments of $4.1 million, the first of which was made December 30, 2022, plus an annual payment equal to 25% of the annual Excess Cash Flow as defined in the credit agreement (an amount not to exceed $8.5 million annually), less certain voluntary prepayments made during the year, with final payment at maturity. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company repaid $4.0 million of additional loan repayments due to Excess Cash Flow related to fiscal 2023. There was no additional loan repayments due to Excess Cash Flow in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 related to fiscal 2022.

The interest rate on the revolving credit facility and the term loan is based on a margin over Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or a base rate. At March 31, 2024, the effective interest rate on the term loan (considering the impact of interest rate hedges) and revolving credit facility borrowings was approximately 7.2% and 7.5%, respectively, compared to 6.6% and 6.3%, respectively at September 30, 2023.

The commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility is 0.30% from December through April, and 0.20% from May through November.

The credit agreement requires the Company to meet certain financial covenants, including a fixed charge coverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) of not less than 1.1 as long as the Term Loan is outstanding or revolving credit facility availability is less than 12.5% of the facility size. In addition, as long as the Term Loan is outstanding, a senior secured leverage ratio cannot be more than 3.0 as calculated as of the quarters ending June or September, and no more than 5.5 as calculated as of the quarters ending December or March.

On September 26, 2023, the Company signed a first amendment (the “Amendment”) to its Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with a group of banks, which provides temporary relief from certain financial covenants under the Credit Agreement that must be satisfied in order for the Company to make distributions and unit repurchases or, if availability under the Credit Agreement drops below a minimum threshold due to, among other things, the Company making acquisitions. In particular, the Amendment reduces the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions and unit repurchases during the period commencing October 31, 2023 and ending February 27, 2024 (the “Relief Period”) from 1.15 down to 1.00. The Amendment also reduces the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio that must be maintained by the Company if availability under the under the Credit Agreement drops below 12.5% of the facility size during the Relief Period from 1.10 down to 1.00. The Company’s fixed charge coverage ratio as of December 31, 2023 was 1.39 to 1.00.

Certain restrictions are also imposed by the sixth amended and restated credit agreement, including restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, to pay distributions to unitholders, to pay certain inter-company dividends or distributions, repurchase units, make investments, grant liens, sell assets, make acquisitions and engage in certain other activities.

At March 31, 2024, $136.3 million of the Term Loan was outstanding, $29.2 million was outstanding under the revolving credit facility, $2.2 million hedge positions were secured under the credit agreement, and $3.2 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding. At September 30, 2023, $148.5 million of the term loan was outstanding, $0.2 million was outstanding under the revolving credit facility, $0.1 million hedge positions were secured under the credit agreement and $3.2 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding.

At March 31, 2024, availability was $221.8 million, and the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants. At September 30, 2023, availability was $202.1 million, and the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants. The amount of availability is impacted by several factors, including: outstanding debt, the valuation of our customer list, and accounts receivable and inventory balances. Each year, during the third quarter, the valuation of our customer list is re-evaluated based on the Company's performance.

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12) Income Taxes

The accompanying financial statements are reported on a fiscal year, however, the Company and its corporate subsidiaries file Federal and State income tax returns on a calendar year.

The current and deferred income tax expense for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Income before income taxes	$	96,244		$	86,294		$	114,397		$	105,296
Current income tax expense		29,035			35,408			35,800			42,095
Deferred income tax benefit		(1,165	)		(11,155	)		(2,756	)		(12,379	)
Total income tax expense	$	27,870		$	24,253		$	33,044		$	29,716

At March 31, 2024, we did not have unrecognized income tax benefits.

Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. We file U.S. Federal income tax returns and various state and local returns. A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and finally resolved. For our Federal income tax returns we have four tax years subject to examination. In our major state tax jurisdictions of New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, we have four years that are subject to examination. In the state tax jurisdiction of New Jersey we have five tax years that are subject to examination. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular uncertain tax position, based on our assessment of many factors, including past experience and interpretation of tax law, we believe that our provision for income taxes reflect the most probable outcome. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events.

13) Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

	Six Months Ended
Cash paid during the period for:	March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Income taxes, net	$	5,882	$	6,881
Interest	$	8,313	$	9,863

14) Commitments and Contingencies

The Company’s operations are subject to the operating hazards and risks normally incidental to handling, storing and transporting and otherwise providing for use by consumers hazardous liquids such as home heating oil and propane. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a defendant in various legal proceedings and litigation. The Company records a liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. We do not believe these matters, when considered individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

The Company maintains insurance policies with insurers in amounts and with coverages and deductibles we believe are reasonable and prudent. However, the Company cannot assure that this insurance will be adequate to protect it from all material expenses related to current and potential future claims, legal proceedings and litigation, as certain types of claims may be excluded from our insurance coverage. If we incur substantial liability and the damages are not covered by insurance, or are in excess of policy limits, or if we incur liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

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15) Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit

The following table presents the net income allocation and per unit data:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Limited Partner:	March 31,				March 31,
(in thousands, except per unit data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	68,374	$	62,041	$	81,353	$	75,580
Less General Partner’s interest in net income		620		562		738		684
Net income available to limited partners		67,754		61,479		80,615		74,896
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		12,164		10,990		13,752		12,714
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	55,590	$	50,489	$	66,863	$	62,182
Per unit data:
Basic and diluted net income available to limited partners	$	1.91	$	1.72	$	2.27	$	2.09
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		0.35		0.30		0.39		0.35
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	1.56	$	1.42	$	1.88	$	1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding		35,549		35,653		35,571		35,786

* In any accounting period where the Company’s aggregate net income exceeds its aggregate distribution for such period, the Company is required to present net income per Limited Partner unit as if all of the earnings for the period were distributed, based on the terms of the Partnership agreement, regardless of whether those earnings would actually be distributed during a particular period from an economic or practical perspective. This allocation does not impact the Company’s overall net income or other financial results.

16) Subsequent Events

Quarterly Distribution Declared

In April 2024, we declared a quarterly distribution of $0.1725 per unit, or $0.69 per unit on an annualized basis, on all Common Units with respect to the second quarter of fiscal 2024, paid on May 8, 2024, to holders of record on April 29, 2024. The amount of distributions in excess of the minimum quarterly distribution of $0.0675 are distributed in accordance with our Partnership Agreement, subject to the management incentive compensation plan. As a result, $6.1 million was paid to the Common Unit holders, $0.4 million to the General Partner unit holders (including $0.4 million of incentive distribution as provided in our Partnership Agreement) and $0.4 million to management pursuant to the management incentive compensation plan which provides for certain members of management to receive incentive distributions that would otherwise be payable to the General Partner.

Common Units Repurchased and Retired

In April 2024, in accordance with the Repurchase Plan, the Company repurchased and retired approximately 0.1 million Common Units at an average price paid of $10.58 per unit.

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ITEM 2.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Disclosure

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) includes “forward-looking statements” which represent our expectations or beliefs concerning future events that involve risks and uncertainties, including the impact of geopolitical events on wholesale product cost volatility, the price and supply of the products that we sell, our ability to purchase sufficient quantities of product to meet our customer’s needs, rapid increases in levels of inflation, the consumption patterns of our customers, our ability to obtain satisfactory gross profit margins, the effect of weather conditions on our financial performance, our ability to obtain new customers and retain existing customers, our ability to make strategic acquisitions, the impact of litigation, natural gas conversions and electrification of heating systems, pandemic and future global health pandemics, recessionary economic conditions, future union relations and the outcome of current and future union negotiations, the impact of current and future governmental regulations, including climate change, environmental, health, and safety regulations, the ability to attract and retain employees, customer credit worthiness, counterparty credit worthiness, marketing plans, cyber-attacks, global supply chain issues, labor shortages and new technology, including alternative methods for heating and cooling residences. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this Report including, without limitation, the statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere herein, are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “seek,” “estimate,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct, and actual results may differ materially from those projected as a result of certain risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those set forth in this Report under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in our Fiscal 2023 Form 10-K under Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors.” Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations (“Cautionary Statements”) are disclosed in this Report and in our Fiscal 2023 Form 10-K. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the Cautionary Statements. Unless otherwise required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise after the date of this Report.

Liquid Product Price Volatility

Volatility, which is reflected in the wholesale price of liquid products, including home heating oil, propane and motor fuels, has a larger impact on our business when prices rise. Home heating oil consumers are sensitive to heating cost increases, and this often leads to customer conservation and increased gross customer losses. As a commodity, the price of home heating oil is generally impacted by many factors, including economic and geopolitical forces and is closely linked to the price of diesel fuel. The volatility in the wholesale cost of diesel fuel as measured by the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”), for the fiscal years ending September 30, 2020, through 2024, on a quarterly basis, is illustrated in the following chart (price per gallon):

	Fiscal 2024 (a)				Fiscal 2023				Fiscal 2022				Fiscal 2021				Fiscal 2020
Quarter Ended	Low		High		Low		High		Low		High		Low		High		Low		High
December 31	$	2.51	$	3.22	$	2.78	$	4.55	$	2.06	$	2.59	$	1.08	$	1.51	$	1.86	$	2.05
March 31		2.53		2.96		2.61		3.55		2.36		4.44		1.46		1.97		0.95		2.06
June 30		—		—		2.23		2.73		3.27		5.14		1.77		2.16		0.61		1.22
September 30		—		—		2.38		3.48		3.13		4.01		1.91		2.34		1.08		1.28

(a) On April 30, 2024, the NYMEX ultra low sulfur diesel contract closed at $2.51 per gallon or $0.27 per gallon lower than the average of $2.78 through the first six months of Fiscal 2024.

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Income Taxes

Book versus Tax Deductions

The amount of cash flow generated in any given year depends upon a variety of factors including the amount of cash income taxes required, which will increase as depreciation and amortization decreases. The amount of depreciation and amortization that we deduct for book (i.e., financial reporting) purposes will differ from the amount that the Company can deduct for Federal tax purposes. The table below compares the estimated depreciation and amortization for book purposes to the amount that we expect to deduct for Federal tax purposes, based on currently owned assets. While we file our tax returns based on a calendar year, the amounts below are based on our September 30 fiscal year, and the tax amounts include any bonus depreciation available for fixed assets purchased. However, this table does not include any forecast of future annual capital purchases.

Estimated Depreciation and Amortization Expense

(In thousands) Fiscal Year	Book		Tax
2024	$	31,447	$	29,239
2025		26,242		24,186
2026		21,429		23,170
2027		19,111		21,114
2028		15,394		19,749
2029		13,356		17,021

Weather Hedge Contracts

Weather conditions have a significant impact on the demand for home heating oil and propane because certain customers depend on these products principally for space heating purposes. Actual weather conditions may vary substantially from year to year, significantly affecting the Company’s financial performance. To partially mitigate the adverse effect of warm weather on cash flow, we have used weather hedging contracts for a number of years with several providers.

The Company entered into weather hedge contracts for fiscal years 2023 and 2024. The hedge period runs from November 1 through March 31, taken as a whole. The “Payment Thresholds,” or strikes, are set at various levels and are referenced against degree days for the prior ten year average. Under these contracts the maximum amount the Company can receive is $12.5 million annually. For the contracts applicable to fiscal 2023, we were additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceeded the Payment Threshold. This obligation does not exist under the contract applicable to fiscal year 2024.

The temperatures experienced during the hedge period through March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were warmer than the strikes in the weather hedge contracts. As a result at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company reduced delivery and branch expenses and recorded a receivable under those contracts of $7.5 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The amounts were received in full in April 2024 and April 2023.

For fiscal 2025, the Company entered into weather hedge contracts with the similar hedge period described above. The maximum that the Company can receive is $15.0 million annually and we are additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceed the Payment Threshold. If we had this same amount of coverage in place during fiscal 2024 we would have been paid an additional $7.5 million more than fiscal 2024.

Per Gallon Gross Profit Margins

We believe home heating oil and propane margins should be evaluated on a cents per gallon basis before the effects of increases or decreases in the fair value of derivative instruments, as we believe that such per gallon margins are best at showing profit trends in the underlying business without the impact of non-cash changes in the market value of hedges before the settlement of the underlying transaction.

A significant portion of our home heating oil volume is sold to individual customers under an arrangement pre-establishing a ceiling price or fixed price for home heating oil over a set period of time, generally twelve to twenty-four months (“price-protected” customers). When these price-protected customers agree to purchase home heating oil from us for the next heating season, we purchase option contracts, swaps and futures contracts for a substantial majority of the heating oil that we expect to sell to these customers. The amount of home heating oil volume that we hedge per price-protected customer is based upon the estimated fuel consumption per average customer per month. In the event that the actual usage exceeds the amount of the hedged volume on a monthly basis, we may be required to obtain additional volume at unfavorable costs. In addition, should actual usage in any month be less than the hedged volume, our hedging costs and losses could be greater, thus reducing expected margins.

Derivatives

FASB ASC 815-10-05 Derivatives and Hedging requires that derivative instruments be recorded at fair value and included in the consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities. To the extent our interest rate derivative instruments designated as cash flow

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hedges are effective, as defined under this guidance, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the forecasted hedged item is recognized in earnings. We have elected not to designate our commodity derivative instruments as hedging instruments under this guidance and, as a result, the changes in fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized in our statement of operations. Therefore, we experience volatility in earnings as outstanding derivative instruments are marked to market and non-cash gains and losses are recorded prior to the sale of the commodity to the customer. The volatility in any given period related to unrealized non-cash gains or losses on derivative instruments can be significant to our overall results. However, we ultimately expect those gains and losses to be offset by the cost of product when purchased.

Customer Attrition

We measure net customer attrition on an ongoing basis for our full service residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers. Net customer attrition is the difference between gross customer losses and customers added through marketing efforts. Customers added through acquisitions are not included in the calculation of gross customer gains. However, additional customers that are obtained through marketing efforts or lost at newly acquired businesses are included in these calculations from the point of closing going forward. Customer attrition percentage calculations include customers added through acquisitions in the denominators of the calculations on a weighted average basis from the closing date. Gross customer losses are the result of a number of factors, including price competition, move-outs, credit losses, conversions to natural gas and service disruptions. When a customer moves out of an existing home, we count the “move out” as a loss, and, if we are successful in signing up the new homeowner, the “move in” is treated as a gain. The impact of certain geopolitical forces on liquid product prices could increase future attrition due to higher losses from credit related issues.

Customer gains and losses of home heating oil and propane customers

	Fiscal Year Ended
	2024							2023							2022
					Net							Net							Net
	Gross Customer				Gains /			Gross Customer				Gains /			Gross Customer				Gains /
	Gains		Losses		(Attrition)			Gains		Losses		(Attrition)			Gains		Losses		(Attrition)
First Quarter		17,100		17,800		(700	)		26,500		19,500		7,000			19,800		18,500		1,300
Second Quarter		9,300		14,400		(5,100	)		9,300		18,100		(8,800	)		12,700		17,300		(4,600	)
Third Quarter		—		—		—			5,300		12,600		(7,300	)		6,400		14,300		(7,900	)
Fourth Quarter		—		—		—			8,900		14,600		(5,700	)		11,400		15,800		(4,400	)
Total		26,400		32,200		(5,800	)		50,000		64,800		(14,800	)		50,300		65,900		(15,600	)

Customer gains (attrition) as a percentage of home heating oil and propane customer base

	Fiscal Year Ended
	2024									2023									2022
							Net									Net									Net
	Gross Customer						Gains /			Gross Customer						Gains /			Gross Customer						Gains /
	Gains			Losses			(Attrition)			Gains			Losses			(Attrition)			Gains			Losses			(Attrition)
First Quarter		4.3	%		4.5	%		(0.2	%)		6.4	%		4.7	%		1.7	%		4.7	%		4.4	%		0.3	%
Second Quarter		2.3	%		3.6	%		(1.3	%)		2.2	%		4.3	%		(2.1	%)		3.0	%		4.1	%		(1.1	%)
Third Quarter		—			—			—			1.3	%		3.1	%		(1.8	%)		1.5	%		3.4	%		(1.9	%)
Fourth Quarter		—			—			—			2.1	%		3.5	%		(1.4	%)		2.7	%		3.7	%		(1.0	%)
Total		6.6	%		8.1	%		(1.5	%)		12.0	%		15.6	%		(3.6	%)		11.9	%		15.6	%		(3.7	%)

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company lost 5,800 accounts (net), or 1.5% of its home heating oil and propane customer base, compared to 1,800 accounts lost (net), or 0.4% of its home heating and oil propane customer base in the prior year comparable period. Gross customer gains were 9,400 less than the prior year's comparable period primarily due to market conditions with regard to physical supply in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 that did not repeat in the current fiscal year, warmer weather and less customer move-ins. Gross customer losses were 5,400 less due to a reduction in the number of customer relocations and other factors.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, we estimate that we lost 0.7% of our home heating oil and propane accounts to natural gas and electricity conversions versus 0.9% for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 0.8% for the six months ended March 31, 2022. Losses to natural gas and electricity in our footprint for the heating oil and propane industry could be greater or less than the Company’s estimates.

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Acquisitions

The timing of acquisitions and the types of products sold by acquired companies impact year-over-year comparisons. During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company acquired one propane and three heating oil businesses for approximately $22.6 million. During fiscal 2023 the Company acquired one propane and two heating oil businesses for approximately $19.8 million. The following tables detail the Company’s acquisition activity and the associated volume sold during the 12-month period prior to the date of acquisition.

(in thousands of gallons)
Fiscal 2024 Acquisitions
Acquisition Number	Month of Acquisition	Home Heating Oil and Propane		Other Petroleum Products		Total
1	November		1,210		222		1,432
2	November		885		369		1,254
3	February		1,473		1,097		2,570
4	February		1,936		—		1,936
			5,504		1,688		7,192

(in thousands of gallons)
Fiscal 2023 Acquisitions
Acquisition Number	Month of Acquisition	Home Heating Oil and Propane		Other Petroleum Products		Total
1	October		556		403		959
2	November		494		—		494
3	August		1,447		—		1,447
			2,497		403		2,900

Sale of Certain Assets

In October 2022 we sold certain assets, which included a customer list of approximately 6,500 customers, for $2.7 million (including a deferred purchase price of $0.5 million). The following table details sales generated from the assets sold:

	Years Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Volume:
Home heating oil and propane		2,147		2,163		2,345
Motor fuel and other petroleum products		27		37		38
Sales:
Petroleum products	$	9,355	$	6,102	$	6,524
Installations and services		1,323		1,384		1,292
Total Sales	$	10,678	$	7,486	$	7,816

Protected Price Account Renewals

A substantial majority of the Company’s price-protected customers have agreements with us that are subject to annual renewal in the period between April and November of each fiscal year. If a significant number of these customers elect not to renew their price-protected agreements with us and do not continue as our customers under a variable price-plan, the Company’s near term profitability, liquidity and cash flow will be adversely impacted.

Seasonality

The Company’s fiscal year ends on September 30. All references to quarters and years, respectively, in this document are to the fiscal quarters and fiscal years unless otherwise noted. The seasonal nature of our business has resulted, on average, during the last five years, in the sale of approximately 30% of the volume of home heating oil and propane in the first fiscal quarter and 50% of the volume in the second fiscal quarter, the peak heating season. Approximately 25% of the volume of motor fuel and other petroleum products is sold in each of the four fiscal quarters. We generally realize net income during the quarters ending December and March and net losses during the quarters ending June and September. In addition, sales volume typically fluctuates from year to year in response to variations in weather, wholesale energy prices and other factors.

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Degree Day

A “degree day” is an industry measurement of temperature designed to evaluate energy demand and consumption. Degree days are based on how far the average daily temperature departs from 65°F. Each degree of temperature above 65°F is counted as one cooling degree day, and each degree of temperature below 65°F is counted as one heating degree day. Degree days are accumulated each day over the course of a year and can be compared to a monthly or a long-term (multi-year) average to see if a month or a year was warmer or cooler than usual. Degree days are officially observed by the National Weather Service.

Every ten years, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (“NOAA”) computes and publishes average meteorological quantities, including the average temperature for the last 30 years by geographical location, and the corresponding degree days. The latest and most widely used data covers the years from 1991 to 2020. Our calculations of “normal” weather are based on these published 30 year averages for heating degree days, weighted by volume for the locations where we have existing operations.

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of the consolidated results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries and should be read in conjunction with the historical financial and operating data and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

Volume

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, retail volume of home heating oil and propane sold decreased by 4.0 million gallons, or 3.3%, to 117.1 million gallons, compared to 121.1 million gallons for the three months ended March 31, 2023. For those locations where we had existing operations during both periods, which we sometimes refer to as the “base business” (i.e., excluding acquisitions), temperatures (measured on a heating degree day basis) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were 6.9% colder than the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 15.2% warmer than normal, as reported by NOAA. For the twelve months ended March 31, 2024, net customer attrition for the base business was 4.5%. The impact of fuel conservation, along with any period-to-period differences in delivery scheduling, the timing of accounts added or lost during the fiscal years, equipment efficiency, and other volume variances not otherwise described, are included in the chart below under the heading “Other.” An analysis of the change in the retail volume of home heating oil and propane, which is based on management’s estimates, sampling, and other mathematical calculations and certain assumptions, is found below:

(in millions of gallons)	Heating Oil and Propane
Volume - Three months ended March 31, 2023		121.1
Net customer attrition		(6.3	)
Impact of colder temperatures		8.8
Acquisitions		2.1
Other (a)		(8.6	)
Change		(4.0	)
Volume - Three months ended March 31, 2024		117.1

(a) Primarily represents changes in delivery timing.

The following chart sets forth the percentage by volume of total home heating oil sold to residential variable-price customers, residential price-protected customers and commercial/industrial/other customers for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023

	Three Months Ended
Customers	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Residential Variable		42.7	%		42.8	%
Residential Price-Protected (Ceiling and Fixed Price)		43.9	%		45.0	%
Commercial/Industrial		13.4	%		12.2	%
Total		100.0	%		100.0	%

Volume of motor fuel and other petroleum products sold decreased by 3.0 million gallons, or 9.1%, to 30.2 million gallons for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 33.2 million gallons for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Product Sales

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, product sales decreased by $73.9 million, or 11.0%, to $595.3 million, compared to $669.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in average selling prices and a decrease in total volume sold of 4.6%. Selling prices decreased largely due to a decrease in wholesale product cost of $0.3775 per gallon, or 12.5%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Product volumes and wholesale product cost include heating oil, propane, motor fuels and other petroleum products.

Installations and Service

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, installation and service revenue increased by $2.3 million, or 3.4%, to $70.7 million, compared to $68.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 driven by an increase in service revenue.

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Cost of Product

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, cost of product decreased $76.9 million, or 16.5%, to $389.4 million, compared to $466.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in wholesale product cost of $0.3775 per gallon, or 12.5%, and a decrease in total volume sold of 4.6%. Product volumes and wholesale product cost include heating oil, propane, motor fuels and other petroleum products.

Gross Profit — Product

The table below calculates our per gallon margins and reconciles product gross profit for home heating oil and propane and motor fuel and other petroleum products. We believe the change in home heating oil and propane margins should be evaluated before the effects of increases or decreases in the fair value of derivative instruments, as we believe that realized per gallon margins should not include the impact of non-cash changes in the market value of hedges before the settlement of the underlying transaction. On that basis, home heating oil and propane margins for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.0839 per gallon, or 5.3%, to $1.6768 per gallon, from $1.5929 per gallon during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Going forward, we cannot assume that per gallon margins realized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 are sustainable especially with the volatility in heating oil and propane costs. Product sales and cost of product include home heating oil, propane, other petroleum products and liquidated damages billings.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024				March 31, 2023
Home Heating Oil and Propane	Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon		Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon
Volume		117.1				121.1
Sales	$	508.2	$	4.3391	$	566.5	$	4.6767
Cost	$	311.8	$	2.6623	$	373.5	$	3.0838
Gross Profit	$	196.4	$	1.6768	$	193.0	$	1.5929

Motor Fuel and Other Petroleum Products	Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon		Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon
Volume		30.2				33.2
Sales	$	87.1	$	2.8876	$	102.7	$	3.0949
Cost	$	77.6	$	2.5719	$	92.8	$	2.7935
Gross Profit	$	9.5	$	0.3157	$	9.9	$	0.3014

Total Product	Amount (in millions)		Amount (in millions)
Sales	$	595.3	$	669.2
Cost	$	389.4	$	466.3
Gross Profit	$	205.9	$	202.9

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, total product gross profit was $205.9 million, which was $3.0 million, or 1.5%, higher than the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to an increase in home heating oil and propane margins ($9.8 million) that was partially offset by a decrease in home heating oil and propane volume sold ($6.4 million) and decrease in gross profit from other petroleum products ($0.4 million).

Cost of Installations and Service

Total installation costs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.3 million or 1.8%, to $21.7 million, compared to $21.4 million of installation costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was largely due to higher installation sales. Installation costs as a percentage of installation sales were 82.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 84.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Gross profit from installation increased by $0.7 million.

Service expense increased by $1.9 million, or 4.1%, to $48.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, representing 109.7% of service sales, versus $46.9 million, or 108.6% of service sales, for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The colder temperatures drove an increase in service calls and related expenses. In addition, a large proportion of our service expenses are incurred under fixed-fee prepaid service contract arrangements, therefore trends in service expenses may not directly correlate to trends in the related revenues. Gross loss from service decreased by $0.6 million.

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We realized a combined gross profit from service and installation of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a gross profit of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(Increase) Decrease in the Fair Value of Derivative Instruments

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the change in the fair value of derivative instruments resulted in an $11.8 million credit due to an increase in the market value for unexpired hedges (a $0.7 million credit) and an $11.1 million credit due to the expiration of certain hedged positions.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the change in the fair value of derivative instruments resulted in a $3.0 million charge due to a decrease in the market value for unexpired hedges (an $11.5 million charge), partially offset by an $8.5 million credit due to the expiration of certain hedged positions.

Delivery and Branch Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, delivery and branch expense increased $8.2 million, or 8.5%, to $104.1 million, compared to $95.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the company recorded a benefit under the weather hedge of $6.5 million compared to a benefit of $12.9 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that accounts for an increase in expense of $6.4 million. The increase was also driven by $1.8 million of acquisition related expenses. In the base business a $1.0 million increase in insurance expenses due to increasing premiums and expected claim costs and $0.7 million of other next expense increases was partially offset by a $1.7 million, or 4.6% reduction in delivery expenses due to the 3.3% decline in home heating oil and propane volume.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.1 million, or 1.6%, to $7.7 million, compared to $7.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to acquisitions.

General and Administrative Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses increased by $0.2 million or 2.8%, to $6.9 million, from $6.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to a $0.4 million reduction in the gain on sale of fixed assets that was partially offset by $0.2 million of other net expense decreases.

Finance Charge Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, finance charge income decreased by $0.5 million or 28.9% to $1.3 million, from $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to less late customer payment charges received on aged receivables that was partially driven by the reduction in sales.

Interest Expense, Net

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net interest expense decreased by $1.2 million, or 22.7%, to $3.8 million compared to $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The year-over-year change was driven by a decrease in average borrowings of $75.7 million from $276.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $200.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 that was partially offset by an increase in the weighted average interest rate from 6.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 7.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. To hedge against rising interest rates, the Company utilizes interest rate swaps. At March 31, 2024, approximately 39% of borrowings under Star's variable-rate long term debt were not subject to interest rate increases as a result of interest rate swaps.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, amortization of debt issuance cost decreased to $0.2 million from $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Income Tax Expense

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s income tax expense increased by $3.6 million to $27.9 million, from $24.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in the income tax expense was driven by a $10.0 million

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increase in income before income taxes and increase in the effective income tax rate from 28.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 29.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due primarily to an increase in state income taxes.

Net Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Star’s net income increased $6.3 million, to $68.4 million, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a favorable change in the fair value of derivative instruments of $14.8 million and a $1.2 million decrease in interest expense that was partially offset by a $5.8 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA and a $3.6 million increase in income tax expense.

Adjusted EBITDA

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Adjusted EBITDA decreased $5.8 million, to $96.3 million, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, as an increase in home heating oil and propane per gallon margins was more than offset by a 4.0 million gallon decrease in home heating oil and propane volume sold and a decrease in the weather hedge benefit of $6.4 million recorded for the quarter as compared to the prior year.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income, as an indicator of operating performance, or as an alternative to cash flow, as a measure of liquidity or ability to service debt obligations, but provides additional information for evaluating the Company’s ability to make the Minimum Quarterly Distribution. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are calculated as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023
Net income	$	68,374		$	62,041
Plus:
Income tax expense		27,870			24,253
Amortization of debt issuance costs		249			258
Interest expense, net		3,838			4,963
Depreciation and amortization		7,748			7,626
EBITDA (a)		108,079			99,141
(Increase) / decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments		(11,752	)		3,022
Adjusted EBITDA (a)		96,327			102,163
Add / (subtract)
Income tax expense		(27,870	)		(24,253	)
Interest expense, net		(3,838	)		(4,963	)
Provision for losses on accounts receivable		3,023			3,722
Increase in accounts receivables		(14,119	)		(9,600	)
Decrease in inventories		21,332			40,326
Decrease in customer credit balances		(39,763	)		(27,068	)
Change in deferred taxes		(1,165	)		(11,155	)
Change in other operating assets and liabilities		21,202			9,736
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	55,129		$	78,908
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(23,342	)	$	(2,013	)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(39,649	)	$	(77,401	)

(a)EBITDA (Earnings from continuing operations before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) and Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings from continuing operations before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, (increase) decrease in the fair value of derivatives, other income (loss), net, multiemployer pension plan withdrawal charge, gain or loss on debt redemption, goodwill impairment, and other non-cash and non-operating charges) are non-GAAP financial measures that are used as supplemental financial measures by management and external users of our financial statements, such as investors, commercial banks and research analysts, to assess:

• our compliance with certain financial covenants included in our debt agreements;

• our financial performance without regard to financing methods, capital structure, income taxes or historical cost basis;

• our operating performance and return on invested capital compared to those of other companies in the retail distribution of refined petroleum products, without regard to financing methods and capital structure;

• our ability to generate cash sufficient to pay interest on our indebtedness and to make distributions to our partners; and

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• the viability of acquisitions and capital expenditure projects and the overall rates of return of alternative investment opportunities.

The method of calculating Adjusted EBITDA may not be consistent with that of other companies, and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA both have limitations as analytical tools and so should not be viewed in isolation but in conjunction with measurements that are computed in accordance with GAAP. Some of the limitations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are:

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect our cash used for capital expenditures.

• Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated or amortized often will have to be replaced and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash requirements for such replacements;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital requirements;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash necessary to make payments of interest or principal on our indebtedness; and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash required to pay taxes.

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Six Months Ended March 31, 2024

Compared to the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023

Volume

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, retail volume of home heating oil and propane sold decreased by 13.0 million gallons, or 6.2%, to 197.3 million gallons, compared to 210.3 million gallons for the six months ended March 31, 2023. For those locations where we had existing operations during both periods, which we sometimes refer to as the “base business” (i.e., excluding acquisitions), temperatures (measured on a heating degree day basis) for the six months ended March 31, 2024 were 0.2% warmer than the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 14.7% warmer than normal, as reported by NOAA. For the twelve months ended March 31, 2024, net customer attrition for the base business was 4.5%. The impact of fuel conservation, along with any period-to-period differences in delivery scheduling, the timing of accounts added or lost during the fiscal years, equipment efficiency, and other volume variances not otherwise described, are included in the chart below under the heading “Other.” An analysis of the change in the retail volume of home heating oil and propane, which is based on management’s estimates, sampling, and other mathematical calculations and certain assumptions, is found below:

(in millions of gallons)	Heating Oil and Propane
Volume - Six months ended March 31, 2023		210.3
Net customer attrition		(10.9	)
Impact of warmer temperatures		(0.3	)
Acquisitions		2.9
Sale of certain assets		(0.1	)
Other		(4.6	)
Change		(13.0	)
Volume - Six months ended March 31, 2024		197.3

The following chart sets forth the percentage by volume of total home heating oil sold to residential variable-price customers, residential price-protected customers and commercial/industrial/other customers for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023:

	Six Months Ended
Customers	March 31, 2024			March 31, 2023
Residential Variable		42.5	%		42.8	%
Residential Price-Protected (Ceiling and Fixed Price)		43.8	%		44.5	%
Commercial/Industrial		13.7	%		12.7	%
Total		100.0	%		100.0	%

Volume of motor fuel and other petroleum products sold decreased by 6.3 million gallons, or 9.2%, to 62.5 million gallons for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 68.8 million gallons for the six months ended March 31, 2023.

Product Sales

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, product sales decreased by $0.2 billion, or 15.8%, to $1.0 billion, compared to $1.2 billion for the six months ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in average selling prices and a decrease in total volume sold of 6.9%. Selling prices decreased largely due to a decrease in wholesale product cost of $0.5048 per gallon, or 15.9%, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023. Product volumes and wholesale product cost include heating oil, propane, motor fuels and other petroleum products.

Installations and Service

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, installation and service revenue increased by $3.6 million, or 2.5%, to $150.3 million, compared to $146.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 driven by an increase in installation sales.

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Cost of Product

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, cost of product decreased $192.7 million, or 21.8%, to $692.7 million, compared to $885.4 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in wholesale product cost of $0.5048 per gallon, or 15.9% and a decrease in total volume sold of 6.9%. Product volumes and wholesale product cost include heating oil, propane, motor fuels and other petroleum products.

Gross Profit — Product

The table below calculates our per gallon margins and reconciles product gross profit for home heating oil and propane and motor fuel and other petroleum products. We believe the change in home heating oil and propane margins should be evaluated before the effects of increases or decreases in the fair value of derivative instruments, as we believe that realized per gallon margins should not include the impact of non-cash changes in the market value of hedges before the settlement of the underlying transaction. On that basis, home heating oil and propane margins for the six months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.1037 per gallon, or 6.6%, to $1.6764 per gallon, from $1.5727 per gallon during the six months ended March 31, 2023. Going forward, we cannot assume that per gallon margins realized during the six months ended March 31, 2024 are sustainable especially with the volatility in heating oil and propane costs. Product sales and cost of product include home heating oil, propane, other petroleum products and liquidated damages billings.

	Six Months Ended
	March 31, 2024				March 31, 2023
Home Heating Oil and Propane	Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon		Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon
Volume		197.3				210.3
Sales	$	859.4	$	4.3567	$	1,002.0	$	4.7637
Cost	$	528.7	$	2.6803	$	671.2	$	3.1910
Gross Profit	$	330.7	$	1.6764	$	330.8	$	1.5727

Motor Fuel and Other Petroleum Products	Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon		Amount (in millions)		Per Gallon
Volume		62.5				68.8
Sales	$	184.4	$	2.9495	$	237.2	$	3.4446
Cost	$	164.0	$	2.6228	$	214.2	$	3.1107
Gross Profit	$	20.4	$	0.3267	$	23.0	$	0.3339

Total Product	Amount (in millions)		Amount (in millions)
Sales	$	1,043.8	$	1,239.2
Cost	$	692.7	$	885.4
Gross Profit	$	351.1	$	353.8

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, total product gross profit was $351.1 million, which was $2.7 million, or 0.8%, lower than the six months ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in home heating oil and propane volume sold ($20.6 million) and decrease in gross profit from other petroleum products ($2.6 million), that was partially offset by an increase in home heating oil and propane margins ($20.5 million).

Cost of Installations and Service

Total installation costs for the six months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $1.1 million or 2.3%, to $49.2 million, compared to $48.1 million of installation costs for the six months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was largely due to higher installation sales. Installation costs as a percentage of installation sales were 81.3% for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 83.0% for the six months ended March 31, 2023. Gross profit from installation increased by $1.4 million.

Service expense decreased by $0.2 million, or 0.3%, to $96.5 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024, representing 107.5% of service sales, versus $96.7 million, or 109.1% of service sales, for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The warmer temperatures drove a decrease in service calls and related expenses. In addition, a large proportion of our service expenses are incurred under fixed-fee prepaid service contract arrangements, therefore trends in service expenses may not directly correlate to trends in the related revenues. Gross loss from service decreased by $1.4 million.

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We realized a combined gross profit from service and installation of $4.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024 compared to a gross profit of $1.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, a $2.8 million increase.

(Increase) Decrease in the Fair Value of Derivative Instruments

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the change in the fair value of derivative instruments resulted in a $7.3 million charge due to a decrease in the market value for unexpired hedges (a $3.5 million charge) and a $3.8 million charge due to the expiration of certain hedged positions.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the change in the fair value of derivative instruments resulted in a $20.7 million charge due to a decrease in the market value for unexpired hedges (a $13.5 million charge) and a $7.2 million charge due to the expiration of certain hedged positions.

Delivery and Branch Expenses

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, delivery and branch expense increased $4.5 million, or 2.4%, to $198.4 million, compared to $193.9 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the company recorded a benefit under the weather hedge of $7.5 million compared to a benefit of $12.5 million during the six months ended March 31, 2023 that accounts for a $5.0 million increase in expense. The increase was also driven by $2.7 million of acquisition related expenses and was partially offset by a $3.2 million, or 1.6% reduction in base business expenses. The decrease in the base business was driven by a $4.9 million, or 7.1% reduction in delivery expenses due to the 6.2% decline in home heating oil and propane volume, and other expense reductions of $1.2 million These decreases in the base business were partially offset by an increase in insurance expenses of $2.9 million due to increasing premiums and expected claim costs.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.7 million, or 4.3%, to $16.1 million, compared to $15.5 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to acquisitions.

General and Administrative Expenses

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses increased by $0.3 million or 2.6%, to $13.9 million, from $13.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, due to a $0.4 million reduction in the gain on the sale of fixed assets and a $0.4 million increase in salaries and benefits expenses that were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in profit sharing expense and $0.1 million of other net expense decreases. The Company accrues approximately 6.0% of Adjusted EBITDA as defined in its profit sharing plan for distribution to its employees. This amount is payable when the Company achieves Adjusted EBITDA of at least 70% of the amount budgeted. The dollar amount of the profit sharing pool adjusts accordingly based on Adjusted EBITDA levels achieved.

Finance Charge Income

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, finance charge income decreased by $1.1 million or 34.3% to $2.0 million, from $3.1 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023, due to less late customer payment charges received on aged receivables that was partially driven by the reduction in sales.

Interest Expense, Net

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, net interest expense decreased by $2.1 million, or 23.6%, to $7.1 million compared to $9.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The year-over-year change was driven by a decrease in average borrowings of $81.6 million from $260.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 to $178.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024 that was partially offset by an increase in the weighted average interest rate from 6.2% for the six months ended March 31, 2023 to 7.2% for the six months ended March 31, 2024. To hedge against rising interest rates, the Company utilizes interest rate swaps. At March 31, 2024, approximately 39% of borrowings under Star's variable-rate long term debt were not subject to interest rate increases as a result of interest rate swaps.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, amortization of debt issuance cost decreased to $0.5 million from $0.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023.

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Income Tax Expense

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s income tax expense increased by $3.3 million to $33.0 million, from $29.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in the income tax expense was driven by a $9.1 million increase in income before income taxes and increase in the effective income tax rate from 28.2% for the six months ended March 31, 2023 to 28.9% for the six months ended March 31, 2024 due primarily to an increase in state income taxes.

Net Income

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, Star’s net income increased $5.8 million, to $81.4 million, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a favorable change in the fair value of derivative instruments of $13.4 million and a $2.1 million decrease in interest expense that was partially offset by a $5.9 million reduction in Adjusted EBITDA, a $3.3 million increase in income tax expense and a $0.7 million increase in depreciation and amortization expenses.

Adjusted EBITDA

For the six months ended March 31, 2024, Adjusted EBITDA decreased $5.9 million to $145.4 million, compared to the six months ended March 31, 2023, as an increase in home heating oil and propane per gallon margins and an increase in service and installation profitability was more than offset by a 13.0 million gallon decrease in home heating oil and propane volume sold and a decrease in the weather hedge benefit of $5.0 million compared to the prior year.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income, as an indicator of operating performance, or as an alternative to cash flow, as a measure of liquidity or ability to service debt obligations, but provides additional information for evaluating the Company’s ability to make the Minimum Quarterly Distribution. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are calculated as follows:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023
Net income	$	81,353		$	75,580
Plus:
Income tax expense		33,044			29,716
Amortization of debt issuance costs		499			587
Interest expense, net		7,056			9,237
Depreciation and amortization		16,134			15,463
EBITDA (a)		138,086			130,583
(Increase) / decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments		7,278			20,658
Adjusted EBITDA (a)		145,364			151,241
Add / (subtract)
Income tax expense		(33,044	)		(29,716	)
Interest expense, net		(7,056	)		(9,237	)
Provision for losses on accounts receivable		3,672			4,768
Increase in accounts receivables		(87,709	)		(124,764	)
(Increase) decrease in inventories		(5,473	)		11,609
Decrease in customer credit balances		(61,615	)		(41,768	)
Change in deferred taxes		(2,756	)		(12,379	)
Change in other operating assets and liabilities		43,438			36,413
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(5,179	)	$	(13,833	)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(29,217	)	$	(4,099	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	1,268		$	25,397

(a)EBITDA (Earnings from continuing operations before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization) and Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings from continuing operations before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, (increase) decrease in the fair value of derivatives, other income (loss), net, multiemployer pension plan withdrawal charge, gain or loss on debt redemption, goodwill impairment, and other non-cash and non-operating charges) are non-GAAP financial measures that are used as supplemental financial measures by management and external users of our financial statements, such as investors, commercial banks and research analysts, to assess:

• our compliance with certain financial covenants included in our debt agreements;

• our financial performance without regard to financing methods, capital structure, income taxes or historical cost basis;

35

• our operating performance and return on invested capital compared to those of other companies in the retail distribution of refined petroleum products, without regard to financing methods and capital structure;

• our ability to generate cash sufficient to pay interest on our indebtedness and to make distributions to our partners; and

• the viability of acquisitions and capital expenditure projects and the overall rates of return of alternative investment opportunities.

The method of calculating Adjusted EBITDA may not be consistent with that of other companies, and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA both have limitations as analytical tools and so should not be viewed in isolation but in conjunction with measurements that are computed in accordance with GAAP. Some of the limitations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are:

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect our cash used for capital expenditures.

• Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated or amortized often will have to be replaced and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash requirements for such replacements;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital requirements;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash necessary to make payments of interest or principal on our indebtedness; and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the cash required to pay taxes.

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DISCUSSION OF CASH FLOWS

We use the indirect method to prepare our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Under this method, we reconcile net income to cash flows provided by operating activities by adjusting net income for those items that impact net income but do not result in actual cash receipts or payment during the period.

Operating Activities

Due to the seasonal nature of our business, cash is generally used in operations during the winter (our first and second fiscal quarters) as we require additional working capital to support the high volume of sales during this period, and cash is generally provided by operating activities during the spring and summer (our third and fourth fiscal quarters) when customer payments exceed the cost of deliveries.

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities decreased $8.7 million, to $5.2 million, compared to $13.8 million during the six months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was driven by an increase in collection of trade receivables on a comparable basis (including accounts receivable and customer credit balance accounts) of $17.2 million and $6.5 million increase in cash flows from operations. Further, we paid $5.2 million less in payroll taxes in the first fiscal quarter of 2024 versus the first fiscal quarter of 2023 as the result of deferring payment of certain payroll tax withholdings in first quarter of fiscal 2021 to the first fiscal quarter of fiscal 2023. These benefits to cash flows from operations were partially offset by a $10.9 million increase in cash required to purchase product inventory, a $5.8 million decrease in collection of derivative settlement receivables on a comparative basis and $3.5 million of other net changes in working capital.

Investing Activities

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company acquired one propane and three heating oil businesses for an aggregate price of approximately $22.6 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $14.4 million to intangible assets, $6.3 million to goodwill, $2.8 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital.

Our capital expenditures for the six months ended March 31, 2024 totaled $6.0 million, as we invested in computer hardware and software ($0.9 million), refurbished certain physical plants ($1.3 million), expanded our propane operations ($0.8 million) and made additions to our fleet and other equipment ($3.0 million).

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, $0.9 million of earnings were reinvested into an irrevocable trust established in connection with our captive insurance company. The cash deposited into the trust is shown on our balance sheet as captive insurance collateral and, correspondingly, reduced cash on our balance sheet. We believe that investments into the irrevocable trust lower our letter of credit fees, increase interest income on invested cash balances, and provide us with certain tax advantages attributable to a captive insurance company.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold certain assets for cash proceeds of $2.2 million and acquired two heating oil businesses for an aggregate price of approximately $1.2 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $1.7 million to intangible assets, $0.2 million to goodwill, $0.2 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital.

Our capital expenditures for the six months ended March 31, 2023 totaled $5.2 million, as we invested in computer hardware and software ($0.4 million), refurbished certain physical plants ($0.5 million), expanded our propane operations ($0.9 million) and made additions to our fleet and other equipment ($3.4 million).

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, $0.5 million of earnings were reinvested into the irrevocable trust.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended March 31, 2024, we repaid $12.3 million of our term loan, borrowed $79.6 million under our revolving credit facility, repurchased approximately 0.2 million Common Units, at an average price paid of $10.92 per unit, for $2.5 million, in connection with our unit repurchase plan, and paid distributions of $11.6 million to our Common Unit holders and $0.7 million to our General Partner unit holders (including $0.6 million of incentive distributions as provided in our Partnership Agreement).

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repaid $8.3 million of our term loan, borrowed $125.6 million under our revolving credit facility and subsequently repaid $75.9 million, repurchased 0.5 million Common Units for $4.5 million, in connection with our unit repurchase plan, and paid distributions of $10.9 million to our Common Unit holders and $0.6 million to our General Partner unit holders (including $0.5 million of incentive distributions as provided in our Partnership Agreement).

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FINANCING AND SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY

Liquidity and Capital Resources Comparatives

Our primary uses of liquidity are to provide funds for our working capital, capital expenditures, distributions on our units, acquisitions and unit repurchases. Our ability to provide funds for such uses depends on our future performance, which will be subject to prevailing economic, financial, geopolitical and business conditions, weather, the ability to collect current and future accounts receivable, the ability to pass on the full impact of high product costs to customers, the effects of high net customer attrition, conservation, inflation and other factors. Capital requirements, at least in the near term, are expected to be provided by cash flows from operating activities, cash on hand as of March 31, 2024 ($12.1 million) or a combination thereof. We believe that these cash sources will also be sufficient to satisfy our capital requirements in the longer-term. However, if they are not sufficient, we anticipate that working capital will be financed by our revolving credit facility, as discussed below, and from subsequent seasonal reductions in inventory and accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2024, we had accounts receivable of $198.3 million of which $155.5 million is due from residential customers and $42.8 million is due from commercial customers. Our ability to borrow from our bank group is based in part on the aging of these accounts receivable. If these balances do not meet the eligibility tests as defined in our sixth amended and restated credit agreement, our ability to borrow will be reduced and our anticipated cash flow from operating activities will also be reduced. As of March 31, 2024, we had $29.2 million of borrowings under our revolving credit facility, $136.3 million outstanding under our term loan, $3.2 million in letters of credit outstanding and $2.2 million hedge positions were secured under the credit agreement.

Under the terms of the sixth amended and restated credit agreement, as amended, we are required to maintain at all times a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 through February 27, 2024 and 1.15 thereafter if Availability (borrowing base less amounts borrowed and letters of credit issued) is less than 12.5% of the maximum facility size. We are also required to maintain a senior secured leverage ratio that cannot be more than 3.0 as of June 30th or September 30th, and no more than 5.5 as of December 31st or March 31st. As of March 31, 2024, Availability, as defined in the sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement, as amended, was $221.8 million and we were in compliance with the financial covenants.

Maintenance capital expenditures for the remainder of fiscal 2024 are estimated to be approximately $7.0 million to $8.0 million, excluding the capital requirements for leased fleet. In addition, we plan to invest $1.0 million to $2.0 million in our propane operations. If, and only to the extent that, cash distributions to our unitholders remain at the current quarterly level of $0.1725 per unit for the balance of fiscal 2024, the Company would make aggregate payments of approximately $12.2 million to Common Unit holders, $0.7 million to our General Partner (including $0.7 million of incentive distribution as provided for in our Partnership Agreement) and $0.7 million to management pursuant to the management incentive compensation plan which provides for certain members of management to receive incentive distributions that would otherwise be payable to the General Partner. The amount of cash distributions payable to our unitholders, if any, depends on the amount of cash flow generated by the Company and our compliance with certain financial covenants under our sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement. Under the terms of our sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement, our term loan is repayable in quarterly payments of $4.1 million and we expect to pay $8.3 million for the remainder of fiscal 2024. Further, subject to any additional liquidity issues or concerns resulting from wholesale price volatility and our compliance with the financial covenants under our sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement, we may repurchase Common Units pursuant to our unit repurchase plan, as amended from time to time, and seek attractive acquisition opportunities within the Availability constraints of our revolving credit facility and funding resources.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

There has been no material change to Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements since our September 30, 2023 Form 10-K disclosure and therefore, the table has not been included in this Form 10-Q.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for discussion regarding the impact of accounting standards that were recently adopted and issued but not yet effective, on our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policy and Critical Accounting Estimates

We believe that there have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policy and critical accounting estimates during the six months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to those we disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. While

38

our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed in any significant way during the six months ended March 31, 2024, the following provides disclosures about our critical accounting policy and critical accounting estimates.

Critical Accounting Policy

Fair Values of Derivatives

FASB ASC 815-10-05, Derivatives and Hedging, requires that derivative instruments be recorded at fair value and included in the consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities. The Company has elected not to designate its commodity derivative instruments as hedging instruments under this guidance, and therefore the change in fair value of those derivative instruments are recognized in our statement of operations.

We have established the fair value of our derivative instruments using estimates determined by our counterparties and subsequently evaluated them internally using established index prices and other sources. These values are based upon, among other things, futures prices, volatility, time-to-maturity value and credit risk. The estimate of fair value we report in our financial statements changes as these estimates are revised to reflect actual results, changes in market conditions, or other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Self-Insurance Liabilities

We currently self-insure a portion of workers’ compensation, auto, general liability and medical claims. We establish and periodically evaluate self-insurance liabilities based upon expectations as to what our ultimate liability may be for outstanding claims using developmental factors based upon historical claim experience, including frequency, severity, demographic factors and other actuarial assumptions, supplemented with the support of a qualified third-party actuary. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $77.5 million of self-insurance liabilities. The ultimate resolution of these claims could differ materially from the assumptions used to calculate the self-insurance liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on results of operations.

39

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk primarily through our bank credit facilities. We utilize these borrowings to meet our working capital needs.

At March 31, 2024, we had outstanding borrowings totaling $165.5 million, of which $111.7 million are subject to variable interest rates under our credit agreement. In the event that interest rates associated with this facility were to increase 100 basis points, the after tax impact on annual future cash flows would be a decrease of $0.8 million.

Market Risk

We regularly use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to market risk related to changes in the current and future market price of home heating oil and vehicle fuels. The value of market sensitive derivative instruments is subject to change as a result of movements in market prices. Sensitivity analysis is a technique used to evaluate the impact of hypothetical market value changes. Based on a hypothetical ten percent increase in the cost of product at March 31, 2024, the potential impact on our hedging activity would be to increase the fair market value of these outstanding derivatives by $5.5 million to a fair market value of $3.3 million; and conversely a hypothetical ten percent decrease in the cost of product would decrease the fair market value of these outstanding derivatives by $3.5 million to a fair market value of $(5.7) million.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

The General Partner’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of March 31, 2024. Based on that evaluation, such chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 at the reasonable level of assurance. For purposes of Rule 13a-15(e), the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”) (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

b) Change in internal control over financial reporting

No changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

c) Other

The General Partner and the Company believe that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a Company have been detected. Therefore, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide such reasonable assurances of achieving our desired control objectives, and the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of the General Partner have concluded, as of March 31, 2024, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in achieving that level of reasonable assurance.

40

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

In the opinion of management, we are not a party to any litigation, which individually or in the aggregate could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Report, investors should carefully review and consider the information regarding certain factors, which could materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows set forth in Part I Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Fiscal 2023 Form 10-K. We may disclose changes to such factors or disclose additional factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.

Item 2.

Purchase of Equity Securities by Issuer

Note 4 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements concerning the Company’s repurchase of Common Units during the six months ended March 31, 2024 is incorporated into this Item 2 by reference.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

N/A

Item 5.

Other Information

(a) N/A

(b) N/A

(c) Trading Plans. During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements.

41

Item 6.

Exhibits

(a)Exhibits Included Within:

3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Limited Partnership (Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 9, 2006.)
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Limited Partnership (Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on October 27, 2017.)
3.3	Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership (Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on November 6, 2017.)
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer, Star Group, L.P., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer, Star Group, L.P., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).
32.1**	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following materials from the Star Group, L.P. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Partners’ Capital, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) related notes.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith

** The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

42

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrants have duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf of the undersigned thereunto duly authorized:

Star Group, L.P.
(Registrant)
By:	Kestrel Heat LLC AS GENERAL PARTNER

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Richard F. Ambury Richard F. Ambury	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of Kestrel Heat LLC (Principal Financial Officer)	May 1, 2024
Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Cory A. Czekanski Cory A. Czekanski	Vice President – Controller of Kestrel Heat LLC (Principal Accounting Officer)	May 1, 2024

43

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Jeffrey M. Woosnam, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Star Group, L.P. (“Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal controls over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information and;

(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 1, 2024

/s/ Jeffrey M. Woosnam

Jeffrey M. Woosnam

President and Chief Executive Officer

Star Group, L.P.

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Richard F. Ambury, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Star Group, L.P. (“Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrants’ other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal controls over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(c) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information and;

(d) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 1, 2024

/s/ Richard F. Ambury

Richard F. Ambury

Chief Financial Officer

Star Group, L.P.

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Star Group, L.P. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jeffrey M. Woosnam, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify to my knowledge pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, following due inquiry, I believe that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Star Group, L.P. and will be retained by Star Group, L.P. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

	STAR GROUP, L.P.
	By:	KESTREL HEAT, LLC (General Partner)
Date: May 1, 2024
	By:	/s/ Jeffrey M. Woosnam
		Jeffrey M. Woosnam
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		Star Group, L.P.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Star Group, L.P. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Richard F. Ambury, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify to my knowledge pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, following due inquiry, I believe that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Star Group, L.P. and will be retained by Star Group, L.P. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

	STAR GROUP, L.P.
	By:	KESTREL HEAT, LLC (General Partner)
		/s/ Richard F. Ambury
Date: May 1, 2024	By:	Richard F. Ambury
		Chief Financial Officer
		Star Group, L.P.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Apr. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Trading Symbol	SGU
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Units
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Registrant Name	STAR GROUP, L.P.
Entity Central Index Key	0001002590
Entity Tax Identification Number	06-1437793
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-14129
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		35,230,492
Entity Address, Address Line One	9 West Broad Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Stamford
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06902
City Area Code	(203)
Local Phone Number	328-7310

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$ 12,063	$ 45,191
Receivables, net of allowance of $8,896 and $8,375, respectively		198,280	114,079
Inventories		63,293	56,463
Fair asset value of derivative instruments		222	10,660
Weather hedge contract receivable		7,498	0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		28,574	28,308
Total current assets		309,930	254,701
Property and equipment, net		106,141	105,404
Operating lease right-of-use assets		87,834	90,643
Goodwill		268,360	262,103
Intangibles, net		81,359	76,306
Restricted cash		250	250
Captive insurance collateral		72,811	70,717
Deferred charges and other assets, net		13,067	15,354
Total assets		939,752	875,478
Current liabilities
Accounts payable		37,597	35,609
Revolving credit facility borrowings		29,239	240
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		2,189	118
Current maturities of long-term debt		16,500	20,500
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		18,030	18,085
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		147,796	115,606
Unearned service contract revenue		72,900	63,215
Customer credit balances		51,276	111,508
Total current liabilities		375,527	364,881
Long-term debt	[1]	119,189	127,327
Long-term operating lease liabilities		74,615	77,600
Deferred tax liabilities, net		23,207	25,771
Other long-term liabilities		16,079	16,175
Partners’ capital
Common unitholders		348,382	281,862
General partner		(4,544)	(4,615)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		(12,703)	(13,523)
Total partners’ capital		331,135	263,724
Total liabilities and partners’ capital		$ 939,752	$ 875,478

[1] Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Receivables, allowance	$ 8,896	$ 8,375

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Sales:
Total sales		$ 666,032	$ 737,617	$ 1,194,128	$ 1,385,804
Cost and expenses:
(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments	[1]	(11,752)	3,022	7,278	20,658
Delivery and branch expenses		104,085	95,942	198,449	193,878
Depreciation and amortization expenses		7,748	7,626	16,134	15,463
General and administrative expenses		6,887	6,698	13,908	13,554
Finance charge income		(1,253)	(1,764)	(2,024)	(3,083)
Operating income		100,331	91,515	121,952	115,120
Interest expense, net		(3,838)	(4,963)	(7,056)	(9,237)
Amortization of debt issuance costs		(249)	(258)	(499)	(587)
Income before income taxes		96,244	86,294	114,397	105,296
Income tax expense		27,870	24,253	33,044	29,716
Net income		68,374	62,041	81,353	75,580
General Partner's interest in net income		620	562	738	684
Limited Partners' interest in net income		$ 67,754	$ 61,479	$ 80,615	$ 74,896
Basic and diluted income per Limited Partner Unit:	[2]	$ 1.56	$ 1.42	$ 1.88	$ 1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding:
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding, Basic		35,549	35,653	35,571	35,786
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding, Diluted		35,549	35,653	35,571	35,786
Product
Sales:
Total sales		$ 595,298	$ 669,212	$ 1,043,848	$ 1,239,141
Installations and services
Sales:
Total sales		70,734	68,405	150,280	146,663
Cost of product
Cost and expenses:
Cost and expenses		389,394	466,267	692,732	885,360
Cost of installations and services
Cost and expenses:
Cost and expenses		$ 70,592	$ 68,311	$ 145,699	$ 144,854

[1] Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

[2] See Note 15 - Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit.

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 68,374	$ 62,041	$ 81,353	$ 75,580
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	319	382	638	762
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	(85)	(104)	(160)	(201)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	263	775	1,195	1,130
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	(50)	(164)	(252)	(238)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	221	(704)	(821)	(1,081)
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	(65)	186	220	288
Total other comprehensive income	603	371	820	660
Total comprehensive income	$ 68,977	$ 62,412	$ 82,173	$ 76,240

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PARTNERS' CAPITAL - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	General Partner	Common Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Beginning Balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 257,915	$ (3,656)	$ 277,177	$ (15,606)
Beginning Balance, unit at Sep. 30, 2022		326	36,092
Net income	75,580	$ 684	$ 74,896
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	762			762
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	(201)			(201)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	1,130			1,130
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	(238)			(238)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	(1,081)			(1,081)
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	288			288
Distributions	(11,505)	(581)	(10,924)
Retirement of units	(4,475)		$ (4,475)
Retirement of units, shares			(489)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	318,175	$ (3,553)	$ 336,674	(14,946)
Ending Balance, Unit at Mar. 31, 2023		326	35,603
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	262,373	$ (3,826)	$ 281,516	(15,317)
Beginning Balance, unit at Dec. 31, 2022		326	35,681
Net income	62,041	$ 562	$ 61,479
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	382			382
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	(104)			(104)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	775			775
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	(164)			(164)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	(704)			(704)
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	186			186
Distributions	(5,731)	(289)	(5,442)
Retirement of units	(879)		$ (879)
Retirement of units, shares			(78)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	318,175	$ (3,553)	$ 336,674	(14,946)
Ending Balance, Unit at Mar. 31, 2023		326	35,603
Beginning Balance at Sep. 30, 2023	263,724	$ (4,615)	$ 281,862	(13,523)
Beginning Balance, unit at Sep. 30, 2023		326	35,603
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	270,652	$ (4,831)	$ 288,789	(13,306)
Ending Balance, Unit at Dec. 31, 2023		326	35,590
Beginning Balance at Sep. 30, 2023	263,724	$ (4,615)	$ 281,862	(13,523)
Beginning Balance, unit at Sep. 30, 2023		326	35,603
Net income	81,353	$ 738	$ 80,615
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	638			638
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	(160)			(160)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	1,195			1,195
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	(252)			(252)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	(821)			(821)
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	220			220
Distributions	(12,234)	(667)	(11,567)
Retirement of units	(2,528)		$ (2,528)
Retirement of units, shares			(231)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2024	331,135	$ (4,544)	$ 348,382	(12,703)
Ending Balance, Unit at Mar. 31, 2024		326	35,372
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	270,652	$ (4,831)	$ 288,789	(13,306)
Beginning Balance, unit at Dec. 31, 2023		326	35,590
Net income	68,374	$ 620	$ 67,754
Unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	319			319
Tax effect of unrealized gain on pension plan obligation	(85)			(85)
Unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	263			263
Tax effect of unrealized gain on captive insurance collateral	(50)			(50)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	221			221
Tax effect of unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges	(65)			(65)
Distributions	(6,116)	(333)	(5,783)
Retirement of units	(2,378)		$ (2,378)
Retirement of units, shares			(218)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 331,135	$ (4,544)	$ 348,382	$ (12,703)
Ending Balance, Unit at Mar. 31, 2024		326	35,372

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands		6 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:
Net income		$ 81,353	$ 75,580
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments	[1]	7,278	20,658
Depreciation and amortization		16,633	16,050
Provision for losses on accounts receivable		3,672	4,768
Change in deferred taxes		(2,756)	(12,379)
Change in weather hedge contracts		(7,498)	(12,500)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in receivables		(87,709)	(124,764)
(Increase) decrease in inventorie		(5,473)	11,609
Decrease in other assets		9,708	14,199
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable		2,852	(7,516)
Decrease in customer credit balances		(61,615)	(41,768)
Increase in other current and long-term liabilities		38,376	42,230
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,179)	(13,833)
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(6,022)	(5,182)
Proceeds from sales of fixed assets		328	539
Proceeds from sale of certain assets		0	2,202
Purchase of investments		(946)	(465)
Acquisitions		(22,577)	(1,193)
Net cash used in investing activities		(29,217)	(4,099)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:
Revolving credit facility borrowings		79,596	125,601
Revolving credit facility repayments		(50,597)	(75,941)
Term loan repayments		(12,250)	(8,250)
Distributions		(12,234)	(11,505)
Unit repurchases		(2,528)	(4,475)
Customer retainage payments		(719)	(33)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,268	25,397
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(33,128)	7,465
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		45,441	14,870
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period		$ 12,313	$ 22,335

[1] Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ 68,374	$ 62,041	$ 81,353	$ 75,580

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Organization

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization

1) Organization

Star Group, L.P. (“Star,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a full service provider specializing in the sale of home heating and air conditioning products and services to residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers. The Company has one reportable segment for accounting purposes. We also sell diesel fuel, gasoline and home heating oil on a delivery only basis. We believe we are the nation’s largest retail distributor of home heating oil based upon sales volume.

The Company is organized as follows:

•Star is a limited partnership, which at March 31, 2024, had outstanding 35.4 million Common Units (NYSE: “SGU”), representing a 99.1% limited partner interest in Star, and 0.3 million general partner units, representing a 0.9% general partner interest in Star. Our general partner is Kestrel Heat, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Kestrel Heat” or the “general partner”). The Board of Directors of Kestrel Heat (the “Board”) is appointed by its sole member, Kestrel Energy Partners, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Kestrel”). Although Star is a partnership, it is taxed as a corporation and its distributions to unitholders are treated as taxable dividends.

•Star owns 100% of Star Acquisitions, Inc. (“SA”), a Minnesota corporation that owns 100% of Petro Holdings, Inc. (“Petro”). SA and its subsidiaries are subject to Federal and state corporate income taxes. Star’s operations are conducted through Petro and its subsidiaries. Petro is primarily a Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S. region retail distributor of home heating oil and propane that at March 31, 2024 served approximately 403,700 full service residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers and 60,800 customers on a delivery only basis. We also sell gasoline and diesel fuel to approximately 26,700 customers. We install, maintain, and repair heating and air conditioning equipment and to a lesser extent provide these services outside our heating oil and propane customer base including approximately 20,700 service contracts for natural gas and other heating systems.

•Petroleum Heat and Power Co., Inc. (“PH&P”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Star. PH&P is the borrower and Star is the guarantor of the sixth amended and restated credit agreement’s $165 million five-year senior secured term loan and the $400 million ($550 million during the heating season of December through April of each year) revolving credit facility, both due July 6, 2027. (See Note 11—Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Star and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany items and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The financial information included herein is unaudited; however, such information reflects all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments), which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair statement of financial condition and results for the interim periods. Due to the seasonal nature of the Company’s business, the results of operations and cash flows for the six-month period ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

These interim financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of Net income and Other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income consists of the unrealized gain on amortization on the Company’s pension plan obligation for its two frozen defined benefit pension plans, unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges and the corresponding tax effects.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At March 31, 2024, the $12.3 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $12.1 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. At September 30, 2023, the $45.4 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $45.2 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. Restricted cash represents deposits held by our captive insurance company that are required by state insurance regulations to remain in the captive insurance company as cash.

Fair Value Valuation Approach

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

•Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

•Level 2 inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

•Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

Captive Insurance Collateral

The captive insurance collateral is held by our captive insurance company in an irrevocable trust as collateral for certain workers’ compensation and automobile liability claims. The collateral is required by a third party insurance carrier that insures per claim amounts above a set deductible. If we did not deposit cash into the trust, the third party carrier would require that we issue an equal amount of letters of credit, which would reduce our availability under the sixth amended and restated credit agreement. Due to the expected timing of claim payments, the nature of the collateral agreement with the carrier, and our captive insurance company’s source of other operating cash, the collateral is not expected to be used to pay obligations within the next twelve months.

Unrealized gains and losses, net of related income taxes, are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for losses from impairments which are determined to be other-than-temporary. Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in the determination of net income and are included in Interest expense, net, at which time the average cost basis of these securities are adjusted to fair value.

Weather Hedge Contract

To partially mitigate the adverse effect of warm weather on cash flows, the Company has used weather hedge contracts for a number of years. Weather hedge contracts are recorded in accordance with the intrinsic value method defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815-45-15 Derivatives and Hedging, Weather Derivatives (EITF 99-2). The premium paid is included in the caption “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the accompanying balance sheets and amortized over the life of the contract, with the intrinsic value method applied at each interim period.

The Company entered into weather hedge contracts for fiscal years 2023 and 2024. The hedge period runs from November 1 through March 31, taken as a whole. The “Payment Thresholds,” or strikes, are set at various levels and are referenced against degree days for the prior ten year average. Under these contracts, the maximum amount the Company can receive is $12.5 million annually. For the contracts applicable to fiscal 2023, we were additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceeded the Payment Threshold. This obligation does not exist under the contract applicable to fiscal year 2024.

The temperatures experienced during the hedge period through March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were warmer than the strikes in the weather hedge contracts. As a result at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company reduced delivery and branch expenses and recorded a receivable under those contracts of $7.5 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The amounts were received in full in April 2024 and April 2023, respectively.

For fiscal 2025, the Company entered into weather hedge contracts with the similar hedge period described above. The maximum that the Company can receive is $15.0 million annually and we are additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceed the Payment Threshold.

New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund (“the NETTI Fund”) Liability

As of March 31, 2024, we had $0.3 million and $15.8 million balances included in the captions “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities,” respectively, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet representing the remaining balance of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability. As of September 30, 2023, we had $0.3 million and $16.0 million balances reflected in these categories respectively. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for long-term financing of a similar maturity, the fair value of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was $18.9 million and $18.5 million, respectively. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of this liability.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires accounting for contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers in a business combination to be accounted for in accordance with ASC No. 606. The Company adopted the ASU effective October 1, 2023. The Company's adoption of the ASU did not have an impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The disclosure requirements included in ASU No. 2023-07 are required for all public entities, including entities with a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance is required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to income tax disclosures, which requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption is either with a prospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements.

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Revenue Recognition

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

3) Revenue Recognition

The following disaggregates our revenue by major sources for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Petroleum Products:
Home heating oil and propane	$	508,155	$	566,457	$	859,369	$	1,001,980
Other petroleum products		87,143		102,755		184,479		237,161
Total petroleum products		595,298		669,212		1,043,848		1,239,141
Installations and Services:
Equipment installations		26,224		25,208		60,539		57,997
Equipment maintenance service contracts		29,386		28,961		58,302		57,677
Billable call services		15,124		14,236		31,439		30,989
Total installations and services		70,734		68,405		150,280		146,663
Total Sales	$	666,032	$	737,617	$	1,194,128	$	1,385,804

Deferred Contract Costs

We recognize an asset for incremental commission expenses paid to sales personnel in conjunction with obtaining new residential customer product and equipment maintenance service contracts. We defer these costs only when we have determined the commissions are, in fact, incremental and would not have been incurred absent the customer contract. Costs to obtain a contract are amortized and recorded ratably as delivery and branch expenses over the period representing the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate. Costs to obtain new residential product and equipment maintenance service contracts are amortized as expense over the estimated customer relationship period of approximately five years. Deferred contract costs are classified as current or non-current within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net,” respectively. At March 31, 2024, the amount of deferred contract costs included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net” was $3.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the amount of deferred contract costs included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Deferred charges and other assets, net” was $3.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 we recognized expense of $1.8 million and for the six months ended March 31, 2023 we recognized expense of $2.0 million associated with the amortization of deferred contract costs within “Delivery and branch expenses” in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Contract Liability Balances

The Company has contract liabilities for advanced payments received from customers for future oil deliveries (primarily amounts received from customers on “smart pay” budget payment plans in advance of oil deliveries) and obligations to service customers with equipment maintenance service contracts. Contract liabilities are recognized straight-line over the service contract period, generally one year or less. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 the Company had contract liabilities of $118.5 million and $170.3 million, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized $133.2 million of revenue that was included in the September 30, 2023 contract liability balance. During the six months ended March 31, 2023 the Company recognized $117.4 million of revenue that was included in the September 30, 2022 contract liability balance.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivables from customers are recorded at the invoiced amounts. Finance charges may be applied to trade receivables that are more than 30 days past due, and are recorded as finance charge income.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s estimate of the amount of trade receivables that may not be collectible. The allowance is determined at an aggregate level by grouping accounts based on certain account criteria and its receivable aging. The allowance is based on both quantitative and qualitative factors, including historical loss experience, historical collection patterns, overdue status, aging trends, current and future economic conditions. The Company has an established process to periodically review current and past due trade receivable balances to determine the adequacy of the allowance. No single statistic or measurement determines the adequacy of the allowance. The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of losses inherent in its trade receivables at the balance sheet date. Different assumptions or changes in economic conditions could result in material changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are as follows:

(in thousands)	Credit Loss Allowance
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	8,375
Current period provision		3,672
Write-offs, net and other		(3,151	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	8,896

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Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement

4) Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement

In July 2012, the Board adopted a plan to repurchase certain of the Company’s Common Units (the “Repurchase Plan”). Through May 2023, the Company had repurchased approximately 20.5 million Common Units under the Repurchase Plan. In May 2023, the Board authorized an increase of the number of Common Units that remained available for the Company to repurchase from 1.1 million to a total of 2.6 million, of which, approximately 2.3 million were available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million were available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions. There is no guarantee of the number of units that will be purchased under the Repurchase Plan and the Company may discontinue purchases at any time. The Repurchase Plan does not have a time limit. The Board may also approve additional purchases of units from time to time in private transactions. The Company’s repurchase activities take into account SEC safe harbor rules and guidance for issuer repurchases. All of the Common Units purchased under the Repurchase Plan will be retired.

Under the Company’s sixth amended and restated credit agreement dated July 6, 2022, as amended, in order to pay distributions and repurchase Common Units, we must maintain Availability (as defined in the sixth amended and restated credit agreement) of $60 million, 15.0% of the facility size of $400 million (assuming no borrowings under the seasonal advance) on a historical pro forma and forward-looking basis, and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 through February 27, 2024 and 1.15 thereafter measured as of the date of repurchase or distribution. (See Note 11—Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings).

The following table shows repurchases under the Repurchase Plan:

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Period	Total Number of Units Purchased		Average Price Paid per Unit (a)		Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased
Fiscal year 2012 to 2023 total		25,422	$	8.82		20,534		2,568
First quarter fiscal year 2024 total		13	$	11.27		13		2,555
January 2024		15	$	11.27		15		2,540
February 2024		90		11.03		90		2,450
March 2024		113		10.78		113		2,337
Second quarter fiscal year 2024 total		218	$	10.92		218		2,337
April 2024		141	$	10.58		141		2,196	(b)

(a)Amount includes repurchase costs.

(b)Of the total available for repurchase, approximately 1.9 million units are available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million units are available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions, under the Repurchase Plan.

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Captive Insurance Collateral

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Captive Insurance Collateral

5) Captive Insurance Collateral

The Company considers all of its captive insurance collateral to be Level 1 available-for-sale investments. Investments at March 31, 2024 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	26,848	$	—	$	—		$	26,848
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		32,377		—		(708	)		31,669
Corporate Debt Securities		14,696		—		(402	)		14,294
Total	$	73,921	$	—	$	(1,110	)	$	72,811

Investments at September 30, 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	4,335	$	—	$	—		$	4,335
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		50,471		—		(1,620	)		48,851
Corporate Debt Securities		18,210		12		(691	)		17,531
Total	$	73,016	$	12	$	(2,311	)	$	70,717

Maturities of investments were as follows at March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Net Carrying Amount
Due within one year	$	60,077
Due after one year through five years		12,734
Due after five years through ten years		—
Total	$	72,811

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements

6) Derivatives and Hedging—Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses derivative instruments such as futures, options and swap agreements in order to mitigate exposure to market risk associated with the purchase of home heating oil for price-protected customers, physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit, priced purchase commitments and internal fuel usage. FASB ASC 815-10-05 Derivatives and Hedging, established accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded at fair value and included in the consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities, along with qualitative disclosures regarding the derivative activity. The Company has elected not to designate its commodity derivative instruments as hedging derivatives, but rather as economic hedges whose change in fair value is recognized in its statement of operations in the caption “(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments.” Depending on the risk being economically hedged, realized gains and losses are recorded in cost of product, cost of installations and services, or delivery and branch expenses.

As of March 31, 2024, to hedge a substantial majority of the purchase price associated with heating oil gallons anticipated to be sold to its price-protected customers, the Company held the following derivative instruments that settle in future months to match anticipated sales: 7.5 million gallons of swap contracts, 3.5 million gallons of call options, 3.5 million gallons of put options, and 35.1 million net gallons of synthetic call options. To hedge its physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit and basis risk, the Company, as of March 31, 2024, held 0.2 million gallons of swap contracts and 13.9 million gallons of short future contracts that settle in future months. To hedge its internal fuel usage and other activities for fiscal 2024 and 2025, the Company held 3.8 million gallons of swap contracts that settle in future months.

As of March 31, 2023, to hedge a substantial majority of the purchase price associated with heating oil gallons anticipated to be sold to its price-protected customers, the Company held the following derivative instruments that settle in future months to match anticipated sales: 5.4 million gallons of swap contracts, 6.5 million gallons of call options, 2.4 million gallons of put options, and 36.7 million net gallons of synthetic call options. To hedge its physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit and basis risk, the Company, as of March 31, 2023, held 13.5 million gallons of swap contracts and 1.8 million gallons of short future contracts that settle in future months. To hedge its internal fuel usage and other activities for fiscal 2023 and 2024, the Company held 3.7 million gallons of swap contracts that settle in future months.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company has interest rate swap agreements in order to mitigate exposure to market risk associated with variable rate interest on $53.8 million, or 39%, of its long term debt. The Company has designated its interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedging derivatives. To the extent these derivative instruments are effective and the accounting standard’s documentation requirements have been met, changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. As of March 31, 2024 the fair value of the swap contracts was $0.8 million. As of September 30, 2023, the notional value of the swap contracts was $55.5 million and the fair value of the swap contracts was $1.6 million. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of the swap contracts.

The Company’s derivative instruments are with the following counterparties: Bank of America, N.A., Bank of Montreal, Cargill, Inc., Citibank, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Key Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The Company assesses counterparty credit risk and considers it to be low. We maintain master netting arrangements that allow for the non-conditional offsetting of amounts receivable and payable with counterparties to help manage our risks and record derivative positions on a net basis. The Company generally does not receive cash collateral from its counterparties and does not restrict the use of cash collateral it maintains at counterparties. At March 31, 2024, the aggregate cash posted as collateral in the normal course of business at counterparties was $2.1 million and recorded in “Prepaid expense and other current assets.” Positions with counterparties who are also parties to our credit agreement are collateralized under that facility. As of March 31, 2024, $2.2 million hedge positions or payable amounts were secured under the credit facility.

The Company’s Level 1 derivative assets and liabilities represent the fair value of commodity contracts used in its hedging activities that are identical and traded in active markets. The Company’s Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities represent the fair value of commodity and interest rate contracts used in its hedging activities that are valued using either directly or indirectly observable inputs, whose nature, risk and class are similar. No significant transfers of assets or liabilities have been made into and out of the Level 1 or Level 2 tiers. All derivative instruments were non-trading positions and were either a Level 1 or Level 2 instrument. The Company had no Level 3 derivative instruments. The fair market value of our Level 1 and Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities are calculated by our counter-parties and are independently validated by the Company. The Company’s calculations are, for Level 1 derivative assets and liabilities, based on the published New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) market prices for the commodity contracts open at the end of the period. For Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities the calculations performed by the Company are based on a combination of the NYMEX published market prices and other inputs, including such factors as present value, volatility and duration.

The Company had no assets or liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis subsequent to their initial recognition. The Company’s commodity financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)					Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
Derivatives Not Designated    as Hedging Instruments					Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs
Under FASB ASC 815-10	Balance Sheet Location	Total			Level 1		Level 2
Asset Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	7,671		$	—	$	7,671
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		490			—		490
Commodity contract assets at March 31, 2024		$	8,161		$	—	$	8,161
Liability Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(9,638	)	$	—	$	(9,638	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(491	)		—		(491	)
Commodity contract liabilities at March 31, 2024		$	(10,129	)	$	—	$	(10,129	)
Asset Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	17,891		$	—	$	17,891
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		779			—		779
Commodity contract assets September 30, 2023		$	18,670		$	—	$	18,670
Liability Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(7,349	)	$	—	$	(7,349	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(679	)		—		(679	)
Commodity contract liabilities September 30, 2023		$	(8,028	)	$	—	$	(8,028	)

The Company’s commodity derivative assets (liabilities) offset by counterparty and subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
Offsetting of Financial Assets (Liabilities)    and Derivative Assets (Liabilities)	Gross Assets Recognized		Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position			Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	1,951	$	(1,729	)	$	222		$	—	$	—	$	222
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		124		(84	)		40			—		—		40
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		5,720		(7,909	)		(2,189	)		—		—		(2,189	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		366		(407	)		(41	)		—		—		(41	)
Total at March 31, 2024	$	8,161	$	(10,129	)	$	(1,968	)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,968	)
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	17,815	$	(7,155	)	$	10,660		$	—	$	—	$	10,660
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		567		(452	)		115			—		—		115
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		76		(194	)		(118	)		—		—		(118	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		212		(227	)		(15	)		—		—		(15	)
Total at September 30, 2023	$	18,670	$	(8,028	)	$	10,642		$	—	$	—	$	10,642

(In thousands)
The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations
		Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized					Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Under FASB ASC 815-10	Location of (Gain) or Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		Six Months Ended March 31, 2024			Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commodity contracts	Cost of product (a)	$	13,386		$	13,954	$	18,109		$	5,012
Commodity contracts	Cost of installations and service (a)	$	(55	)	$	39	$	(41	)	$	79
Commodity contracts	Delivery and branch expenses (a)	$	(517	)	$	349	$	(909	)	$	149
Commodity contracts	(Increase) / decrease in the fair  value of derivative instruments (b)	$	(11,752	)	$	3,022	$	7,278		$	20,658

(a)Represents realized closed positions and includes the cost of options as they expire.

(b)Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

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Inventories

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

7) Inventories

The Company’s product inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value computed on the weighted average cost method. All other inventories, representing parts and equipment are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the FIFO method. The components of inventory were as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Product	$	40,948	$	33,994
Parts and equipment		22,345		22,469
Total inventory	$	63,293	$	56,463

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Property and Equipment

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

8) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets using the straight-line method (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Property and equipment	$	249,550	$	244,816
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		143,409		139,412
Property and equipment, net	$	106,141	$	105,404

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Business Combinations and Divestitures

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Business Combinations and Divestitures

9) Business Combinations and Divestitures

During the six months ended March 31, 2024 the Company acquired one propane and three heating oil businesses for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $22.6 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $14.4 million to intangible assets, $6.3 million to goodwill, $2.8 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital. The acquired companies’ operating results are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements starting on their respective acquisition date, and are not material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company sold certain assets for cash proceeds of $2.2 million and acquired two heating oil businesses for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.2 million in cash. The gross purchase price was allocated $1.7 million to intangible assets, $0.2 million to goodwill, $0.2 million to fixed assets and reduced by $0.9 million of negative working capital.

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

10) Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

Goodwill

A summary of changes in Company’s goodwill is as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	262,103
Fiscal year 2024 business combinations		6,257
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	268,360

Intangibles, net

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024						September 30, 2023
	Gross						Gross
	Carrying		Accum.				Carrying		Accum.
	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amount		Amortization		Net
Customer lists	$	431,540	$	366,827	$	64,713	$	418,190	$	358,855	$	59,335
Trade names and other intangibles		41,723		25,077		16,646		41,782		24,811		16,971
Total	$	473,263	$	391,904	$	81,359	$	459,972	$	383,666	$	76,306

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $9.4 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $8.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023.

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Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings

11) Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings

The Company’s debt is as follows (in thousands):

	March 31,				September 30,
	2024				2023
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)		Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)
Revolving Credit Facility Borrowings	$	29,239	$	29,239	$	240	$	240
Senior Secured Term Loan (b)		135,689		136,250		147,827		148,500
Total debt	$	164,928	$	165,489	$	148,067	$	148,740
Total short-term portion of debt	$	45,739	$	45,739	$	20,740	$	20,740
Total long-term portion of debt (b)	$	119,189	$	119,750	$	127,327	$	128,000

(a)The face amount of the Company’s variable rate long-term debt approximates fair value.

(b)Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023.

On July 6, 2022, the Company refinanced its five-year term loan and the revolving credit facility with the execution of the sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility agreement (the “credit agreement”) with a bank syndicate comprised of ten participants, which enables the Company to borrow up to $400 million ($550 million during the heating season of December through April of each year) on a revolving credit facility for working capital purposes (subject to certain borrowing base limitations and coverage ratios), provides for a $165 million five-year senior secured term loan (“Term Loan”), allows for the issuance of up to $25 million in letters of credit, and has a maturity date of July 6, 2027.

The Company can increase the revolving credit facility size by an additional $200 million without the consent of the bank group. However, the bank group is not obligated to fund the $200 million increase. If the bank group elects not to fund the increase, the Company can add additional lenders to the group, with the consent of the Agent (as defined in the credit agreement), which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Obligations under the credit agreement are guaranteed by the Company and its subsidiaries and are secured by liens on substantially all of the Company’s assets, including accounts receivable, inventory, general intangibles, real property, fixtures and equipment.

All amounts outstanding under the sixth amended and restated revolving credit facility become due and payable on the facility termination date of July 6, 2027. The Term Loan is repayable in quarterly payments of $4.1 million, the first of which was made December 30, 2022, plus an annual payment equal to 25% of the annual Excess Cash Flow as defined in the credit agreement (an amount not to exceed $8.5 million annually), less certain voluntary prepayments made during the year, with final payment at maturity. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company repaid $4.0 million of additional loan repayments due to Excess Cash Flow related to fiscal 2023. There was no additional loan repayments due to Excess Cash Flow in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 related to fiscal 2022.

The interest rate on the revolving credit facility and the term loan is based on a margin over Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or a base rate. At March 31, 2024, the effective interest rate on the term loan (considering the impact of interest rate hedges) and revolving credit facility borrowings was approximately 7.2% and 7.5%, respectively, compared to 6.6% and 6.3%, respectively at September 30, 2023.

The commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility is 0.30% from December through April, and 0.20% from May through November.

The credit agreement requires the Company to meet certain financial covenants, including a fixed charge coverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) of not less than 1.1 as long as the Term Loan is outstanding or revolving credit facility availability is less than 12.5% of the facility size. In addition, as long as the Term Loan is outstanding, a senior secured leverage ratio cannot be more than 3.0 as calculated as of the quarters ending June or September, and no more than 5.5 as calculated as of the quarters ending December or March.

On September 26, 2023, the Company signed a first amendment (the “Amendment”) to its Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with a group of banks, which provides temporary relief from certain financial covenants under the Credit Agreement that must be satisfied in order for the Company to make distributions and unit repurchases or, if availability under the Credit Agreement drops below a minimum threshold due to, among other things, the Company making acquisitions. In particular, the Amendment reduces the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions and unit repurchases during the period commencing October 31, 2023 and ending February 27, 2024 (the “Relief Period”) from 1.15 down to 1.00. The Amendment also reduces the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio that must be maintained by the Company if availability under the under the Credit Agreement drops below 12.5% of the facility size during the Relief Period from 1.10 down to 1.00. The Company’s fixed charge coverage ratio as of December 31, 2023 was 1.39 to 1.00.

Certain restrictions are also imposed by the sixth amended and restated credit agreement, including restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, to pay distributions to unitholders, to pay certain inter-company dividends or distributions, repurchase units, make investments, grant liens, sell assets, make acquisitions and engage in certain other activities.

At March 31, 2024, $136.3 million of the Term Loan was outstanding, $29.2 million was outstanding under the revolving credit facility, $2.2 million hedge positions were secured under the credit agreement, and $3.2 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding. At September 30, 2023, $148.5 million of the term loan was outstanding, $0.2 million was outstanding under the revolving credit facility, $0.1 million hedge positions were secured under the credit agreement and $3.2 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding.

At March 31, 2024, availability was $221.8 million, and the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants. At September 30, 2023, availability was $202.1 million, and the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants. The amount of availability is impacted by several factors, including: outstanding debt, the valuation of our customer list, and accounts receivable and inventory balances. Each year, during the third quarter, the valuation of our customer list is re-evaluated based on the Company's performance.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

12) Income Taxes

The accompanying financial statements are reported on a fiscal year, however, the Company and its corporate subsidiaries file Federal and State income tax returns on a calendar year.

The current and deferred income tax expense for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Income before income taxes	$	96,244		$	86,294		$	114,397		$	105,296
Current income tax expense		29,035			35,408			35,800			42,095
Deferred income tax benefit		(1,165	)		(11,155	)		(2,756	)		(12,379	)
Total income tax expense	$	27,870		$	24,253		$	33,044		$	29,716

At March 31, 2024, we did not have unrecognized income tax benefits.

Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. We file U.S. Federal income tax returns and various state and local returns. A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and finally resolved. For our Federal income tax returns we have four tax years subject to examination. In our major state tax jurisdictions of New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, we have four years that are subject to examination. In the state tax jurisdiction of New Jersey we have five tax years that are subject to examination. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular uncertain tax position, based on our assessment of many factors, including past experience and interpretation of tax law, we believe that our provision for income taxes reflect the most probable outcome. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events.

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Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

13) Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

	Six Months Ended
Cash paid during the period for:	March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Income taxes, net	$	5,882	$	6,881
Interest	$	8,313	$	9,863

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

14) Commitments and Contingencies

The Company’s operations are subject to the operating hazards and risks normally incidental to handling, storing and transporting and otherwise providing for use by consumers hazardous liquids such as home heating oil and propane. In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a defendant in various legal proceedings and litigation. The Company records a liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. We do not believe these matters, when considered individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

The Company maintains insurance policies with insurers in amounts and with coverages and deductibles we believe are reasonable and prudent. However, the Company cannot assure that this insurance will be adequate to protect it from all material expenses related to current and potential future claims, legal proceedings and litigation, as certain types of claims may be excluded from our insurance coverage. If we incur substantial liability and the damages are not covered by insurance, or are in excess of policy limits, or if we incur liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

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Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit

15) Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit

The following table presents the net income allocation and per unit data:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Limited Partner:	March 31,				March 31,
(in thousands, except per unit data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	68,374	$	62,041	$	81,353	$	75,580
Less General Partner’s interest in net income		620		562		738		684
Net income available to limited partners		67,754		61,479		80,615		74,896
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		12,164		10,990		13,752		12,714
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	55,590	$	50,489	$	66,863	$	62,182
Per unit data:
Basic and diluted net income available to limited partners	$	1.91	$	1.72	$	2.27	$	2.09
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		0.35		0.30		0.39		0.35
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	1.56	$	1.42	$	1.88	$	1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding		35,549		35,653		35,571		35,786

* In any accounting period where the Company’s aggregate net income exceeds its aggregate distribution for such period, the Company is required to present net income per Limited Partner unit as if all of the earnings for the period were distributed, based on the terms of the Partnership agreement, regardless of whether those earnings would actually be distributed during a particular period from an economic or practical perspective. This allocation does not impact the Company’s overall net income or other financial results.

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

16) Subsequent Events

Quarterly Distribution Declared

In April 2024, we declared a quarterly distribution of $0.1725 per unit, or $0.69 per unit on an annualized basis, on all Common Units with respect to the second quarter of fiscal 2024, paid on May 8, 2024, to holders of record on April 29, 2024. The amount of distributions in excess of the minimum quarterly distribution of $0.0675 are distributed in accordance with our Partnership Agreement, subject to the management incentive compensation plan. As a result, $6.1 million was paid to the Common Unit holders, $0.4 million to the General Partner unit holders (including $0.4 million of incentive distribution as provided in our Partnership Agreement) and $0.4 million to management pursuant to the management incentive compensation plan which provides for certain members of management to receive incentive distributions that would otherwise be payable to the General Partner.

Common Units Repurchased and Retired

In April 2024, in accordance with the Repurchase Plan, the Company repurchased and retired approximately 0.1 million Common Units at an average price paid of $10.58 per unit.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Star and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany items and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The financial information included herein is unaudited; however, such information reflects all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments), which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair statement of financial condition and results for the interim periods. Due to the seasonal nature of the Company’s business, the results of operations and cash flows for the six-month period ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

These interim financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of Net income and Other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income consists of the unrealized gain on amortization on the Company’s pension plan obligation for its two frozen defined benefit pension plans, unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate hedges and the corresponding tax effects.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At March 31, 2024, the $12.3 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $12.1 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. At September 30, 2023, the $45.4 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is composed of $45.2 million of cash and cash equivalents and $0.3 million of restricted cash. Restricted cash represents deposits held by our captive insurance company that are required by state insurance regulations to remain in the captive insurance company as cash.

Fair Value Valuation Approach

Fair Value Valuation Approach

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

•Level 1 inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

•Level 2 inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

•Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

Captive Insurance Collateral

Captive Insurance Collateral

The captive insurance collateral is held by our captive insurance company in an irrevocable trust as collateral for certain workers’ compensation and automobile liability claims. The collateral is required by a third party insurance carrier that insures per claim amounts above a set deductible. If we did not deposit cash into the trust, the third party carrier would require that we issue an equal amount of letters of credit, which would reduce our availability under the sixth amended and restated credit agreement. Due to the expected timing of claim payments, the nature of the collateral agreement with the carrier, and our captive insurance company’s source of other operating cash, the collateral is not expected to be used to pay obligations within the next twelve months.

Unrealized gains and losses, net of related income taxes, are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for losses from impairments which are determined to be other-than-temporary. Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in the determination of net income and are included in Interest expense, net, at which time the average cost basis of these securities are adjusted to fair value.

Weather Hedge Contract

Weather Hedge Contract

To partially mitigate the adverse effect of warm weather on cash flows, the Company has used weather hedge contracts for a number of years. Weather hedge contracts are recorded in accordance with the intrinsic value method defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815-45-15 Derivatives and Hedging, Weather Derivatives (EITF 99-2). The premium paid is included in the caption “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the accompanying balance sheets and amortized over the life of the contract, with the intrinsic value method applied at each interim period.

The Company entered into weather hedge contracts for fiscal years 2023 and 2024. The hedge period runs from November 1 through March 31, taken as a whole. The “Payment Thresholds,” or strikes, are set at various levels and are referenced against degree days for the prior ten year average. Under these contracts, the maximum amount the Company can receive is $12.5 million annually. For the contracts applicable to fiscal 2023, we were additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceeded the Payment Threshold. This obligation does not exist under the contract applicable to fiscal year 2024.

The temperatures experienced during the hedge period through March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were warmer than the strikes in the weather hedge contracts. As a result at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company reduced delivery and branch expenses and recorded a receivable under those contracts of $7.5 million and $12.5 million, respectively. The amounts were received in full in April 2024 and April 2023, respectively.

For fiscal 2025, the Company entered into weather hedge contracts with the similar hedge period described above. The maximum that the Company can receive is $15.0 million annually and we are additionally obligated to make an annual payment capped at $5.0 million if degree days exceed the Payment Threshold.

New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund ("the NETTI Fund") Liability

New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund (“the NETTI Fund”) Liability

As of March 31, 2024, we had $0.3 million and $15.8 million balances included in the captions “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other long-term liabilities,” respectively, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet representing the remaining balance of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability. As of September 30, 2023, we had $0.3 million and $16.0 million balances reflected in these categories respectively. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for long-term financing of a similar maturity, the fair value of the NETTI Fund withdrawal liability as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was $18.9 million and $18.5 million, respectively. We utilized Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of valuation techniques to determine the fair value of this liability.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires accounting for contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers in a business combination to be accounted for in accordance with ASC No. 606. The Company adopted the ASU effective October 1, 2023. The Company's adoption of the ASU did not have an impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The disclosure requirements included in ASU No. 2023-07 are required for all public entities, including entities with a single reportable segment. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance is required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to income tax disclosures, which requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Adoption is either with a prospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the timing of adoption and is currently evaluating the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Contract Costs

Deferred Contract Costs

We recognize an asset for incremental commission expenses paid to sales personnel in conjunction with obtaining new residential customer product and equipment maintenance service contracts. We defer these costs only when we have determined the commissions are, in fact, incremental and would not have been incurred absent the customer contract. Costs to obtain a contract are amortized and recorded ratably as delivery and branch expenses over the period representing the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate. Costs to obtain new residential product and equipment maintenance service contracts are amortized as expense over the estimated customer relationship period of approximately five years.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivables from customers are recorded at the invoiced amounts. Finance charges may be applied to trade receivables that are more than 30 days past due, and are recorded as finance charge income.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s estimate of the amount of trade receivables that may not be collectible. The allowance is determined at an aggregate level by grouping accounts based on certain account criteria and its receivable aging. The allowance is based on both quantitative and qualitative factors, including historical loss experience, historical collection patterns, overdue status, aging trends, current and future economic conditions. The Company has an established process to periodically review current and past due trade receivable balances to determine the adequacy of the allowance. No single statistic or measurement determines the adequacy of the allowance. The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of losses inherent in its trade receivables at the balance sheet date. Different assumptions or changes in economic conditions could result in material changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts.

Derivatives and Hedging

The Company uses derivative instruments such as futures, options and swap agreements in order to mitigate exposure to market risk associated with the purchase of home heating oil for price-protected customers, physical inventory on hand, inventory in transit, priced purchase commitments and internal fuel usage. FASB ASC 815-10-05 Derivatives and Hedging, established accounting and reporting standards requiring that derivative instruments be recorded at fair value and included in the consolidated balance sheet as assets or liabilities, along with qualitative disclosures regarding the derivative activity. The Company has elected not to designate its commodity derivative instruments as hedging derivatives, but rather as economic hedges whose change in fair value is recognized in its statement of operations in the caption “(Increase) decrease in the fair value of derivative instruments.” Depending on the risk being economically hedged, realized gains and losses are recorded in cost of product, cost of installations and services, or delivery and branch expenses.

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Summary of Disaggregation of Revenue by Major Sources

The following disaggregates our revenue by major sources for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Petroleum Products:
Home heating oil and propane	$	508,155	$	566,457	$	859,369	$	1,001,980
Other petroleum products		87,143		102,755		184,479		237,161
Total petroleum products		595,298		669,212		1,043,848		1,239,141
Installations and Services:
Equipment installations		26,224		25,208		60,539		57,997
Equipment maintenance service contracts		29,386		28,961		58,302		57,677
Billable call services		15,124		14,236		31,439		30,989
Total installations and services		70,734		68,405		150,280		146,663
Total Sales	$	666,032	$	737,617	$	1,194,128	$	1,385,804

Summary of Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are as follows:

(in thousands)	Credit Loss Allowance
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	8,375
Current period provision		3,672
Write-offs, net and other		(3,151	)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	8,896

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Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Company's Repurchase Activities

The following table shows repurchases under the Repurchase Plan:

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Period	Total Number of Units Purchased		Average Price Paid per Unit (a)		Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased
Fiscal year 2012 to 2023 total		25,422	$	8.82		20,534		2,568
First quarter fiscal year 2024 total		13	$	11.27		13		2,555
January 2024		15	$	11.27		15		2,540
February 2024		90		11.03		90		2,450
March 2024		113		10.78		113		2,337
Second quarter fiscal year 2024 total		218	$	10.92		218		2,337
April 2024		141	$	10.58		141		2,196	(b)

(a)Amount includes repurchase costs.

(b)Of the total available for repurchase, approximately 1.9 million units are available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million units are available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions, under the Repurchase Plan.

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Captive Insurance Collateral (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of Captive Insurance Collateral to be Available-for-sale Investments

The Company considers all of its captive insurance collateral to be Level 1 available-for-sale investments. Investments at March 31, 2024 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	26,848	$	—	$	—		$	26,848
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		32,377		—		(708	)		31,669
Corporate Debt Securities		14,696		—		(402	)		14,294
Total	$	73,921	$	—	$	(1,110	)	$	72,811

Investments at September 30, 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized (Loss)			Fair Value
Cash and Receivables	$	4,335	$	—	$	—		$	4,335
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies		50,471		—		(1,620	)		48,851
Corporate Debt Securities		18,210		12		(691	)		17,531
Total	$	73,016	$	12	$	(2,311	)	$	70,717

Schedule of Maturities of Investments

Maturities of investments were as follows at March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Net Carrying Amount
Due within one year	$	60,077
Due after one year through five years		12,734
Due after five years through ten years		—
Total	$	72,811

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Company's Commodity Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

The Company’s commodity financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)					Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
Derivatives Not Designated    as Hedging Instruments					Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs
Under FASB ASC 815-10	Balance Sheet Location	Total			Level 1		Level 2
Asset Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	7,671		$	—	$	7,671
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		490			—		490
Commodity contract assets at March 31, 2024		$	8,161		$	—	$	8,161
Liability Derivatives at March 31, 2024
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(9,638	)	$	—	$	(9,638	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(491	)		—		(491	)
Commodity contract liabilities at March 31, 2024		$	(10,129	)	$	—	$	(10,129	)
Asset Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	17,891		$	—	$	17,891
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative assets included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		779			—		779
Commodity contract assets September 30, 2023		$	18,670		$	—	$	18,670
Liability Derivatives at September 30, 2023
Commodity contracts	Fair asset and liability value of derivative instruments	$	(7,349	)	$	—	$	(7,349	)
Commodity contracts	Long-term derivative liabilities included in the deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances		(679	)		—		(679	)
Commodity contract liabilities September 30, 2023		$	(8,028	)	$	—	$	(8,028	)

Company's Commodity Derivatives Assets (Liabilities) Offset by Counterparty

The Company’s commodity derivative assets (liabilities) offset by counterparty and subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement are listed on the following table.

(In thousands)									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
Offsetting of Financial Assets (Liabilities)    and Derivative Assets (Liabilities)	Gross Assets Recognized		Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position			Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	1,951	$	(1,729	)	$	222		$	—	$	—	$	222
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		124		(84	)		40			—		—		40
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		5,720		(7,909	)		(2,189	)		—		—		(2,189	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		366		(407	)		(41	)		—		—		(41	)
Total at March 31, 2024	$	8,161	$	(10,129	)	$	(1,968	)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,968	)
Fair asset value of derivative instruments	$	17,815	$	(7,155	)	$	10,660		$	—	$	—	$	10,660
Long-term derivative assets included in deferred charges and other assets, net		567		(452	)		115			—		—		115
Fair liability value of derivative instruments		76		(194	)		(118	)		—		—		(118	)
Long-term derivative liabilities included in other long-term liabilities, net		212		(227	)		(15	)		—		—		(15	)
Total at September 30, 2023	$	18,670	$	(8,028	)	$	10,642		$	—	$	—	$	10,642

Company's Effect on Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations

(In thousands)
The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations
		Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized					Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Under FASB ASC 815-10	Location of (Gain) or Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024			Three Months Ended March 31, 2023		Six Months Ended March 31, 2024			Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
Commodity contracts	Cost of product (a)	$	13,386		$	13,954	$	18,109		$	5,012
Commodity contracts	Cost of installations and service (a)	$	(55	)	$	39	$	(41	)	$	79
Commodity contracts	Delivery and branch expenses (a)	$	(517	)	$	349	$	(909	)	$	149
Commodity contracts	(Increase) / decrease in the fair  value of derivative instruments (b)	$	(11,752	)	$	3,022	$	7,278		$	20,658

(a)Represents realized closed positions and includes the cost of options as they expire.

(b)Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

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Inventories (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Inventory

The components of inventory were as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Product	$	40,948	$	33,994
Parts and equipment		22,345		22,469
Total inventory	$	63,293	$	56,463

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization is computed over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets using the straight-line method (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024		September 30, 2023
Property and equipment	$	249,550	$	244,816
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		143,409		139,412
Property and equipment, net	$	106,141	$	105,404

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Changes in Company's Goodwill

A summary of changes in Company’s goodwill is as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	262,103
Fiscal year 2024 business combinations		6,257
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$	268,360

Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2024						September 30, 2023
	Gross						Gross
	Carrying		Accum.				Carrying		Accum.
	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amount		Amortization		Net
Customer lists	$	431,540	$	366,827	$	64,713	$	418,190	$	358,855	$	59,335
Trade names and other intangibles		41,723		25,077		16,646		41,782		24,811		16,971
Total	$	473,263	$	391,904	$	81,359	$	459,972	$	383,666	$	76,306

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Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Company's Debt

The Company’s debt is as follows (in thousands):

	March 31,				September 30,
	2024				2023
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)		Carrying Amount		Fair Value (a)
Revolving Credit Facility Borrowings	$	29,239	$	29,239	$	240	$	240
Senior Secured Term Loan (b)		135,689		136,250		147,827		148,500
Total debt	$	164,928	$	165,489	$	148,067	$	148,740
Total short-term portion of debt	$	45,739	$	45,739	$	20,740	$	20,740
Total long-term portion of debt (b)	$	119,189	$	119,750	$	127,327	$	128,000

(a)The face amount of the Company’s variable rate long-term debt approximates fair value.

(b)Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense

The current and deferred income tax expense for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Income before income taxes	$	96,244		$	86,294		$	114,397		$	105,296
Current income tax expense		29,035			35,408			35,800			42,095
Deferred income tax benefit		(1,165	)		(11,155	)		(2,756	)		(12,379	)
Total income tax expense	$	27,870		$	24,253		$	33,044		$	29,716

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Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Schedule of Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

	Six Months Ended
Cash paid during the period for:	March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Income taxes, net	$	5,882	$	6,881
Interest	$	8,313	$	9,863

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Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income Allocation and Per Unit Data

The following table presents the net income allocation and per unit data:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Limited Partner:	March 31,				March 31,
(in thousands, except per unit data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	68,374	$	62,041	$	81,353	$	75,580
Less General Partner’s interest in net income		620		562		738		684
Net income available to limited partners		67,754		61,479		80,615		74,896
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		12,164		10,990		13,752		12,714
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	55,590	$	50,489	$	66,863	$	62,182
Per unit data:
Basic and diluted net income available to limited partners	$	1.91	$	1.72	$	2.27	$	2.09
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings *		0.35		0.30		0.39		0.35
Limited Partner’s interest in net income	$	1.56	$	1.42	$	1.88	$	1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding		35,549		35,653		35,571		35,786

* In any accounting period where the Company’s aggregate net income exceeds its aggregate distribution for such period, the Company is required to present net income per Limited Partner unit as if all of the earnings for the period were distributed, based on the terms of the Partnership agreement, regardless of whether those earnings would actually be distributed during a particular period from an economic or practical perspective. This allocation does not impact the Company’s overall net income or other financial results.

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Organization - Additional Information (Detail) shares in Thousands		6 Months Ended
	Jul. 06, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 Customer Segment shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares	Sep. 30, 2023 shares	Mar. 31, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2022 shares	Sep. 30, 2022 shares
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | Segment		1
Number of residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers served		20,700
Number of customers to whom sell gasoline and diesel fuel		26,700
Sixth Amendment
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Non Seasonal maximum borrowing capacity under revolving credit facility | $	$ 400,000,000
Maximum borrowing capacity (heating season December to April) under revolving credit facility | $	$ 550,000,000
Due date of debt	Jul. 06, 2027
Sixth Amendment | Term Loan
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Outstanding term loan | $	$ 165,000,000
Senior secured term loan maturity period	5 years
Petro Holdings, Inc
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Ownership interest of Star Acquisitions Inc.		100.00%
Number of customers to whom only home heating oil, gasoline and diesel were sells on a delivery only basis		60,800
Number of residential and commercial home heating oil and propane customers served		403,700
Star Group L.P.
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Percentage of limited partner interest		99.10%
Percentage of general partner interest		0.90%
Star Acquisitions, Inc
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Ownership interest of partnership		100.00%
Common Stock
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Number of outstanding units | shares		35,372	35,590	35,603	35,603	35,681	36,092
General Partner
Limited Partners' Capital Account [Line Items]
Number of outstanding units | shares		326	326	326	326	326	326

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2025	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 12,313,000	$ 22,335,000		$ 45,441,000	$ 14,870,000
Cash and cash equivalents	12,063,000			45,191,000
Restricted cash	250,000			250,000
Derivative maximum payout				5,000,000
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	147,796,000			115,606,000
Other long-term liabilities	16,079,000			16,175,000
Weather hedge contract receivable	7,498,000			0
New England Teamsters & Trucking Industry Pension Fund
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	300,000			300,000
Other long-term liabilities	15,800,000			16,000,000.0
New England Teamsters & Trucking Industry Pension Fund | Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Multiemployer plan discounted withdrawal liability	18,900,000			$ 18,500,000
Financial Products Corporation
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Delivery and branch expense increased (reduced) under weather hedge contract	$ 7,500,000	$ 12,500,000
Scenario Forecast
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Derivative maximum payout			$ 5,000,000
Weather hedge contract receivable			$ 15,000,000
Maximum
Schedule Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Cash equivalents, highly liquid investments maturity	3 months
Derivative maximum receivable	$ 12,500,000

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Revenue Recognition - Summary of Disaggregation of Revenue by Major Sources (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 666,032	$ 737,617	$ 1,194,128	$ 1,385,804
Home heating oil and propane
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	508,155	566,457	859,369	1,001,980
Other petroleum products
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	87,143	102,755	184,479	237,161
Petroleum products
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	595,298	669,212	1,043,848	1,239,141
Equipment installations
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	26,224	25,208	60,539	57,997
Equipment maintenance service contracts
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	29,386	28,961	58,302	57,677
Billable call services
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	15,124	14,236	31,439	30,989
Installations and services
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 70,734	$ 68,405	$ 150,280	$ 146,663

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Revenue Recognition - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue Recognition [Line Items]
Contract costs, amortization period	5 years
Contract liabilities	$ 118.5		$ 170.3
Contract with customer liability, revenue recognized	$ 133.2	$ 117.4
Maximum
Revenue Recognition [Line Items]
Contract liabilities recognition service contract period	1 year
Delivery and Branch Expenses
Revenue Recognition [Line Items]
Amortization of deferred contract costs	$ 1.8	$ 2.0
Prepaid Expense and Other Current Assets
Revenue Recognition [Line Items]
Deferred contract costs,current	3.2		3.3
Deferred Charges and Other Assets, Net
Revenue Recognition [Line Items]
Deferred contract costs,non current	$ 5.4		$ 5.4

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Revenue Recognition - Summary of Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses (Detail) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Balance at September 30, 2023	$ 8,375
Current period provision	3,672
Write-offs, net and other	(3,151)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	$ 8,896

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Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended		4 Months Ended	7 Months Ended	131 Months Ended	132 Months Ended
	Jul. 06, 2022	Apr. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Feb. 29, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Oct. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Feb. 27, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	May 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jul. 31, 2022
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase											2,600,000		1,100,000
Sixth Amendment
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Availability required to repurchase common units	$ 60,000,000
Percentage of the maximum facility size on a historical proforma and forward-looking basis	15.00%
Non Seasonal maximum borrowing capacity under revolving credit facility	$ 400,000,000
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions to unit holders or to repurchase common units	100.00%					1.15%			1.00%
Sixth Amendment | Scenario Forecast
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions to unit holders or to repurchase common units										1.15%
Repurchase Plan
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units repurchased and retired			113,000	90,000	15,000		218,000	13,000			20,500,000	25,422,000
Repurchase Plan | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units repurchased and retired		141,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Privately Negotiated Transactions
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase											300,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Privately Negotiated Transactions | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase		300,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Open Market Transactions
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase											2,300,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Open Market Transactions | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase		1,900,000

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Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement - Company's Repurchase Activities (Detail) - $ / shares shares in Thousands		1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended		131 Months Ended	132 Months Ended
		Apr. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Feb. 29, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Repurchase Plan
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Total Number of Units Purchased			113	90	15	218	13	20,500	25,422
Average Price Paid per Unit	[1]		$ 10.78	$ 11.03	$ 11.27	$ 10.92	$ 11.27		$ 8.82
Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased			2,337	2,450	2,540	2,337	2,555		2,568
Repurchase Plan | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Total Number of Units Purchased		141
Average Price Paid per Unit	[1]	$ 10.58
Maximum Number of Units that May Yet Be Purchased	[2]	2,196
Publicly Announced Plans or Programs As Part of Repurchase Plan
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Total Number of Units Purchased			113	90	15	218	13		20,534
Publicly Announced Plans or Programs As Part of Repurchase Plan | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Total Number of Units Purchased		141

[1] Amount includes repurchase costs.

[2] Of the total available for repurchase, approximately 1.9 million units are available for repurchase in open market transactions and approximately 0.3 million units are available for repurchase in privately-negotiated transactions, under the Repurchase Plan.

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Common Unit Repurchase and Retirement - Company's Repurchase Activities (Parenthetical) (Detail) - shares	Apr. 30, 2024	May 31, 2023	Jul. 31, 2022
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase		2,600,000	1,100,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Open Market Transactions
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase		2,300,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Open Market Transactions | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase	1,900,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Privately Negotiated Transactions
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase		300,000
Common Stock Available for Repurchase Under Privately Negotiated Transactions | Subsequent Event
Capital Unit [Line Items]
Company's common units authorized for repurchase	300,000

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Captive Insurance Collateral - Schedule of Captive Insurance Collateral to be Available-for-sale Investments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 73,921	$ 73,016
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	12
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(1,110)	(2,311)
Fair Value	72,811	70,717
Cash and Receivables
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	26,848	4,335
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	0	0
Fair Value	26,848	4,335
U.S. Government Sponsored Agencies
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	32,377	50,471
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	0
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(708)	(1,620)
Fair Value	31,669	48,851
Corporate Debt Securities
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	14,696	18,210
Gross Unrealized Gain	0	12
Gross Unrealized (Loss)	(402)	(691)
Fair Value	$ 14,294	$ 17,531

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Captive Insurance Collateral - Schedule of Maturities of Investments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Due within one year	$ 60,077
Due after one year through five years	12,734
Due after five years through ten years	0
Total	$ 72,811	$ 70,717

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Detail) gal in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) gal	Mar. 31, 2023 gal	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Hedging positions or payable amounts secured under credit facility | $	$ 2,200,000		$ 100,000
Prepaid expense and other current assets
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Aggregated cash posted as collateral in normal course of business | $	2,100,000
Interest rate swap
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Notional Value | $	$ 53,800,000		55,500,000
Percentage of market risk exposure of long term debt	39.00%
Fair Value | $	$ 800,000		$ 1,600,000
Call Option
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	3.5	6.5
Call Option | Synthetic calls
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	35.1	36.7
Put Option
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	3.5	2.4
Swap Contracts Bought
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	7.5	5.4
Swap Contracts Bought | Short
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	0.2	13.5
Future Contracts | Short
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	13.9	1.8
Hedge its Internal Fuel Usage and Other Related Activities Swap Contracts Bought
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Derivative activity volume	3.8	3.7

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements - Company's Commodity Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Detail) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring - Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under FASB ASC 815-10 - Commodity Contract - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	$ 8,161	$ 18,670
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	(10,129)	(8,028)
Fair liability and fair asset value of derivative instruments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	7,671	17,891
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	(9,638)	(7,349)
Deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	490	779
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	(491)	(679)
Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	8,161	18,670
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	(10,129)	(8,028)
Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2 | Fair liability and fair asset value of derivative instruments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	7,671	17,891
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	(9,638)	(7,349)
Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2 | Deferred charges and other assets, net and other long-term liabilities, net balances
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative Assets, commodity contracts	490	779
Derivative Liabilities, commodity contracts	$ (491)	$ (679)

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements - Offsetting of Financial Assets (Liabilities) and Derivative Assets (Liabilities) (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	$ (2,189)	$ (118)
Subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(2,189)	(118)
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(41)	(15)
Gross Assets Recognized	8,161	18,670
Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	(10,129)	(8,028)
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(1,968)	10,642
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position, Net Amount	(1,968)	10,642
Subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement | Fair asset value of derivative instruments
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Gross Assets Recognized	1,951	17,815
Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	(1,729)	(7,155)
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	$ 222	$ 10,660
Derivative Asset, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Derivative Asset, Current	Derivative Asset, Current
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position, Net Amount	$ 222	$ 10,660
Subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement | Other long-term assets, net
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Gross Assets Recognized	124	567
Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	(84)	(452)
Net Assets (Liabilities) Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	$ 40	$ 115
Derivative Asset, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Derivative Asset, Current	Derivative Asset, Current
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position, Net Amount	$ 40	$ 115
Subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement | Fair liability value of derivative instruments
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Gross Assets Recognized	5,720	76
Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	(7,909)	(194)
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position, Net Amount	(2,189)	(118)
Subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement | Other long-term liabilities, net
Fair Values Of Financial Assets And Liabilities Including Derivative Financial Instruments [Line Items]
Gross Assets Recognized	366	212
Gross Liabilities Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	(407)	(227)
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position, Net Amount	$ (41)	$ (15)

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Derivatives and Hedging-Disclosures and Fair Value Measurements - Effect of Derivative Instruments on Statement of Operations (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of (Gain) or Loss Unrealized, commodity contracts	[1]	$ (11,752)	$ 3,022	$ 7,278	$ 20,658
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under FASB ASC 815-10 | Commodity Contract | Cost of product
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized, commodity contracts	[2]	$ 13,386	$ 13,954	$ 18,109	$ 5,012
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under FASB ASC 815-10 | Commodity Contract | Cost of installations and service
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized, commodity contracts	[2]	$ (55)	$ 39	$ (41)	$ 79
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses	Cost and expenses
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under FASB ASC 815-10 | Commodity Contract | Delivery and branch expenses
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of (Gain) or Loss Recognized, commodity contracts	[2]	$ (517)	$ 349	$ (909)	$ 149
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Delivery and branch expenses	Delivery and branch expenses	Delivery and branch expenses	Delivery and branch expenses

[1] Represents the change in value of unrealized open positions and expired options.

[2] Represents realized closed positions and includes the cost of options as they expire.

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Inventories - Components of Inventory (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Product	$ 40,948	$ 33,994
Parts and equipment	22,345	22,469
Total inventory	$ 63,293	$ 56,463

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Property and Equipment - Component of Property and Equipment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment	$ 249,550	$ 244,816
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	143,409	139,412
Property and equipment, net	$ 106,141	$ 105,404

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Business Combinations and Divestitures - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) PartnershipUnit	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) PartnershipUnit	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 268,360		$ 262,103
Heating Oil Businesses
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of businesses acquired | PartnershipUnit	3	2
Cash and assuming	$ 22,600	$ 1,200
Aggregate purchase price allocation, intangible assets	14,400	1,700
Goodwill	6,300	200
Aggregate purchase price allocation, fixed assets	2,800	200
Gross purchase price increased (reduced) by working capital credits	$ (900)	(900)
Cash proceeds from sale of assets		$ 2,200
Propane Dealers
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of businesses acquired | PartnershipUnit	1

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net - Summary of Changes in Company's Goodwill (Detail) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Balance on beginning	$ 262,103
Fiscal year 2024 business combinations	6,257
Balance on ending	$ 268,360

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net - Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 473,263	$ 459,972
Accum. Amortization	391,904	383,666
Net	81,359	76,306
Customer Lists
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	431,540	418,190
Accum. Amortization	366,827	358,855
Net	64,713	59,335
Trade Names And Other Intangibles
Finite Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	41,723	41,782
Accum. Amortization	25,077	24,811
Net	$ 16,646	$ 16,971

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization expense for intangible assets	$ 9.4	$ 8.6

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Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings - Company's Debt (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt, carrying Amount		$ 164,928	$ 148,067
Current maturities of long-term debt, carrying Amount		45,739	20,740
Long-term debt	[1]	119,189	127,327
Long-term debt, fair value	[2]	165,489	148,740
Current maturities of long-term debt, fair value	[2]	45,739	20,740
Long-term portion of debt, fair value	[1],[2]	119,750	128,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility borrowings, carrying Amount		29,239	240
Credit facility borrowings, fair value	[2]	29,239	240
Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt, carrying Amount	[1]	135,689	147,827
Long-term debt, fair value	[1],[2]	$ 136,250	$ 148,500

[1] Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023

[2] The face amount of the Company’s variable rate long-term debt approximates fair value.

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Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings - Company's Debt (Parenthetical) (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Unamortized debt issuance costs	$ 0.6	$ 0.7

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Long-Term Debt and Bank Facility Borrowings - Additional Information (Detail)				1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		4 Months Ended	6 Months Ended		7 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jul. 06, 2022 USD ($)	Oct. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Feb. 27, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Additional loan repayments								$ 12,250,000	$ 8,250,000
Fixed charge coverage ratio					1.39
Hedging positions and payable amounts secured under credit facility		$ 100,000						2,200,000
Letters of credit issued and outstanding		3,200,000						3,200,000
Long-term debt, fair value	[1]	148,740,000						165,489,000
Revolving credit facility outstanding		240,000						29,239,000
Availability under credit agreement		$ 202,100,000						$ 221,800,000
Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, effective interest rate		6.60%						7.20%
Long-term debt, fair value	[1],[2]	$ 148,500,000						$ 136,250,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, effective interest rate		6.30%						7.50%
Revolving credit facility outstanding		$ 200,000						$ 29,200,000
Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non Seasonal maximum borrowing capacity under revolving credit facility			$ 400,000,000
Maximum borrowing capacity (heating season December to April) under revolving credit facility			550,000,000
Issuance of line of credit for working capital purposes			$ 25,000,000
Senior secured term loan maturity date			Jul. 06, 2027
Facility size that can be increased additional without consulting bank group								200,000,000
Facility size that can be increased without consulting bank group								200,000,000
Term loan annual payment percentage			25.00%
Additional loan repayments					$ 4,000,000.0	$ 0
Commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility from December through April			0.30%
Commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility from May through November			0.20%
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio			110.00%
Availability percentage to maximum facility size		12.50%	12.50%
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio to be maintained credit facilities				1.10%			1.00%
Credit Agreement | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Senior secured leverage ratio during quarters ending June or September			300.00%
Senior secured leverage ratio during quarters ending December or March			550.00%
Credit Agreement | Quarterly
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan periodic payment			$ 4,100,000
Credit Agreement | Annually | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan periodic payment								$ 8,500,000
Credit Agreement | Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Outstanding term loan			$ 165,000,000
Senior secured term loan maturity period			5 years
Sixth Amendment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Non Seasonal maximum borrowing capacity under revolving credit facility			$ 400,000,000
Maximum borrowing capacity (heating season December to April) under revolving credit facility			$ 550,000,000
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions to unit holders or to repurchase common units			100.00%	1.15%			1.00%
Sixth Amendment | Scenario Forecast
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for distributions to unit holders or to repurchase common units										1.15%
Sixth Amendment | Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Outstanding term loan			$ 165,000,000
Senior secured term loan maturity period			5 years

[1] The face amount of the Company’s variable rate long-term debt approximates fair value.

[2] Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024 and $0.7 million as of September 30, 2023

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Income Taxes - Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Deferred Income Tax Assets And Liabilities
Income before income taxes	$ 96,244	$ 86,294	$ 114,397	$ 105,296
Current income tax expense	29,035	35,408	35,800	42,095
Deferred income tax benefit	(1,165)	(11,155)	(2,756)	(12,379)
Total income tax expense	$ 27,870	$ 24,253	$ 33,044	$ 29,716

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail)	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Unrecognized income tax benefits	$ 0
Federal
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of years for examination	4 years
New York
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of years for examination	4 years
Connecticut
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of years for examination	4 years
Pennsylvania
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of years for examination	4 years
New Jersey
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of years for examination	5 years

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Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information - Schedule of Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes, net	$ 5,882	$ 6,881
Interest	$ 8,313	$ 9,863

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Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit - Net Income Allocation and Per Unit Data (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Limited Partner:
Net income		$ 68,374	$ 62,041	$ 81,353	$ 75,580
Less General Partner's interest in net income		620	562	738	684
Net income available to limited partners		67,754	61,479	80,615	74,896
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings	[1]	12,164	10,990	13,752	12,714
Limited Partner's interest in net income		$ 55,590	$ 50,489	$ 66,863	$ 62,182
Per unit data:
Basic net income available to limited partners		$ 1.91	$ 1.72	$ 2.27	$ 2.09
Diluted net income available to limited partners		1.91	1.72	2.27	2.09
Less dilutive impact of theoretical distribution of earnings	[1]	0.35	0.3	0.39	0.35
Limited Partner's interest in net income	[2]	$ 1.56	$ 1.42	$ 1.88	$ 1.74
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding, Basic		35,549	35,653	35,571	35,786
Weighted average number of Limited Partner units outstanding, Diluted		35,549	35,653	35,571	35,786

[1] In any accounting period where the Company’s aggregate net income exceeds its aggregate distribution for such period, the Company is required to present net income per Limited Partner unit as if all of the earnings for the period were distributed, based on the terms of the Partnership agreement, regardless of whether those earnings would actually be distributed during a particular period from an economic or practical perspective. This allocation does not impact the Company’s overall net income or other financial results.

[2] See Note 15 - Earnings Per Limited Partner Unit.

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Subsequent Events - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions		1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended		131 Months Ended	132 Months Ended
		Apr. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Feb. 29, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Repurchase Plan
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Company's common units repurchased and retired			113	90	15	218	13	20,500	25,422
Average price paid per unit	[1]		$ 10.78	$ 11.03	$ 11.27	$ 10.92	$ 11.27		$ 8.82
Subsequent Event | Repurchase Plan
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Company's common units repurchased and retired		141
Average price paid per unit	[1]	$ 10.58
Subsequent Event | Dividend Declared
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Distribution declared		0.1725
Partners capital projected distribution amount on annualized basis		0.69
Minimum dividend distribution per unit		$ 0.0675
Amount paid to common unit holders		$ 6.1
Amount paid to the General Partner		0.4
Incentive distribution to the General Partner		0.4
Incentive distributions to management		$ 0.4
Dividend payable date		May 08, 2024
Dividend record date		Apr. 29, 2024

[1] Amount includes repurchase costs.