The company is exposed to the following risks as a result of holding financial instruments: market risk (i.e., interest rate risk, currency exchange risk and other price risk that impact the fair value of financial instruments), credit risk and liquidity risk. The following is a description of these risks and how they are managed:

Market risk is defined for these purposes as the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument held by the company will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk includes the risk of changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates and changes in market prices due to factors other than interest rates or currency exchange rates, such as changes in equity prices, commodity prices or credit spreads.

The company manages market risk from foreign currency assets and liabilities and the impact of changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates by funding assets with financial liabilities in the same currency and with similar interest rate characteristics, and by holding financial contracts such as interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives to minimize residual exposures.

The observable impacts on the fair values and future cash flows of financial instruments that can be directly attributable to interest rate risk include changes in the net income from financial instruments whose cash flows are determined with reference to floating interest rates and changes in the value of financial instruments whose cash flows are fixed in nature.

The company’s assets largely consist of long-duration interest-sensitive physical assets. Accordingly, the company’s financial liabilities consist primarily of long-term fixed-rate debt or floating-rate debt that has been swapped with interest rate derivatives. These financial liabilities are, with few exceptions, recorded at their amortized cost. The company also holds interest rate caps to limit its exposure to increases in interest rates on floating rate debt that has not been swapped, and holds interest rate contracts to lock in fixed rates on anticipated future debt issuances and as an economic hedge against the changes in value of long duration interest sensitive physical assets that have not been otherwise matched with fixed rate debt.

The result of a 50 basis-point increase in interest rates on the company’s net floating rate financial assets and liabilities would have resulted in a corresponding decrease in net income before tax of $278 million (2022 – $416 million) on a current basis.

Changes in the value of fair value through profit or loss interest rate contracts are recorded in net income and changes in the value of contracts that are elected for hedge accounting are recorded in other comprehensive income. The impact of a 50 basis-point parallel increase in the yield curve on the aforementioned financial instruments is estimated to result in a corresponding increase in net income before tax of $228 million (2022 – $146 million) and an increase in other comprehensive income of $956 million (2022 – $486 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The company holds financial instruments with net unmatched exposures in several currencies, changes in the translated value of which are recorded in net income. The impact of a 1% increase in the U.S. dollar against these currencies would have resulted in a $51 million (2022 – $61 million) increase in the value of these positions on a combined basis. The impact on cash flows from financial instruments would be insignificant. The company holds financial instruments to limit its exposure to the impact of foreign currencies on its net investments in foreign operations whose functional and reporting currencies are other than the U.S. dollar. A 1% increase in the U.S. dollar would increase the value of these hedging instruments by $490 million (2022 – $421 million) as at December 31, 2023, which would be recorded in other comprehensive income and offset by changes in the U.S. dollar carrying value of the net investment being hedged.

Financial instruments held by the company that are exposed to equity price risk include equity securities and equity derivatives. A 5% decrease in the market price of equity securities and equity derivatives held by the company, excluding equity derivatives that hedge compensation arrangements, would have decreased net income by $168 million (2022 – $253 million) and decreased other comprehensive income by $91 million (2022 – $76 million), prior to taxes. The company’s liability in respect of equity compensation arrangements is subject to variability based on changes in the company’s underlying common share price. The company holds equity derivatives to hedge almost all of the variability. A 5% change in the common equity price of the company in respect of compensation agreements would increase the compensation liability and compensation expense by $80 million (2022 – $63 million). This increase would be offset by a $87 million (2022 – $74 million) change in value of the associated equity derivatives of which $80 million (2022 – $63 million) would offset the above-mentioned increase in compensation expense and the remaining $7 million (2022 – $11 million) would be recorded in net income.

The company sells power and generation capacity under long-term agreements and financial contracts to stabilize future revenues. Certain of the contracts are considered financial instruments and are recorded at fair value in the consolidated financial statements, with changes in value being recorded in either net income or other comprehensive income as applicable. A 5% increase in energy prices would have decreased net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 by approximately $72 million (2022 – $85 million) and decreased other comprehensive income by $31 million (2022 – $46 million), prior to taxes. The corresponding increase in the value of the revenue or capacity being contracted, however, is not recorded in net income until subsequent periods.

Credit risk is the risk of loss due to the failure of a borrower or counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations. The company’s exposure to credit risk in respect of financial instruments relates primarily to counterparty obligations regarding derivative contracts, loans receivable and credit investments such as bonds and preferred shares.

The company assesses the creditworthiness of each counterparty before entering into contracts with a view to ensuring that counterparties meet minimum credit quality requirements. Management evaluates and monitors counterparty credit risk for derivative financial instruments and endeavors to minimize counterparty credit risk through diversification, collateral arrangements, and other credit risk mitigation techniques. The credit risk of derivative financial instruments is generally limited to the positive fair value of the instruments, which, in general, tends to be a relatively small proportion of the notional value. Substantially all of the company’s derivative financial instruments involve either counterparties that are banks or other financial institutions in North America, the U.K. and Australia, or arrangements that have embedded credit risk mitigation features. The company does not expect to incur credit losses in respect of any of these counterparties. The maximum exposure in respect of loans receivable and credit investments is equal to the carrying value.

To help ensure the company is able to react to contingencies and investment opportunities quickly, the company maintains sources of liquidity at the corporate and subsidiary levels. The primary source of liquidity consists of cash and other financial assets, net of deposits and other associated liabilities, and undrawn committed credit facilities.

The company is subject to the risks associated with debt financing, including the ability to refinance indebtedness at maturity. The company believes these risks are mitigated through the use of long-term debt secured by high quality assets, maintaining debt levels that are in management’s opinion relatively conservative, and by diversifying maturities over an extended period of time. The company also seeks to include in its agreements terms that protect the company from liquidity issues of counterparties that might otherwise impact the company’s liquidity.


	Payments Due by Period
AS AT DEC. 31, 2023 (MILLIONS)	<1 Year		1 to 3 Years		4 to 5 Years		After 5 Years		Total
Principal repayments
Corporate borrowings1	$	604	$	1,631	$	1,434	$	8,491	$	12,160
Non-recourse borrowings of managed entities	56,854		54,360		48,795		61,541		221,550
Subsidiary equity obligations	932		774		44		2,395		4,145
Interest expense2
Corporate borrowings	520		948		821		3,975		6,264
Non-recourse borrowings	13,461		20,000		13,970		22,156		69,587
Subsidiary equity obligations	169		253		174		933		1,529
Lease obligations3	1,131		2,044		1,638		12,180		16,993


	Payments Due by Period
AS AT DEC. 31, 2022 (MILLIONS)	<1 Year		1 to 3 Years		4 to 5 Years		After 5 Years		Total
Principal repayments
Corporate borrowings1	$	—	$	1,608	$	1,486	$	8,296	$	11,390
Non-recourse borrowings of managed entities	42,883		58,726		44,119		56,956		202,684
Subsidiary equity obligations	1,187		746		553		1,702		4,188
Interest expense2
Corporate borrowings	484		863		728		3,916		5,991
Non-recourse borrowings	10,597		16,016		11,432		18,320		56,365
Subsidiary equity obligations	152		273		182		563		1,170
Lease obligations3	1,186		1,855		1,540		13,192		17,773