10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File No. 000-26770

NOVAVAX, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	22-2816046
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD	20878
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip code)

(240) 268-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per share	NVAX	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	x
Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨  No x

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value, was 57,958,587 as of April 30, 2020.

NOVAVAX, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page No.
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	1
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	2
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	3
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019	4
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	25
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 6.	Exhibits	29
SIGNATURES		30

i

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share information)

	March 31,			December 31,
	2020			2019
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881		$	78,823
Marketable securities		57,474			—
Restricted cash		6,900			2,947
Accounts receivable		—			7,500
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		10,977			7,977
Total current assets		255,232			97,247
Restricted cash		411			410
Property and equipment, net		10,795			11,445
Intangible assets, net		5,052			5,581
Goodwill		49,988			51,154
Other non-current assets		6,590			7,120
Total assets	$	328,068		$	172,957
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,518		$	2,910
Accrued expenses		10,004			14,867
Accrued interest		2,031			5,078
Deferred revenue		3,113			1,678
Other current liabilities		1,316			1,262
Total current liabilities		18,982			25,795
Deferred revenue		2,500			2,500
Convertible notes payable		320,967			320,611
Other non-current liabilities		9,590			10,068
Total liabilities		352,039			358,974
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ deficit:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 600,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 53,906,322 shares issued and 53,854,913 shares outstanding at March 31, 2020 and 32,399,352 shares issued and 32,352,416 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019		539			324
Additional paid-in capital		1,450,279			1,260,551
Accumulated deficit		(1,457,665	)		(1,431,801	)
Treasury stock, 51,409 shares, cost basis at March 31, 2020 and 46,936 shares, cost basis at December 31, 2019		(2,638	)		(2,583	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(14,486	)		(12,508	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(23,971	)		(186,017	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	328,068		$	172,957

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

1

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share information)

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Revenue:
Grant and other	$	3,377		$	3,982
Total revenue		3,377			3,982
Expenses:
Research and development		16,895			35,473
General and administrative		9,379			8,732
Total expenses		26,274			44,205
Loss from operations		(22,897	)		(40,223	)
Other income (expense):
Investment income		436			420
Interest expense		(3,403	)		(3,403	)
Other income (expense)		—			(12	)
Net loss	$	(25,864	)	$	(43,218	)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.58	)	$	(2.11	)
Basic and diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding		44,421			20,442

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Net loss	$	(25,864	)	$	(43,218	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on marketable debt securities available-for-sale		(132	)		5
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(1,846	)		(1,174	)
Other comprehensive loss		(1,978	)		(1,169	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(27,842	)	$	(44,387	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

2

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019

(unaudited)

	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated			Treasury			Other Comprehensive			Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Stock			Income (Loss)			(Deficit)
	(in thousands, except share information)
Balance at December 31, 2019		32,399,352	$	324	$	1,260,551	$	(1,431,801	)	$	(2,583	)	$	(12,508	)	$	(186,017	)
Non-cash compensation cost for stock options, RSUs, SARs and ESPP		—		—		3,965		—			—			—			3,965
Vesting of RSUs/Purchases under ESPP		33,239		—		60		—			(55	)		—			5
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $2,498		21,473,731		215		185,703		—			—			—			185,918
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		—			—			(132	)		(132	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—		—			—			(1,846	)		(1,846	)
Net loss		—		—		—		(25,864	)		—			—			(25,864	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		53,906,322	$	539	$	1,450,279	$	(1,457,665	)	$	(2,638	)	$	(14,486	)	$	(23,971	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		19,245,302	$	192	$	1,144,621	$	(1,299,107	)	$	(2,450	)	$	(11,191	)	$	(167,935	)
Non-cash compensation cost for stock options, RSUs and ESPP		—		—		5,558		—			—			—			5,558
Exercise of stock options/Purchases under ESPP		51,388		1		941		—			—			—			942
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $1,115		4,198,776		42		55,197		—			—			—			55,239
Unrealized gain on marketable securities		—		—		—		—			—			5			5
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		—		—		—			—			(1,174	)		(1,174	)
Net loss		—		—		—		(43,218	)		—			—			(43,218	)
Balance at March 31, 2019		23,495,466	$	235	$	1,206,317	$	(1,342,325	)	$	(2,450	)	$	(12,360	)	$	(150,583	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

3

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(25,864	)	$	(43,218	)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		925			1,939
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			88
Amortization of debt issuance costs		356			356
Non-cash stock-based compensation		3,965			5,558
Other		—			(14	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets		4,521			(296	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(8,450	)		(11,853	)
Deferred revenue		1,437			(3,167	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(23,110	)		(50,607	)
Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures		(122	)		(805	)
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities		—			22,000
Purchases of marketable securities		(57,606	)		(2,484	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(57,728	)		18,711
Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from sales of common stock		185,918			55,239
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchases		5			942
Net cash provided by financing activities		185,923			56,181
Effect of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(73	)		(45	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		105,012			24,240
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		82,180			81,959
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	187,192		$	106,199
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	125		$	194
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash payments of interest	$	6,094		$	6,094

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

4

NOVAVAX, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2020

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization

Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB, the “Company”) is a late-stage biotechnology company that promotes improved global health through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases and address urgent, global health needs. The Company’s vaccine candidates, including its lead candidates, NanoFlu^TM and ResVax^TM, and its recent coronavirus vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373, are genetically engineered, three-dimensional nanostructures of recombinant proteins critical to disease pathogenesis and may elicit differentiated immune responses, which may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or traditional vaccines. The Company’s technology targets a variety of infectious diseases. The Company is also developing proprietary immune stimulating saponin-based adjuvants at Novavax AB, its wholly owned Swedish subsidiary. The Company’s lead adjuvant, Matrix-M™, has been shown to enhance immune responses and has been well-tolerated in multiple clinical trials.

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows, respectively, for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden, is the local currency (Swedish Krona). The translation of assets and liabilities of Novavax AB to U.S. dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of operations data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period. The translation of operating cash flow data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, and investing and financing cash flow data is translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. The foreign currency translation adjustment balance included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $14.4 million and $12.5 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

5

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash	$	39,348	$	15,863
Money market funds		47,654		42,960
Asset-backed securities		24,250		20,000
Corporate debt securities		68,629		—
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823

Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of debt securities with maturities greater than three months from the date of purchase that include commercial paper, asset-backed securities and corporate notes. Classification of marketable securities between current and non-current is dependent upon the maturity date at the balance sheet date taking into consideration the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment to maturity.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of the Company’s securities.

The Company classifies its marketable securities with readily determinable fair values as “available-for-sale.” Investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair market value in the consolidated balance sheets, and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ deficit until realized. Marketable securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in value is “other-than-temporary.” The term “other-than-temporary” is not intended to indicate a permanent decline in value. Rather, it means that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the security. Management reviews criteria, such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, as well as the Company’s ability to hold the securities, including whether the Company will be required to sell a security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the investment issuer’s financial condition and business outlook to predict whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. If a decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, the value of the security is reduced and the impairment is recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

6

Restricted Cash

The Company’s current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under the Grant Agreement (as defined in Note 9) with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”) under which the Company was awarded a grant up to $89.1 million, payment received under the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) grant awarded in March 2020 (as discussed in Note 9), escrow funds received in connection with a transaction in 2019 with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics (“Catalent”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to Catalent certain assets related to its biomanufacturing and development activities and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. The Company will utilize the Grant Agreement and CEPI grant funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under these agreements. At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the restricted cash balances (both current and non-current) consisted of $1.4 million of payments received under the Grant Agreement, $3.9 million payment under the CEPI grant at March 31, 2020, $1.5 million held in escrow received in connection with the Catalent transaction and $0.4 million of security deposits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823
Restricted cash current		6,900		2,947
Restricted cash non-current		411		410
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	187,192	$	82,180

Revenue Recognition

The Company performs research and development under grant, license and clinical development agreements. Payments received in advance of work performed are recorded as deferred revenue.

In March 2020, the Company was awarded a grant of $3.9 million from CEPI to facilitate its development of a vaccine to prevent a new strain of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) in preparation for potential future clinical trials. The Company’s grant does not provide a direct economic benefit to CEPI. Based on this circumstance, the Company does not consider CEPI to be a customer and concluded the funding agreement is outside the scope of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Payments received under the grant are considered conditional contributions under the scope of ASC 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities – Revenue Recognition, and are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which such research and development activities are performed and revenue can be recognized.

The Company analyzed the grant with CEPI to determine whether the payments received should be recorded as revenue or as a reduction to research and development expenses. In reaching the determination that such payments should be recorded as revenue, management considered a number of factors, including whether the Company is principal under the arrangement, and whether the arrangement is significant to, and part of, the Company’s core operations. Further, management has consistently applied its policy of presenting such amounts as revenue

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. At March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had outstanding stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) totaling 4,968,953 and 3,063,049, respectively. At March 31, 2020, the Company’s Notes (see Note 6) would have been convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company’s common stock assuming a common stock price of $136.20 or higher. These and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive.

7

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) (“ASU 2017-04”), which will simplify the goodwill impairment calculation by eliminating Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. The new standard does not change how a goodwill impairment is identified. The Company will continue to perform its quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit to its carrying amount, but if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, under the new standard, the amount of the charge will be calculated by subtracting the reporting unit’s fair value from its carrying amount. Under the current standard, if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, Step 2 requires it to calculate the implied value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the amount of the charge is calculated by subtracting the reporting unit’s implied fair value of goodwill from the goodwill carrying amount. The standard was effective January 1, 2020 for the Company and will be applied prospectively from the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on the Company’s historical financial statements.

Note 3 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	Fair Value at March 31, 2020						Fair Value at December 31, 2019
Assets	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market funds(1)	$	47,654	$	―	$	―	$	42,960	$	―	$	―
Asset-backed securities(2)		―		24,250		―		―		20,000		―
Corporate debt securities(3)		―		126,103		―		―		―		―
Total assets	$	47,654	$	150,353	$	―	$	42,960	$	20,000	$	―
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	$	―	$	253,331	$	―	$	$ ―	$	125,811	$	―

(1) Classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Includes $24,250 and $20,000 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(3) Includes $68,629 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fixed-income investments categorized as Level 2 are valued at the custodian bank by a third-party pricing vendor’s valuation models that use verifiable observable market data, e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads, bids provided by brokers or dealers or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Pricing of the Company’s Notes (see Note 6) has been estimated using other observable inputs, including the price of the Company’s common stock, implied volatility, interest rates and credit spreads among others.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have any transfers between levels.

The amount recorded in the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

8

Note 4 – Marketable Securities

Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were comprised of (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020									December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132	)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132	)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Marketable Securities – Unrealized Losses

The primary objective of the Company’s investment policy is the preservation of capital; thus, the Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of instruments with high-grade credit ratings, places restrictions on maturities and concentrations in certain industries and requires the Company to maintain a certain level of liquidity.

The Company owned 14 securities with an aggregate fair value of $51.2 million that were in an unrealized loss position totaling $0.1 million as of March 31, 2020. The Company did not have any investments in a loss position for greater than 12 months as of March 31, 2020. The Company has evaluated its marketable securities and has determined that none of these investments had an other-than-temporary impairment, as there was no indicator of credit loss, it has no intent to sell securities with unrealized losses and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell any securities with unrealized losses prior to a recovery in value, which may be maturity, given the Company’s current and anticipated financial position.

Note 5 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	51,154
Currency translation adjustments		(1,166	)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	49,988

9

Identifiable Intangible Assets

Purchased intangible assets consisted of the following as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020							December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Intangible Assets, Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Intangible Assets, Net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Proprietary adjuvant technology	$	7,452	$	(2,484	)	$	4,968	$	7,985	$	(2,562	)	$	5,423
Collaboration agreements		3,365		(3,281	)		84		3,606		(3,448	)		158
Total identifiable intangible assets	$	10,817	$	(5,765	)	$	5,052	$	11,591	$	(6,010	)	$	5,581

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million.

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the remainder of 2020 and for each of the five succeeding years ending December 31 will be as follows (in thousands):

Year	Amount
2020 (remainder)	$	363
2021		373
2022		373
2023		373
2024		373
2025		373

Note 6 – Long-Term Debt

Convertible Notes

The Company incurred approximately $10.0 million of debt issuance costs during the first quarter of 2016 relating to the issuance of $325 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes that will mature on February 1, 2023 (the “Notes”), which were recorded as a reduction to the Notes on the consolidated balance sheet. The $10.0 million of debt issuance costs is being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over the seven-year contractual term of the Notes on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method.

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Principal amount of the Notes	$	325,000		$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(4,033	)		(4,389	)
Total convertible notes payable	$	320,967		$	320,611

10

Interest expense incurred in connection with the Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Coupon interest at 3.75%	$	3,047	$	3,047
Amortization of debt issuance costs		356		356
Total interest expense on the Notes	$	3,403	$	3,403

Note 7 – Stockholders’ Deficit

In March 2020, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“March 2020 Sales Agreement”), which allows it to issue and sell up to $150 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 3.8 million shares of common stock under the March 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $48.7 million in net proceeds. From April 1, 2020 through May 8, 2020, the Company sold 4.1 million shares of common stock resulting in $73.6 million in net proceeds, leaving $26.0 million remaining under the March 2020 Sales Agreement.

In January 2020, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“January 2020 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 10.5 million shares of common stock under the January 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $98.7 million in net proceeds. The January 2020 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

In December 2018, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2018 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold 1.7 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement resulting in $17.4 million in net proceeds. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 7.2 million shares of common stock resulting in $38.5 million in net proceeds. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

In December 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2017 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $75 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold 2.5 million shares of common stock under the December 2017 Sales Agreement resulting in $37.9 million in net proceeds. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

Note 8 – Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2015 Plan”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2015. Under the 2015 Plan, equity awards may be granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants of and advisors to the Company and any present or future subsidiary.

The 2015 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 3,800,000 shares of common stock under equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan. All such shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan have been reserved. The 2015 Plan will expire on March 4, 2025.

The Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) expired in February 2015 and no new awards may be made under such plan, although awards will continue to be outstanding in accordance with their terms.

11

The 2015 Plan permits and the 2005 Plan permitted the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options), restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units. In addition, under the 2015 Plan, unrestricted stock, stock units and performance awards may be granted. Stock options and stock appreciation rights generally have a maximum term of 10 years and may be or were granted with an exercise price that is no less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. Grants of stock options are generally subject to vesting over periods ranging from one to four years.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and stock appreciation rights activity under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	2015 Plan					2005 Plan
	Stock Options			Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options			Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020		3,388,701		$	35.64		501,780		$	64.19
Granted		22,086		$	6.52		—		$	—
Exercised		—		$	—		—		$	—
Canceled		(22,033	)	$	37.44		(14,879	)	$	47.85
Outstanding at March 31, 2020		3,388,754		$	35.46		486,901		$	64.69
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020		1,098,087		$	77.97		486,901		$	64.69
Shares available for grant at March 31, 2020		219,732

In 2019, the Company granted 192,400 stock appreciation rights, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95, under the 2015 Plan.

Additionally, in 2019, due to the limitations on the equity awards currently available under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted to certain employees 1,014,200 stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95, under the 2015 Plan that are subject to approval at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020. Furthermore, in April 2020, due to the limitations on the equity awards currently available under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted to all of its employees collectively 2,501,600 stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $19.08, and 326,050 restricted stock units under the 2015 Plan that include a performance requirement related to its NVX-CoV2373 program before they begin to vest. These awards are also subject to approval at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020. As these stock options and restricted stock units have not yet been approved by the Company’s stockholders, the Company will not record any stock-based compensation expense for these awards until such time these awards are approved by the stockholders and a measurement date occurs.

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020	2019
Weighted-average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted	$5.39	$27.60
Risk-free interest rate	0.6%-1.5%	2.4%-2.6%
Dividend yield	0%	0%
Volatility	133.6%-142.6%	111.7%-126.8%
Expected term (in years)	3.9	4.1-4.5
Expected forfeiture rate	0%	0%

12

The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of March 31, 2020 was $12.6 million and 7.6 years, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercisable under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of March 31, 2020 was $0 and 5.5 years, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options and stock appreciation rights) that would have been received by the holders had all stock option and stock appreciation rights holders exercised their stock options and stock appreciation rights on March 31, 2020. This amount is subject to change based on changes to the closing price of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2013. The ESPP currently authorizes an aggregate of 597,500 shares of common stock to be purchased, and the aggregate amount of shares will continue to increase 5% on each anniversary of its adoption up to a maximum of 600,000 shares. The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at each purchase date through payroll deductions of up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, at 85% of the lesser of the market price of the shares at the time of purchase or the market price on the beginning date of an option period (or, if later, the date during the option period when the employee was first eligible to participate). At March 31, 2020, there were 276,043 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

The ESPP is considered compensatory for financial reporting purposes. As such, the fair value of ESPP shares was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020	2019
Range of Black-Scholes fair value of ESPP shares granted	$2.57-$35.00	$7.20-$34.80
Risk-free interest rate	1.5%-2.6%	1.2%-2.5%
Dividend yield	0%	0%
Volatility	66.6%-154.4%	52.2%-171.6%
Expected term (in years)	0.5-2.0	0.5-2.0
Expected forfeiture rate	0%	0%

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	Number of Shares			Per Share Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested at January 1, 2020		1,102,311		$	5.95
Restricted stock units granted		25,000		$	7.95
Restricted stock units vested		(17,563	)	$	8.76
Restricted stock units forfeited		(16,450	)	$	5.95
Outstanding and Unvested at March 31, 2020		1,093,298		$	5.95

13

The Company recorded all stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development	$	1,908	$	3,179
General and administrative		2,057		2,379
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,965	$	5,558

As of March 31, 2020, there was approximately $23 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and the ESPP. This unrecognized non-cash compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years, and will be allocated between research and development and general and administrative expenses accordingly. This estimate does not include the impact of other possible stock-based awards that may be made during future periods and awards that require approval by the stockholders.

Note 9 – Grants

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

In support of the Company’s development of ResVax, in September 2015, the Company entered into the grant agreement with BMGF (the “Grant Agreement”), under which it was awarded a grant totaling up to $89.1 million (the “Grant”). The Grant supports development activities, including the Company’s global Phase 3 clinical trial in pregnant women in their third trimester, product licensing efforts and efforts to obtain WHO prequalification of ResVax. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the Grant Agreement will continue in effect until the end of 2021. The Company concurrently entered into a Global Access Commitments Agreement (“GACA”) with BMGF as a part of the Grant Agreement. Under the terms of the GACA, among other things, the Company agreed to make a certain amount of ResVax available and accessible at affordable pricing to people in certain low- and middle-income countries. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the GACA will continue in effect until the later of 15 years from its effective date, or 10 years after the first sale of a product under defined circumstances. The term of the GACA may be extended in certain circumstances, by a period of up to five additional years.

Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under the Grant Agreement are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the Grant Agreement are incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized revenue from the Grant of $0.3 million and has recognized approximately $82 million in revenue since the inception of the agreement.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

In March 2020, the Company was awarded a grant of $3.9 million from the CEPI to facilitate its development of a COVID-19 vaccine in preparation for potential future clinical trials. The grant continues in effect until the activities contemplated under the funding agreement between CEPI and the Company are completed. Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under this grant are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the funding agreement are incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized revenue under this grant of $2.3 million.

14

In May 2020, CEPI and the Company signed a restated funding agreement under which CEPI provides for funding of up to $384.5 million in addition to the $3.9 million of funding it provided in the original funding agreement. CEPI funding is to be used by the Company for the development of NVX-CoV2373.

At March 31, 2020, the Company’s current restricted cash and deferred revenue balances on the consolidated balance sheet include its estimate of costs to be reimbursed and revenue to be recognized, respectively, in the next twelve months under the Grant Agreement and CEPI grant.

Note 10 – CARES Act

On March 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) to provide certain relief as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amongst other items, the CARES Act lifts certain interest expense deduction limitations originally imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The enactment of the CARES Act did not result in any material adjustments to the Company’s income tax provision or net deferred tax assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

15

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Any statements in the discussion below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report about expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance of Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiary Novavax AB, the “Company,” “we” or “us”) are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements with respect to our capabilities, goals, expectations regarding future revenue and expense levels and capital raising activities, including possible proceeds from our March 2020 Sales Agreement (defined below); potential market sizes and demand for our product candidates; the efficacy, safety and intended utilization of our product candidates; the development of our clinical-stage product candidates and our recombinant vaccine and adjuvant technologies; the development of our preclinical product candidates; the conduct, timing and potential results from clinical trials and other preclinical studies; plans for and potential timing of regulatory filings; our expectations with respect to the anticipated ongoing development and potential commercialization or licensure of ResVax; the expected timing and content of regulatory actions; payments by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”); funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”); our available cash resources and usage and the availability of financing generally; plans regarding partnering activities, business development initiatives; the adoption of stock incentive plans and amendments thereto; and other matters referenced herein. You generally can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words or phrases such as “believe,” “may,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “possible,” “can,” “estimate,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “consider,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan,” “project,” “expect,” “should,” “would,” or “assume” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.

Forward-looking statements involve estimates, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the statements. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report may turn out to be inaccurate or materially different from actual results.

Because the risk factors discussed in this Quarterly Report and identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, and other risk factors of which we are not aware, could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, which could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. We have included important factors that could cause results to differ in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report, particularly those identified in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report and in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. These and other risks may also be detailed and modified or updated in our reports and other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) from time to time. You are encouraged to read these filings as they are made.

We cannot guarantee future results, events, level of activity, performance or achievement. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

16

Overview

We are a late-stage biotechnology company that promotes improved global health through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases and address urgent, global health needs. Our vaccine candidates, including our lead candidates, NanoFlu™ and ResVax™, and our recent coronavirus vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373, are genetically engineered, three-dimensional nanostructures of recombinant proteins critical to disease pathogenesis and may elicit differentiated immune responses, which may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or traditional vaccines. Our technology targets a variety of infectious diseases. We are also developing proprietary immune stimulating saponin-based adjuvants at Novavax AB, our wholly owned Swedish subsidiary. Our lead adjuvant, Matrix-M™, has been shown to enhance immune responses and has been well-tolerated in multiple clinical trials.

Product Pipeline

Program	Current Development Stage
Seasonal Influenza
· NanoFlu (Older Adults)(1)	Phase 3(2)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (“RSV”)
· ResVax(3) (Infants via Maternal Immunization)	Phase 3
· Older Adults(1)	Phase 2
· Pediatrics	Phase 1
Combination Seasonal Influenza/RSV(1)	Preclinical
Coronavirus
· NVX-CoV2373(1)(4)	Phase 1
· Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (“MERS”)	Preclinical
· Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS”)	Preclinical
Ebola Virus (“EBOV”)(1)	Phase 1

(1) Includes Matrix-M adjuvant

(2) Successfully achieved all primary endpoints and achieved statistical significance in key secondary endpoints

(3) Supported by a grant from BMGF

(4) Supported by funding from CEPI

A summary and status of these vaccine programs follows:

Seasonal Influenza

NanoFlu Program (Older Adults)

Influenza is a world-wide infectious disease with serious illness generally occurring in more susceptible populations such as children under 18 years old and older adults, but also occurring in the general population. According to influenza vaccines forecasts by Datamonitor in 2013, the market for seasonal influenza vaccines is expected to grow from approximately $3.2 billion in the 2015-16 flu season to approximately $5.3 billion in the 2021-22 flu season (in the countries comprising the top seven markets). Recent flu seasons have shown an increase in the influenza disease burden. For the 2017-18 flu season, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that influenza in the U.S. resulted in 48.8 million illnesses, 959,000 hospitalizations and 79,400 deaths, a dramatic increase across all categories compared to previous years.

17

In March 2020, we announced positive top-line results from our Phase 3 clinical trial of our nanoparticle seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate, including our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant (“NanoFlu”). The trial was a randomized, observer-blinded, active controlled trial in approximately 2,652 healthy older adults (65 years and older) across 19 clinical sites in the U.S. The trial evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of NanoFlu compared to a U.S.-licensed quadrivalent vaccine, Fluzone^® Quadrivalent. The trial’s primary objective was to demonstrate non-inferior immunogenicity as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (“HAI”) titers of vaccine homologous influenza strains compared to a licensed seasonal vaccine, and to describe its safety profile. NanoFlu achieved all the primary objectives, and was well-tolerated and had a safety profile comparable to Fluzone Quadrivalent with a modest increase in local adverse events. NanoFlu also achieved statistical significance in key secondary endpoints. This positive data will support a U.S. biologics license application (“BLA”), which BLA will include process performance qualification (“PPQ”) and a lot consistency clinical trial, and licensure of NanoFlu using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA”) accelerated approval pathway.

In March 2020, we entered into an agreement with Emergent BioSolutions, Inc. (“Emergent”) to provide contract development and manufacturing services, supplying us with Good Manufacturing Practices (“GMP”) vaccine product for use in PPQ and lot consistency trial. In addition, this arrangement offers the potential to leverage Emergent’s rapid deployment capabilities and expertise that provide us scalability and capacity to produce NanoFlu, with the added flexibility of converting all or a portion of this Emergent manufacturing capacity towards production of our NVX-CoV2373 vaccine product described below.

In January 2020, we announced that the FDA granted NanoFlu Fast Track designation, which is intended for products that treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for such diseases or conditions. The program is designed to facilitate development and expedite review of drugs to treat serious and life-threatening conditions so that approved products can reach the market expeditiously. Specifically, Fast Track designation facilitates meetings to discuss all aspects of development to support licensure and provides the opportunity to submit sections of a BLA on a rolling basis as data become available. This permits the FDA to review modules of the BLA as they are received instead of waiting for the entire BLA submission. In addition, priority review (six-month review versus standard 10-month review) is an additional benefit that may potentially be available for NanoFlu in the future.

In June 2019, we announced that the FDA acknowledged that the accelerated approval pathway is available for NanoFlu. An accelerated approval may be granted for certain biological products that have been studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments. Such an approval will be based on adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the biological product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. For seasonal influenza vaccines, the HAI antibody response is considered an acceptable surrogate marker of activity that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. To be considered for accelerated approval, a BLA for a new seasonal influenza vaccine should include results from one or more well-controlled studies designed to meet immunogenicity endpoints along with a commitment to conduct confirmatory post-marketing studies of clinical effectiveness in preventing influenza.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Currently, there is no approved RSV vaccine available to combat the estimated 64 million RSV infections that occur globally each year. We have identified three susceptible target populations that we believe could benefit from the development of our respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine candidate (“RSV F Vaccine”) in different formulations: (1) infants via maternal immunization, (2) older adults (60 years and older) and (3) children six months to five years old (“pediatrics”). With our current estimates of the annual global cost burden of RSV in excess of $88 billion, we believe our RSV F Vaccine represents a multi-billion dollar worldwide opportunity.

18

ResVax Program (Infants via Maternal Immunization)

ResVax is our adjuvanted RSV F Vaccine for infants via maternal immunization. RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (“LRTI”) and the leading viral cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. In the U.S., RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization of infants and, globally, is second only to malaria as a cause of death in children under one year of age.

Data from our Prepare trial, which was initiated in December 2015, was announced in February 2019. The Prepare trial was conducted to determine whether ResVax reduced incidence of medically significant RSV-positive LRTI in infants through a minimum of the first 90 days of life and up through the first six months of life. While these data did not meet the trial’s primary efficacy endpoint, it did demonstrate efficacy against a secondary objective by reducing RSV LRTI hospitalizations in treated infants. ResVax is thus the first RSV vaccine to show efficacy in a Phase 3 clinical trial, and in addition, showed important effects against a variety of pre-specified exploratory endpoints and post-hoc analyses. This included a ~60% reduction in RSV-related severe hypoxemia and a ~74% reduction in RSV-related, radiographically-confirmed pneumonia through day 90. As in previous clinical trials, ResVax also showed favorable safety and tolerability results. In light of the fact that the trial failed to meet the primary endpoints, the FDA and European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) recommended that we conduct an additional Phase 3 clinical trial to confirm efficacy. BMGF has supported the Prepare trial for ResVax through a grant of up to $89.1 million; BMGF continues to financially support our efforts to conduct certain follow-on analyses of the Phase 3 data. We are currently in discussions with multiple potential commercial partners about the opportunity to bring ResVax to market globally. In addition, we are continuing to determine and pursue regulatory licensure requirements and pathways in the U.S., the European Union and other geographies.

RSV Older Adults Program

Older adults (60 years and older) are at increased risk for RSV disease due in part to immunosenescence, the age-related decline in the human immune system. RSV infection can also lead to exacerbation of underlying co-morbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and congestive heart failure. In the U.S. alone, a reported RSV incidence rate of 5.5% in older adults would account for approximately 2.5 million infections per year. We estimate that approximately 900,000 medical interventions are caused by RSV disease in this U.S. population each year. We followed up the 2016 Phase 3 clinical trial of our RSV F Vaccine, which failed to meet its pre-specified primary or secondary efficacy objectives, with a 2017 Phase 2 clinical trial in older adults, to assess safety and immunogenicity of one and two dose regimens of our RSV F Vaccine, with and without aluminum phosphate or our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant. Immunogenicity results from the 2017 trial indicate that both adjuvants increase the magnitude, duration and quality of the immune response versus the non-adjuvanted RSV F Vaccine. We continue to assess the development opportunities for our RSV F Vaccine in older adults.

RSV Pediatrics Program

By the age of five, essentially all children will have been exposed to RSV and will likely develop natural immunity against the virus; however, children under five remain vulnerable to RSV disease, offering a strong rationale for a pediatric vaccine that could offer enhanced protection. In 2015, we announced positive results in our Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of our RSV F Vaccine in healthy children between two and six years of age. We continue to assess the development opportunities for our RSV F Vaccine for pediatrics.

Combination Seasonal Influenza/RSV F Vaccine

With the ongoing development of our NanoFlu and RSV F Vaccine, a strong rationale exists for developing a combination respiratory vaccine that is designed to protect susceptible populations against both diseases. Although testing is at an early stage, we believe that a combination vaccine against both influenza and RSV may be achievable.

19

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses (“CoV”), so named for their “crown-like” appearance, are a large family of viruses that spread from animals to humans and include diseases such as MERS and SARS, and COVID-19, the most recent disease resulting from the SARS-CoV2 virus. COVID-19 first emerged in late 2019 in China, and in March 2020 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. The virus has spread to virtually all countries and territories in the world. There are currently no licensed vaccines proven to prevent COVID-19, although a range of vaccine candidates are under development.

NVX-CoV2373

We have successfully produced a vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373, designed to provide protection against COVID-19. Engineered from the genetic sequence of COVID-19, we used our recombinant nanoparticle technology to generate the antigen derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein. In combination with our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant, NVX-CoV2373 has demonstrated in preclinical studies that it binds efficiently with human receptors targeted by the virus, a critical aspect for effective vaccine protection.

In May 2020, we signed a restated funding agreement with CEPI under which we receive funding of up to $384.5 million in addition to the $3.9 million of funding CEPI provided in the original funding agreement. CEPI funding is to be used by us for the development of NVX-CoV2373.

In April 2020, we announced that NVX-CoV2373 is highly immunogenic in animal models measuring spike protein-specific antibodies, antibodies that block the binding of the spike protein to the receptor and wild-type virus neutralizing antibodies. High levels of spike protein-specific antibodies with ACE-2 human receptor binding domain blocking activity and SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus neutralizing antibodies were observed after a single immunization. In addition, the already high microneutralization titers seen after one dose increased eight fold with a second dose. High titer microneutralizing antibodies are generally accepted evidence that a vaccine is likely to be protective in humans. The NVX-CoV2373 development plan combines a Phase 1/Phase 2 approach to allow rapid advancement during the current coronavirus pandemic. The Phase 1 clinical trial will be a placebo-controlled observer blinded study of approximately 130 healthy adults and includes assessment of dosage amount and number of vaccinations. The trial is expected to begin in May 2020 with preliminary immunogenicity and safety results in July 2020.

In March 2020, we entered into an agreement with Emergent to provide contract development and manufacturing services, supplying us with NVX-CoV2373 under GMP. The Emergent arrangement offers the potential to leverage its rapid deployment capabilities for scalability, with the added flexibility of converting Emergent manufacturing capacity scheduled for NanoFlu into production of our NVX-CoV2373 vaccine product as needed.

MERS/SARS

Historically, we developed a vaccine candidate against MERS, a novel coronavirus first identified in 2012, as well as a vaccine candidate against SARS in 2005. In 2012, within weeks of obtaining the sequence of the circulating MERS strain, we successfully produced a vaccine candidate designed to provide protection. Our MERS candidate was based on the major surface spike protein, which we had previously identified as the antigen of choice in our work with our SARS vaccine candidate. In 2014, in collaboration with the University of Maryland, School of Medicine, we published results that showed our MERS and SARS vaccine candidates both blocked infection in laboratory studies. Although not in active development, our MERS and SARS vaccine candidates remain viable opportunities to potentially develop independently or in conjunction with other coronavirus development activities.

Ebola Virus

EBOV is a filovirus that produces severe, often fatal illness in humans. Within the last decade, it has produced two large outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa with high mortality. There are currently no licensed treatments proven to prevent EBOV, although a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development.

20

We have developed an EBOV glycoprotein vaccine candidate (“Ebola GP Vaccine”) expressed in insect cells, using our core recombinant baculovirus technology. In five separate studies, carried out in collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, active immunization with Ebola GP Vaccine was shown to be highly immunogenic and efficacious in preventing lethal disease in non-human primates challenged with EBOV. Our 2015 Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrated that our Ebola GP Vaccine is highly immunogenic in humans, well-tolerated and, in conjunction with our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant, demonstrated marked antigen dose-sparing and induced significant increases in neutralizing antibody titers. Although not in active development, our Ebola GP Vaccine is a viable development opportunity in the event of dedicated funding or a partnership arrangement.

Sales of Common Stock

In March 2020, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“March 2020 Sales Agreement”), which allows us to issue and sell up to $150 million in gross proceeds of our common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, we sold 3.8 million shares of common stock under the March 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $48.7 million in net proceeds. From April 1, 2020 through May 8, 2020, we sold 4.1 million shares of common stock resulting in $73.6 million in net proceeds, leaving $26.0 million remaining under the March 2020 Sales Agreement.

In January 2020, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“January 2020 Sales Agreement”), which allowed us to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, we sold 10.5 million shares of common stock under the January 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $98.7 million in net proceeds. The January 2020 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

In December 2018, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2018 Sales Agreement”), which allowed us to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of our common stock. In January 2020, we sold 7.2 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement resulting in $38.5 million in net proceeds. The December 2018 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

There are no material changes to our critical accounting policies as described in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See “Note 2―Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (under the caption “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”).

Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of the historical financial condition and results of operations of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth in this Quarterly Report.

21

Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (amounts in tables are presented in thousands, except per share information or as otherwise indicated)

Revenue:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019		Change 2019 to 2020
Revenue:
Total revenue	$	3,377	$	3,982	$	(605	)

Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $3.4 million as compared to $4.0 million for the same period in 2019, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 15%. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily comprised of revenue for services performed under the Grant Agreement with BMGF and revenue from Novavax AB. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020 also included revenue under the CEPI grant. The decrease was due to lower revenue under the Grant Agreement with BMGF as the Prepare trial concluded in 2019 and was partially offset by revenue under the CEPI grant.

We expect revenue in 2020 to significantly increase due to our NVX-CoV2373 program, which we anticipate will be primarily funded by CEPI and/or other potential non-dilutive funding sources.

Expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019		Change 2019 to 2020
Expenses:
Research and development	$	16,895	$	35,473	$	(18,578	)
General and administrative		9,379		8,732		647
Total expenses	$	26,274	$	44,205	$	(17,931	)

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include salaries, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, consultants and subcontractors, including external contract research organizations, and other expenses associated with our process development, manufacturing, clinical, regulatory and quality assurance activities for our programs. In addition, indirect costs such as fringe benefits and overhead expenses related to research and development activities, are also included in research and development expenses. Research and development expenses decreased to $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $35.5 million for the same period in 2019, a decrease of $18.6 million, or 52%. This decrease was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax, lower employee-related costs and other cost savings resulting from our 2019 transaction with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics (“Catalent”). At March 31, 2020, we had 125 employees dedicated to our research and development programs versus 324 employees as of March 31, 2019. For 2020, we expect research and development expenses to significantly increase due to our anticipated development activities for our NVX-CoV2373 program (see discussion on our NVX-CoV2373 program above).

Expenses by Functional Area

We track our research and development expenses by the type of costs incurred in identifying, developing, manufacturing and testing vaccine candidates. We evaluate and prioritize our activities according to functional area and therefore believe that project-by-project information would not form a reasonable basis for disclosure to our investors. Historically, we did not account for internal research and development expenses by project, since our employees’ work time is spread across multiple programs and our internal manufacturing clean-room facility produces multiple vaccine candidates.

22

The following summarizes our research and development expenses by functional area for the three months ended March 31 (in millions):

	2020		2019
Manufacturing	$	9.2	$	21.6
Vaccine Discovery		2.0		1.8
Clinical and Regulatory		5.7		12.1
Total research and development expenses	$	16.9	$	35.5

We do not provide forward-looking estimates of costs and time to complete our research projects due to the many uncertainties associated with vaccine development. As we obtain data from preclinical studies and clinical trials, we may elect to discontinue or delay clinical trials in order to focus our resources on more promising vaccine candidates. Completion of clinical trials may take several years or more, but the length of time can vary substantially depending upon the phase, size of clinical trial, primary and secondary endpoints and the intended use of the vaccine candidate. The cost of clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of a variety of factors, including:

· the number of participants who participate in the clinical trials;

· the number of sites included in the clinical trials;

· if clinical trial locations are domestic, international or both;

· the time to enroll participants;

· the duration of treatment and follow-up;

· the safety and efficacy profile of the vaccine candidate; and

· the cost and timing of, and the ability to secure, regulatory approvals.

As a result of these uncertainties, we are unable to determine with any significant degree of certainty the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or when, and to what extent, we will generate future cash flows from our research projects.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $9.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $8.7 million for the same period in 2019, an increase of $0.6 million, or 7%. The increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily due to increased professional fees. At March 31, 2020, we had 40 employees dedicated to general and administrative functions versus 49 employees as of March 31, 2019. For 2020, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase due to increased activities related to supporting our NVX-CoV2373 program.

Other Income (Expense):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			Change 2019 to 2020
Other Income (Expense):
Investment income	$	436		$	420		$	16
Interest expense		(3,403	)		(3,403	)		—
Other income (expense)		—			(12	)		12
Total other income (expense)	$	(2,967	)	$	(2,995	)	$	28

We had total other expense, net of $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

23

Net Loss:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			Change 2019 to 2020
Net Loss:
Net loss	$	(25,864	)	$	(43,218	)	$	17,354
Net loss per share	$	(0.58	)	$	(2.11	)	$	1.53
Weighted shares outstanding		44,421			20,442			23,979

Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $25.9 million, or $0.58 per share, as compared to $43.2 million, or $2.11 per share, for the same period in 2019. The decrease in net loss was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, as well as lower employee-related costs and other cost savings due to the Catalent transaction.

The increase in weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2020 is primarily a result of sales of our common stock in 2020 and 2019.

Liquidity Matters and Capital Resources

Our future capital requirements depend on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the commitments and progress of our research and development programs, the progress of preclinical and clinical testing, the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals, the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights and manufacturing costs. We plan to continue to have multiple vaccines and product candidates in various stages of development, and we believe our operating expenses and capital requirements will fluctuate depending upon the timing of events, such as the scope, initiation, rate and progress of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other research and development activities. We have primarily funded our recent operations with proceeds from the sale of common stock in equity offerings, the issuance of convertible debt and revenue under our Grant Agreement with BMGF. We anticipate our future operations to be additionally funded by CEPI and/or other potential non-dilutive funding sources.

As of March 31, 2020, we had $244.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash as compared to $82.2 million as of December 31, 2019. These amounts consisted of $179.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, $57.4 million in marketable securities and $7.3 million in restricted cash as of March 31, 2020 as compared to $78.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $3.4 million in restricted cash as of December 31, 2019.

The following table summarizes cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			Change 2019 to 2020
Summary of Cash Flows:
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(23,110	)	$	(50,607	)	$	27,497
Investing activities		(57,728	)		18,711			(76,439	)
Financing activities		185,923			56,181			129,742
Effect on exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(73	)		(45	)		(28	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		105,012			24,240			80,772
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		82,180			81,959			221
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	187,192		$	106,199		$	80,993

24

Net cash used in operating activities decreased to $23.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared to $50.6 million for the same period in 2019. The decrease in cash usage is primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, as well as lower employee-related costs and other cost savings due to the Catalent transaction.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, our investing activities consisted of purchases and maturities of marketable securities and, to a much lesser extent, capital expenditures. Capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively. For 2020, we expect a significant increase in our capital expenditures due to our anticipated development activities for our NVX-CoV2373 program.

Our financing activities consisted primarily of sales of our common stock under our At Market Issuance Sales Agreements, and to a much lesser extent, stock option exercises and purchases under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan. In the three months ended March 31, 2020, we received net proceeds of $185.9 million from selling shares of common stock through our At Market Issuance Sales Agreements. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, we received net proceeds of $55.2 million from selling shares of common stock through our At Market Issuance Sales Agreements.

Based on our most recent cash flow forecast, we believe our current capital is sufficient to fund our operating plans for a minimum of twelve months from the date that this Quarterly Report was filed. Additional capital may be required in the future to develop our vaccine candidates through clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization.

Our ability to fund the Company’s operations is dependent upon management’s plans, which include receiving non-dilutive funding from domestic and international sources, raising additional capital in the near term primarily through a combination of equity and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements and in the longer term, from revenue related to product sales, to the extent our product candidates receive marketing approval and can be commercialized. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements may require us to give up some or all of our rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2020.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The primary objective of our investment activities is preservation of capital, with the secondary objective of maximizing income. As of March 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $179.9 million, $57.4 in marketable securities, all of which are current, $7.3 million in restricted cash and working capital of $236.3 million.

Our exposure to market risk is primarily confined to our investment portfolio, which historically has been classified as available-for-sale. We do not believe that a change in the market rates of interest would have any significant impact on the realizable value of our investment portfolio. Changes in interest rates may affect the investment income we earn on our marketable securities when they mature and the proceeds are reinvested into new marketable securities and, therefore, could impact our cash flows and results of operations.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of our securities.

25

We are headquartered in the U.S. where we conduct the vast majority of our business activities. We have one foreign consolidated subsidiary, Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden. A 10% decline in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Swedish Krona would result in a decline of stockholders’ deficit of approximately $2.3 million at March 31, 2020.

Our Notes have a fixed interest rate and we have no additional material debt. As such, we do not believe that we are exposed to any material interest rate risk as a result of our borrowing activities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the assistance of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of March 31, 2020. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving such control objectives. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2020, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020, and has concluded that there was no change that occurred during the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Other than the additional risk factors disclosed below, there are no material changes to the Company’s risk factors as described in Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Development of our COVID-19 vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373, is at an early stage. We may be unable to produce a successful vaccine in a timely manner, if at all.

In response to the recent outbreak of COVID-19, we have identified a vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373. Because NVX-CoV2373 is in the early stages of development, it will likely require extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing. We may be unable to produce a successful COVID-19 vaccine and establish a competitive market share for our vaccine before a competitor or before the COVID-19 outbreak is effectively contained or the risk of coronavirus infection is significantly diminished.

A large number of vaccine manufacturers, academic institutions and other organizations currently have programs to develop COVID-19 vaccine candidates. While we are not aware of all of our competitors’ efforts, we believe that Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Moderna, Sanofi, Inovio, Vaxart, Heat Biologics and AIM ImmunoTech, and potentially other companies are all in the early stages of developing vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Many of our competitors pursuing vaccine candidates have significantly greater financial, product candidate development, manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. Larger pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have extensive experience in clinical testing and obtaining regulatory approval for their products, and may have the resources to heavily invest to accelerate discovery and development of their vaccine candidates. Our business could be materially and adversely affected if competitors develop and commercialize one or more COVID-19 vaccines before we can complete development and seek approval for our vaccine candidate, or if they develop and commercialize one or more COVID-19 vaccines that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, have broader market acceptance, are more convenient or are less expensive than any vaccine candidate that we may develop.

26

We are seeking significant funding to support the development and manufacture of NVX-CoV2373. Various government entities and private foundations are offering incentives, grants and contracts to encourage additional investment by commercial organizations into preventative and therapeutic agents against COVID-19, but such grants may have the effect of increasing the number of competitors and/or providing advantages to competitors working on COVID-19 vaccines and treatments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully obtain government or private funding to support our development and potential commercialization efforts.

We are allocating financial and personnel resources to the development of NVX-CoV2373, which may cause delays in or otherwise negatively impact our other development programs, despite uncertainties surrounding the longevity and extent of COVID-19 as a global health concern. If any potential Phase I clinical trials for NVX-CoV2373 are perceived to be successful, we may need to access facilities capable of rapidly manufacturing NVX-CoV2373 in the volumes necessary to support large-scale clinical trials or commercial sales. We would need to rely upon third parties to rapidly scale-up production and development activities and if we are unable to obtain any necessary services on acceptable terms, we may not complete our product development or commercialization efforts in a timely manner. Furthermore, our business could be negatively impacted by our allocation of significant resources to a global health threat that is unpredictable and could rapidly dissipate or against which our vaccine, if developed, may not be partially or fully effective.

Our ability to produce a successful vaccine may be curtailed by one or more government actions or interventions, which may be more likely during a global health crisis such as COVID-19.

Given the significant global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible that one or more government entities may take actions that directly or indirectly have the effect of diminishing some of our rights or opportunities with respect to NVX-CoV2373 and the economic value of a COVID-19 vaccine to us could be limited. In the U.S., the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (the “Defense Production Act”), gives the U.S. government rights and authorities that may directly or indirectly diminish our own rights or opportunities with respect to NVX-CoV2373 and the economic value of a COVID-19 vaccine to us could be limited. Our potential third-party service providers may be impacted by government entities regarding potentially invoking the Defense Production Act or other potential restrictions to all or a portion of services they might otherwise offer. Government entities imposing restrictions or limitations on our third-party service providers may require us to obtain alternative service sources for our vaccine candidates, including NVX-CoV2373. If we are unable to timely enter into alternative arrangements, or if such alternative arrangements are not available on satisfactory terms, we will experience delays in the development or production of our vaccine candidates, increased expenses, and delays in potential distribution or commercialization of our vaccine candidates, when and if approved.

In addition, during a global health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where the spread of a disease needs to be controlled, closed or heavily regulated national borders will create challenges and potential delays in our development and production activities and may necessitate that we pursue strategies to develop and produce our vaccine candidates within self-contained national or international borders, at potentially much greater expense and with longer timeframes for public distribution.

27

The outbreak of COVID-19 may materially and adversely affect our business and our financial results.

The spread of COVID-19 has affected the global economy and our operations, which may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In response to COVID-19, various aspects of our business operations have been, and could continue to be, disrupted. We have implemented a work from home policy, with our administrative employees continuing their work outside of our offices, and restricted on-site staff to only those required to execute certain laboratory and related support activities. The increase in working remotely could increase our cybersecurity risk, create data accessibility concerns, and make us more susceptible to communication disruptions, any of which could adversely impact our business operations. In addition, as a result of shelter-in-place orders in Maryland or other mandated travel restrictions, our on-site staff conducting research and development may not be able to access our laboratories, and these core activities may be significantly limited or curtailed, possibly for an extended period of time. Such travel restrictions and other governmental measures may also result in a disruption or delay in the performance of our third-party contractors and suppliers. If such third-parties are unable to adequately satisfy their contractual commitments to us in a timely manner, our business could be adversely affected.

Our clinical trials, whether planned or ongoing, may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Study procedures (particularly any procedures that may be deemed non-essential), site initiation, participant recruitment and enrollment, participant dosing, shipment of our product candidates, distribution of clinical trial materials, study monitoring, site inspections and data analysis may be paused or delayed due to changes in hospital or research institution policies, federal, state or local regulations, prioritization of hospital and other medical resources toward COVID-19 efforts, or other reasons related to the pandemic. In addition, there could be a potential effect of COVID-19 to the operations of the FDA or other health authorities, which could result in delays of reviews and approvals, including with respect to our product candidates. Any prolongation or de-prioritization of our clinical trials or delay in regulatory review resulting from such disruptions could materially affect the development and study of our product candidates.

The trading prices for our common stock and that of other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile due to the COVID-19 pandemic, especially as a result of investor concerns and uncertainty related to the impact of the outbreak on the economies of countries worldwide. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our common stock.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which the outbreak impacts our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the U.S. and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the U.S. and other countries to contain and treat the disease.

We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by natural or man-made disasters or public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our operations, and those of our clinical research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, vendors and other third parties upon whom we depend, could be subject to fires, extreme weather conditions, earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, war or terrorism and other natural or man-made disasters, as well as public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could prevent us from using all or a significant portion of our facilities and it may be difficult or impossible for us to continue certain activities for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event and we may incur substantial expenses and delays as a result. Our ability to manufacture our product candidates and obtain necessary clinical supplies for our product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of our contract manufacturing organizations or suppliers are affected by a natural or man-made disaster, or a public health emergency.

28

Item 6. Exhibits

3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, filed on August 10, 2015 (File No. 000-26770))
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 9, 2019 (File No. 000-26770))
3.3	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed on March 12, 2013 (File No. 000-26770))
10.1††*	Amended and Restated 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101	The following financial information from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

†† Management contracts, compensatory plans or arrangements.

* Filed or furnished herewith.

29

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	NOVAVAX, INC.
Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ Stanley C. Erck
		Stanley C. Erck
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ John J. Trizzino
		John J. Trizzino
		Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

30

EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

Novavax, Inc.

2013 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

Amended and restated March 20, 2020

Section 1.Purpose of Plan

The Novavax, Inc. 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated March 20, 2020 (the “Plan”), is intended to enable eligible employees of Novavax, Inc. (the “Company”) and such of its Subsidiaries (including any corporation that becomes a Subsidiary of the Company after the adoption and approval of the Plan) as the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) may from time to time designate (the Company and such Subsidiaries being hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) to purchase shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, of the Company (such common stock being hereafter referred to as “Stock”), and thereby enhance the sense of participation in the affairs of the Company. For purposes of the Plan, a “Subsidiary” is any corporation that would be treated as a subsidiary of the Company under Section 424(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Plan is intended to qualify under Code Section 423 and to be exempt from the application and requirements of Code Section 409A, and is to be construed accordingly.

Section 2.Administration of Plan

The Plan shall be administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board (the “Committee”), which shall have the authority to determine eligibility under the Plan, to interpret the Plan, to prescribe forms, rules and procedures under the Plan, to adopt, amend, rescind, administer, and interpret such forms, rules and procedures and otherwise to do all things necessary or advisable to carry out the terms of the Plan. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Committee in its discretion may delegate any or all of its powers under the Plan to one or more officers or employees of the Company. All references in the Plan to the “Administrator” shall mean the Committee and the person or persons so delegated to the extent of such delegation, as applicable. All determinations and decisions by the Administrator regarding the interpretation or application of the Plan shall be final and binding on all parties.

Section 3.Options to Purchase Stock

Subject to adjustment as provided in Section 15, the maximum aggregate number of shares of Stock available for purchase pursuant to the exercise of options (“Options”) granted under the Plan to employees of the Company or its designated Subsidiaries (“Employees”) who meet the eligibility requirements set forth in Section 4 (“Eligible Employees”) shall be the lesser of (a) 550,000 shares increased on each anniversary of the adoption of the Plan by 5%, and (b) 600,000.

The Stock to be delivered upon exercise of Options under the Plan may be either shares of authorized but unissued Stock or shares of reacquired Stock, as the Board may determine. If any Option granted under the Plan shall expire or terminate for any reason without having been exercised in full or shall cease for any reason to be exercisable in whole or in part, the unpurchased Stock subject to such Option shall again be available for purchase pursuant to the exercise of Options under the Plan.

Section 4.Eligibility

Subject to the limitations set forth in Section 5, each Employee whose customary employment is at least 20 hours per week, whose customary employment is for more than five months during the calendar year and who has been employed by the Company for not less than five business days as of the first day of an Option Period (as defined in Section 5) shall be eligible to participate in the Plan for such Option Period. The Administrator may, for Option Periods that have not yet commenced, establish additional eligibility requirements not inconsistent with Code Section 423.

Section 5.Option Periods

Unless otherwise determined by the Board (and except as otherwise provided in Section 8), the “Option Periods” shall be consecutive and overlapping 24-month periods that shall commence every six months on August 1 and February 1 and end 24 months later on July 31 or January 31, with each Option Period having four six-month “Purchase Periods” that shall commence on August 1 or February 1 and end on January 31 or July 31 each year during the Option Period. Each January 31 and July 31 during an Option Period shall be a “Purchase Date”. The Administrator may change the frequency and duration of the Option Periods, Purchase Periods and Purchase Dates with respect to Option Periods that have not yet commenced, except as provided in Section 15, in accordance with Code Section 423.

Section 6.Participation and Option Grant

Each person who is an Eligible Employee on the first day of any Option Period may elect to participate in the Plan for such Option Period in accordance with this Section 6, Section 7 and any other procedures established by the Administrator. Except as otherwise provided in Section 8, to become a Participant and enroll in an Option Period, an Eligible Employee must complete an enrollment and payroll deduction authorization form in a form prescribed by the Administrator and submit it to the Company no later than five business days before the first day of each Option Period, or such later time as determined by the Administrator, and shall thereby become a participant (“Participant”) on the first day of such Option Period. A Participant may participate in only one Option Period at any time.

Each person who is a Participant on the first day of an Option Period shall automatically be granted on that day an Option for such Option Period entitling the Participant to purchase shares of Stock on each Purchase Date within the Option Period on which the Participant is an Eligible Employee. No more than 25,000 shares may be purchased by a Participant on any Purchase Date, and no more than 15% of a Participant’s Compensation at any time may be used to purchase shares of Stock under an Option. A Participant’s “Compensation” for any period shall be the sum of the following forms of compensation paid to or earned by a Participant: base wages, salary, overtime, payments for paid time off and holidays, bereavement pay, jury/witness duty pay, pay during a period of suspension, compensation deferred pursuant to Code Sections 401(k) or 125, distributions under any nonqualified deferred compensation plan and any other compensation or remuneration that the Committee or the Board approves as “compensation” in accordance with Code Section 423. Notwithstanding the foregoing:

-2-

(a)No Participant shall be granted an Option under the Plan who, immediately after the Option is granted, would own (or pursuant to Code Section 424(d) would be deemed to own) stock possessing 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the Company or of its Subsidiaries; and

(b)No Participant shall be granted an Option under the Plan that would permit the Participant to accrue rights to purchase shares of stock under all employee stock purchase plans of the Company and its Subsidiaries at a rate that exceeds $25,000 (or such other maximum as may be prescribed from time to time by the Code) for any calendar year, determined using the closing stock price on the grant date, all as determined in accordance with Code Section 423(b)(8).

The Administrator shall reduce, on a substantially proportionate basis, the number of shares of Stock that may be purchased by each Participant for an Option Period or for one or more Purchase Periods in the event that the number of shares then available under the Plan is insufficient.

Section 7.Method of Payment

Payment for Stock purchased upon the exercise of an Option shall be made with funds withheld through regular payroll deductions. Each payroll deduction authorization shall request withholding for each payroll period at a whole percentage of the Participant’s Compensation not exceeding 15% of Participant’s Compensation for the payroll period. Withholding shall be accomplished by means of deductions made on payroll dates occurring in the Option Period. A Participant may decrease his or her payroll deduction rate two times during a Purchase Period within an Option Period; provided, however, that the second decrease during any such Purchase Period will reduce the payroll deduction rate to 0%. The payroll deduction rate as decreased by a Participant during a Purchase Period will automatically be applied to the next Purchase Period within the applicable Option Period unless the Participant elects to increase the payroll deduction rate for such next Purchase Period by notifying the Administrator not less than five business days prior to the first day of such Purchase Period. The Administrator may, in its discretion, further limit the number of payroll deduction changes during any Option Period. A change in the payroll deduction rate shall be effective with the first full payroll period following 10 business days after the Company’s receipt of the new payroll deduction authorization unless the Company elects to process a given change in payroll deductions more quickly.

All amounts withheld pursuant to this Section 7 (whether by payroll deductions or otherwise) shall be credited to a withholding account maintained in the Participant’s name on the books of the Company (each, an “Account”). Amounts credited to the Account shall not be required to be set aside in trust or otherwise segregated from the Company’s general assets.

Section 8.Purchase Price

The purchase price of Stock issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option on each Purchase Date shall be the lower of 85% of the fair market value of the Stock on the date on which the Option was granted pursuant to Section 5 (i.e., the first day of an Option Period) and 85% of the fair market value of the Stock on the last day of the Purchase Period (i.e., the Purchase Date). For purposes of this Section 8, the fair market value of the Stock for any day shall be the reported closing price of the Stock for such day on the national exchange or trading system on which such shares of Stock are traded; provided, that if such day is not a trading day, the fair market value of the Stock on such national exchange or trading system shall be the reported closing price of the Stock for the immediately preceding day that is a trading day.

-3-

If the fair market value of the Stock on any Purchase Date during an Option Period is less than the fair market value of the Stock on the first day of the Option Period, the balance in a Participant’s Account shall be applied to purchase Stock on that Purchase Date in accordance with Section 9 and that Option Period shall then terminate. A Participant in the terminated Option Period shall automatically be enrolled in the next Option Period with the Participant’s payroll deductions determined by reference to the last payroll deduction authorization properly submitted to the Company in accordance with the Plan.

Section 9.Exercise of Options

Subject to the limitations set forth below in this Section 9, each Employee who is a Participant in the Plan on the last day of a Purchase Period shall be deemed to have exercised on such date the Option granted to him or her for the Option Period that includes that Purchase Period. Upon such exercise, the Company shall apply the balance of the Participant’s Account to the purchase of the maximum number of whole shares of Stock that can be purchased under the Option with the Account balance at the purchase price determined under Section 8, and as soon as practicable thereafter shall evidence the transfer of shares or shall deliver the shares to the Participant and shall return to the Participant’s Account the balance, if any, of his or her Account in excess of the total purchase price of the shares so issued within a reasonable time thereafter. No fractional shares shall be purchased; any payroll deductions accumulated in a Participant’s Account that are not sufficient to purchase a full share shall be retained in the Participant’s Account for the subsequent Purchase Period, subject to earlier withdrawal by the Participant as provided in Section 12 hereof.

Any amounts contributed by a Participant or withheld from a Participant’s Compensation that are not to be used for the purchase of Stock, whether because of such Participant’s withdrawal from participation in an Option Period or for any other reason, shall be repaid to the Participant or his or her designated beneficiary or legal representative, as applicable, within a reasonable time thereafter.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, no Option may be exercised after twenty-seven (27) months from its grant date.

Section 10.Interest

No interest shall be payable on any amount held in the Account of any Participant.

Section 11.Taxes

Payroll deductions shall be made on an after-tax basis. The Company shall have the right, as a condition of exercise, to make such provision as it deems necessary to satisfy its obligations to withhold federal, state and local income or other taxes incurred by reason of the purchase or disposition of Stock under the Plan. The Company in its discretion may, to the extent permitted by law, satisfy its withholding obligations by deduction from any payment of any kind due to the Participant or by withholding shares of Stock purchased under the Plan, which shares shall be valued at fair market value (defined as the closing stock price on the date of withholding).

-4-

Section 12.Cancellation and Withdrawal

Subject to Section 7, a Participant who holds an Option under the Plan may cancel all of his or her Option and thereby terminate his or her participation in the Plan by written notice delivered to the Administrator. To be effective with respect to the Purchase Period then in progress, written notification of such termination must be submitted to the Administrator no later than 15 days before the last day of the Purchase Period. Upon such cancellation, the balance in the Participant’s Account shall be returned to the Participant as soon as administratively practicable.

Section 13.Termination of Employment; Death of Participant

Upon the termination of a Participant’s employment with the Company for any reason or the death of a Participant during an Option Period, or in the event the Participant ceases to qualify as an Eligible Employee, the Participant shall cease to be a Participant, any Option held by the Participant under the Plan shall be deemed canceled, the balance of his or her Account shall be returned to the Participant (or to the Participant’s estate or designated beneficiary in the event of the Participant’s death) as soon as reasonably practicable, and the Participant shall have no further rights under the Plan.

Section 14.Equal Rights; Participant’s Rights Not Transferable

All Participants granted Options under the Plan shall have the same rights and privileges. Any Option granted under the Plan shall be exercisable during the Participant’s lifetime only by the Participant and may not be sold, pledged, assigned, or transferred in any manner. In the event a Participant violates or attempts to violate the terms of this Section, any Options held by the Participant shall be deemed terminated and, upon return to the Participant of the balance of his or her Account, all of the Participant’s rights under the Plan shall terminate.

Section 15.Change in Capitalization, Merger

The Board or the Committee may make adjustments in accordance with and as described in this Section 15 in the event of (i) a transaction with the holders of Stock of the Company not involving the receipt by the Company of consideration, including a stock split, spin-off, stock dividend, and certain recapitalizations (such transactions, “Equity Restructurings”), or (ii) the payment of a dividend or other distribution, reorganization, merger, or other changes in corporate structure (such transactions, “Corporate Transactions”). In the event of an Equity Restructuring or, to the extent the Board or the Committee determines that adjustments would be appropriate to prevent dilution or enlargement of benefits under the Plan, a Corporate Transaction, the Board or the Committee shall equitably adjust (a) the class of Stock issuable and the maximum number of shares of Stock available under the Plan, (b) the class and number of shares of Stock and the purchase price per share of Stock with respect to any outstanding Option, and (c) the class and maximum number of shares of Stock that may be issued to a participant during any Purchase Period, provided, that no such adjustment may be made unless the Board or the Committee, as applicable, is satisfied that it will not constitute a modification of the rights granted under the Plan or otherwise disqualify the Plan as an employee stock purchase plan under the provisions of Section 423 of the Code.

-5-

In the event of (i) a merger or similar transaction in which the Company is not the surviving corporation or that results in the Company’s shareholders ceasing to own shares of Stock, (ii) a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, (iii) an acquisition resulting in ownership of more than 50% of the Stock by any one person (or more than one person acting as a group) that did not own more than 50% of the Stock immediately prior to the acquisition, or (iv) the replacement during any 12-month period of a majority of the directors of the Board by new directors whose appointment was not endorsed by a majority of the directors of the Board prior to the date of the appointment or election, each Option Period then in progress will continue unless otherwise provided by Board or the Committee, which may in its discretion (a) if the Company is merged with or acquired by another corporation, provide that each outstanding Option will be assumed or exchanged for a substitute Option granted by the acquiror or successor corporation, (b) cancel each outstanding Option and return the balances in Participant Accounts to the Participants, or (c) terminate any and all Purchase Periods on or before the date of the proposed transaction. In the event of our proposed dissolution or liquidation, each Option Period then in progress will be cancelled immediately prior to the consummation of such dissolution or liquidation and the balances in Participant’s Accounts will be returned to Participants unless Board or the Committee provides otherwise in its sole discretion.

Section 16.Amendment and Termination of Plan

The Board reserves the right at any time or times and for any reason to amend the Plan to any extent and in any manner it may deem advisable, by vote of the Board; except that (a) no amendment may affect an Option Period in progress at the time of the amendment or may adversely affect the rights of any Participant without such Participant’s consent unless (i) such amendment is required to satisfy the requirements of Code Section 423, (ii) such amendment is made in connection with a transaction described in Section 15, or (iii) the Board in its discretion determines that the continuation of the Plan on its current terms or any Option Period would result in financial accounting treatment for the Plan that is different from the financial accounting treatment in effect on the date the Plan was initially adopted by the Board, and (b) any amendment that would be treated as the adoption of a new plan for purposes of Code Section 423 and the regulations thereunder shall not take effect unless approved by the shareholders of the Company within twelve months before or after its adoption.

The Plan may be suspended or terminated at any time by the Board. In connection therewith, the Board may provide that outstanding Options shall be exercisable either at the end of the applicable Purchase Period or at such earlier date as the Board may specify (in which case such earlier date shall be treated as the last day of the applicable Purchase Period).

Section 17.Approvals

The Plan was approved by the shareholders of the Company on June 28, 2019, which date was within twelve months after the date the Plan was adopted by the Board.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company’s obligation to issue and deliver shares of Stock under the Plan shall be subject to any required approval of any governmental authority in connection with the authorization, issuance, sale or transfer of said shares, to any requirements of any national securities exchange applicable thereto, and to compliance by the Company with other applicable legal requirements in effect from time to time.

-6-

Section 18.Information Regarding Disqualifying Dispositions

By electing to participate in the Plan, each Participant agrees to provide such information about any transfer of Stock acquired under the Plan as may be requested by the Company or any Subsidiary in order to assist it in complying with applicable tax laws.

Section 19.Participants’ Rights as Shareholders and Employees

A Participant shall have no rights or privileges as a shareholder of the Company and shall not receive any dividends in respect of any Stock covered by an Option granted hereunder until the Option has been exercised, full payment has been made for the Stock, and the Stock has been issued to the Participant.

Nothing contained in the provisions of the Plan shall be construed as giving to any Employee the right to be retained in the employ of the Company or as interfering with the right of the Company to discharge, promote, demote or otherwise re-assign any Employee from one position to another within the Company at any time.

Section 20.Governing Law

The Plan shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, except as may be necessary to comply with applicable requirements of federal law.

Section 21.Effective Date and Term

The Board originally adopted this Plan on April 11, 2013, subject to approval of the Plan by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s annual meeting in 2013. Following such approval, this Plan became effective on August 1, 2013. The Board subsequently amended this Plan on each of June 9, 2016, June 14, 2018 and May 10, 2019. The Board adopted this Plan, as amended and restated, on March 20, 2020. The Plan shall terminate and no rights shall be granted hereunder after August 1, 2023.

-7-

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, Stanley C. Erck, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Novavax, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ Stanley C. Erck
		Stanley C. Erck
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, John J. Trizzino, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Novavax, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ John J. Trizzino
		John J. Trizzino
		Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT

TO 18 UNITED STATES CODE §1350
(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Novavax, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Stanley C. Erck, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company for the dates and periods covered by this Report.

Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ Stanley C. Erck
		Stanley C. Erck
		President and Chief Executive Officer

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by such act, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT
TO 18 UNITED STATES CODE §1350
(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Novavax, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, John J. Trizzino, Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company for the dates and periods covered by this Report.

Date: May 11, 2020	By:	/s/ John J. Trizzino
		John J. Trizzino
		Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by such act, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Assumptions Used in Estimation of Fair Value of Stock (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options and SARs granted	$ 5.39	$ 27.60
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	0.60%	2.40%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	1.50%	2.60%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Volatility, minimum	133.60%	111.70%
Volatility, maximum	142.60%	126.80%
Expected term (in years)	3 years 10 months 24 days
Expected forfeiture rate	0.00%	0.00%
Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk-free interest rate, minimum		1.20%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	2.60%	2.50%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Volatility, minimum	66.60%	52.20%
Volatility, maximum	154.40%	171.60%
Expected forfeiture rate	0.00%	0.00%
Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)		4 years 1 month 6 days
Minimum [Member] | Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options and SARs granted	$ 2.57	$ 7.20
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	1.50%
Expected term (in years)	6 months	6 months
Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)		4 years 6 months
Maximum [Member] | Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options and SARs granted	$ 35.00	$ 34.80
Expected term (in years)	2 years	2 years

XML

Organization

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Organization

Organization

Note 1 – Organization

Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB, the “Company”) is a late-stage biotechnology company that promotes improved global health through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases and address urgent, global health needs.The Company's vaccine candidates, including  its lead candidates, NanoFluTM and ResVaxTM  , and its recent coronavirus vaccine candidate, NVX-CoV2373, are genetically engineered, three-dimensional nanostructures of recombinant proteins critical to disease pathogenesis and may elicit differentiated immune responses, which may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or traditional vaccines. The Company's technology targets a variety of infectious diseases. The Company is also developing proprietary immune stimulating saponin-based adjuvants at Novavax AB, its wholly owned Swedish subsidiary. The Company's lead adjuvant, Matrix-M(TM), has been shown to enhance immune responses and has been well-tolerated in multiple clinical trials.

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Net loss	$ (25,864)	$ (43,218)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on marketable debt securities available-for-sale	(132)	5
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,846)	(1,174)
Other comprehensive loss	(1,978)	(1,169)
Comprehensive loss	$ (27,842)	$ (44,387)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Apr. 30, 2020
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2020
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Registrant Name	NOVAVAX INC
Entity Central Index Key	0001000694
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Trading Symbol	NVAX
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		57,958,587
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Shell Company	false

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of shares excluded from the computation of net loss per share		4,968,953	3,063,049
Restricted cash current		$ 6,900		$ 2,947
Purchase price held in escrow		1,500		1,500
Foreign currency translation adjustment		14,400		12,500
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Grant Agreement	$ 89,100	89,100
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ("CEPI") [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Grant Agreement		3,900
Initial Funding Development Costs		3,900
Revenue		$ 2,300
Convertible Debt Securities [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of shares excluded from the computation of net loss per share		2,385,800
Convertible Notes Initial Conversion Price Per Share		$ 136.20
Security Deposit [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Restricted cash current		$ 400		400
Grant Agreement [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Restricted cash current		$ 1,400		$ 1,400

XML

Marketable Securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Marketable Securities

Schedule of investments classified as available-for-sale

Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were comprised of (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized				Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

XML

Long-Term Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Long-Term Debt

Long-Term Debt

Note 6 – Long-Term Debt

Convertible Notes

The Company incurred approximately $10.0 million of debt issuance costs during the first quarter of 2016 relating to the issuance of $325 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes that will mature on February 1, 2023 (the “Notes”), which were recorded as a reduction to the Notes on the consolidated balance sheet. The $10.0 million of debt issuance costs is being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over the seven-year contractual term of the Notes on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method.

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Principal amount of the Notes	$	325,000	$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(4,033)		(4,389)
Total convertible notes payable	$	320,967	$	320,611

Interest expense incurred in connection with the Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Coupon interest at 3.75%	$	3,047	$	3,047
Amortization of debt issuance costs		356		356
Total interest expense on the Notes	$	3,403	$	3,403

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows, respectively, for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden, is the local currency (Swedish Krona). The translation of assets and liabilities of Novavax AB to U.S. dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of operations data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period. The translation of operating cash flow data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, and investing and financing cash flow data is translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. The foreign currency translation adjustment balance included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $14.4 million and $12.5 million at March  31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash	$	39,348	$	15,863
Money market funds		47,654		42,960
Asset-backed securities		24,250		20,000
Corporate debt securities		68,629		—
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823

Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of debt securities with maturities greater than three months from the date of purchase that include commercial paper, asset-backed securities and corporate notes. Classification of marketable securities between current and non-current is dependent upon the maturity date at the balance sheet date taking into consideration the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment to maturity.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of the Company's securities.

The Company classifies its marketable securities with readily determinable fair values as “available-for-sale.” Investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair market value in the consolidated balance sheets, and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders' deficit until realized. Marketable securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in value is “other-than-temporary.” The term “other-than-temporary” is not intended to indicate a permanent decline in value. Rather, it means that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the security. Management reviews criteria, such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, as well as the Company's ability to hold the securities, including whether the Company will be required to sell a security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the investment issuer's financial condition and business outlook to predict whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. If a decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, the value of the security is reduced and the impairment is recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Restricted Cash

The Company's current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under the Grant Agreement (as defined in Note 9) with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”) under which the Company was awarded a grant up to $89.1 million, payment received under the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ("CEPI") grant awarded in March 2020 (as discussed in Note 9), escrow funds received in connection with a transaction in 2019 with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics ("Catalent"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to Catalent certain assets related to its biomanufacturing and development activities and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. The Company will utilize the Grant Agreement and CEPI grant funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under these agreements. At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the restricted cash balances (both current and non-current) consisted of $1.4 million of payments received under the Grant Agreement, $3.9 million payment under the CEPI grant at March 31, 2020,  $1.5 million held in escrow received  in connection with the Catalent transaction and $0.4 million of security deposits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823
Restricted cash current		6,900		2,947
Restricted cash non-current		411		410
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	187,192	$	82,180

Revenue Recognition

The Company performs research and development under grant, license and clinical development agreements. Payments received in advance of work performed are recorded as deferred revenue.

In March 2020, the Company was awarded a grant of $3.9 million from CEPI to facilitate its development of a vaccine to prevent a new strain of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") in preparation for potential future clinical trials. The Company's grant does not provide a direct economic benefit to CEPI. Based on this circumstance, the Company does not consider CEPI to be a customer and concluded the funding agreement is outside the scope of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Payments received under the grant are considered conditional contributions under the scope of ASC 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities - Revenue Recognition, and are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which such research and development activities are performed and revenue can be recognized.

The Company analyzed the grant with CEPI to determine whether the payments received should be recorded as revenue or as a reduction to research and development expenses. In reaching the determination that such payments should be recorded as revenue, management considered a number of factors, including whether the Company is principal under the arrangement, and whether the arrangement is significant to, and part of, the Company's core operations. Further, management has consistently applied its policy of presenting such amounts as revenue

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. At March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had outstanding stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) totaling 4,968,953 and 3,063,049, respectively. At March 31, 2020, the Company's Notes (see Note 6) would have been convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company's common stock assuming a common stock price of $136.20 or higher. These and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017‑04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) (“ASU 2017‑04”), which will simplify the goodwill impairment calculation by eliminating Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. The new standard does not change how a goodwill impairment is identified. The Company will continue to perform its quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit to its carrying amount, but if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, under the new standard, the amount of the charge will be calculated by subtracting the reporting unit's fair value from its carrying amount. Under the current standard, if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, Step 2 requires it to calculate the implied value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the amount of the charge is calculated by subtracting the reporting unit's implied fair value of goodwill from the goodwill carrying amount. The standard was effective January 1, 2020 for the Company and will be applied prospectively from the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on the Company’s historical financial statements.

XML

CARES Act

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

CARES Act

Note 10 - CARES Act

On March 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") to provide certain relief as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amongst other items, the CARES Act lifts certain interest expense deduction limitations originally imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The enactment of the CARES Act did not result in any material adjustments to the Company's income tax provision or net deferred tax assets for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Goodwill (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Beginning balance	$ 51,154
Currency translation adjustments	(1,166)
Ending balance	$ 49,988

XML

Long-Term Debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-Term Debt
Aggregate principal amount of notes issued	$ 325,000	$ 325,000	$ 325,000
Debt Issuance Costs	$ 10,000

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows, respectively, for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden, is the local currency (Swedish Krona). The translation of assets and liabilities of Novavax AB to U.S. dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of operations data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period. The translation of operating cash flow data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, and investing and financing cash flow data is translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. The foreign currency translation adjustment balance included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $14.4 million and $12.5 million at March  31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash	$	39,348	$	15,863
Money market funds		47,654		42,960
Asset-backed securities		24,250		20,000
Corporate debt securities		68,629		—
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823

Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of debt securities with maturities greater than three months from the date of purchase that include commercial paper, asset-backed securities and corporate notes. Classification of marketable securities between current and non-current is dependent upon the maturity date at the balance sheet date taking into consideration the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment to maturity.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of the Company's securities.

The Company classifies its marketable securities with readily determinable fair values as “available-for-sale.” Investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair market value in the consolidated balance sheets, and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders' deficit until realized. Marketable securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in value is “other-than-temporary.” The term “other-than-temporary” is not intended to indicate a permanent decline in value. Rather, it means that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the security. Management reviews criteria, such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, as well as the Company's ability to hold the securities, including whether the Company will be required to sell a security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the investment issuer's financial condition and business outlook to predict whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. If a decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, the value of the security is reduced and the impairment is recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

The Company's current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under the Grant Agreement (as defined in Note 9) with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”) under which the Company was awarded a grant up to $89.1 million, payment received under the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ("CEPI") grant awarded in March 2020 (as discussed in Note 9), escrow funds received in connection with a transaction in 2019 with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics ("Catalent"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to Catalent certain assets related to its biomanufacturing and development activities and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. The Company will utilize the Grant Agreement and CEPI grant funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under these agreements. At both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the restricted cash balances (both current and non-current) consisted of $1.4 million of payments received under the Grant Agreement, $3.9 million payment under the CEPI grant at March 31, 2020,  $1.5 million held in escrow received  in connection with the Catalent transaction and $0.4 million of security deposits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823
Restricted cash current		6,900		2,947
Restricted cash non-current		411		410
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	187,192	$	82,180

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company performs research and development under grant, license and clinical development agreements. Payments received in advance of work performed are recorded as deferred revenue.

In March 2020, the Company was awarded a grant of $3.9 million from CEPI to facilitate its development of a vaccine to prevent a new strain of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") in preparation for potential future clinical trials. The Company's grant does not provide a direct economic benefit to CEPI. Based on this circumstance, the Company does not consider CEPI to be a customer and concluded the funding agreement is outside the scope of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Payments received under the grant are considered conditional contributions under the scope of ASC 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities - Revenue Recognition, and are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which such research and development activities are performed and revenue can be recognized.

The Company analyzed the grant with CEPI to determine whether the payments received should be recorded as revenue or as a reduction to research and development expenses. In reaching the determination that such payments should be recorded as revenue, management considered a number of factors, including whether the Company is principal under the arrangement, and whether the arrangement is significant to, and part of, the Company's core operations. Further, management has consistently applied its policy of presenting such amounts as revenue

Net Loss per Share

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. At March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had outstanding stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) totaling 4,968,953 and 3,063,049, respectively. At March 31, 2020, the Company's Notes (see Note 6) would have been convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company's common stock assuming a common stock price of $136.20 or higher. These and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017‑04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) (“ASU 2017‑04”), which will simplify the goodwill impairment calculation by eliminating Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. The new standard does not change how a goodwill impairment is identified. The Company will continue to perform its quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit to its carrying amount, but if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, under the new standard, the amount of the charge will be calculated by subtracting the reporting unit's fair value from its carrying amount. Under the current standard, if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, Step 2 requires it to calculate the implied value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the amount of the charge is calculated by subtracting the reporting unit's implied fair value of goodwill from the goodwill carrying amount. The standard was effective January 1, 2020 for the Company and will be applied prospectively from the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on the Company’s historical financial statements.

XML

Stockholders' Deficit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stockholders' Deficit

Stockholders' Deficit

Note 7 – Stockholders' Deficit

In March 2020, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement ("March 2020 Sales Agreement"), which allows it to issue and sell up to $150 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 3.8 million shares of common stock under the March 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $48.7 million in net proceeds. From April 1, 2020 through May 8, 2020, the Company sold 4.1 million shares of common stock resulting in $73.6 million in net proceeds, leaving $26.0 million remaining under the March 2020 Sales Agreement.

In January 2020, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement ("January 2020 Sales Agreement"), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 10.5 million shares of common stock under the January 2020 Sales Agreement resulting in $98.7 million in net proceeds. The January 2020 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

In December 2018, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2018 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the  first quarter of 2019, the Company sold 1.7 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement resulting in $17.4 million in net proceeds. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company sold 7.2 million shares of common stock resulting in $38.5 million in net proceeds. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

In December 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2017 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $75 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company sold 2.5 million shares of common stock under the December 2017 Sales Agreement resulting in $37.9 million in net proceeds. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

XML

Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Note 3 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the Company's fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	Fair Value at March 31, 2020						Fair Value at December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Money market funds(1)	$	47,654	$	—	$	—	$	42,960	$	—	$	—
Asset-backed securities(2)		―		24,250		—		—		20,000		—
Corporate debt securities(3)		―		126,103		—		—		—		—
Total assets	$	47,654	$	150,353	$	—	$	42,960	$	20,000	$	—
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	$	—	$	253,331	$	—	$	—	$	125,811	$	—

(1)Classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(2)Includes $24,250 and $20,000 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(3)Includes $68,629 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fixed-income investments categorized as Level 2 are valued at the custodian bank by a third-party pricing vendor's valuation models that use verifiable observable market data, e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads, bids provided by brokers or dealers or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Pricing of the Company's Notes (see Note 6) has been estimated using other observable inputs, including the price of the Company's common stock, implied volatility, interest rates and credit spreads among others.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have any transfers between levels.

The amount recorded in the Company's unaudited consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

XML

Marketable Securities - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($) security
Marketable Securities
Number of securities owned | security	14
Aggregate fair vlue	$ 51,200,000
Unrealized loss position	100,000
Investments other-than-temporary impairment	$ 0

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Amortization of Intangible Assets	$ 0.2	$ 0.2

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 3,377	$ 3,982
Expenses:
Research and development	16,895	35,473
General and administrative	9,379	8,732
Total expenses	26,274	44,205
Loss from operations	(22,897)	(40,223)
Other income (expense):
Investment income	436	420
Interest expense	(3,403)	(3,403)
Other income (expense)		(12)
Net loss	$ (25,864)	$ (43,218)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$ (0.58)	$ (2.11)
Basic and diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding	44,421	20,442
Grant and other [Member]
Revenue:
Total revenue	$ 3,377	$ 3,982

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (25,864)	$ (43,218)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	925	1,939
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	0	88
Amortization of debt issuance costs	356	356
Non-cash stock-based compensation	3,965	5,558
Other	0	(14)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4,521	(296)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(8,450)	(11,853)
Deferred revenue	1,437	(3,167)
Net cash used in operating activities	(23,110)	(50,607)
Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures	(122)	(805)
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities	0	22,000
Purchases of marketable securities	(57,606)	(2,484)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(57,728)	18,711
Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	185,918	55,239
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchases	5	942
Net cash provided by financing activities	185,923	56,181
Effect of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(73)	(45)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	105,012	24,240
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	82,180	81,959
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	187,192	106,199
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	125	194
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash payments of interest	$ 6,094	$ 6,094

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Option Activity (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 $ / shares shares
2005 Plan [Member]
Stock Options
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	501,780
Granted	0
Exercised	0
Canceled	(14,879)
Outstanding at March 31, 2020	486,901
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020	486,901
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 64.19
Granted | $ / shares	0.00
Exercised | $ / shares	0.00
Canceled | $ / shares	47.85
Outstanding at March 31, 2020 | $ / shares	64.69
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 64.69
2015 Plan [Member]
Stock Options
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	3,388,701
Granted	22,086
Canceled	(22,033)
Outstanding at March 31, 2020	3,388,754
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020	1,098,087
Shares available for grant at March 31, 2020	219,732
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 35.64
Granted | $ / shares	6.52
Canceled | $ / shares	37.44
Outstanding at March 31, 2020 | $ / shares	35.46
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 77.97

XML

Grants (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		55 Months Ended
	Sep. 15, 2015	May 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2020
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Contracts Revenue				$ 3,377	$ 3,982
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Contracts Revenue				300		$ 82,000
Grant Agreement			$ 89,100	89,100
Global Access Commitments Agreement GACA [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Contract term after first sale	15 years
Contract term	10 years
Contract term additional years	5 years
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ("CEPI") [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Revenue				2,300
Grant Agreement				3,900
Initial Funding Development Costs				$ 3,900
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations ("CEPI") [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Collaborative Arrangements and Non-collaborative Arrangement Transactions [Line Items]
Additional Funding Development Cost		$ 384,500

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Cash and Cash Equivalents (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 179,881	$ 78,823
Cash [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	39,348	15,863
Money market funds [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	47,654	42,960
Asset-backed securities [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	24,250	$ 20,000
Corporate debt securities [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 68,629

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Schedule of goodwill

The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	51,154
Currency translation adjustments		(1,166)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	49,988

Schedule of identifiable intangible assets

Purchased intangible assets consisted of the following as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Gross						Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated		Intangible		Carrying		Accumulated		Intangible
	Amount		Amortization		Assets, Net		Amount		Amortization		Assets, Net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Proprietary adjuvant technology	$	7,452	$	(2,484)	$	4,968	$	7,985	$	(2,562)	$	5,423
Collaboration agreements		3,365		(3,281)		84		3,606		(3,448)		158
Total identifiable intangible assets	$	10,817	$	(5,765)	$	5,052	$	11,591	$	(6,010)	$	5,581

Schedule of estimated amortization expense

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the remainder of 2020 and for each of the five succeeding years ending December 31 will be as follows (in thousands):

Year	Amount
2020 (remainder)	$	363
2021		373
2022		373
2023		373
2024		373
2025		373

XML

Long-Term Debt - Notes Payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2016
Long-Term Debt
Principal amount of Notes	$ 325,000	$ 325,000	$ 325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(4,033)	(4,389)
Total convertible notes payable	$ 320,967	$ 320,611

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	$ 179,881	$ 78,823
Asset-backed securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	24,250	$ 20,000
Corporate debt securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and Cash Equivalents, at Carrying Value	$ 68,629

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Identifiable Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 10,817	$ 11,591
Accumulated Amortization	(5,765)	(6,010)
Intangible Assets, Net	5,052	5,581
Proprietary adjuvant technology
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,452	7,985
Accumulated Amortization	(2,484)	(2,562)
Intangible Assets, Net	4,968	5,423
Collaboration agreements
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	3,365	3,606
Accumulated Amortization	(3,281)	(3,448)
Intangible Assets, Net	$ 84	$ 158

XML

Grants

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Grants

Grants

Note 9 – Grants

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

In support of the Company's development of ResVax, in September 2015, the Company entered into the grant agreement with BMGF (the “Grant Agreement”), under which it was awarded a grant totaling up to $89.1 million (the “Grant”). The Grant supports development activities, including the Company's global Phase 3 clinical trial in pregnant women in their third trimester, product licensing efforts and efforts to obtain WHO prequalification of ResVax. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the Grant Agreement will continue in effect until the end of 2021. The Company concurrently entered into a Global Access Commitments Agreement (“GACA”) with BMGF as a part of the Grant Agreement. Under the terms of the GACA, among other things, the Company agreed to make a certain amount of ResVax available and accessible at affordable pricing to people in certain low- and middle-income countries. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the GACA will continue in effect until the later of 15 years from its effective date, or 10 years after the first sale of a product under defined circumstances. The term of the GACA may be extended in certain circumstances, by a period of up to five additional years.

Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under the Grant Agreement are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the Grant Agreement are incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized revenue from the Grant of $0.3 million and has recognized approximately $82 million in revenue since the inception of the agreement.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

In March 2020, the Company was awarded a grant of $3.9 million from the CEPI to facilitate its development of a COVID-19 vaccine in preparation for potential future clinical trials. The grant continues in effect until the activities contemplated under the funding agreement between CEPI and the Company are completed. Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under this grant are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the funding agreement are incurred. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized revenue under this grant of $2.3 million.

In May 2020, CEPI and the Company signed a restated funding agreement under which CEPI provides for funding of up to $384.5 million in addition to the $3.9 million of funding it provided in the original funding agreement. CEPI funding is to be used by the Company for the development of NVX-CoV2373.

At March 31, 2020, the Company's current restricted cash and deferred revenue balances on the consolidated balance sheet include its estimate of costs to be reimbursed and revenue to be recognized, respectively, in the next twelve months under the Grant Agreement and CEPI grant.

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Note 5 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	51,154
Currency translation adjustments		(1,166)
Balance at March 31, 2020	$	49,988

Identifiable Intangible Assets

Purchased intangible assets consisted of the following as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Gross						Gross
	Carrying		Accumulated		Intangible		Carrying		Accumulated		Intangible
	Amount		Amortization		Assets, Net		Amount		Amortization		Assets, Net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Proprietary adjuvant technology	$	7,452	$	(2,484)	$	4,968	$	7,985	$	(2,562)	$	5,423
Collaboration agreements		3,365		(3,281)		84		3,606		(3,448)		158
Total identifiable intangible assets	$	10,817	$	(5,765)	$	5,052	$	11,591	$	(6,010)	$	5,581

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million.

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the remainder of 2020 and for each of the five succeeding years ending December 31 will be as follows (in thousands):

Year	Amount
2020 (remainder)	$	363
2021		373
2022		373
2023		373
2024		373
2025		373

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT - USD ($)	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Total
Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 192,000	$ 1,144,621,000	$ (1,299,107,000)	$ (2,450,000)	$ (11,191,000)	$ (167,935,000)
Balance beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	19,245,302
Non-cash compensation cost for stock options, RSUs, SARs and ESPP	$ 0	5,558,000	0	0	0	5,558,000
Exercise of stock options/Purchases under ESPP	$ 1,000	941,000	0	0	0	942,000
Exercise of stock options/Purchases under ESPP, (in shares)	51,388
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	$ 42,000	55,197,000	0	0	0	55,239,000
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs, (in shares)	4,198,776
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	$ 0	0	0	0	5,000	5,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment	0	0	0	0	(1,174,000)	(1,174,000)
Net loss	0	0	(43,218,000)	0	0	(43,218,000)
Balance ending at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 235,000	1,206,317,000	(1,342,325,000)	(2,450,000)	(12,360,000)	(150,583,000)
Balance ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	23,495,466
Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 324,000	1,260,551,000	(1,431,801,000)	(2,583,000)	(12,508,000)	(186,017,000)
Balance beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	32,399,352
Non-cash compensation cost for stock options, RSUs, SARs and ESPP	$ 0	3,965,000	0	0	0	3,965,000
Vesting of RSUs/Purchases under ESPP	$ 0	60,000	0	(55,000)	0	5,000
Vesting of RSUs/Purchases under ESPP (in shares)	33,239
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	$ 215,000	185,703,000	0	0	0	185,918,000
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs, (in shares)	21,473,731
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	$ 0	0	0	0	(132,000)	(132,000)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	0	0	0	0	(1,846,000)	(1,846,000)
Net loss	0	0	(25,864,000)	0	0	(25,864,000)
Balance ending at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 539,000	$ 1,450,279,000	$ (1,457,665,000)	$ (2,638,000)	$ (14,486,000)	$ (23,971,000)
Balance ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	53,906,322

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 179,881	$ 78,823
Marketable securities	57,474	0
Restricted cash	6,900	2,947
Accounts receivable		7,500
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	10,977	7,977
Total current assets	255,232	97,247
Restricted cash	411	410
Property and equipment, net	10,795	11,445
Intangible assets, net	5,052	5,581
Goodwill	49,988	51,154
Other non-current assets	6,590	7,120
Total assets	328,068	172,957
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,518	2,910
Accrued expenses	10,004	14,867
Accrued interest	2,031	5,078
Deferred revenue	3,113	1,678
Other current liabilities	1,316	1,262
Total current liabilities	18,982	25,795
Deferred revenue	2,500	2,500
Convertible notes payable	320,967	320,611
Other non-current liabilities	9,590	10,068
Total liabilities	352,039	358,974
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' deficit:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	0	0
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 600,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019; 53,906,322 shares issued and 53,854,913 shares outstanding at March 31, 2020 and 32,399,352 shares issued and 32,352,416 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019	539	324
Additional paid-in capital	1,450,279	1,260,551
Accumulated deficit	(1,457,665)	(1,431,801)
Treasury stock, 51,409 shares, cost basis at March 31, 2020 and 46,936 shares, cost basis at December 31, 2019	(2,638)	(2,583)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(14,486)	(12,508)
Total stockholders' deficit	(23,971)	(186,017)
Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit	$ 328,068	$ 172,957

XML

Stockholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 08, 2020	Apr. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2017	Jan. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized			600,000,000				600,000,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized			2,000,000				2,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding			53,854,913				32,352,416
Proceeds from shares sold			$ 185,918	$ 55,239
Common Stock [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold			21,473,731	4,198,776
Proceeds from shares sold			$ 215	$ 42
December 2018 Sales Agreement [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold			7,200,000	1,700,000
Proceeds from shares sold			$ 38,500	$ 17,400
Shelf Registration Statement, Maximum Authorized Common Stock Issuance, Value								$ 100,000
December 2017 Sales Agreement [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold				2,500,000
Proceeds from shares sold				$ 37,900	$ 75,000
January 2020 Sales Agreement [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold			10,500,000
Proceeds from shares sold			$ 98,700
Shelf Registration Statement, Maximum Authorized Common Stock Issuance, Value						$ 100,000
March 2020 Sales Agreement [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold			3,800,000
Proceeds from shares sold			$ 48,700
Shelf Registration Statement, Maximum Authorized Common Stock Issuance, Value			$ 150,000
March 2020 Sales Agreement [Member] | Subsequent Event [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Shares sold	4,100,000	4,100,000
Proceeds from shares sold	$ 73,600	$ 73,600
Remaining unissued capital	$ 26,000	$ 26,000

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Restricted Stock Awards Activity (Details) - Restricted stock units	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020 $ / shares shares
Number of shares
Outstanding and Unvested at January 1, 2020 | shares	1,102,311
Restricted stock units granted | shares	25,000
Restricted stock units vested | shares	(17,563)
Restricted stock units forfeited | shares	(16,450)
Outstanding and Unvested at March 31, 2020 | shares	1,093,298
Per Share Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested at January 1, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 5.95
Restricted stock units granted | $ / shares	7.95
Restricted stock units vested | $ / shares	8.76
Restricted stock units forfeited | $ / shares	5.95
Outstanding and Unvested at March 31, 2020 | $ / shares	$ 5.95

XML

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Share-based Payments [Line Items]

Schedule of summary of option activity

The following is a summary of stock options and stock appreciation rights activity under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	2015 Plan			2005 Plan
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average			Average
	Stock Options	Exercise Price		Stock Options	Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	3,388,701	$	35.64	501,780	$	64.19
Granted	22,086	$	6.52	—	$	—
Exercised	—	$	—	—	$	—
Canceled	(22,033)	$	37.44	(14,879)	$	47.85
Outstanding at March 31, 2020	3,388,754	$	35.46	486,901	$	64.69
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020	1,098,087	$	77.97	486,901	$	64.69
Shares available for grant at March 31, 2020	219,732

Schedule of assumptions used to estimate grant date fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights granted using black-scholes option-pricing model

The ESPP is considered compensatory for financial reporting purposes. As such, the fair value of ESPP shares was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Range of Black-Scholes fair value of ESPP shares granted		$2.57-$35.00		$7.20-$34.80
Risk-free interest rate		1.5%-2.6%		1.2%-2.5%
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Volatility		66.6%-154.4%		52.2%-171.6%
Expected term (in years)		0.5-2.0		0.5-2.0
Expected forfeiture rate		0%		0%

Schedule of summary of restricted stock units activity

The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

		Per Share
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant-Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested at January 1, 2020	1,102,311	$	5.95
Restricted stock units granted	25,000	$	7.95
Restricted stock units vested	(17,563)	$	8.76
Restricted stock units forfeited	(16,450)	$	5.95
Outstanding and Unvested at March 31, 2020	1,093,298	$	5.95

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense

The Company recorded all stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development	$	1,908	$	3,179
General and administrative		2,057		2,379
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,965	$	5,558

Stock options

Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Share-based Payments [Line Items]

Schedule of assumptions used to estimate grant date fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights granted using black-scholes option-pricing model

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted		$5.39		$27.60
Risk-free interest rate		0.6%-1.5%		2.4%-2.6%
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Volatility		133.6%-142.6%		111.7%-126.8%
Expected term (in years)		3.9		4.1-4.5
Expected forfeiture rate		0%		0%

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Fair Value Measurements

Schedule of fair value hierarchy

The following table represents the Company's fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

	Fair Value at March 31, 2020						Fair Value at December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Money market funds(1)	$	47,654	$	—	$	—	$	42,960	$	—	$	—
Asset-backed securities(2)		―		24,250		—		—		20,000		—
Corporate debt securities(3)		―		126,103		—		—		—		—
Total assets	$	47,654	$	150,353	$	—	$	42,960	$	20,000	$	—
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	$	—	$	253,331	$	—	$	—	$	125,811	$	—

(1)Classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(2)Includes $24,250 and $20,000 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

(3)Includes $68,629 classified as cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 on the consolidated balance sheets.

XML

Fair Value Measurements - Fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Level 1 [Member]
Assets
Total assets	$ 47,654	$ 42,960
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 1 [Member] | Money market funds [Member]
Assets
Total assets	47,654	42,960
Level 1 [Member] | Asset-backed securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Level 1 [Member] | Corporate debt securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Level 2 [Member]
Assets
Total assets	150,353	20,000
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	253,331	125,811
Level 2 [Member] | Money market funds [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Level 2 [Member] | Asset-backed securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	24,250	20,000
Level 2 [Member] | Corporate debt securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	126,103	0
Level 3 [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Liabilities
Convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 3 [Member] | Money market funds [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Level 3 [Member] | Asset-backed securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	0	0
Level 3 [Member] | Corporate debt securities [Member]
Assets
Total assets	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercised		$ 0.2	$ 0.1
Unrecognized compensation expense		$ 23.0
Unrecognized compensation expense, recognition period		1 year 4 months 24 days
Expected forfeiture rate		0.00%	0.00%
Restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock units granted		25,000
Forecast [Member] | Stock options | Employees
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted	2,501,600
Weighted-average exercise price	$ 19.08
Forecast [Member] | Restricted stock units | Employees
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock units granted	326,050
2005 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Maximum term of options and stock appreciation rights		10 years
Minimum grant price, percent of common stock fair value		100.00%
Granted		0
Weighted-average exercise price		$ 0.00
2005 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period		4 years
2005 Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period		1 year
2015 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for issuance		3,800,000
Shares available for grant		219,732
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding		$ 12.6
Weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding		7 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercisable		$ 0.0
Weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercisable		5 years 6 months
Granted		22,086
Weighted-average exercise price		$ 6.52
2015 Plan [Member] | Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted				192,400
Weighted-average exercise price				$ 5.95
2015 Plan [Member] | Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted				1,014,200
Weighted-average exercise price				$ 5.95
Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for issuance		597,500
Shares available for grant		276,043
Percentage of increase in shares every year under the plan		5
Maximum compensation allowed to utilize for plan		15.00%
Maximum discount rate from market price		85.00%
Expected forfeiture rate		0.00%	0.00%
Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for issuance		600,000

XML

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,965	$ 5,558
Research and development [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,908	3,179
General and administrative [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,057	$ 2,379

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT
Issuance of common stock, issuance costs	$ 2,498	$ 1,115

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	600,000,000	600,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	53,906,322	32,399,352
Common stock, shares outstanding	53,854,913	32,352,416
Treasury stock, shares	51,409	46,936

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 179,881	$ 78,823
Restricted cash current	6,900	2,947
Restricted cash non-current	411	410
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 187,192	$ 82,180	$ 106,199	$ 81,959

XML

Long-Term Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Long-Term Debt

Schedule of convertible notes payable

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Principal amount of the Notes	$	325,000	$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(4,033)		(4,389)
Total convertible notes payable	$	320,967	$	320,611

Schedule of interest expense

Interest expense incurred in connection with the Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Coupon interest at 3.75%	$	3,047	$	3,047
Amortization of debt issuance costs		356		356
Total interest expense on the Notes	$	3,403	$	3,403

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Schedule of cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following at (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash	$	39,348	$	15,863
Money market funds		47,654		42,960
Asset-backed securities		24,250		20,000
Corporate debt securities		68,629		—
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823

Schedule of reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	179,881	$	78,823
Restricted cash current		6,900		2,947
Restricted cash non-current		411		410
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	187,192	$	82,180

XML

Marketable Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 57,606	$ 0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(132)
Fair Value	57,474
Corporate debt securities [Member] | Corporate debt securities [Member]
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	57,606	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	$ 0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(132)
Fair Value	$ 57,474

XML

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Estimated Amortization Expense (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
2020 (remainder)	$ 363
2021	373
2022	373
2023	373
2024	373
2025	$ 373

XML

Long-Term Debt - Interest Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2019
Long-Term Debt
Coupon interest at 3.75%	$ 3,047	$ 3,047
Amortization of debt issuance costs	356	356
Total interest expense on Notes	$ 3,403	$ 3,403
Coupon interest rate	3.75%	3.75%

XML

Stock-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

Note 8 – Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2015 Plan”), was approved at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders in June 2015. Under the 2015 Plan, equity awards may be granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants of and advisors to the Company and any present or future subsidiary.

The 2015 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 3,800,000 shares of common stock under equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan. All such shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan have been reserved. The 2015 Plan will expire on March 4, 2025.

The Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) expired in February 2015 and no new awards may be made under such plan, although awards will continue to be outstanding in accordance with their terms.

The 2015 Plan permits and the 2005 Plan permitted the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options), restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units. In addition, under the 2015 Plan, unrestricted stock, stock units and performance awards may be granted. Stock options and stock appreciation rights generally have a maximum term of 10 years and may be or were granted with an exercise price that is no less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock at the time of grant. Grants of stock options are generally subject to vesting over periods ranging from one to four years.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and stock appreciation rights activity under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

	2015 Plan			2005 Plan
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average			Average
	Stock Options	Exercise Price		Stock Options	Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	3,388,701	$	35.64	501,780	$	64.19
Granted	22,086	$	6.52	—	$	—
Exercised	—	$	—	—	$	—
Canceled	(22,033)	$	37.44	(14,879)	$	47.85
Outstanding at March 31, 2020	3,388,754	$	35.46	486,901	$	64.69
Shares exercisable at March 31, 2020	1,098,087	$	77.97	486,901	$	64.69
Shares available for grant at March 31, 2020	219,732

In 2019, the Company granted 192,400 stock appreciation rights, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95, under the 2015 Plan.

Additionally, in 2019, due to the limitations on the equity awards currently available under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted to certain employees 1,014,200 stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95, under the 2015 Plan that are subject to approval at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020. Furthermore, in April 2020, due to the limitations on the equity awards currently available under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted to all of its employees collectively 2,501,600 stock options, with a weighted-average exercise price of $19.08,  and 326,050 restricted stock units under the 2015 Plan that include a performance requirement related to its NVX-CoV2373 program before they begin to vest. These awards are also subject to approval at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020. As these stock options and restricted stock units have not yet been approved by the Company's stockholders, the Company will not record any stock-based compensation expense for these awards until such time these awards are approved by the stockholders and a measurement date occurs.

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted		$5.39		$27.60
Risk-free interest rate		0.6%-1.5%		2.4%-2.6%
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Volatility		133.6%-142.6%		111.7%-126.8%
Expected term (in years)		3.9		4.1-4.5
Expected forfeiture rate		0%		0%

The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of March 31, 2020 was $12.6 million and 7.6 years, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercisable under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of March 31, 2020 was $0 and 5.5 years, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options and stock appreciation rights) that would have been received by the holders had all stock option  and stock appreciation rights holders exercised their stock options and stock appreciation rights on March 31, 2020. This amount is subject to change based on changes to the closing price of the Company's common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”), was approved at the Company's annual meeting of stockholders in June 2013. The ESPP currently authorizes an aggregate of 597,500 shares of common stock to be purchased, and the aggregate amount of shares will continue to increase 5% on each anniversary of its adoption up to a maximum of 600,000 shares. The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at each purchase date through payroll deductions of up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, at 85% of the lesser of the market price of the shares at the time of purchase or the market price on the beginning date of an option period (or, if later, the date during the option period when the employee was first eligible to participate). At March 31, 2020, there were 276,043 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

The ESPP is considered compensatory for financial reporting purposes. As such, the fair value of ESPP shares was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Range of Black-Scholes fair value of ESPP shares granted		$2.57-$35.00		$7.20-$34.80
Risk-free interest rate		1.5%-2.6%		1.2%-2.5%
Dividend yield		0%		0%
Volatility		66.6%-154.4%		52.2%-171.6%
Expected term (in years)		0.5-2.0		0.5-2.0
Expected forfeiture rate		0%		0%

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

		Per Share
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant-Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested at January 1, 2020	1,102,311	$	5.95
Restricted stock units granted	25,000	$	7.95
Restricted stock units vested	(17,563)	$	8.76
Restricted stock units forfeited	(16,450)	$	5.95
Outstanding and Unvested at March 31, 2020	1,093,298	$	5.95

The Company recorded all stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development	$	1,908	$	3,179
General and administrative		2,057		2,379
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,965	$	5,558

As of March 31, 2020, there was approximately $23 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and the ESPP. This unrecognized non-cash compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years, and will be allocated between research and development and general and administrative expenses accordingly. This estimate does not include the impact of other possible stock-based awards that may be made during future periods  and awards that require approval by the stockholders.

XML

Marketable Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

Note 4 – Marketable Securities

Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were comprised of (in thousands):

	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
			Gross		Gross						Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized				Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Corporate debt securities	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	57,606	$	—	$	(132)	$	57,474	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Marketable Securities – Unrealized Losses

The primary objective of the Company's investment policy is the preservation of capital; thus, the Company's investment policy limits investments to certain types of instruments with high-grade credit ratings, places restrictions on maturities and concentrations in certain industries and requires the Company to maintain a certain level of liquidity.

The Company owned 14 securities with an aggregate fair value of $51.2 million that were in an unrealized loss position totaling $0.1 million as of March 31, 2020. The Company did not have any investments in a loss position for greater than 12 months as of March 31, 2020. The Company has evaluated its marketable securities and has determined that none of these investments had an other-than-temporary impairment, as there was no indicator of credit loss, it has no intent to sell securities with unrealized losses and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell any securities with unrealized losses prior to a recovery in value, which may be maturity, given the Company's current and anticipated financial position.