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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021, the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows, respectively, for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Novavax AB and Novavax CZ. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden, is the local currency (Swedish Krona), and the functional currency of Novavax CZ, which is located in the Czech Republic, is the local currency (Czech Koruna). The translation of assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries to U.S. dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of operations data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period. The translation of operating cash flow data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, and investing and financing cash flow data is translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income included a foreign currency translation balance of $(0.4) million and $7.0 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
Marketable Securities
Marketable Securities
The Company invests in marketable securities that generally consist of debt securities with maturities greater than three months from the date of purchase that include commercial paper, government-backed securities, treasury securities, corporate notes and agency securities. Classification of marketable securities between current and non-current is dependent upon the maturity date at the balance sheet date taking into consideration the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment to maturity.
Interest and dividend income are recorded when earned and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of the Company's securities.
The Company classifies its marketable securities with readily determinable fair values as “available-for-sale.” Investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair market value in the consolidated balance sheets, and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity (deficit) until realized. Marketable securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in value is “other-than-temporary.” The term “other-than-temporary” is not intended to indicate a permanent decline in value. Rather, it means that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the security. Management reviews criteria, such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, as well as the Company's ability to hold the securities, including whether the Company will be required to sell a security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, the investment issuer's financial condition and business outlook to predict whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. Realized gains and losses and declines in value determined to be other-than-temporary are recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.
Restricted Cash
Restricted Cash
The Company’s current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) funding agreements, payments received under the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”) grant agreements and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. The Company will utilize the CEPI and BMGF funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under these agreements.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss carryforwards.

The Company has historically generated significant federal, state and foreign tax net operating losses, which may be subject to limitation in future periods. Management has fully reserved the related deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance in the current reporting period as more likely than not the related benefit will not be realized. The Company is currently subject to examination in all open tax years.
Net Loss per Share
Net Loss per Share
Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. As of March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had outstanding stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) totaling 6,273,234 and 4,968,953, respectively.
As of March 31, 2021, the Company’s Notes (see Note 8) would have been convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company’s common stock assuming a common stock price of $136.20 or higher. These shares, after giving effect to the add back of interest expense and unamortized debt issuance costs on the Notes (see Note 8) and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Not Yet Adopted
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which will simplify the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including certain convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. Specifically, the new standard will remove the separation models required for convertible debt with cash conversion features and convertible instruments with beneficial conversion features. It will also remove certain settlement conditions that are currently required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception and will simplify the diluted earnings per share calculation for convertible instruments. ASU 2020-06 will be effective January 1, 2022 for the Company and may be applied using a full or modified retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than January 1, 2021 for the Company. Management has evaluated the impact of adopting ASU 2020-06 and has determined that it will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.