10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒              ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 or

☐              TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File Number: 1-14100

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	33-0675505
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4000 MacArthur Blvd., Suite 6000, Newport Beach, CA 92660

(Address of principal executive offices)

(949) 475-3600

(Company’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	IMH	NYSE American
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights	IMH	NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: none

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐ ​ Emerging Growth Company ☐ Accelerated Filer ☐ Non-accelerated Filer ☒ 
​ Smaller Reporting Company ☒ 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2) Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $7.4 million, based on the closing sales price of common stock on the NYSE American on June 30, 2022. For purposes of the calculation only, all directors and executive officers and beneficial holders of more than 10% of the stock of the registrant have been deemed affiliates. There were 36,568,876 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 9, 2023.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The proxy statement will be filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.

2022 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	1
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	12
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	30
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	30
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	31
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	31
PART II
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR COMPANY’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	31
ITEM 6.	RESERVED	31
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	32
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	69
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	69
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	69
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	69
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	70
ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION	70
PART III
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	70
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	71
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	71
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	71
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	71
PART IV
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	71
ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	76
SIGNATURES		77

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., sometimes referred to herein as the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us,” is a Maryland corporation incorporated in August 1995 and includes the following subsidiaries: Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (IRES), Impac Mortgage Corp. (IMC), IMH Assets Corp. (IMH Assets), Copperfield Capital Corporation (CCC) and Impac Funding Corporation (IFC). IMC a subsidiary of IRES, conducts our mortgage lending and real estate services operations.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements, some of which are based on various assumptions and events that are beyond our control, may be identified by reference to a future period or periods or by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “may,” “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “likely,” “should,” “could,” “seem to,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “project,” “assume,” or similar terms or variations on those terms or the negative of those terms. The forward-looking statements are based on current management expectations. Actual results may differ materially as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to the following: successful development, marketing, sale and financing of new and existing financial products; expansion of NonQM loan originations and conventional and government-insured loan programs; local, national and international economic conditions, including the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economy and demand for our products; ability to successfully diversify our loan products; ability to successfully sell loans to third-party investors; volatility in the mortgage industry; unexpected interest rate fluctuations and margin compression; performance of third-party sub-servicers; our ability to manage personnel expenses in relation to mortgage production levels; our ability to successfully use warehousing capacity and satisfy financial convents requirements; increased competition in the mortgage lending industry by larger or more efficient companies; issues and system risks related to our technology; ability to successfully create cost and product efficiencies through new technology; more than expected increases in default rates or loss severities and mortgage related losses; ability to obtain additional financing through lending and repurchase facilities, debt or equity funding, strategic relationships or otherwise;  our ability to maintain adequate cash flow and liquidity to manage our operations; the terms of any financing, whether debt or equity, that we do obtain and our expected use of proceeds from any financing; increase in loan repurchase requests and ability to adequately settle repurchase obligations; failure to create brand awareness; the outcome, including any settlements, of litigation or regulatory actions pending against us or other legal contingencies; our compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations; and other general market and economic conditions.

For a discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report. This document speaks only as of its date and we do not undertake, and specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

Available Information

Our internet website address is www.impaccompanies.com. We make available our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and proxy statements for our annual stockholders’ meetings, as well as any amendments to those reports, free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. You can learn more about us by reviewing our SEC filings on our website by clicking on “Investor Relations” located on our home page and proceeding to “Financial Information.” We also make available on our website, under “Corporate Governance,” charters for the audit, compensation, and governance and nominating committees of our board of directors, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Corporate Governance Guidelines and other company information, including amendments to such documents and waivers, if any, to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. These documents will also be furnished, free of charge, upon written request to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., Attention: Stockholder Relations, 4000 MacArthur Blvd., Suite 6000, Newport Beach, CA 92660. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding SEC registrants, including our Company.

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Our Company

We were founded in 1995 and are an established nationwide independent residential mortgage lender which originates, sells and services residential mortgage loans. We originate non-qualified mortgages (NonQM), conventional mortgage loans, which are intended to be eligible for sale to U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), including the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (conventional loans), and government-insured mortgage loans eligible for government securities issued through the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae or government loans).

Recent Updates

As part of our continuous expense management assessment, as previously noted, we have undertaken a number of initiatives during the latter half of 2022 and into the first quarter of 2023 that we believe will significantly reduce our expense run rate.  In January 2023, we exited our legacy commercial office space of 120,000 sq. ft. and relocated to a new 19,000 sq.ft. office space.  The reduction of space was made possible by our ability to maintain a majority of our workforce as a hybrid or remote workforce, minimizing in-office space needs.  In accordance with the terms of the lease termination agreement, we paid termination consideration of $3.0 million. We estimate that the amount of base rent, common area maintenance (CAM) charges, storage, parking, and any other miscellaneous charges that would have been payable during the final 20 months of the original lease term would have been in excess of $8.8 million. The new lease term runs through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which, including CAM charges, totals approximately $800 thousand over the term of the lease, resulting in significant savings.

In line with our expense management strategies, in addition to the lease termination in January 2023, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel, CashCall Mortgage (CCM) to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender at the end of 2022 and into 2023.  As noted in previous years, our GSE loan originations were sold directly through aggregators.  While we remain in good standing with our aggregator partners, the cost to produce retail loans in light of the rising rate environment and severe margin compression felt across the residential mortgage industry proved challenging—resulting in lower origination volumes and higher cost to produce throughout 2022.  We believe that the broker fulfillment model has many strengths including a reduced expense load associated with personnel, operational and technology support, and reduced marketing needs due to organic lead volume generated by the CCM brand.  Broker fulfillment also supports a broader product offering to CCM consumers, allowing the Company to move away from the expense and complexity of managing multiple lending products with support from several departments. We believe adopting a more cost-effective origination strategy is essential to managing the overall monthly expense load of the retail channel while also driving revenue across a broad spectrum of product offerings to consumers.

Additionally, given our lack of conventional GSE origination volume and servicing rights over the past several years, with no direct GSE deliveries to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since 2016 and 2020, respectively, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation which have been suspended during these periods of non-delivery. We expect to be a third-party originator with both GSE’s to support our broker model, as needed.

Our wholesale channel continued to experience significant volume and margin deterioration during the latter half of 2022, and into 2023.  The continued volatility experienced with the Non-QM market associated with liquidity, product offerings, expansive credit to meet consumer demand, and rising rates have all proven to be a considerable hindrance to maintaining a profitable channel in the wholesale space.  It is our belief that the market conditions and projections will not improve in the near term, and as a result in the first quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down operations within its wholesale channel until market conditions improve.  With minimal active loans in the pipeline, the Company had no outstanding warehousing or counterparty obligations associated with its wholesale activity. At December 31, 2022, we did not renew our $25.0 million warehouse facility, thereby further reducing warehouse capacity to $16.0 million with one counterparty.  

As noted above, the Company intends to remain focused on serving consumers through its retail channel, exclusively through a broker model fulfillment strategy until market conditions improve to support other opportunities in the direct and/or wholesale lending space.

On September 14, 2022, the Company commenced exchange offers (the Exchange Offers) and a consent solicitation for its outstanding shares of its 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the Series B Preferred stock), and 9.125% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per

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share (Series C Preferred stock). On October 20, 2022 (the Expiration Date), the exchange offers and consent solicitation expired with approximately 69% of the Series B Preferred stock and approximately 67% of the Series C Preferred stock tendering their shares and voting in favor of certain amendments to the Company’s charter, as discussed in further detail below. Holders of Series B Preferred stock received (the Series B Consideration), for each share of Series B Preferred stock tendered, (i) 13.33 shares of newly issued common stock and (ii) 30 shares of newly issued 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series D Preferred stock).  Holders of Series C Preferred stock were entitled to received (the Series C Consideration), for each share of Series C Preferred stock tendered, (i) 1.25 shares of newly issued common stock, (ii) 1.5 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and (iii) one share of Series D Preferred stock. In connection with the closing of the Exchange Offers, the Company issued, on October 26, 2022, a total of 7,330,319 shares of newly issued common stock, 14,773,811 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 1,425,695 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

Concurrently with the Exchange Offers, the Company received consent from the requisite holders of each of its outstanding Series B Preferred stock and its outstanding Series C Preferred stock to amend its charter to (i) make all shares of Series B Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series B Consideration and (ii) make all shares of Series C Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series C Consideration. On October 27, 2022, the Company provided notice to holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock that such shares would be redeemed (the Redemption) on November 15, 2022 upon which holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock will only be entitled to receive the Series B Consideration and the Series C Consideration, as the case may be.  In connection with the Redemption, the Company issued an additional approximately 3,298,439 shares of newly issued common stock, 6,599,035 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 681,923 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

In addition, on August 25, 2022, the Maryland Circuit Court issued an Order to Segregate Funds and/or Stock (Segregation Order) in connection with the Timm, et al v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al. outstanding litigation (Maryland Action) on behalf of holders of the Company’s Series B Preferred stock directing the Company, if the Exchange Offer for the Series B Preferred stock were timely completed, to deposit 13,311,840 shares of Series D Preferred stock, plus, in either event, 4,437,280 shares of newly issued common stock (collectively, the Series B Common Fund) in the custody of a third party custodian or escrow agent approved by class counsel. On December 16, 2022, the Circuit Court issued its Final Judgment Order which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment, granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses. The Company completed the distribution of the Series D Preferred stock and common stock to the former holders of shares of Series B Preferred stock and class counsel required by the Final Judgment Order in February 2023.  

All holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption only received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Series B Preferred stock or Series C Preferred stock (whether or not such dividends have accumulated and whether or not such dividends accrued before or after completion of the Exchange Offers), other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, as discussed in further detail in the section “Financing Activities” presented in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations.”

Segments

Our business activities are organized and presented in three primary operating segments: Mortgage Lending, the Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio and Real Estate Services. During 2021 and 2022, our mortgage lending segment provided mortgage lending products through two lending channels, retail and wholesale and opportunistically retained mortgage servicing rights. As noted above, in 2023 we shifted to deliver the same products through a mortgage broker model.  Our long-term mortgage portfolio consisted of residual interests in securitization trusts, prior to the sale during the first quarter of 2022. Our real estate services segment performs master servicing and provides loss mitigation services for primarily our securitized long-term mortgage portfolio.  A description of each operating segment is presented below with further details and discussions of each segment’s results of operations presented in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations.”

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In addition to the segments described above, we also have a corporate segment, which supports all of the operating segments. The corporate segment includes unallocated corporate and other administrative costs as described below.

Mortgage Lending

We remain committed to offering a broad suite of mortgage lending products to consumers through our broker fulfillment model, including conventional, government, and alternative credit products.  Through this model, we have access to an expanded product offering to include more innovative products than previously available to meet the needs of borrowers who may not be served by traditional conventional and government products.  Our broker fulfillment model generates origination fees and broker fee income, net of origination costs. The overall expense of origination is significantly decreased in a broker fulfillment model due to reduced need for headcount and skillset, in addition to hedging and capital markets execution risks. We do not retain interest income during the period of origination to sale of loan, nor do we retain gains or have exposure to any losses when loans are sold to third party investors. Mortgage servicing rights are not maintained in the broker fulfillment model.

Non-QM loans are loans that do not meet the qualified mortgage (QM) guidelines set out by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).  While we believe there is an underserved mortgage market for these consumers, such as self-employed borrowers, the addressable Non-QM market has retracted significantly from the prior year due to rate and credit changes in the market. Under the broker fulfillment model, we have engaged with a number of lenders who are able to offer competitive Non-QM products that serve the needs of our borrowers.

We reserve an opportunistic approach with respect to originating Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Affairs (VA) loans as a direct lender, as well as holding the mortgage servicing rights of these Ginnie Mae securitizable loans. We have participated in Ginnie Mae securitizations in the past, and maintain our Housing and Urban Development (HUD), VA, and Ginnie Mae designations in good standing. While we currently do not hold any Ginnie Mae servicing, we welcome the development of market conditions that would attract borrowers to these government-sponsored loan programs and allow us to participate in meaningful origination activity. Currently, the rate environment has been prohibitively high which  has reduced volume materially.  Despite changes to FHA and VA guidelines in the first quarter of 2023 to allow for lower mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) and Funding Fee charges, the only available products due to streamline refinance restrictions are cash-out refinance and purchase transactions.

We maintain our licensing status and ability to lend directly as a nationwide mortgage lender; however, the change to our business model is reflective of the need to promote flexibility to drive revenue and reduce expenses while still offering a competitive product to consumers. The broker fulfillment model allows us to originate loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, NonQM and Jumbo mortgages and loans eligible for government insurance (government loans) by the FHA, VA, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), as well as second lien products. We currently originate mortgages through our wholly-owned subsidiary, IMC, under which our retail channel, CCM, is situated.

Our origination volumes decreased 76% in 2022 to $693.7 million as compared to $2.9 billion in 2021. Of the $693.7 million in total originations in 2022, approximately $422.0 million, or 61%, was originated through the retail channel. In contrast, during 2021, our retail originations contributed 80% to our total origination volume.

Our origination channels, Retail and Wholesale, produce similar mortgage loan products and apply similar underwriting standards.

	For the year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2022		%		2021		%
Originations by Channel:
Retail	$	422.0	61	%	$	2,318.3	80	%
Wholesale		271.7	39			585.1	20
Total originations	$	693.7	100	%	$	2,903.4	100	%

Retail—Prior to the repositioning to a mortgage broker, our call center based retail channel utilized a high-volume, rapid response time funding model with a focus on providing exceptional customer service. The centralized retail call center was a compliment to IMC’s business-to-business origination channel and provided additional capacity to process increased origination volumes of expanded products including our NonQM loan programs and government insured Ginnie Mae programs, while having the ability to generate servicing assets for IMC.

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When retail loans were originated, the origination documentation was completed inclusive of customer disclosures and other aspects of the lending process and funding of the transaction was completed internally. Our call center representatives contacted borrowers through either inbound or outbound marketing campaigns sourced from our digital marketing campaigns, TV and radio ads, purchase-money and refinance mortgage leads, including leads sourced from customer referrals and retention of customers in the servicing portfolio that are seeking to refinance or purchase a property. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we closed $422.0 million of loans in this origination channel, which equaled 61% of total originations, as compared to $2.3 billion or 80% of total originations during 2021.

As previously noted, during the fourth quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel, CCM to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender.

Wholesale—In a wholesale transaction, our account executives worked directly with mortgage brokers who originated and document loans for delivery to our operational center where we underwrote and funded the mortgage loan. Each loan was underwritten to our underwriting standards and, if approved, the borrower was sent new disclosures under our name and the loan was funded in the name of IMC.

Prior to accepting loans from mortgage brokers, each mortgage broker was required to meet our guidelines for minimum experience, credit score and net worth. We also obtained a third-party due diligence report for each prospective broker that verifies licensing and provided information on any industry sanctions that might exist. In addition, each mortgage broker was required to sign our broker agreement that contains certain representations and warranties from the brokers. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we closed loans totaling $271.7 million in this origination channel, which equaled 39% of total originations, as compared to $585.1 million, or 20%, of total originations during 2021.

As previously noted, during the fist quarter of 2023, we decided to wind down operations in the Wholesale Channel due to significantly diminished volume as a result of volatility in the market around rates and credit risk.

Correspondent— While the Company has historically maintained a Correspondent Channel opportunistically, it currently has no plans to originate loans in the Correspondent Channel.

Since 2011, we have provided loans to customers predominantly in the Western U.S. with California, Arizona, Nevada and Washington comprising 69% of originations in 2022.

Loan Types

Our loan products primarily include conventional loans intended to be eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and loans eligible for government insurance by FHA, VA and USDA (the Agencies), NonQM and Jumbo. The FHA, VA and USDA loans are government-insured loans eligible for Ginnie Mae securities issuance. Prior to the wind down of our wholesale channel and our repositioning to a mortgage broker, we established strict lending guidelines, including determining the prospective borrowers’ ability to repay the mortgage, which we believe would keep delinquencies and foreclosures at acceptable levels. We had traditionally evaluated our guidelines to expand our reach to the underserved market of credit worthy borrowers who can fully document and substantiate an ability to repay mortgage loans, but unable to obtain financing through traditional programs, for example self-employed borrowers.  In conjunction with establishing strict lending guidelines, we had also established investor relationships which provided us with an exit strategy for these NonQM loans.  

The following table indicates the breakdown of our originations by loan type for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2022		2021
Originations by Loan Type:
Conventional	$	211.8	$	2,096.9
NonQM		462.5		683.6
Jumbo		5.5		73.7
Government		13.9		49.2
Total originations	$	693.7	$	2,903.4

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Loan Sales—Selling Loans to GSEs, Issuing Ginnie Mae Securities and Selling Loans on a Whole Loan Basis

We primarily have sold our conventional, jumbo and NonQM loans on a servicing released whole loan basis to private investors and issue securities through Ginnie Mae for our government insured product. We securitized government-insured loans by issuing Ginnie Mae securities through a process whereby a pool of loans was transferred to Ginnie Mae as collateral for a government-insured mortgage-backed security. Prior to our suspension by Freddie Mac in July 2020, we would opportunistically sell loans on a servicing-retained basis where the loan was sold to an investor such as Freddie Mac, and we retained the right to service that loan, called mortgage servicing rights (MSRs). Traditionally, we had not sold a significant amount of residential mortgage loans on a whole loan basis where the investor also acquires the servicing rights.  Throughout 2021 and 2022, we selectively retained mortgage servicing as well as increase whole loan sales on a servicing released basis to investors.  The largest five investors accounted for 75% of the Company’s servicing released loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.  No other investors accounted for more than 5% of the loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Additionally, given our lack of conventional GSE origination volume and servicing rights over the past several years, with no direct GSE deliveries to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since 2016 and 2020, respectively, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation, which has been suspended during these period of non-delivery. We expect to be a third-party originator with both GSE’s to support our broker model, as needed.

The following table indicates the breakdown of our loan sales to GSEs, issuance of Ginnie Mae securities and loans sold to investors on a whole loan servicing-released basis for the periods as indicated:

	For the year ended
	December 31,
(in millions)	2022		2021
Ginnie Mae	$	4.5	$	52.2
Freddie Mac		—		—
Fannie Mae		—		—
Total servicing retained sales		4.5		52.2
Other (servicing released)		974.1		2,707.5
Total loan sales	$	978.6	$	2,759.7

Mortgage Servicing

While we had continued to selectively retain mortgage servicing throughout 2022, in December 2022, we sold $68.0 million in unpaid principal balance (UPB) of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.  As a result of the servicing sale, we currently have no servicing portfolio at December 31, 2022.

Upon our sale of loans to GSEs or the issuance of securities through Ginnie Mae, we generally retain the mortgage servicing rights with respect to the mortgage loans. We also sell loans on a servicing-released basis to secondary market investors where we do not retain the servicing rights. When we retain servicing rights, we are entitled to receive a servicing fee which is collected from interest payments made by the borrower and paid to us on a monthly basis equal to a specified percentage, typically between 0.25% and 0.44% per annum of the outstanding principal balance of the loans. We may also be entitled to receive additional servicing compensation, such as late payment fees and earn additional income through the use of non-interest bearing escrows. As a mortgage servicer, we are required to advance certain amounts to meet the contractual loan servicing requirements for certain investors. We may advance principal, interest, property taxes and insurance for borrowers that have become delinquent, plus any other costs to preserve the property. Also, we will advance funds to maintain, repair and market foreclosed real estate properties. Such advances are typically repaid when the loan becomes current or repaid from the proceeds generated from the sale of the property subsequent to foreclosure.

We have hired a nationally recognized residential servicer to sub-service the servicing portfolio. Although we use a sub-servicer to provide primary servicing and certain default servicing functions, our servicing surveillance team, which is experienced in loss mitigation and real estate recovery, monitors and surveys the performance of the loans and sub-servicer. We generally earn a servicing fee on each loan, but we also incur the cost of the sub-servicer as well as the internal servicing surveillance team. Incurring the cost of both a sub-servicer and an internal surveillance team reduces the

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net revenues we earn from the mortgage servicing portfolio; however, we believe it reduces our risk by minimizing delinquencies and repurchase risk.

Risk Management

We are exposed to various business risks which may significantly impact our financial statements. Our risk management framework and governance structure is intended to provide oversight and ongoing management of the risks inherent in our business activities and create a culture of risk awareness.  Our Compliance and Risk Management teams oversee governance processes and monitoring of these risks including the establishment of risk strategy and documentation of risk policies and controls.  Compliance and Risk Management work in partnership with the business to provide oversight of enterprise risk management and controls. This includes establishing enterprise-level risk management policies, appropriate governance activities and creating risk transparency through risk reporting.  For further discussion on operational and market risks, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Operational and Market Risks.”

Underwriting

Prior to our repositioning to a broker model, we primarily originated residential first mortgage loans for sale that conformed to the respective underwriting guidelines established by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, VA and USDA. Our mortgage loans were underwritten individually on a loan-by-loan basis. Each mortgage loan originated from our retail and wholesale channel were underwritten by one of our underwriters or by a third party contract underwriter using our underwriting guidelines.

Our criteria for underwriting generally included, but were not limited to, full documentation of borrower’s income, assets, other relevant financial information, the specific agency’s eligible loan-to-value (LTV), borrower’s debt-to-income ratio and full appraisals when required. Variances from any of these standards were permitted only to the extent allowable under the specific program requirements. Our underwriting procedures for all retail and wholesale loans required the use of a GSE automated underwriting system (AUS).

Quality Control

Prior to our repositioning to a broker model, retail and wholesale loans were reviewed internally by our quality control department to verify the loan conforms to our program guidelines and meets state and federal compliance guidelines. We also performed post origination quality controls procedures on at least 10% of all mortgage loans funded or acquired from third party originators. Additionally, we closely monitored the servicing performance of loans retained in our mortgage servicing portfolio to identify any opportunities to improve our underwriting process or procedures and identify any issues with mortgage brokers or correspondent sellers. Findings were summarized monthly and the appropriate changes were implemented.

Hedging

We were historically exposed to interest rate risks relating to our mortgage lending operations. We use derivative instruments to manage some of our interest rate risk; however, we did not attempt to hedge interest rate risk completely. For further discussion on interest rate risk and hedging, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Operation and Market Risks.”

Data Security

Sensitive borrower information, such as name, address and social security number is included in nearly all mortgage loan files. We seek to keep this information secure for every borrower. To do so, our policy requires all sensitive borrower data to be transmitted to us through our secure website portal which allows all of our customers, correspondent sellers, mortgage brokers and individual borrowers to send data to us securely in an encrypted manner.  For a discussion of cybersecurity and data privacy risk see Item 1A. “Risk Factors - Cybersecurity risks, data privacy breaches, cyber incidents and technology failures may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.”

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Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio

In March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007, which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio. As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, we deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as the Company was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts. We will remain as the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed, payoff or the master servicing rights are sold.

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio, the long-term mortgage portfolio primarily consisted of residual interests in the securitization trusts reflected as trust assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets that held non-conforming mortgage loans originated between 2002 and 2007. Since we were no longer adding new mortgage loans to the long-term mortgage portfolio, the long-term mortgage portfolio continued to decrease and was a smaller component of our overall operating results.

The long-term mortgage portfolio consisted of our residual interests in securitizations represented on our consolidated balance sheets as the difference between total trust assets and total trust liabilities. The long-term mortgage portfolio included adjustable rate and, to a lesser extent, fixed rate Alt-A single-family residential mortgages and commercial (primarily multifamily residential loans) mortgages that were acquired and originated primarily by our discontinued, prior non-conforming mortgage lending operations and retained in our long-term portfolio before 2008. Alt-A mortgages are primarily first lien mortgages made to borrowers whose credit was generally within established Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guidelines at origination date but have loan characteristics that make them non-conforming under those guidelines.

In previous years, we securitized mortgage loans by transferring originated residential single-family mortgage loans and multifamily commercial loans (the “transferred assets”) into non-recourse bankruptcy remote trusts which in turn issued tranches of bonds to investors supported only by the cash flows of the transferred assets. Because the assets and liabilities in the securitizations were nonrecourse to us, the bondholders could not look to us for repayment of their bonds in the event of a shortfall. These securitizations were structured to include interest rate derivatives, which had since expired. We retained the residual interest in each trust, and in most cases are the master servicer. A trustee and servicer, unrelated to us, was named for each securitization. Cash flows from the loans (the loan payments and liquidation of foreclosed real estate properties) collected by the loan servicer were remitted to us, the master servicer. The master servicer remits payments to the trustee who remits payments to the bondholders (investors). The servicer collects loan payments and performs loss mitigation activities for defaulted loans. These activities include foreclosing on properties securing defaulted loans, which results in real estate owned (REO).

Commercial mortgages in the long-term mortgage portfolio were primarily adjustable rate mortgages with initial fixed interest rate periods of two, three, five, seven and ten years that subsequently converted to adjustable rate mortgages (hybrid ARMs), and were primarily secured with multi-family residential real estate. Commercial mortgages had provided greater asset diversification on our consolidated balance sheets as borrowers of commercial mortgages typically have higher credit scores and commercial mortgages typically have lower LTVs.

Before 2007, we securitized mortgage loans in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations, or CMOs, which were consolidated and accounted for as secured borrowings for financial statement purposes. Securitized mortgages in the form of real estate mortgage investment conduits, or REMICs, were either consolidated or unconsolidated depending on the design of the securitization structure. We consolidated the variable interest entity, or VIE, as the primary beneficiary of the sole residual interest in each securitization trust where we also performed the master servicing. Amounts consolidated were included in trust assets and liabilities as securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned, derivative assets, securitized mortgage borrowings and derivative liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the sale and deconcolidation in the first quarter of 2022, at December 31, 2022, we had no residual interests in securitizations (represented by the difference between total trust assets and total trust liabilities) on our consolidated balance sheets as compared to $27.9 million at December 31, 2021.

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For additional information regarding the long-term mortgage portfolio refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition,” and Note 6. “Securitized Mortgage Trusts” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Master Servicing

Until 2007, we were retaining master servicing rights on substantially all of our non-conforming single-family residential and commercial mortgage acquisitions and originations that were sold through securitizations. Since 2008, we have not retained any additional master servicing rights, but have continued to be the master servicer of previously retained master servicing rights.

The function of a master servicer includes collecting loan payments from loan servicers and remitting loan payments, less master servicing fees receivable and other fees, to a trustee or other purchaser for each series of mortgage-backed securities or mortgages master serviced. In addition, as master servicer, we monitor compliance with the servicing guidelines and perform or contract with third parties to perform all functions not adequately performed by any loan servicer. The master servicer is also required to advance funds, or cause the loan servicers to advance funds, to cover principal and interest payments not received from borrowers depending on the status of their mortgages, but only to the extent that it is determined that such advances are recoverable either from the borrower or from the liquidation of the property.

Master servicing fees are generally 0.03% per annum on the unpaid principal balance of the mortgages serviced. As a master servicer, we also earn income or incur expense on principal and interest payments received from borrowers until those payments are remitted to the investors of those mortgages. Fees from the master servicing portfolio have declined significantly due to a decrease in principal balances since the end of 2008, which in turn affects the amount we earn on balances held in custodial accounts. At December 31, 2022, we were the master servicer for approximately 7,600 mortgages with an outstanding unpaid principal balance (UPB) of approximately $1.6 billion, of which $301.7 million of those loans were 60 or more days delinquent. At December 31, 2022, we were also the master servicer for unconsolidated securitizations (included in the total master servicing portfolio above) totaling approximately $138.3 million in unpaid principal balance, of which $68.6 million of those loans were 60 or more days delinquent. Fees earned from master servicing are separate from those earned from mortgage servicing which are generated from servicing rights generated from loans sold servicing retained from new originations since 2011.

As previously noted, during the first quarter of 2022 we sold the legacy securitization portfolio, however we will remain as the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed, payoff or the master servicing rights are sold.

Real Estate Services

In 2008, we established our Real Estate Services segment to provide solutions to the distressed mortgage and real estate markets.  We provide loss mitigation and real estate services primarily on our own long-term mortgage portfolio, including default surveillance, loan modification services, short sale services (where a lender agrees to take less than the balance owed from the borrower), REO surveillance and disposition services and monitoring, reconciling and reporting services for residential and multifamily mortgage portfolios.  As noted above, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entails the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, it is our expectation that the real estate services fees, net generated from the long-term mortgage portfolio will decline in future periods as the securitizations are called or collapsed by the purchaser.  In the second quarter of 2020, CCC was created to, among other activities, assist with managing mortgage loans held-for-sale, and provide origination and servicing solutions focusing on loss mitigation strategies, including loan modifications and restructurings to assist borrowers.  

Corporate

This segment includes all corporate services groups including information technology, human resources, legal, facilities, accounting, treasury and corporate administration. This corporate services group supports all operating segments. A portion of these costs are allocated to the operating segments based on certain allocation methods. These corporate services groups are centralized to be efficient and avoid any duplicate cost burdens. Specific costs associated with being a publicly traded company are not allocated and remain in this segment.

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The corporate segment also includes debt expense related to the Convertible Notes which were extended in 2022 and due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the stated maturity date of May 9, 2025 as well as capital leases. Debt service expense is not allocated and remains in this segment. We have taken advantage of very low financing rates and entered into capital lease arrangements to finance the purchase of equipment, mostly computer equipment, used in all three segments. The interest expense associated with the capital leases is not allocated and remains in this segment.

Human Capital Management

The Company’s key human capital management objectives are to attract, retain and develop talent to deliver on the Company’s strategy. To support these objectives, the Company’s human resources programs are designed to: keep people safe and healthy; enhance the Company’s culture through efforts aimed at making the workplace more inclusive and free from discrimination or harassment on the basis of color, race, sex, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identification or expression or any other status protected by applicable law; acquire and retain diverse talent; reward and support employees through competitive pay and benefit programs; develop talent to prepare them for critical roles and leadership positions; and facilitate internal talent mobility to create a high-performing workforce.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on how we managed our human capital. Nearly all of our workforce began working remotely since March 2020, and we instituted safety protocols and procedures for the employees who returned to work on site.

As of  December 31, 2022, we had a total of 98 employees, nearly all of whom are full-time.  Management believes that relations with our employees are good. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements.

Regulation

The U.S. mortgage industry is heavily regulated. Our mortgage lending operations, as well as our real estate services, are subject to federal, state and local laws that regulate and restrict the manner in which we operate in the residential mortgage industry, including, but not limited to, laws and regulations which: regulate our business practices; limit the interest rates, finance charges and other fees we may charge or pay; impose underwriting requirements; regulate our marketing techniques and practices; mandate disclosures and notices to consumers; regulate our servicing practices; and impose licensing requirements and financial obligations on us. Plus, mortgage bankers and brokers in our wholesale production channelfrom which we purchase loans are also subject to regulation, which may have an effect on our business and the mortgage loans we are able to fund or acquire. Compliance with regulations in the mortgage industry requires us to incur costs and expenses in our operations. To the extent we, or others with which we conduct business, do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to fines, reimbursements and other penalties which could include restrictions on our operations. Changes in these regulatory and legal requirements, including changes in their enforcement, could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The laws and regulations that we are subject to include (but are not limited to) the following:

● the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act, as well as related regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and federal banking regulators (collectively, AML laws) which require financial to implement an AML compliance program that is reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism;

● the Federal Truth-in-Lending Act (known as TILA) and Regulation Z promulgated thereunder, which require certain disclosures to the borrowers regarding the terms of the loans, regulates the methods in which compensation can be paid to brokers and loan originators; and prohibits lenders from making residential mortgage loans unless a good faith determination is made of a borrower’s creditworthiness based on verified and documented information;

● the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B promulgated thereunder, which prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, race, color, sex, religion, marital status, national origin, receipt of public assistance or the exercise of any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act, in the extension of credit;

● the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, color, national origin,

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religion, sex, familial status, or handicap, in housing-related transactions;

● the Fair Credit Reporting Act, which regulates the use and reporting of information related to the borrower’s credit experience;

● the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act, which regulates credit reporting and use of credit information in making unsolicited offers of credit;

● state and federal privacy regulations which include the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which imposes requirements on all lenders with respect to their collection and use of nonpublic financial information and requires them to maintain the security of that information and the California Consumer Privacy Act (and comparable data privacy regulations in other states) which enhances privacy rights and consumer protections for California residents and property owners;  

● the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (known as RESPA) and Regulation X promulgated thereunder, outlaws kickbacks that increase the cost of settlement services;

● the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (known as HMDA) and Regulation C promulgated thereunder, which requires the reporting of public loan data;

● the Telephone Consumer Protection Act and the CAN-SPAM Act, which regulate commercial solicitations via telephone, fax, and the Internet;

● the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, which preempts certain state usury laws;

● the Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982, which preempts certain state lending laws which regulate alternative mortgage transactions;

● the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which prohibits unfair debt collection practices;

● the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008, which establishes national minimum standards for mortgage licensees;

● regulations promulgated by the CFPB to help assure that consumers are provided with timely and understandable information about residential mortgage loans that protect them against Unfair, Deceptive or Abusive Acts or Practices;

● interagency final rules required pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank) establishing minimum national underwriting guidelines for residential mortgages that lenders will be allowed to securitize without retaining any of the loans’ default risk; and

● the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act, commonly known as the SAFE Act, which is designed to enhance consumer protection and reduce fraud by requiring states to establish minimum standards for the licensing and registration of state licensed mortgage loan originators.

Since its formation, the CFPB has taken a very active role in the mortgage industry. The CFPB has rulemaking authority with respect to many of the federal consumer protection laws applicable to mortgage lenders and servicers, and its rulemaking and regulatory agenda relating to loan servicing and origination continues to evolve. The CFPB also has broad supervisory and enforcement powers with regard to non-depository financial institutions that engage in the origination and servicing of mortgage loans. The CFPB has conducted routine examinations of our business and will conduct future examinations

As part of its enforcement authority, the CFPB can order, among other things, rescission or reformation of contracts, the refund of moneys or the return of real property, restitution, disgorgement or compensation for unjust enrichment, the payment of damages or other monetary relief, public notifications regarding violations, remediation of

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practices, external compliance monitoring and civil money penalties. The CFPB has been active in investigations and enforcement actions and has issued large civil money penalties since its inception to parties the CFPB determines violated the laws and regulations it enforces.

In addition, various federal, state and local laws have been enacted that are designed to discourage predatory lending and servicing practices. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than those in federal law. Also, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain residential loans, including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the related borrower. This test may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential loan, for example, does not meet the test even if the related originator reasonably believed that the test was satisfied. Failure of residential loan originators or servicers to comply with these laws, to the extent any of their residential loans are or become part of our mortgaged-related assets, could subject us to monetary penalties and could result in the borrowers rescinding the affected residential loans.

Our mortgage lending operations is an approved Housing and Urban Development (HUD) lender and a Ginnie Mae approved issuer and servicer.  As previously disclosed, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.  We are required to submit annually to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (when an active seller/servicer), and HUD, as applicable, audited financial statements, or the equivalent, according to the financial reporting requirements of each regulatory entity for its sellers/servicers. Our lending activities are also subject to examination by Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD, CFPB and state regulatory agencies including the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (f/k/a California Department of Business Oversight) at any time to assure compliance with applicable regulations, policies and procedures. Also refer to “Regulatory Risks” under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for a further discussion of regulations that may affect us.

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive industry that could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory, economic, and technological changes, as well as continued consolidation or expansion. Our competitors include banks, thrifts, credit unions, real estate brokerage firms, mortgage brokers, fintech companies and mortgage banking companies. Competition is based on a number of factors including, among others, customer service, quality and range of products and services offered, price, reputation, interest rates, lending limits and customer convenience. To compete effectively, we must have a very high level of operational, technological, and managerial expertise, as well as access to capital at a competitive cost. Many of our competitors are larger than we are and have access to greater financial resources than we do, which can place us at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, many of our largest competitors are banks or affiliated with banking institutions, the advantages of which include, but are not limited to, the ability to hold new mortgage loan originations in an investment portfolio and having access to financing with more favorable terms than we do, including lower funding costs with bank deposits as a source of liquidity.

Our real estate services segment competes with firms that provide similar services, including loan modification companies, real estate asset management and disposition companies and real estate brokerage firms. Our competitors include large mortgage servicers, established subprime loan servicers, and newer entrants to the specialty servicing and recovery collections business. Efforts to market our ability to provide real estate services for others is more difficult than many of our competitors because we have not historically provided such services to unrelated third parties, and we are not a rated primary or special servicer of residential mortgage loans as designated by a rating agency.

Risk factors, as outlined below, provide additional information related to risks associated with competition in the mortgage industry.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to other information in this report, please consider the following discussion of factors that make an investment in our securities risky. The risks or uncertainties described in this Form 10-K can materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. The risks and uncertainties described below have been grouped under general risk categories, one or more of which categories may be applicable to the risk factors described. The risks and uncertainties described in this Form 10-K are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are unaware or that we currently deem immaterial may also become important factors that can harm our

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business, results of operations and financial condition.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the risks more fully described below and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business.

Risks Related to our Business

● We have a history of losses, and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.

● Our liquidity may be adversely affected if we are not able to generate earnings, access additional capital or generate other sources of cash.  

● Our success is primarily dependent on our ability to increase the profitability of our mortgage lending segment.

● We may not be able to access financing sources on favorable terms, or at all, which could adversely affect our ability to implement and operate our business as planned.

● If we are unable to satisfy our debt obligations or to meet or maintain the requisite financial covenant requirements with our lenders, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely effected.

● Our use of financial leverage exposes us to increased risks, including breaches and additional potential breaches of the financial covenants under our borrowing facilities, which could result in our being required to immediately repay all outstanding amounts borrowed under these facilities and these facilities being unavailable to use for future financing needs, as well as triggering cross-defaults under other debt agreements.

● The success and growth of our business will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes.

● Our performance may be adversely affected by the performance of parties who service or sub-service our mortgage loans.

● Our ability to utilize our net operating losses and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

● Our NonQM product offerings may expose us to a higher risk of delinquencies, regulatory risks, foreclosures, counterparty risk and losses adversely affecting our earnings and financial condition.

● Cybersecurity risks, data privacy breaches, cyber incidents and technology failures may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our consolidated financial results.

● Delayed mortgage loan sales could result in a liquidity shortage which would adversely affect our operating results.

● Loss of our current executive officers or other key management could significantly harm our business.

● We may become, and in some cases are, a defendant in lawsuits, some of which may be class action matters, and we may not prevail in these matters.

● If we are forced to liquidate, we may have few unpledged assets for distribution to unsecured creditors or equity holders.

● Our hedging strategies implemented by our mortgage lending operations may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with the market movement of interest rates.

● Further spread of COVID-19 or any mutations thereof could negatively impact the availability of key personnel necessary to conduct our business.

● The continued impact of the pandemic could negatively impact the availability of key third party service providers necessary to conduct our business and the ability of counterparties to meet contractual obligations to us.

● We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information provided by customers and counterparties.

● Representations and warranties made by us in our loan sales, servicing rights sales and securitizations may subject us to liability.

● The geographic concentration of our mortgages increases our exposure to risks in those areas.

● Our vendor relationships subject us to a variety of risks.

● Our risk management policies and procedures may not be effective.

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● If we fail to maintain effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to report our consolidated financial results accurately or prevent fraud, which could cause current and potential stockholders to lose confidence in our financial reporting, adversely affect the trading price of our securities or harm our operating results.

Risks Related to Our Industry

● Our earnings may decrease, or losses increase, because of changes in prevailing interest rates.

● The pandemic has impaired and may continue to impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans or other obligations, resulting in increases in forbearances and/or delinquencies, which could negatively impact our business.

● A decline in real estate values may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operation.

● Our business is affected by changes in the state of the general economy and the financial markets, and a slowdown or downturn in the general economy or the financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations.

● Replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulation

● Loss, suspension, or an unanticipated change in the status of our approvals, or limitations placed on our delivery volume, or the potential limitation or wind-down of, the role Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae play in the residential mortgage-backed security (MBS) market have had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

● Regulatory laws affecting our operations, or interpretations of them, may affect our mortgage lending operations.

● The CFPB continues to be active in its monitoring of the loan origination and servicing sectors, and its rules increase our regulatory compliance burden and associated costs.

● Regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

● If we do not continue to satisfy the NYSE American continued listing requirements, our Common Stock could be delisted from the NYSE American.

● The Company incurs significant expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

● Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile and the trading of our shares may be limited.

● Issuances of additional shares of our common stock or other securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and significantly dilute stockholders.

● We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and we may be restricted in paying dividends on our common stock.

● Our principal stockholders beneficially own a large portion of our stock, and accordingly, may have control over stockholder matters and sales may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

● Provisions in our charter documents and Maryland law, as well as our NOL Rights Plan, impose limitations that may delay or prevent our acquisition by a third party.

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Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of losses, and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.

We have experienced net losses in each of our last five fiscal years.  In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we incurred net losses of $39.4 million, $3.9 million and $88.2 million, respectively. Although we anticipate decreasing our operating expenses in 2023 as compared to 2022, and making changes to our business model, including repositioning our retail consumer direct channel to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender, we may not succeed in increasing our revenues and margins sufficiently to offset our expenses.  Accordingly, we may continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future.  As a result, we may be unable to satisfy our future operating costs and liabilities, including repayment of our debt, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our liquidity may be adversely affected if we are not able to generate net earnings, access additional capital or generate other sources of cash.  

Although we currently forecast adequate liquidity to operate our business for the next 12 months, repayment of $5.0 million in principal of Convertible Notes due May 9, 2023, with no additional added capital or liquidity, may result in a more limited amount of liquidity to operate our business.  We may seek to raise secured or unsecured debt, raise equity or working capital, retire or restructure the Convertible Notes (which pay down $5.0 million each May 9th for the next three years), pursue actions to reorganize the capital structure or redeploy the liquidity to other corporate finance and strategic opportunities.  We cannot provide assurance that any of such efforts will be successful or will improve our liquidity.  If we are not successful in generating net earnings, restructuring our capital obligations, accessing additional capital or generating other sources of cash, our liquidity and ability to operate our business and continue as a going concern will be materially and adversely affected. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may also make it more difficult to operate our business due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

Our success is primarily dependent on our ability to increase the profitability of our mortgage lending segment.

We believe that a key driver for our Company will be increasing the profitability of our mortgage lending segment, including broker, retail and wholesale originations. Our success is dependent on many factors such as the documentation and data capture technology we employ, increasing our loan origination operational capacities, increasing our mortgage origination efficiencies, managing origination expense relative to market driven margins, attracting qualified employees, ability to sell or securitize loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other investors, the ability to fund eligible loans with lenders under a broker fulfillment strategy, the ability to obtain adequate warehouse borrowing capacity, the ability to adequately maintain loan quality and manage the risk of losses from loan repurchases, the changing regulatory environment for mortgage lending and the ability to fund, if necessary, our originations.

If we are unable to generate sufficient net earnings from our mortgage lending segment, which includes the ability to generate sufficient net income under the broker model, we may be unable to satisfy our future operating costs and liabilities, including repayment of our debt obligations, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

We may not be able to access financing sources on favorable terms, or at all, which could adversely affect our ability to implement and operate our business as planned.

Future financing sources may include borrowings in the form of credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities, structured financing arrangements, public and private equity and debt issuances and derivative instruments, in addition to transactions or asset specific funding arrangements. Our access to sources of financing depends upon a number of factors some of which we have little or no control over, including general market conditions, resources and policies or lenders. In addition, if regulatory capital requirements imposed on our private lenders change, they may be required to limit, or increase the cost of, financing they provide to us. This could potentially increase our financing costs and reduce our liquidity as well as limit our ability to expand our mortgage operations.  Depending on market conditions at the relevant time, we may have to rely more heavily on additional equity issuances, which may be dilutive to our shareholders, or on less efficient forms of debt financing that require a larger portion of our cash flow from operations, thereby reducing funds available for our operations and future business opportunities. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such equity or debt capital on favorable terms (including, without limitation, cost and term) at the desired times, or at all, which could negatively affect our results of operations and

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our ability to meet our operating and debt obligations. If our access to such funds are restricted, or are on terms that are materially adverse or are unavailable at all, we may not be able to continue those operations which may affect our financial condition, including our income and loan origination volumes.

If we are unable to satisfy our debt obligations or to meet or maintain the requisite financial covenant requirements with our lenders, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely effected.

We have significant debt obligations including:

● $15.0 million Convertible Promissory Notes with $5.0 million due on each May 9 of 2023, 2024 and 2025;

● Junior Subordinated Notes with an outstanding principal balance of $62.0 million at December 31, 2022 and due March 2034; and

● Warehouse facilities with third-party lenders which are secured by and used to fund residential mortgage loans until such loans are sold.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt. If we are unable to generate cash flow from operations, we may be required to pursue one or more alternatives, including, but not limited to, monetizing certain assets (including but not limited to our servicing and/or master servicing rights), incurring additional debt, restructuring existing debt and/or pursuing actions to reorganize the capital structure or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be unfavorable to us or, highly dilutive to our shareholders and other stakeholders.  We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if we are unable to sell loans timely and/or repay our warehouse lenders, our liquidity may be adversely affected.

In addition, our credit and warehouse facilities contain covenants, including requirements to maintain a certain minimum net worth, liquidity, litigation judgment thresholds, debt ratios, profitability levels and other customary debt covenants. A breach of the covenants can result in an event of default under our facilities and as such allows the lender to pursue certain remedies, including foreclosure on our assets.  Furthermore, a breach under one facility may constitute a cross default under other agreements which would allow counterparties to pursue additional remedies against us.  At December 31, 2022, we were not in compliance with certain financial covenants under our warehouse facilities and received the necessary waivers. In the event we are in noncompliance with our debt obligations, we cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to obtain waivers in the event of future noncompliance of our debt obligations.    

Our use of financial leverage exposes us to increased risks, including breaches and additional potential breaches of the financial covenants under our borrowing facilities, which could result in our being required to immediately repay all outstanding amounts borrowed under these facilities and these facilities being unavailable to use for future financing needs, as well as triggering cross-defaults under other debt agreements.

Significant and widespread decreases in the fair values of our assets have caused and could continue to cause us to breach financial covenants under our borrowing facilities related to profitability, net worth and leverage. Such covenants, if breached, can result in our being required to immediately repay all outstanding amounts borrowed under these facilities and these facilities being unavailable to use for future financing needs, as well as triggering cross-defaults under other debt agreements. During each quarter in 2022, we breached such financial covenants in certain borrowing agreements with our financing counterparties and were able to obtain waivers.  We regularly engage in discussions with our financing counterparties in regards to such financial covenants; however, we cannot be certain whether we will be able to remain in compliance with these financial covenants, or whether our financing counterparties will negotiate terms or amendments in respect of these financial covenants, the timing of any such negotiations or amendments or the terms thereof. Even if we continue to obtain temporary or permanent amendments or waivers from financing counterparties to amend and or waive financial covenants, there is no certainty that we will be able to remain in compliance with such amended covenants and or receive waivers in the event we breach a covenant.  If any of our counterparties elected not to renew our borrowing facility, we may not be able to find a replacement counterparty, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The success and growth of our business will depend upon our ability to adapt to and implement technological changes.

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We operate in an industry experiencing rapid technological change and frequent product introductions. We rely on our technology to make our platform available to clients, evaluate loan applicants and service loans. In addition, we may increasingly rely on technological innovation as we introduce new products, expand our current products into new markets and continue to streamline various loan-related and lending processes. The process of integrating new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to successfully innovate and continue to deliver a superior client experience, the demand for our products and services may decrease and our growth and operations may be harmed.

The origination and broker process is increasingly dependent on technology, and our business relies on our continued ability to generate and manage leads, process loan applications over the internet, accept electronic signatures, and provide instant process status updates and other client- and loan applicant-expected conveniences. Maintaining and improving this technology will require significant capital expenditures.

The implementation of new technologies, including migrating to new technology solutions such as loan origination systems (LOS), point of sale systems (POS) or customer relationship management systems (CRM) requires significant financial and personnel resources. To the extent we are dependent on any particular technology or technological solution, we may be harmed if such technology or technological solution becomes non-compliant with existing industry standards, fails to meet or exceed the capabilities of our competitors' equivalent technologies or technological solutions, becomes increasingly expensive to service, retain and update or malfunctions or functions in a way we did not anticipate that results in loan defects potentially requiring repurchase. Additionally, new technologies and technological solutions are continually being released. As such, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in improving our technologies' functionality.

To operate our LOS, POS, CRM and websites and provide our loan products and services, we use software packages from a variety of third parties, which are customized and integrated with code that we have developed ourselves. We rely on third-party software products and services related to automated underwriting functions and loan document production. If we are unable to integrate this software in a fully functional manner, we may experience increased costs and difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, introduction or marketing of new products and services.

There is no assurance that we will be able to successfully adopt new technology as critical systems and applications become obsolete and better ones become available. Additionally, if we fail to implement and maintain technologies to respond to technological developments and changing client and loan applicant needs in a cost-effective manner, or fail to acquire or integrate our third-party technologies effectively, we may experience disruptions in our operations, lose market share or incur substantial costs.

Our performance may be adversely affected by the performance of parties who service or sub-service our mortgage loans.

We contract with third parties for the servicing of the mortgage loans in the long-term mortgage portfolio, for which we are the master servicer.  Although we use third-party servicers, we retain primary responsibility to ensure the serviced loans meet contractual and regulatory requirements. Our operations, performance and liabilities are subject to risks associated with inadequate or untimely servicing. If a servicer defaults or fails to perform to certain standards then this can be deemed to be a default or failure by us to perform those duties or functions. If we, or our sub-servicers, commit a material breach of our obligations as a servicer or master servicer, we may be subject to damages or termination if the breach is not cured within a specified period of time following notice, causing us to lose servicing rights income. In addition, we may be required to indemnify the investor or securitization trustee against losses from any failure by us, as master servicer or on behalf of the sub-servicer, to perform the servicing obligations properly. If, as a result of a servicer or sub-servicer’s failure to perform adequately, we were terminated as servicer by an investor, trustee or master servicer, the value of any servicing or master servicing rights held by us could be adversely affected.

Poor performance by a sub-servicer may result in greater than expected delinquencies and foreclosures and losses on our mortgage loans or, in the case of our long-term mortgage portfolio, in our resulting exposure to investors, bond holders, bond insurers or others to whom we are responsible for the performance of our loan sub-servicers. As master servicer in our securitizations we are responsible for the duties, responsibilities and actions of the subservicers.    Their actions, or lack thereof, may impose liability upon us from third party claims.  A substantial increase in our delinquency or foreclosure rate could adversely affect our ability to access the capital and secondary markets for our financing needs.

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Our ability to utilize our net operating losses and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

At the end of our 2022 taxable year, we had estimated federal and California net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of approximately $850.1 million and $624.8 million, respectively. Federal NOLs begin to expire in 2027 and California NOLs begin to expire in 2028.  We may not generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to be able to realize fully the tax benefits of our NOL carryforwards. Although, under existing tax rules, we are generally allowed to use those NOL carryforwards to offset taxable income in subsequent taxable years, our ability to use those NOL carryforwards to offset income may be severely limited to the extent that we experience an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. These provisions could also limit our ability to deduct certain losses (built-in losses) we recognize after an ownership change with respect to assets we own at the time of the ownership change. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in our stock by more than 50% over a three-year period. In addition, the generation of taxable income from cancellation of debt may further reduce the NOL. Any limitation on our NOL carryforwards that could be used to offset taxable income would adversely affect our liquidity and cash flow, as and when we become profitable. On October 23, 2019, our Board enacted a three-year Tax Benefit Preservation Rights Agreement (NOL rights plan), which was approved at the Company’s 2020 annual meeting of stockholders, is designed to mitigate the risk of losing net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes from being limited in reducing future income taxes.  Our NOL rights plan was extended by our Board to October 2025 subject to shareholder approval at our 2023 annual meeting of shareholders.  Although our NOL rights plan is intended to prevent an ownership change, we cannot provide any assurance that our shareholders will approve the extension of our rights plan to 2025, that we will not experience an ownership change or that we will otherwise be able to use, in full or in part, our NOLs.

Our NonQM product offerings may expose us to a higher risk of delinquencies, regulatory risks, foreclosures, counterparty risk and losses adversely affecting our earnings and financial condition.

We originate and broker various types of residential mortgage products, which include NonQM and non-conforming loan products.  Unlike Qualified Mortgages, NonQM loans do not benefit from a presumption that the borrower has the ability to repay the loan. In the event that these NonQM mortgages begin to experience a significant rate of default, we could be subject to statutory claims for violations of the ability to repay standard.  Despite the Company now brokering residential mortgage products, the Company is still subject to early pay off, early payment default, fraud, and rep and warrant provisions, as part of its broker agreements. Any such claims could materially and adversely affect our ability to underwrite these loans, our business, and results of operations or financial condition.  

While we undertake initiatives to mitigate any exposure and use our commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that we have made a reasonable determination that the borrowers will have the ability to repay a loan, this type of product has increased risk and exposure to litigation and claims of borrowers. If, however, we were to make a loan which does not satisfy the regulatory standards for ascertaining the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, the consequences could include giving the borrower a defense to repayment of the loan.

NonQM loans are mortgages that generally did not qualify for purchase by government-sponsored entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Credit risks associated with all these mortgages may be greater than those associated with conforming mortgages. Mortgages made to these borrowers may entail a higher risk of delinquency and higher losses than mortgages made to borrowers who utilize conventional mortgage sources. Delinquency, foreclosures and losses generally increase during economic slowdowns or recessions. The actual risk of delinquencies, foreclosures and losses on mortgages made to these borrowers may be higher to the extent the economy enters a recession.  The combination of different underwriting criteria and higher rates of interest can adversely affect our business and financial condition from higher prepayment rates and higher delinquency rates and/or credit losses.  Additionally, during periods of market dislocation, similar to what occurred during the first and second quarters of 2020, liquidity for NonQM and non-conforming loan products suffer more acute pressure which creates a substantial widening of credit spreads on these assets, causing a severe decline in the values assigned by investors and counterparties for NonQM and non-conforming assets.  These periods of market dislocation have adversely affected the values assigned to our NonQM and non-conforming assets.  Further periods of economic dislocation caused by the pandemic or other factors may adversely affect the liquidity for our products and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  

Cybersecurity risks, data privacy breaches, cyber incidents and technology failures may adversely affect our business by causing a disruption to our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential information, and/or damage to our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our consolidated financial results.

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A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. These incidents may be an intentional attack or an unintentional event and could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of theft of certain personally identifiable information of consumers, misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. The result of these incidents may include disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to our business relationships.

As our reliance on rapidly changing technology has increased, so have the risks posed to its information systems, both proprietary and those provided to us by third-party service providers.  System disruptions and failures caused by fire, power loss, telecommunications outages, unauthorized intrusion, unintended employee actions, computer viruses and disabling devices, natural disasters and other similar events may interrupt or delay our ability to provide services to our customers or result in the unintended disclosure of consumer information.

Despite our efforts to ensure the integrity of our systems, our investment in significant physical and technological security measures, employee training, contractual precautions and business continuity plans, and our implementation of policies and procedures designed to help mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber intrusions, there can be no assurance that any such cyber intrusions or data privacy breaches will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. We also may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches, especially because the methods of attack change frequently or may not be recognized until after such attack has been launched, and because security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties such as persons involved with organized crime or associated with external service providers. We are also held accountable for the actions and inactions of our third-party vendors regarding cybersecurity, data privacy breaches and other consumer-related matters.

Any of the foregoing events could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our customers, loss of confidence in our security measures, customer dissatisfaction, additional regulatory scrutiny, governmental enforcement actions, significant litigation exposure and harm to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, liquidity and consolidated results of operations.

Delayed mortgage loan sales could result in a liquidity shortage which would adversely affect our operating results.

If there is a delay in mortgage loan sales or any reduction in our ability to complete mortgage loan sales, we may be required to utilize other sources of financing, which, may not be available on favorable terms or at all.  In addition, delays in closing mortgage sales exposes us to additional credit and interest rate risk up to the closing of the transaction.  Several factors could affect our ability to complete mortgage loan sales, including:

● conditions in the secondary markets;

● credit quality of the mortgages originated through our mortgage operations;

● operational inefficiencies causing delay in settlement; and

● our ability to obtain credit enhancements.

If we are unable to sell a sufficient number of mortgages at a premium, or if we experience a delay in mortgage loan sales, then we could experience a liquidity shortage leading to lower net earnings or a loss for that period.  We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to profitably sell our loans on a whole loan basis, or at all.

Loss of our current executive officers or other key management could significantly harm our business.

We depend on the diligence, skill and experience of our senior executives. We believe that our future results will also depend in part upon our attracting and retaining highly skilled and qualified management. We seek to compensate our executive officers, as well as other employees, through competitive salaries, bonuses and other incentive plans, but there can be no assurance that these programs will allow us to retain key management executives or hire new key employees. The loss of our senior executive officers and key management could have a material adverse effect on our operations because other officers may not have the experience and expertise to readily replace these individuals. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure you that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel. The loss of, and changes in, key personnel and their responsibilities may be disruptive to our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may become, and in some cases are, a defendant in lawsuits, some of which may be class action matters, and we may not prevail in these matters.

Individual and class action lawsuits and regulatory actions alleging improper marketing practices, abusive loan terms and fees, disclosure violations and other matters are risks faced by all mortgage originators. We are a defendant in purported class actions pending in different states and could be named in other matters. We will incur defense costs and other expenses in connection with the lawsuits, and we cannot assure you that the ultimate outcome of these or other actions will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. In addition to the expense and burden incurred in defending any of these actions and any damages that we may suffer, our management’s efforts and attention may be diverted from the ordinary business operations in order to address these claims. Plus, we may be deemed in default of our warehouse lines if a judgment for money that exceeds specified thresholds is rendered against us. If the final resolution is unfavorable to us in any of these actions, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows might be materially adversely affected. For additional information regarding ongoing litigation, refer to Note 13. “Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

If we are forced to liquidate, we may have few unpledged assets for distribution to unsecured creditors or equity holders.

In the event we were forced to liquidate and distribute our assets, our common stockholders would share in our assets only after we satisfy any amounts we owe to our creditors (including our warehouse facilities and the holders of $15.0 million in Convertible Notes and $62.0 million in junior subordinated notes) and preferred equity holders.  Similarly, our preferred equity holders would share in our assets only after we satisfy any amounts owed to our creditors.  The majority of our assets are either collateral for specific borrowings or pledged as collateral for secured liabilities.  Additionally, there is volatility and significant judgement with respect to the valuation of a significant portion our assets and liabilities.  If our liquidation or dissolution were attributable to our inability to profitably operate our business, then it is likely that we would have material liabilities at the time of liquidation or dissolution.  Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurance that sufficient assets will remain available after the payment of our creditors to enable preferred equity holders and/or common stockholders to receive any liquidation distribution with respect to any preferred equity or common stock, as applicable.

Our hedging strategies implemented by our mortgage lending operations may not be successful in mitigating our risks associated with the market movement of interest rates.

We use various derivative financial instruments to provide a level of protection against interest rate risks in our mortgage lending operations, but no hedging strategy can protect us completely. When interest rates change, we expect to record a gain or loss on derivatives which would be offset by an inverse change in the value of mortgage loans held-for-sale, our held mortgage servicing rights, forward sale and interest rate lock commitments. We cannot assure you, however, that our use of derivatives will offset the risks related to changes in interest rates. There have been periods, and it is likely that there will be periods in the future, during which we will not have offsetting gains or losses in mortgage loans, forward sale and interest rate lock commitment values after accounting for our derivative financial instruments. The derivative financial instruments we select may not have the effect of reducing our interest rate risk. In addition, the nature and timing of hedging transactions may influence the effectiveness of these strategies. Poorly designed strategies, improperly executed and recorded transactions or inaccurate assumptions could actually increase our risk and losses. In addition, hedging strategies involve transaction and other costs. We cannot assure you that our hedging strategy and the derivatives that we use will adequately offset the risk of interest rate volatility or that our hedging transactions will not result in losses.  

Further spread of COVID-19 or any mutations thereof could negatively impact the availability of key personnel necessary to conduct our business.

The continued effects of the pandemic could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations due to interrupted service and availability of personnel, including our executive officers and other employees that are part of our management team and an inability to recruit, attract and retain skilled personnel. To the extent our management or personnel are impacted in significant numbers by the outbreak of pandemic or epidemic disease and are not available or allowed to conduct work, our business and operating results may be negatively impacted. Additionally, the pandemic could negatively impact our ability to ensure operational continuity in the event our business continuity plan is not effective or ineffectively implemented or deployed during a disruption.

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The continued impact of the pandemic could negatively impact the availability of key third party service providers necessary to conduct our business and the ability of counterparties to meet contractual obligations to us.

Our financial results and results of operations could be negatively impacted by the inability of third-party vendors to provide services we rely on to conduct our business and operate effectively, including vendors that provide IT services, mortgage origination support services, corporate support services, government services or other operational support services. Further, an inability of our counterparties to make or satisfy the conditions or representations and warranties in agreements they have entered into with us could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information provided by customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with customers and counterparties, we may rely on information furnished to us by, or on behalf of, customers and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information. We also may rely on representations of customers and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. In deciding whether to originate or extend credit, we may rely upon our customers' representations that their financial statements are accurate. We also may rely on customer representations and certifications, or other audit or accountants' reports, with respect to the business and financial condition of our commercial clients. Our financial condition, results of operations, financial reporting and reputation could be materially adversely affected if we rely on materially misleading, false, inaccurate or fraudulent information.

Representations and warranties made by us in our loan sales, servicing rights sales and securitizations may subject us to liability.

In connection with our loan and/or servicing rights sales to third parties and our prior securitizations, we transferred mortgages and/or servicing rights to third parties or, to a lesser extent, into a trust in exchange for cash and, in the case of a securitized mortgage, residual certificates issued by the trust. The trustee, purchaser, bondholder, guarantor or other entities involved in the sales or issuance of the securities (which may include bond insurers) may have recourse to us with respect to the breach of the representations and warranties made by us at the time such mortgages and/or servicing rights are transferred or when the securities are sold. We attempt to mitigate the potential recourse from such purchasers by seeking remedies from correspondent sellers and wholesale brokers who originated the mortgages if we did not originate the loan. However, many of the entities we acquired loans from in the past are no longer in business or may not be able to financially cover the losses. Furthermore, if we discover, prior to the sale or transfer of a loan, that there is any fraud or misrepresentation with respect to the mortgage and the originator fails to repurchase the mortgage, then we may not be able to sell the mortgage or we may have to sell the mortgage at a discount. Changes in the timing, processes and procedures of our primary investors’ review of loans which they purchase from us may affect the number of loans that are rejected, the timing of our loan sales, or the frequency of repurchase demands issued to us. Also, similar changes by mortgage insurers who agree to insure loans may also affect the frequency and timing of our loan sales. As a result, the effectiveness of our loan sales, our repurchase reserves and our profitability may be adversely affected.

The geographic concentration of our mortgages increases our exposure to risks in those areas.

We do not set limitations on the percentage of mortgages composed of properties located in any one area (whether by state, zip code or other geographic measure). Concentration in any one area increases our exposure to the economic and natural hazard risks associated with that area. A majority of our mortgage originations are secured by properties in California (approximately 57% of our mortgage originations were generated from California in 2022) and, to a lesser extent, Arizona, Florida and Texas. These states have previously experienced, and may experience in the future, economic downturns and California and Florida have also suffered the effects of certain natural hazards. During past economic downturns, real estate values in California and Florida have decreased drastically, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. In addition, Florida is among several states with higher than average costs for investors in circumstances of mortgage default and foreclosure, since the foreclosure process takes significantly longer than average. Accordingly, to the extent the mortgages we originate or are held in our long-term mortgage portfolio experience defaults or foreclosures in that area, we may be exposed to higher losses.

Furthermore, if borrowers are not insured for natural disasters, which are typically not covered by standard hazard insurance policies, then they may not be able to repair the property or may stop paying their mortgages if the property is

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damaged. This would cause increased foreclosures and decrease our ability to recover losses on properties affected by such disasters. This would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.  

Our vendor relationships subject us to a variety of risks.

We have significant vendors that, among other things, provide us with financial, technology and other services to support our mortgage loan servicing and origination businesses. Some of these outsourced services, such as technology, could have a material effect on our business and operations if our third party provider was unable to, or failed to, properly provide such services.  With respect to vendors engaged to perform activities required by servicing criteria, we have elected to take responsibility for assessing compliance with the applicable servicing criteria for the applicable vendor and are required to have procedures in place to provide reasonable assurance that the vendor’s activities comply in all material respects with servicing criteria applicable to the vendor, including but not limited to, monitoring compliance with our predetermined policies and procedures and monitoring the status of payment processing operations. In the event that a vendor’s activities do not comply with the servicing criteria, it could negatively impact our servicing agreements. In addition, if our current vendors were to stop providing services to us on acceptable terms, including as a result of one or more vendor bankruptcies due to poor economic conditions, we may be unable to procure alternatives from other vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service and this could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the CFPB has stated that supervised banks and non-banks could be held liable for actions of their service providers. As a result, we could be exposed to liability, CFPB enforcement actions or other administrative penalties if the vendors with whom we do business violate consumer protection laws.

Our risk management policies and procedures may not be effective.

Our risk management framework seeks to mitigate risk and appropriately balance risk and return. We have established policies and procedures intended to identify, monitor and manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including credit risk, market and interest rate risk, liquidity risk, cyber risk, regulatory, legal and reputational risk. Although we have devoted significant resources to develop our risk management policies and procedures and expect to continue to do so in the future, these policies and procedures, as well as our risk management techniques such as our hedging strategies, may not be fully effective. There may also be risks that exist, or that develop in the future, that we have not appropriately anticipated, identified or mitigated. As regulations and markets in which we operate continue to evolve, our risk management framework may not always keep sufficient pace with those changes. If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to report our consolidated financial results accurately or prevent fraud, which could cause current and potential stockholders to lose confidence in our financial reporting, adversely affect the trading price of our securities or harm our operating results.

Effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for us to provide reliable consolidated financial reports and effectively prevent fraud and operate successfully as a public company. We cannot be certain that our efforts to improve or maintain our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures will be successful or that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or difficulties encountered in their implementation or other effective improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could harm our operating results, or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In the past, we have reported, and may discover in the future, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

Ineffective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our securities or affect our ability to access the capital markets and could result in regulatory proceedings against us by, among others, the SEC. In addition, a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, which may lead to deficiencies in the preparation of consolidated financial statements, could lead to litigation claims against us. The defense of any such claims may cause the diversion of management’s attention and resources, and we may be required to pay damages if any such claims or proceedings are not resolved in our favor. Any litigation, even if resolved in our favor, could cause us to incur significant legal and other expenses or cause delays in our public reporting. Such events could harm our business, affect our ability to raise capital and adversely affect the trading price of our securities.

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Risks Related to Our Industry

Our earnings may decrease, or losses increase, because of changes in prevailing interest rates.

Our profitability is directly affected by changes in prevailing interest rates over which we have no control. The following are certain material risks we face related to changes in interest rates:

Originations:

● an increase in interest rates could adversely affect our loan originations volume because refinancing an existing loan would be less attractive for homeowners and qualifying for a purchase money loan may be more difficult for consumers;

● an increase in interest rates could render certain products ineligible to consumers, such as rate reduction requirements for certain government loans;an increase in interest rates could also adversely affect our production margins due to increased competition among originators;

Debt:

● an increase in interest rates would increase the cost of servicing our outstanding debt or the costs associated with financing new debt, including our ability to finance loan originations.

Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations.

The pandemic has impaired and may continue to impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans or other obligations, resulting in increases in forbearances and/or delinquencies, which could negatively impact our business.

Borrowers that have been negatively impacted by the pandemic may not remit payments of principal and interest relating to their mortgage loans on a timely basis, or at all. This could be due to an inability to make such payments, an unwillingness to make such payments, or a temporary or permanent waiver of the requirement to make such payments, including under the terms of any applicable forbearance, modification, or maturity extension agreement or program. On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted to provide financial assistance to individuals and businesses affected by the pandemic. The CARES Act provides certain measures to support individuals in maintaining solvency through monetary relief, including in the form of loan forgiveness/forbearance. The CARES Act, among other things, provides any homeowner with a federally-backed mortgage who is experiencing financial hardship the option of up to six months of forbearance on their mortgage payments, with a potential to extend that forbearance for another six months. During the forbearance period, no additional fees, penalties or interest can accrue on the homeowner’s account. The CARES Act also established a temporary moratorium on foreclosures. Transactions we enter into to finance loans with warehouse counterparties and to sell whole loans to third parties, may be negatively impacted by the pandemic related payment forbearances, waiver, or other payment deferral program, including but not limited to, reducing proceeds from these transactions, require us to repurchase impacted loans and reduce proceeds or incur losses on loans sold that are within forbearance or other deferred payment programs. To the extent borrower forbearance affects our ability to finance and sell loans to third parties, it may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, consolidated results of operations and consolidated cash flows.

A decline in real estate values may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operation.

If there is a decline in real estate values, borrowers may default on our residential loans.  A reduction in real estate values reduces a borrower’s equity in their home which generally increases the underlying loan to value ratio and leads to a corresponding risk of default. If a borrower defaults and we have sold the loan or the servicing of the loan, we may violate our representations and warranties from the sale and be obligated to repurchase the loan. In addition, we may have certain early payment default obligations as a broker that could expose us to repurchase risk.  To the extent any of these events occur, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business is affected by changes in the state of the general economy and the financial markets, and a slowdown or downturn in the general economy or the financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations.

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        Our customer activity is intrinsically linked to the health of the economy generally and of the financial markets specifically. In addition to the economic factors, a downturn in the real estate or commercial markets generally could cause our customers and potential customers to exit the market for loans. As a result, we believe that fluctuations, disruptions, instability or downturns in the general economy and the financial markets could disproportionately affect demand for our lending products.  Furthermore, the recent failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, together with the impact such failures have had on other financial institutions, customers, vendors and depositors, could have significant adverse effects on economic conditions in the United States and globally which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.  In addition, the spread of the Covid-19 virus has caused economic disruption worldwide, the effect of which may be over an extended period of time and may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or consolidated results of operations.  If such conditions occur and persist, our business and financial results, including our liquidity and our ability to fulfill our debt obligations, could be materially adversely affected.

Replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), a regulator of financial services firms in the United Kingdom, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) rates after 2021.  The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (ARRC), a group of private-market participants convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to help ensure a successful transition from U.S. dollar LIBOR (USD-LIBOR) to a more robust reference rate, proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) represents the best alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a transition plan with specific steps and timelines designed to encourage the adoption of SOFR and guide the transition to SOFR from USD-LIBOR. The Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom and other regulatory bodies have issued statements encouraging cessation of new transactions referencing USD LIBOR after December 31, 2021, while supporting extension of the publication of major USD-LIBOR tenors to mid-2023, to allow additional legacy contracts to mature on their existing terms. Announcements by government-sponsored entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, suggest that the SOFR will become the LIBOR replacement for the industry.  

While regulators and market participants continue to promote the creation and functioning of post-LIBOR indices (SOFR in particular), the impact of the discontinuance and replacement of LIBOR is uncertain. It is not currently possible to know with certainty what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, or what the effect of any such changes in views and alternatives may have on the financial markets for LIBOR-linked financial instruments for the periods preceding and following LIBOR's cessation. Differences in contractual provisions of certain legacy assets and liabilities and other factors may cause the consequences of the discontinuance of LIBOR to vary by instrument. While enacted and pending legislation is intended to address issues with respect to legacy LIBOR-linked assets and liabilities, it is unclear whether they will completely address the issues associated with legacy transactions. We are evaluating the potential impact of the possible SOFR replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, but are not able to predict what the impact of such a transition will have on our business, consolidated financial condition, or consolidated results of operations at this time.  The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate is complex and could have a range of adverse effects on our business, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations. In particular any such transition could:

● adversely affect the interest rates paid or received on, the revenue and expenses associate with, and the value of our floating-rate obligations, loans, derivatives, and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, or other securities or financial arrangements given LIBOR’s role in determining market interest rates globally;

● legal and execution risks, relating to documentation changes for the transition of legacy contracts to alternate benchmark rates; and/or

● require the transition to or development of appropriate systems and analytics to effectively transition our risk management processes from LIBOR-based products to those based on the applicable alternative pricing benchmark.

While cessation timelines have been agreed by the industry and regulatory authorities, we continue to assess how the discontinuation of existing benchmark rates could materially affect our business, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations.

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Litigation in the mortgage industry related to securitizations against issuers, sellers, servicers, originators, underwriters and others may adversely affect our business operations.

As defaults, delinquencies, foreclosures, and losses in the real estate market occur, there have been lawsuits by various investors, insurers, underwriters and others against various participants in securitizations, such as sponsors, depositors, underwriters, servicers and loan sellers. Some lawsuits have alleged that the mortgage loans had origination defects, that there were misrepresentations made about the mortgage loans and that the parties failed to properly disclose the quality of the mortgage loans or repurchase defective loans wherein servicing standards were not maintained or that there were other misrepresentations or false representations. Historically, we both securitized and sold mortgage loans to third parties that may have been deposited or included in pools for securitizations. As a result, we may incur significant legal and other expenses in defending against claims and litigation and we may be required to pay settlement costs, damages, penalties or other charges which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulation

Loss, suspension, or an unanticipated change in the status of our approvals, or limitations placed on our delivery volume, or the potential limitation or wind-down of, the role Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae play in the residential mortgage-backed security (MBS) market have had, and could continue to have, an adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

We have historically originated, and currently broker loans which are intended to be eligible for sale to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, (together, the GSEs), government insured or guaranteed loans, such as FHA, VA and USDA loans, and loans eligible for Ginnie Mae securities issuance (collectively, the Agencies), in addition to other investors and counterparties (collectively, the Counterparties). We also have serviced loans sold to the GSEs, as well as securitized with the Agencies and other Counterparties. The role of the GSEs, Agencies, and Counterparties may become limited over time in their ability to guarantee mortgages or purchase mortgage loans. Conversely, the GSEs, Agencies, and Counterparties may propose to implement reforms relating to borrowers, lenders, and investors in the mortgage market, including reducing the maximum size of a purchasable loan, phasing-in a minimum down payment requirement for borrowers, changing underwriting standards, changing their approval or reinstatement criteria, and increasing accountability and transparency in the securitization process. The GSEs, Agencies, and Counterparties may also limit the amount of loans a company can sell to them based upon the company’s net worth or the performance of loans sold to them. These limitations and reforms could negatively impact our financial condition, net earnings and growth.

We have historically serviced loans on behalf of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as well as loans that have been delivered into securitization programs sponsored by Ginnie Mae and other Counterparties in connection with the issuance of agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and other non-agency securitizations. These entities establish the base service fee to compensate us for servicing loans as well as the assessment of fines and penalties that may be imposed upon us for failing to meet servicing standards.

As previously noted, given our lack of conventional GSE origination volume and servicing rights over the past several years, with no direct GSE deliveries to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since 2016 and 2020, respectively, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation which has been suspended during these period of non-delivery.  Such actions could have an impact on the status of the Company’s approved status with Ginne Mae. We expect to be a third-party originator with both GSE’s to support our broker model as needed.

Substantive changes to risk-based and collateral eligibility requirements by any of the GSEs, Agencies or Counterparties may affect our ability to deliver or securitize loans. These changes may also be implemented by a GSE, Agency or Counterparty without advance notice. If the GSEs, Agencies or Counterparties cease to exist, wind down, or otherwise significantly change their business operations or if we lose our approved seller/servicer or approved counterparty status with the GSEs, Agencies or Counterparties, or if one of these parties materially limits the amount of loans we can sell to them, or we are otherwise unable to sell loans to them there could be a material adverse effect on our mortgage operations, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

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Regulatory laws affecting our operations, or interpretations of them, may affect our mortgage lending segment.

Existing laws, regulations, or regulatory policies and changes thereto or to the way they are interpreted can affect whether and to what extent we may be able to expand our mortgage lending activities and compliance with such requirements could expose us to fines, penalties or licensing restrictions that could affect our operations. Many states and local governments and the Federal government have enacted or may enact laws or regulations that restrict or prohibit some provisions in some programs or businesses that we currently participate in or plan to participate in the future. As such, we cannot be sure that in the future we will be able to engage in activities that were similar to those we engaged or participated in in the past thereby limiting our ability to commence new operations. As a result, we might be at a competitive disadvantage which would affect our operations and profitability.

We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations related to the mortgage industry that generally regulate interest rates and other charges, require certain disclosures, and require applicable licensing. In addition, other state and local laws, public policy and general principles of equity relating to the protection of consumers, unfair and deceptive practices and debt collection practices may apply to the origination, servicing and collection of our loans. Violations of certain provisions of these federal and state laws and regulations may limit our ability to collect all or part of the principal of or interest on the loans and in addition could subject us to damages and additional lawsuits, could result in the mortgagors rescinding the loans whether held by us or subsequent holders of the loans, or could cause us to repurchase the loan and thereby suffer a loss on the transaction. In addition, such violations could subject us to fines and penalties imposed by state and federal regulators and cause us to be in default under our credit and repurchase lines and could result in the loss of licenses held by us including the ability to expand or continue lending in certain areas.

The regulatory changes in loan originator compensation, qualified mortgage requirements and other regulatory restrictions may put us at a competitive disadvantage to our competitors. Since some banks and financial institutions are not subject to the same regulatory changes as mortgage lenders, they could have an advantage over independent mortgage lenders. As a result of the nature of our operations, our capital, costs, source of funds and other similar factors may affect our ability to maintain and grow lending.

The CFPB has implemented rules and interpretations with strict residential mortgage loan compliance and underwriting standards as called for in the Dodd-Frank Act. The Act imposes significant liability for violation of those underwriting standards, and offers certain protection from that liability only for loans that comply with tight limitations and that do not contain certain alternative features (like balloon payments or interest only provisions). Those requirements and subsequent changes may affect our ability to originate residential mortgage loans or the profitability of those operations.

In addition, interim or temporary regulations and/or guidance under federal, state, and local laws may be subject to the interpretation of regulators and/or federal, state, and local examiners.  We might be subject to new interpretation of regulatory matters that subjects us to fines, penalties, consent orders, or other restrictions that could have a material adverse impact on operations and profitability.

The CFPB continues to be active in its monitoring of the loan origination and servicing sectors, and its rules increase our regulatory compliance burden and associated costs.

We are subject to the regulatory, supervisory and examination authority of the CFPB, which has oversight of federal and state non-depository lending and servicing institutions, including residential mortgage originators and loan servicers. The CFPB has rulemaking authority with respect to many of the federal consumer protection laws applicable to mortgage lenders and servicers, including TILA and RESPA and the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act. The CFPB has issued a number of regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act relating to loan origination and servicing activities, including ability-to-repay and “Qualified Mortgage” standards and other origination standards and practices as well as servicing requirements that address, among other things, periodic billing statements, certain notices and acknowledgements, prompt crediting of borrowers’ accounts for payments received, additional notice, review and timing requirements with respect to delinquent borrowers, loss mitigation, prompt investigation of complaints by borrowers, and lender-placed insurance notices. The CFPB has also amended provisions of Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act regarding the determination of high-cost mortgages, and of Regulation B, to implement additional requirements under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act with respect to valuations, including appraisals and automated valuation models. The CFPB has also issued guidance to loan servicers to address potential risks to borrowers that may arise in connection with transfers of

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servicing. Additionally, the CFPB has increased the focus on lender liability and vendor management across the mortgage servicing and settlement services industries, which may vary depending on the services being performed.

The CFPB’s examinations have increased, and will likely continue to increase, our administrative and compliance costs. They could also greatly influence the availability and cost of residential mortgage credit and increase servicing costs and risks. These increased costs of compliance, the effect of these rules on the lending industry and loan servicing, and any failure in our ability to comply with the new rules by their effective dates, could be detrimental to our business. The CFPB also issued guidelines on sending examiners to banks and other institutions that service and/or originate mortgages to assess whether consumers’ interests are protected. The CFPB has conducted routine examinations of our business and will conduct future examinations.

The CFPB also has broad enforcement powers, and can order, among other things, rescission or reformation of contracts, the refund of moneys or the return of real property, restitution, disgorgement or compensation for unjust enrichment, the payment of damages or other monetary relief, public notifications regarding violations, limits on activities or functions, remediation of practices, external compliance monitoring and civil money penalties. The CFPB has been active in investigations and enforcement actions and, when necessary, has issued civil money penalties to parties the CFPB determines have violated the laws and regulations it enforces. We anticipate an increase in regulatory enforcement activity by the CFPB under the Biden administration.  Our failure to comply with the federal consumer protection laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject, whether actual or alleged, could expose us to enforcement actions or potential litigation liabilities.

In addition, the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing events or a determination by any court or regulatory agency that our policies and procedures do not comply with applicable law could impact our business operations. For example, if the violation is related to our servicing operations it could lead to downgrades by one or more rating agencies, a transfer of our servicing responsibilities, increased delinquencies on mortgage loans we service or any combination of these events. Such a determination could also require us to modify our servicing standards. The expense of complying with new or modified servicing standards may be substantial. Any such changes or revisions may have a material impact on our servicing operations, which could be detrimental to our business.

Regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.

We have been, and may in the future become, involved in regulatory proceedings. We consider most of the proceedings to be in the normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and we may not prevail in any proceedings or litigation. There could be substantial cost and management diversion in such litigation and proceedings, and any adverse determination could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, or our consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of our operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If we do not continue to satisfy the NYSE American continued listing requirements, our Common Stock could be delisted from the NYSE American.

The listing of our Common Stock on the NYSE American is contingent on our compliance with the NYSE American’s conditions for continued listing, including requirements relating to maintaining minimum stockholders’ equity.

On August 26, 2022, the Company received a notification (the Deficiency Letter) from the NYSE American stating that the Company was not in compliance with a certain NYSE American continued listing standard relating to stockholders’ equity. Specifically, the Deficiency Letter stated that the Company is not in compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i) and 1003(a)(iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, which requires an issuer to have, respectively, stockholder’s equity of $4 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in three of its four most recent fiscal years and stockholders’ equity of $6.0 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. The Deficiency Letter noted that Company had stockholders’ equity of $3.5 million as of June 30, 2022 and has reported net losses from continuing operations in its five most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2021.

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The Company was required to submit a plan to the NYSE American by September 26, 2022 advising of actions it has taken or will take to regain compliance with the continued listing standards by February 26, 2024. The Company timely submitted its plan on September 26, 2022.

On November 15, 2022, the Company received a notification (the Acceptance Letter) from the NYSE American that it has accepted the Company’s plan to regain compliance with the NYSE American’s continued listing standards and has granted the Company until February 26, 2024 to regain such compliance. If the Company does not make progress consistent with the terms of the accepted plan anytime during the plan period or is not in compliance with the NYSE American’s continued listing standards by February 26, 2024, the NYSE American may commence delisting procedures.  

If the NYSE American delists our Common Stock from trading on its exchange due to our failure to meet the NYSE American’s listing conditions, we and our security holders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

● a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

● a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;

● a limited amount of analyst coverage; and

● a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

The Company incurs significant expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company incurs legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company.. Compliance with public company requirements increases costs and makes certain activities more time-consuming. Risks associated with the Company’s status as a public company may at times make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the board of directors or as executive officers. These public company compliance costs require the Company to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by shareholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile and the trading of our shares may be limited.

The market price of our securities has been volatile. We cannot guarantee that a consistently active trading market for our securities will continue. In addition, there can be no assurances that such markets will continue or that any shares which may be purchased may be sold without incurring a loss. Any such market price variation of our shares may not necessarily bear any relationship to our book value, assets, past operating results, financial condition or any other established criteria of value, and may not be indicative of the market price for the shares in the future. The market price of our common stock is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could be significantly affected by factors including:

● unanticipated fluctuations in our operating results;

● general market and mortgage industry conditions;

● mortgage and real estate fees;

● continued losses and our ability to satisfy our obligations;

● delinquencies and defaults on outstanding mortgages;

● loss severities on loans and REO;

● prepayments on mortgages;

● the regulatory environment and results of our mortgage originations;

● mark to market adjustments related to the fair value of loans held-for-sale, mortgage servicing rights, long-term debt and derivatives;

● interest rates; and

● litigation.

In addition, significant price and volume fluctuations in the stock market have particularly affected the market prices for the securities of mortgage companies such as ours. Furthermore, general conditions in the mortgage industry may adversely affect the market price of our securities. These broad market fluctuations have adversely affected and may

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continue to adversely affect the market price of our securities. If our results of operations fail to meet the expectations of security analysts or investors in a future quarter, the market price of our securities could also be materially adversely affected and we may experience difficulty in raising capital.

Issuances of additional shares of our common stock or other securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and significantly dilute stockholders.

In order to support our business objectives, we may raise capital through the sale of equity or convertible securities. The issuance or sale, or the proposed sale, of substantial amounts of our common stock, preferred stock or other securities in the public market or in private transactions could materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock or other outstanding securities and dilute our book value per share.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and we may be restricted in paying dividends on our common stock.

We are currently prohibited from paying dividends under Maryland law and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common or preferred stock in the foreseeable future. Under section 2-311 of the Maryland General Corporation Law (MGCL), a Maryland corporation generally cannot pay a dividend or make any other distribution to its stockholders, including a redemption or repurchase of shares of stock in exchange for cash, other assets or indebtedness of the corporation, if, after giving effect to the dividend or other distribution: (a) the corporation would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business; or (b) the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of the corporation’s total liabilities plus, unless its charter permits otherwise (which our Charter does not), the amount that would be needed, if the corporation were to be dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights on dissolution are superior to those receiving the distribution. Notwithstanding this restriction, a Maryland corporation may make a distribution from: (i) its net earnings for the fiscal year in which the distribution is made; (ii) its net earnings for the preceding fiscal year; or (iii) the sum of its net earnings for its preceding eight fiscal quarters even if, after such distribution, the corporation’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities, if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of its business. The Company does not have net earnings during the current or preceding fiscal year, or over the prior eight fiscal quarters.  In addition, our existing and any future credit or warehouse facilities or other contracts may contain covenants prohibiting dividend payments upon an occurrence of a default or otherwise. We also are prohibited from paying dividends on our common stock until our preferred stock dividends are paid under the terms of our Series D Preferred Stock. As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the Redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock as a result of the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred D stock from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per share of Series D Preferred stock, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference.  As a result, you should not rely on an investment in our stock if you require dividend income. Capital appreciation, if any, of our stock may be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Our principal stockholders beneficially own a large portion of our stock, and accordingly, may have control over stockholder matters and sales may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As of February 28, 2023, Todd M. Pickup and Richard H. Pickup, and their respective affiliates beneficially owned approximately 7.7% and 17.8%, respectively, of our outstanding common stock and the Camac Fund and its affiliates beneficially owned approximately 13.5% of our outstanding common stock. These stockholders could exercise significant influence over our Company. Such ownership may have the effect of control over substantially all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors. Furthermore, such ownership and control may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our Company, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving our Company or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our Company. We do not expect that these stockholders will vote together as a group. In addition, sales of significant amounts of shares held by these stockholders, or the prospect of these sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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Provisions in our charter documents and Maryland law, as well as our NOL Rights Plan, impose limitations that may delay or prevent our acquisition by a third party.

Our charter and bylaws contain provisions that may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions include, among other things, advance notice for raising business issues or making nominations at meetings and blank check preferred stock that allows our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to designate and issue additional series of preferred stock with rights and terms as our board of directors may determine, including rights to dividends and proceeds in a liquidation that are senior to our common stock.

We are also subject to certain provisions of the MGCL, which could delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that might otherwise result in our stockholders receiving a premium over the price for their common stock or may otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. This includes the “business combinations” statute that prohibits transactions between a Maryland corporation and “interested stockholders,” which is any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting stock for a period of five years unless the board of directors approved the transaction prior to the party’s becoming an interested stockholder. The five-year period runs from the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder. The law also requires a super majority stockholder vote for such transactions after the end of the five-year period.

Maryland law also provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a “control share acquisition” have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the shares eligible to vote. The control share acquisition statute would not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if we were a party to the transaction. The control share acquisition statute could have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire us and of increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if our acquisition would be in our stockholders’ best interests.

We have also adopted an NOL rights plan, pursuant to which each share of common stock also has a “right” attached to it. Although the NOL rights plan was adopted to help preserve the value of certain deferred tax benefits, including those generated by net operating losses, it also has the effect of deterring or delaying an acquisition of our Company by a third party. The rights are not exercisable except upon the occurrence of certain takeover-related events—most importantly, the acquisition by a third party (the “Acquiring Person”) of more than 4.99% of our outstanding voting shares. Once triggered, the rights entitle the stockholders, other than the Acquiring Person, to certain “flip-in”, “flip-over” and exchange rights. The effect of triggering the rights is to expose the Acquiring Person to severe dilution of its ownership interest, as the shares of our common stock (or any surviving corporation) are offered to all of the stockholders other than the Acquiring Person at a steep discount to their market value. We have in the past, and may in the future, grant waivers to the limitations imposed by our NOL rights plan. This may affect the holdings of those shareholders who obtained the waivers and may affect the protection of, and hence the ability to make use of, our NOL’s.

ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2.  PROPERTIES

On December 15, 2022, we entered into a Lease Termination Agreement (the Termination Agreement) relating to the lease (the Lease) for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices located at 19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California (the Premises). The Lease, as amended, was originally entered into in March 2005, and the Premises consisted of approximately 120,000 sq. ft.  

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new sublease agreement for approximately 19,000 sq. ft. of executive, administrative and operations workspace. The term of the new lease term is through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which, including CAM charges, totals approximately $800 thousand over the term of the lease.

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ITEM 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR COMPANY’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “IMH”.

On March 9, 2023, the last quoted price of our common stock on the NYSE American was $0.37 per share. As of March 9, 2023, there were 172 holders of record, including holders who are nominees for an undetermined number of beneficial owners, of our common stock.

Our Board of Directors may authorize in its discretion the payment of cash dividends on its common stock, subject to compliance with applicable law and an ongoing review of our profitability, liquidity and future operating cash requirements. We are currently prohibited from paying dividends under Maryland law and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common or preferred stock in the foreseeable future. Under section 2-311 of the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot pay a dividend or make any other distribution to its stockholders, including a redemption or repurchase of shares of stock in exchange for cash, other assets or indebtedness of the corporation, if, after giving effect to the dividend or other distribution: (a) the corporation would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business; or (b) the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of the corporation’s total liabilities plus, unless its charter permits otherwise (which our Charter does not), the amount that would be needed, if the corporation were to be dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights on dissolution are superior to those receiving the distribution. Notwithstanding this restriction, a Maryland corporation may make a distribution from: (i) its net earnings for the fiscal year in which the distribution is made; (ii) its net earnings for the preceding fiscal year; or (iii) the sum of its net earnings for its preceding eight fiscal quarters even if, after such distribution, the corporation’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities, if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of its business. The Company does not have net earnings during the current or preceding fiscal year, or over the prior eight fiscal quarters

In addition, we and some of our subsidiaries are subject to restrictions under our warehouse borrowings and long-term debt agreements on our ability to pay dividends if there is an event of default or otherwise. Plus, certain debt arrangements require the maintenance of ratios and contain restrictive financial covenants that could limit our ability, and the ability of our subsidiaries, to pay dividends. Furthermore, we will be prohibited from paying dividends on our common stock until we satisfy all of the outstanding dividends owed on our preferred stock. The Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred stock from the date of issuance.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per share of Series D Preferred stock, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference.  The Board of Directors did not declare cash dividends on our common stock during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We do not expect to declare or pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Refer to Item 1. “Business—Forward- Looking Statements” for a complete description of forward-looking statements. Refer to Item 1. “Business” for information on our businesses and operating segments.

Amounts are presented in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise indicated.

Market Conditions

U.S. economic activity slowed during 2022 reflecting the impacts of significantly higher inflation, rising interest rates and energy price volatility as well as repercussions from ongoing geopolitical uncertainty alongside continued economic impacts from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic which resulted in supply chain disruptions. Inflation across many key economies reached generational highs, prompting central banks to undertake monetary policy tightening actions that are likely to create headwinds to economic growth. U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an estimated annual rate of 2.1% in 2022, while the personal consumption expenditures price index of 5.0% in December 2022 remained well above the Federal Reserve Board’s (FRB) target inflation rate. The FRB increased short-term interest rates by a total of 425 basis points during 2022 and has indicated that it will increase short-term interest rates further in 2023 in order to fight inflation. While there is debate among economists as to whether these factors, coupled with recent periods of economic contraction in the U.S., indicate that the U.S. has entered, or in the near term will enter, a recession, it remains difficult to predict the full impact on macroeconomic conditions.  These conditions have created significant uncertainty about the future economic environment which will continue to evolve and impact our business in future periods.

Concerns over domestic and global policy issues, trade policy in the U.S. and geopolitical events, as well as the implications of those events on the markets in general, further add to the global uncertainty. Interest rate levels, inflation and slowing economic growth, in combination with global economic conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and the level of regulatory and government scrutiny of financial institutions will continue to impact our results in 2023 and beyond.

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Selected Financial Results for 2022 and 2021

	For the Three Months Ended						For the Year Ended
	December 31,		September 30,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues:
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	865	$	(682)	$	14,861	$	6,317	$	65,294
Real estate services fees, net		349		290		212		1,081		1,144
(Loss) gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		(157)		196		(68)		194		34
Servicing fees (expense), net		36		32		(39)		63		(432)
Broker fee income		50		—		—		50		—
Other		(73)		3		(29)		890		279
Total revenues (expenses), net		1,070		(161)		14,937		8,595		66,319
Expenses:
Personnel expense		5,060		5,701		13,204		30,705		52,778
General, administrative and other		3,664		3,792		3,978		15,698		16,795
Occupancy		2,041		1,038		1,062		5,297		4,236
Business promotion		261		545		2,249		4,425		7,395
Total expenses		11,026		11,076		20,493		56,125		81,204
Operating (loss) earnings:		(9,956)		(11,237)		(5,556)		(47,530)		(14,885)
Other (expense) income:
Net interest (expense) income		(1,390)		(1,334)		403		(3,869)		2,398
Change in fair value of long-term debt		(430)		(435)		1,459		2,757		2,098
Change in fair value of net trust assets		—		—		7,284		9,248		6,582
Total other (expense) income, net		(1,820)		(1,769)		9,146		8,136		11,078
(Loss) earnings before income taxes		(11,776)		(13,006)		3,590		(39,394)		(3,807)
Income tax expense		(8)		7		8		38		71
Net (loss) earnings	$	(11,768)	$	(13,013)	$	3,582	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings:
Change in fair value of instrument specific credit risk		6,097		3,347		(1,148)		17,213		(2,722)
Total comprehensive (loss) earnings	$	(5,671)	$	(9,666)	$	2,434	$	(22,219)	$	(6,600)
Diluted weighted average common shares		31,144		21,523		21,359		23,918		21,332
Diluted (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.38)	$	(0.62)	$	0.15	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)

Status of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net loss was $39.4 million, or $1.65 per diluted common share, as compared to net loss of $3.9 million, or $0.22 per diluted common share in 2021.  For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, net loss was $11.8 million, or $0.38 per diluted common share, as compared to net earnings of $3.6 million, or $0.15 per diluted common share in the fourth quarter of 2021, and net loss of $13.0 million, or $0.62 per diluted common share, in the third quarter of 2022.  

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased to $39.4 million as compared to $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.  The year over year increase in net loss was primarily due to a $59.0 million decrease in gain on sale of loans, net, coupled with a $2.9 million decrease in other income, which was partially offset by an $25.1 million decrease in operating expenses.  The sharp and unexpected decline in gain on sale of loans, net reflects the intense pressure on mortgage originations due to the dramatic collapse of the mortgage refinance market and the weakening mortgage purchase market, which has suffered from a lack of housing inventory and significant increase in mortgage interest rates resulting in customer affordability issues. As previously discussed, the increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, caused a significant increase in credit spreads, which accelerated through the fourth quarter 2022, resulting in a substantial over supply of low coupon originations causing a severe decline in margins and diminishing capital market distribution exits for originators reliant upon an aggregation execution model.  To mitigate the risks associated with reduced distribution exits and extended settlement timelines, we began pulling back on production, significantly increasing the pricing on our loan products as well as completely shifting to best-efforts delivery for non-agency production in the first quarter of 2022.  As a result, origination volumes decreased significantly during 2022.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated $693.7 million of loans as compared to $2.9 billion of loans originated during the same period in 2021.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, margins were 91 bps as compared to 225 bps during the same period in 2021.

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Other income decreased $2.9 million to $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to a $3.6 million reduction in trust gains and net interest (expense) income collectively, which was the result of the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio during the first quarter of 2022, and which was in turn offset by a $659 thousand increase in fair value of our long-term debt.  Offsetting the decreases in total revenues and other income was a $25.1 million decrease in operating expenses during 2022 primarily due to a reduction in variable compensation commensurate with reduced originations as well as a reduction in headcount to support reduced volume.

As part of our continuous expense management assessment, as previously noted, we have undertaken a number of initiatives during the latter half of 2022 and into the first quarter of 2023 that we believe will significantly reduce our expense run rate.  In January 2023, we exited our legacy commercial office space of 120,000 sq. ft. and relocated to a new 19,000 sq.ft. office space.  The reduction of space was made possible by our ability to maintain a majority of our workforce as a hybrid or remote workforce, minimizing in-office space needs.  In accordance with the terms of the lease termination agreement, we paid termination consideration of $3.0 million. We estimate that the amount of base rent, common area maintenance (CAM) charges, storage, parking, and any other miscellaneous charges that would have been payable during the final 20 months of the original lease term would have been in excess of $8.8 million. The new lease term runs through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges, totals approximately $800 thousand over the term of the lease, resulting in significant savings.

In line with our expense management strategies, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel, CashCall Mortgage (CCM), to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender at the end of 2022 and into 2023.  As noted in previous years, our GSE loan originations were sold directly through aggregators.  While we remain in good standing with our aggregator partners, the cost to produce retail loans in light of the rising rate environment and severe margin compression felt across the residential mortgage industry proved challenging—resulting in lower origination volumes and higher cost to produce throughout 2022.  The broker fulfillment model has many strengths including a reduced expense load associated with personnel, operational and technology support, and reduced marketing needs due to organic lead volume generated by the CCM brand.  Broker fulfillment also supports a broader product offering to CCM consumers, allowing the Company to move away from the expense and complexity of managing multiple lending products with support from several departments. We believe adopting a more cost-effective origination strategy is essential to managing the overall monthly expense load of the retail channel while also driving revenue across a broad spectrum of product offerings to consumers.

Additionally, given our lack of conventional GSE origination volume and servicing rights over the past several years, with no direct GSE deliveries to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since 2016 and 2020, respectively, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation which has been suspended during these period of non-delivery. We expect to be a third-party originator with both GSE’s to support our broker model as needed.

Our Wholesale Channel continued to experience significant volume and margin deterioration during the latter half of 2022, and into 2023.  The continued volatility experienced with the Non-QM market associated with liquidity, product offerings, expansive credit to meet consumer demand, and rising rates have all proven to be a considerable hindrance to maintaining a profitable channel in the Wholesale space.  It is our belief that the market conditions and projections will not improve in the near term, and as a result in the first quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down operations within its Wholesale Channel until market conditions improve.  With minimal active loans in the pipeline, the Company had no outstanding warehousing or counterparty obligations associated with its wholesale activity.

As noted above, the Company will remain focused on serving consumers through its retail channel, exclusively through a broker model fulfillment strategy until market conditions improve to support other opportunities in the direct and/or wholesale lending space.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

For the year ended December 31, 2022, adjusted loss before tax (as defined below) was $52.0 million, or $2.17 per diluted common share, as compared to an adjusted loss before tax of $12.4 million, or $0.58 per diluted common share, in 2021.  For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, adjusted loss before tax was $11.0 million, or $0.35 per diluted common share, as compared to an adjusted loss before tax of $5.0 million, or $0.23 per diluted common share, for the fourth quarter of 2021, and adjusted loss before tax of $12.6 million, or $0.59 per diluted common share, for the third quarter of 2022.

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To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we use the following non-GAAP financial measures: adjusted loss before tax and diluted adjusted loss per common share before tax.  Adjusted loss and diluted adjusted loss per common share are financial measurements calculated by adjusting GAAP net loss before tax to exclude certain non-cash items, such as fair value adjustments and mark-to-market of mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), and legacy non-recurring expenses.  We believe adjusted loss provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations as it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our core business of mortgage lending over multiple periods. Adjusted loss facilitates company-to-company operating performance comparisons by backing out potential non-cash differences caused by variations in hedging strategies and changes in valuations for long-term debt and net trust assets, which may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to operating performance, as well as certain historical cost (benefit) items which may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be considered in isolation and should not be a substitute for (loss) earnings before income taxes, (loss) earnings or diluted (loss) earnings per common share (EPS) or any other operating performance measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may not be comparable to a similarly titled measure reported by other companies.  The tables below provide a reconciliation of (loss) earnings before tax and diluted (loss) earnings per common share to non-GAAP adjusted loss before tax and non-GAAP diluted adjusted loss per common share before tax:

	For the Three Months Ended						For the Year Ended
	December 31,		September 30,		December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2022		2021		2022		2021
(Loss) earnings before income taxes:	$	(11,776)	$	(13,006)	$	3,590	$	(39,394)	$	(3,807)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		138		(223)		(32)		(317)		(221)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		430		435		(1,459)		(2,757)		(2,098)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO (losses) gains		—		—		(7,284)		(9,248)		(6,582)
Legacy corporate-owned life insurance (1)		225		177		166		(257)		330
Adjusted loss before tax	$	(10,983)	$	(12,617)	$	(5,019)	$	(51,973)	$	(12,378)
Diluted weighted average common shares		31,144		21,523		21,359		23,918		21,332
Diluted adjusted loss per common share before tax	$	(0.35)	$	(0.59)	$	(0.23)	$	(2.17)	$	(0.58)
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share	$	(0.38)	$	(0.62)	$	0.15	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)
Adjustments:
Cumulative non-declared dividends on preferred stock		—		0.02		0.02		—		0.04
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		0.01		(0.01)		—		(0.01)		(0.01)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		0.01		0.01		(0.07)		(0.11)		(0.10)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains (losses)		—		—		(0.34)		(0.39)		(0.31)
Legacy corporate-owned life insurance		0.01		0.01		0.01		(0.01)		0.02
Diluted adjusted loss per common share before tax	$	(0.35)	$	(0.59)	$	(0.23)	$	(2.17)	$	(0.58)

(1) Amounts included in other revenues, general, administrative and other expense and net interest income for amounts associated with the cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance trusts, premiums associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts liabilities, and interest expense on the corporate-owned life insurance trusts, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Key Metrics

● Total mortgage originations volumes were $21.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $693.7 million in 2022 as compared to $759.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 and $2.9 billion in 2021.

● NonQM mortgage origination volumes were $18.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $462.5 million in 2022 as compared to $382.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 and $683.6 million in 2021.

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● Gain on sale of loans, net decreased to $865 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2022, as compared to $14.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2021.  Gain on sale of loans, net decreased to $6.3 million, with margins of approximately 91 bps for 2022 as compared to $65.3 million, with margins of approximately 225 bps for 2021.

● During the first quarter of 2022, we sold the legacy securitization portfolio for $37.5 million recording a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs, resulting in the deconsolidation of securitized mortgage trust assets of approximately $1.6 billion and related securitized mortgage trust liabilities of approximately $1.6 billion.

● In December 2022, we sold $68.0 million in UPB of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.

● Servicing fees (expense), net was income of $36 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2022 and income of $63 thousand in 2022, as compared to expense of $39 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2021 and an expense of $432 thousand in 2021.

● Operating expenses (personnel, business promotion and general, administrative and other) decreased to $11.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $56.1 million in 2022 as compared to $20.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 and $81.2 million in 2021.

Mortgage Lending

For the year ended 2022, total originations were $693.7 million as compared to $2.9 billion in 2021.  Retail originations represented the largest channel of originations with 61%, or $422.0 million, of total originations in 2022, which was down from 80% of total originations, or $2.3 billion, in 2021.  The decrease in originations as compared to 2021, was due to the continued increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, resulting in a reduction in purchase loans due to a decrease in home purchase affordability and in refinance volume due to the number of loans that had previously refinanced during the preceding historically low interest rate environment.  While we began to shift our origination focus away from more rate and margin sensitive conventional originations during the first quarter of 2021, the increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021 and accelerated throughout 2022, resulted in a significant increase in credit spreads, in which further resulted in a substantial over supply of low coupon originations causing a severe decline in margins and diminished capital market distribution exits for originators reliant upon an aggregation execution model.  To mitigate the risks associated with reduced distribution exits and extended settlement timelines, we began to pull back on production, significantly increasing the pricing on our loan products as well as completely shifting to a best-efforts delivery for non-agency production in the first quarter of 2022, which significantly reduced our origination volumes during 2022 as compared to 2021.   We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model.

	For the year ended December 31,
(in millions)	2022		%		2021		%
Originations by Channel:
Retail	$	422.0	61	%	$	2,318.3	80	%
Wholesale		271.7	39			585.1	20
Total originations	$	693.7	100	%	$	2,903.4	100	%

Our loan products include conventional loans for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, NonQM, jumbo and government loans insured by FHA, VA and USDA.

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Originations by Loan Type:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)	2022		2021		% Change
Conventional	$	211.8	$	2,096.9	(90)	%
NonQM		462.5		683.6	(32)
Jumbo		5.5		73.7	(93)
Government (1)		13.9		49.2	(72)
Total originations	$	693.7	$	2,903.4	(76)	%
Weighted average FICO (2)		741		759
Weighted average LTV (3)		64.6%		57.7%
Weighted average coupon		4.90%		3.14%
Avg. loan size (in thousands)	$	382.2	$	362.4

(1) Includes government-insured loans including FHA, VA and USDA.

(2) FICO—Fair Isaac Corporation credit score.

(3) LTV—loan to value—measures ratio of loan balance to estimated property value based upon third party appraisal.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, we originated $382.1 million in NonQM loans and were on pace to exceed our fourth quarter 2021 NonQM originations during the first quarter of 2022, prior to the dislocation in NonQM pricing as a result of widening credit spreads.  As described above, as a result of the market dislocation we backed off NonQM production in the latter half of the first quarter of 2022 with NonQM originations decreasing to $18.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 down from  $314.3 million during the first quarter of 2022, and down from $382.1 million during the fourth quarter of 2021.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, NonQM originations decreased to $462.5 million, or 67% of total originations, as compared to $683.6 million, or 24% of total originations, for the year ended December 31, 2021.  The increase in the percentage NonQM originations is the result of the dramatic decline in conventional originations in 2022 as a result of the aforementioned intense pressure on mortgage originations due to the dramatic collapse of the mortgage refinance market and the weakening mortgage purchase market.

In 2022, our NonQM originations had a weighted average Fair Isaac Corporation credit score (FICO) of 738 and a weighted average LTV ratio of 67%.  In 2021, our NonQM originations had a weighted average FICO of 747 and a weighted average LTV ratio of 65%.  In 2022, the retail channel accounted for 43% of NonQM originations while the third party originations (TPO) channels accounted for 57% of NonQM production.  In 2021, the retail channel accounted for 28% of NonQM originations while the TPO channels accounted for 72% of NonQM production.

We believe the quality, consistency and performance of our NonQM originations has been demonstrated through the previous issuance of 21 securitizations since 2018, whereby our originations were represented as the largest originator in over half of the deals and represented no less than the third largest originator in the other deals.  Four of the 21 securitizations were 100% backed by NonQM collateral from the Company with the senior tranches receiving AAA ratings.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, refinance volume decreased 81% to $500.4 million as compared to $2.6 billion in 2021. The decrease in originations was due to the aforementioned significant increase in interest rates as compared to 2021.  We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)	2022		%		2021		%
Refinance	$	500.4	72	%	$	2,611.9	90	%
Purchase		193.3	28			291.5	10
Total originations	$	693.7	100	%	$	2,903.4	100	%

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 581 approved wholesale relationships with mortgage brokerage companies and are approved to lend in 47 states. While we currently have no approved correspondent relationships with banks, credit unions and mortgage companies, we are approved to lend in 50 states.

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Mortgage Servicing

In December 2022, we sold $68.0 million of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents. As a result of the sale, we were not servicing mortgage loans at December 31, 2022 as compared to a mortgage servicing portfolio of $71.8 million at December 31, 2021. The servicing portfolio generated net servicing fees of $63 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to net servicing expense of $432 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021, as a result of the small UPB of the servicing portfolio during the year.  

Real Estate Services  

Real estate services fees, net are generated from our former long-term mortgage portfolio. We provide portfolio loss mitigation and real estate services including real estate owned (REO) surveillance and disposition services, default surveillance and loss recovery services, short sale and real estate brokerage services, portfolio monitoring and reporting services.  Additionally, as previously noted, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entails the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, it is our expectation that the real estate services fees, net generated from the long-term mortgage portfolio will decline in future periods as the securitizations are called or collapsed by the purchaser.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, real estate service fees, net were $1.1 million as compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, the real estate services segment posted a loss before income taxes of $292 thousand as compared to a loss before income taxes of $265 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio

Our former long-term mortgage portfolio primarily included (a) the residual interests in securitizations, (b) master servicing rights from the securitizations and (c) long-term debt.

As previously noted, in March 2022, we sold the legacy securitization portfolio which, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, resulted in deconsolidation of the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as we were no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts. We will remain as the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff. Prior to the aforementioned sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio in March 2022, the residual interests generated cash flows of $1.1 million in the first quarter of 2022 prior to the sale as compared to $3.1 million in 2021.  

For additional information regarding the long-term mortgage portfolio refer to Financial Condition and Results of Operations below.

Corporate

The corporate segment includes all corporate services groups, public company costs as well as debt expense related to the Convertible Notes and capital leases. This corporate services group supports all operating segments. A portion of the corporate services costs are allocated to the operating segments. The costs associated with being a public company, unused space from our corporate office as well as the interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and capital leases is not allocated to our operating segments and remains in this segment.

For additional information regarding the corporate segment refer to Results of Operations by Business Segment below.

Critical Accounting Policies

We define critical accounting policies as those that are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. Our critical accounting policies require management to make difficult and complex judgments that rely on estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain due to the effect of changing market conditions and/or consumer behavior. In determining which accounting policies meet this definition, we considered our policies with respect to the valuation of our assets and liabilities and estimates and assumptions used in determining those valuations.

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We believe the most critical accounting issues that require the most complex and difficult judgments and that are particularly susceptible to significant change to our financial condition and results of operations include the following:

● fair value measurements;

● variable interest entities and transfers of financial assets and liabilities;

● repurchase reserve;

● interest income and interest expense; and

● income taxes.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial Accounting Standards Board—Accounting Standards Codification FASB ASC 820-10-35 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and outlines a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (also referred to as an exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized into a three-level hierarchy based on the extent to which the measurement relies on observable market inputs in measuring fair value. Level 1, which is the highest priority in the fair value hierarchy, is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 is based on observable market-based inputs, other than quoted prices, in active markets for similar assets or liabilities. Level 3, which is the lowest priority in the fair value hierarchy, is based on unobservable inputs. Assets and liabilities are classified within this hierarchy in their entirety based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The use of fair value to measure our financial instruments is fundamental to our financial statements and is a critical accounting estimate because a substantial portion of our assets and liabilities are recorded at estimated fair value. Financial instruments classified as Level 3 are generally based on unobservable inputs, and the process to determine fair value is generally more subjective and involves a high degree of management judgment and assumptions. These assumptions may have a significant effect on our estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions, as well as changes in market conditions and interest rates, could have a material effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Mortgage loans held-for-sale—We elected to carry our mortgage loans held-for-sale originated or acquired from the mortgage lending operation at fair value. Fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available, prices for other traded mortgage loans with similar characteristics, and purchase commitments and bid information received from market participants.

Mortgage servicing rights—We elected to carry all of our mortgage servicing rights arising from our mortgage lending operation at fair value. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is based upon a discounted cash flow model. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating the fair value of servicing. These assumptions include estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, prepayment and late fees, among other considerations.

Derivative financial instruments—We utilize certain derivative instruments in the ordinary course of our business to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates. These derivative include Hedging Instruments (typically to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA MBS), forward loan commitments and interest rate swap futures). We also issue interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) to borrowers in connection with single family mortgage loan originations. We recognize all derivative instruments at fair value. The concept of fair value relating to IRLCs is no different than fair value for any other financial asset or liability: fair value is the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. Because IRLCs do not trade in the market, the Company determines the estimated fair value based on expectations of what an investor would pay to acquire the Company’s IRLCs, which utilizes current market information for secondary market prices for underlying loan types with similar characteristics using the TBA MBS market, which is actively quoted and easily validated through external sources. The data inputs used in this valuation include, but are not limited to, loan type, underlying loan amount, note rate, loan program, and expected sale date of the loan, adjusted for current market conditions. These valuations are adjusted at the loan level to consider the servicing release premium and loan pricing adjustments specific to each loan. For all IRLCs, the base value is then adjusted for the anticipated current secondary market prices for underlying loans and estimated servicing value with similar coupons, maturities and credit quality, subject to the anticipated loan funding probability (Pull through Rate).  This value is adjusted for other costs that

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would be required by a market participant acquiring the IRLCs.  The fair value of TBA MBS are based on the actively quoted TBA MBS market using observable inputs related to characteristics of the underlying MBS stratified by product, coupon and settlement date and are recorded in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of swap futures are based on the actively traded instruments in a liquid market. The initial and subsequent changes in value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments are a component of gain on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Long-term debt—Long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) is reported at fair value within the long-term mortgage portfolio. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis which takes into consideration our credit risk. Unrealized gains and losses are recognized in earnings in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as change in fair value of long-term debt. Our estimate of the fair value of the long-term debt requires us to exercise significant judgment as to the timing and amount of the future obligation. Changes in assumptions resulting from changes in our credit risk profile will affect the estimated fair value of the long-term debt and those changes are recorded as a component of net earnings. A change in assumptions associated with the improvement in our credit risk profile could result in a significant increase in the estimated fair value of the long-term debt which would result in a significant charge to net earnings.

Variable Interest Entities and Transfers of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Historically, we securitized mortgages in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO) and real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs), (collectively, securitizations), which were either consolidated or unconsolidated depending on the design of the securitization structure. These securitizations were evaluated for consolidation in accordance with the variable interest model of FASB ASC 810-10-25. A variable interest entity (VIE) is consolidated in the financial statements if the Company has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.  We consolidated certain VIEs where we were both the primary beneficiary of the residual interests in the securitization trusts as well as the master servicer.  Being the master servicer provides control over the collateral through the ability to direct the servicers to take specific loss mitigation efforts. As noted below, in the first quarter of 2022, we sold the legacy securitization portfolio.  Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio, the assets and liabilities that were included in the consolidated VIEs included the mortgage loans and real estate owned collateralizing the debt securities which were included in securitized mortgage trust assets on our consolidated balance sheets and the debt securities payable to investors which were included in securitized mortgage trust liabilities on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, we deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as the Company was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.  The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the securitization trusts are collapsed or payoff.

Repurchase Reserve

When we sell loans through whole loan sales we are required to make normal and customary representations and warranties about the loans to the purchaser. Our whole loan sale agreements generally require us to repurchase loans if we breach a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale.

Investors may request us to repurchase loans or to indemnify them against losses on certain loans which the investors believe either do not comply with applicable representations or warranties or defaulted shortly after its purchase. Upon completion of our investigation regarding the investor claims, we may reject the investor claim, repurchase or provide indemnification on certain loans, as appropriate. We maintain a liability reserve for expected losses on dispositions of loans expected to be repurchased or on which indemnification is expected to be provided. We regularly evaluate the adequacy of this repurchase liability reserve based on trends in repurchase and indemnification requests, actual loss experience, settlement negotiations, and other relevant factors including economic conditions.

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We record a provision for losses relating to such representations and warranties as part of each loan sale transaction. The method used to estimate the liability for representations and warranties is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. We establish a liability at the time loans are sold and continually update our estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. The level of mortgage loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, investor demand strategies, and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans.

Interest Income and Interest Expense

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization trusts and related deconsolidation of the trusts, interest income on securitized mortgage collateral and interest expense on securitized mortgage borrowings were recorded using the effective interest method for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value. Interest expense on long-term debt is recorded using the effective interest method based on estimated future interest rates and cash flows.

Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized and reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and certain changes in the valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. We provide a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining the adequacy of the valuation allowance, we consider all forms of evidence, including: (1) historic earnings or losses; (2) the ability to realize deferred tax assets through carry back to prior periods; (3) anticipated taxable income resulting from the reversal of taxable temporary differences; (4) tax planning strategies; and (5) anticipated future earnings exclusive of the reversal of taxable temporary differences.

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Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Financial Condition

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table shows the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the following periods:

(in thousands, except per share data)	December 31,		December 31,		$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
ASSETS
Cash	$	25,864	$	29,555	$	(3,691)	(12)	%
Restricted cash		4,140		5,657		(1,517)	(27)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		308,477		(295,425)	(96)
Mortgage servicing rights		—		749		(749)	(100)
Securitized mortgage trust assets		—		1,642,730		(1,642,730)	(100)
Other assets		17,275		35,603		(18,328)	(51)
Total assets	$	60,331	$	2,022,771	$	(1,962,440)	(97)	%
LIABILITIES & (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	285,539	$	(281,917)	(99)	%
Convertible notes		15,000		20,000		(5,000)	(25)
Long-term debt (Par value; $62,000)		27,753		46,536		(18,783)	(40)
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities		—		1,614,862		(1,614,862)	(100)
Repurchase reserve		5,875		4,744		1,131	24
Other liabilities		19,684		41,154		(21,470)	(52)
Total liabilities		71,934		2,012,835		(1,940,901)	(96)	%
Total (deficit) equity		(11,603)		9,936		(21,539)	(217)	%
Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	60,331	$	2,022,771	$	(1,962,440)	(97)	%
Book and tangible book value per share	$	(0.32)	$	0.47	$	(0.78)	(168)	%

At December 31, 2022, cash decreased to $25.9 million from $29.6 million at December 31, 2021. Cash balances decreased primarily due to payment of operating expenses partially offset by the aforementioned $37.5 million in proceeds from the sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio during the first quarter of 2022.  

Mortgage loans held-for-sale decreased $295.4 million to $13.1 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $308.5 million at December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we had originations of $693.7 million offset by $978.6 million in loan sales. As a normal course of our origination and sales cycle, loans held-for-sale at the end of any period were generally sold within one or two subsequent months.

Mortgage servicing rights decreased $749 thousand to zero at December 31, 2022 as compared to $749 thousand at December 31, 2021. In 2022, the mortgage servicing portfolio decreased due to a mark-to-market decrease in fair value of $70 thousand partially offset by additions of $46 thousand from servicing retained loan sales of $4.5 million in UPB. In December 2022, we sold $68.0 million in UPB of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents. At December 31, 2022, we had no servicing for others as compared to $71.8 million at December 31, 2021.

Other assets decreased $18.3 million to $17.3 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $35.6 million at December 31, 2021.  The reduction in other assets was primarily attributable to a $9.0 million decrease in ROU assets as a result of the aforementioned lease modification and termination of our former corporate office in December 2022, as well as amortization of the ROU asset prior to the lease modification and termination.

Warehouse borrowings decreased $281.9 million to $3.6 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $285.5 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was due to a $295.4 million decrease in mortgage loans held-for-sale

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at December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021.  During 2022, we decreased our warehouse lending capacity by $574.0 million to $41.0 million and decreased our warehouse counterparties from four to two as a result of the decrease in origination volumes.  At December 31, 2022, we did not renew our $25.0 million warehouse facility further reducing warehouse capacity to $16.0 million with one counterparty.

Convertible notes decreased $5.0 million to $15.0 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $20.0 million at December 31, 2021.  On April 29, 2022, the Company and holders of its Notes agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on May 9, 2022.  The Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to $15.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on May 9, 2022 (Third Amendment).  The Notes are due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the stated maturity date of May 9, 2025.

The estimated fair value of long-term debt decreased by $18.7 million to $27.8 million from $46.5 million at December 31, 2021.  The decrease in estimated fair value was the result of a $17.2 million change in the instrument specific credit risk (included in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations) primarily the result of an increase in the credit risk associated with the Company’s risk profile and a $2.8 million change in the market specific credit risk (included in Change in fair value of long-term debt in the consolidated statements of operations) as a result of an increase in the risk free rate component of the discount rate and forward LIBOR curve during 2022, partially offset by a $1.2 million increase due to accretion (included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations).

Repurchase reserves increased $1.2 million to $5.9 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $4.7 million at December 31, 2021.  The increase was due to $2.4 million in provision for repurchases as a result of an increase in expected future losses related to repurchased loans partially offset by $1.3 million in settlements primarily related to repurchased loans and indemnifications.  

Other liabilities decreased $21.5 million to $19.7 million at December 31, 2022 as compared to $41.2 million at December 31, 2021.  The reduction in other liabilities was primarily attributable to a $12.5 million decrease in ROU liabilities as a result of the aforementioned lease modification and termination of our former corporate office in December 2022 as well as amortization of the ROU liability prior to the lease modification and termination.

Book value per share decreased 168% to ($0.32) at December 31, 2022 as compared to $0.47 at December 31, 2021. Book value per common share increased 79% to ($0.41) as of December 31, 2022 (inclusive of the $3.5 million of liquidation preference on our Series D Preferred stock), as compared to ($1.96) as of December 31, 2021 (which was inclusive of the remaining $51.8 million of liquidation preference on our preferred stock).  Inclusive of the Series D Preferred stock cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of $52 thousand in 2022 and  Series B Preferred stock cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of $19.1 million in 2021, (as discussed further in Note 8 – Redeemable Preferred Stock of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”), book value per common share increased 86% to ($0.41) as of December 31, 2022 as compared to ($2.86) as of December 31, 2021.

As previously disclosed, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007, which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio. As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, we deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as the Company was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts. We will remain as the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed, payoff or the master servicing rights are sold.

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The changes in our trust assets and trust liabilities as summarized below.

	December 31,		December 31,		$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	—	$	1,639,251	$	(1,639,251)	(100)	%
Real estate owned (REO)		—		3,479		(3,479)	(100)
Total trust assets (1)		—		1,642,730		(1,642,730)	(100)
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	1,614,862	$	(1,614,862)	(100)	%
Total trust liabilities (1)		—		1,614,862		(1,614,862)	(100)
Residual interests in securitizations	$	—	$	27,868	$	(27,868)	(100)	%

(1) At December 31, 2021, the UPB of trust assets and trust liabilities was approximately $1.8 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization trusts, we estimated fair value of the assets and liabilities within the securitization trusts each reporting period, management used an industry standard valuation and analytical model that was updated monthly with current collateral, real estate, derivative, bond and cost (servicer, trustee, etc.) information for each securitization trust. We employed an internal process to validate the accuracy of the model as well as the data within this model. We used the valuation model to generate the expected cash flows to be collected from the trust assets and the expected required bondholder distribution (trust liabilities). To the extent that the trusts were over collateralized, we may have received the excess interest as the holder of the residual interest. The information above provided us with the future expected cash flows for the securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned, securitized mortgage borrowings and the residual interests.

To determine the discount rates applied to these cash flows, we gathered information from the bond pricing services and other market participants regarding estimated investor required yields for each bond tranche. Based on that information and the collateral type and vintage, we determined an acceptable range of expected yields an investor would require including an appropriate risk premium for each bond tranche. We used the blended yield of the bond tranches together with the residual interests to determine an appropriate yield for the securitized mortgage collateral in each securitization.

The following table presents changes in the trust assets and trust liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2022:

	TRUST ASSETS						TRUST LIABILITIES
	Level 3 Recurring Fair
	Value Measurement						Level 3 Recurring Fair
			NRV				Value Measurement
	Securitized		Real				Securitized		Net
	mortgage		estate		Total trust		mortgage		trust
	collateral		owned		assets		borrowings		assets
Recorded fair value at December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	3,479	$	1,642,730	$	(1,614,862)	$	27,868
Total gains/(losses) included in earnings:
Interest income		2,019		—		2,019		—		2,019
Interest expense		—		—		—		(7,564)		(7,564)
Change in FV of net trust assets, excluding REO (1)		9,248		—		9,248		—		9,248
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		11,267		—		11,267		(7,564)		3,703
Transfers in and/or out of level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements		(1,650,518)		(3,479)		(1,653,997)		1,622,426		(31,571)
Recorded fair value at December 31, 2022	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1) Represents change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Total trust assets above reflect a net gain of $9.2 million as a result of an increase in fair value related to the sale of our legacy securitization portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The table below reflects the net trust assets as a percentage of total trust assets (residual interests in securitizations):

	December 31,			December 31,
	2022			2021
Net trust assets	$	—		$	27,868
Total trust assets		—			1,642,730
Net trust assets as a percentage of total trust assets		—	%		1.70	%

The following tables present the estimated fair value of our residual interests by securitization vintage year and other related assumptions used to derive these values for the period indicated:

	Estimated Fair Value of Residual
	Interests by Vintage Year at
	December 31, 2021
Origination Year	SF			MF			Total
2002-2003 (1)	$	13,167		$	722		$	13,889
2004		7,661			736			8,397
2005		851			442			1,293
2006		—			4,289			4,289
Total	$	21,679		$	6,189		$	27,868
Weighted avg. prepayment rate		15.4	%		15.3	%		15.4	%
Weighted avg. discount rate		11.8	%		11.6	%		11.7	%

(1) 2002-2003 vintage year includes CMO 2007-A, since the majority of the mortgages collateralized in this securitization were originated during this period.

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization trusts, we utilized a number of assumptions to value securitized mortgage collateral, securitized mortgage borrowings and residual interests. These assumptions included estimated collateral default rates and loss severities (credit losses), collateral prepayment rates, forward interest rates and investor yields (discount rates). We used the same collateral assumptions for securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings as the collateral assumptions to determine collateral cash flows which were used to pay interest and principal for securitized mortgage borrowings and excess spread, if any, to the residual interests. However, we used different investor yield (discount rate) assumptions for securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings and the discount rate used for residual interests based on underlying collateral characteristics, vintage year, assumed risk and market participant assumptions.  

Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio Credit Quality

Ar previously noted, with the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio in March 2022, we remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed, paid off, or the master servicing rights are sold.  

We used the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) method to define delinquency as a contractually required payment being 30 or more days past due. We measured delinquencies from the date of the last payment due date in which a payment was received. Delinquencies for loans 60 days late or greater, foreclosures and delinquent bankruptcies were $310.5 million or 17.3% as of December 31, 2021.

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The following table summarized the unpaid principal balances of loans in our mortgage portfolio, included within securitized mortgage collateral, that were 60 or more days delinquent (utilizing the MBA method) as of December 31, 2021:

	December 31,		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	2021		Collateral
60 - 89 days delinquent	$	21,086	1.2	%
90 or more days delinquent		147,387	8.2
Foreclosures (1)		89,181	5.0
Delinquent bankruptcies (2)		52,854	2.9
REO (3)		—	—
Total 60 or more days delinquent and REO	$	310,508	17.3	%
Total collateral	$	1,798,079	100.0	%

(1) Represents properties in the process of foreclosure.

(2) Represents bankruptcies that are 30 days or more delinquent.

At December 31, 2021, mortgage loans 60 or more days delinquent (whether or not subject to forbearance) declined 40% as compared to December 31, 2020.  Delinquency and forbearance are taken into account as part of our credit loss assumptions when determining the estimated fair value of our residual interests.  

The following table summarizeed the UPB of securitized mortgage collateral, mortgage loans held-for-sale and real estate owned,  that were non-performing as of the dates indicated (excludes 60-89 days delinquent):

			Total
	December 31,		Collateral
	2021		%
90 or more days delinquent (including forbearances), REO, foreclosures and delinquent bankruptcies	$	289,422	16.1	%
Real estate owned inside trusts at NRV		3,479	0.2
Total non-performing assets	$	292,901	16.3	%

Non-performing assets consisted of non-performing loans (mortgages that are 90 or more days delinquent, including loans in foreclosure and delinquent bankruptcies plus REO). It is our policy to place a mortgage loan on nonaccrual status when it becomes 90 days delinquent and to reverse from revenue any accrued interest, except for interest income on securitized mortgage collateral when the scheduled payment was received from the servicer. The servicers are required to advance principal and interest on loans within the securitization trusts to the extent the advances are considered recoverable. IFC, a subsidiary of IMH and master servicer, may be required to advance funds, or in most cases cause the loan servicers to advance funds, to cover principal and interest payments not received from borrowers depending on the status of their mortgages. At December 31, 2021, non-performing assets to total collateral was 16.3%. Non-performing assets decreased by approximately $60.3 million at December 31, 2022 as compared December 31, 2021.

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization trusts, REO, which consisted of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans, was carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value less estimated selling costs. Adjustments to the loan carrying value required at the time of foreclosure were included in the change in the fair value of net trust assets prior to the sale of the portfolio. Changes in our estimates of net realizable value subsequent to the time of foreclosure and through the time of ultimate disposition were recorded as change in fair value of net trust assets including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss prior to the sale of the portfolio.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, no REO entries were recorded as the REO was a component of the sale of the legacy portfolio in March 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $111 thousand increase in net realizable value of the REO. Increases and write-downs of the net realizable value reflect increases or declines in value of the REO subsequent to foreclosure date, but prior to the date of sale.

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The following table presents the balances of the REO:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
REO	$	—	$	10,335
Impairment (1)		—		(6,856)
Ending balance	$	—	$	3,479
REO inside trusts	$	—	$	3,479
REO outside trusts		—		—
Total	$	—	$	3,479

(1) Impairment represents the cumulative write-downs of net realizable value subsequent to foreclosure.

Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization trusts, we calculated the cash flows to assess the fair value of the securitized mortgage collateral, we estimated the future losses embedded in our loan portfolio. In evaluating the adequacy of these losses, management took many factors into consideration. For instance, a detailed analysis of historical loan performance data was accumulated and reviewed. This data was analyzed for loss performance and prepayment performance by product type, origination year and securitization issuance. The data was also broken down by collection status. Our estimated losses for these loans was developed by estimating both the rate of default of the loans and the amount of loss severity in the event of default. The rate of default was assigned to the loans based on their attributes (e.g., original loan to value, borrower credit score, documentation type, geographic location, etc.) and collection status. The rate of default was based on analysis of migration of loans from each aging category. The loss severity was determined by estimating the net proceeds from the ultimate sale of the foreclosed property. The results of that analysis were then applied to the current mortgage portfolio and an estimate was created. We believe that pooling of mortgages with similar characteristics was an appropriate methodology in which to evaluate the future loan losses.

Management recognizes that there are qualitative factors that must be taken into consideration when evaluating and measuring losses in the loan portfolios. These items include, but are not limited to, economic indicators that may affect the borrower’s ability to pay, changes in value of collateral, political factors, employment and market conditions, competitor’s performance, market perception, historical losses, and industry statistics. The assessment for losses was based on delinquency trends and prior loss experience and management’s judgment and assumptions regarding various matters, including general economic conditions and loan portfolio composition. Management continually evaluated these assumptions and various relevant factors affecting credit quality and inherent losses.

Results of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Revenues	$	8,595	$	66,319	$	(57,724)	(87)	%
Expenses		(56,125)		(81,204)		25,079	31
Net interest (expense) income		(3,869)		2,398		(6,267)	(261)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		2,757		2,098		659	31
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO losses		9,248		6,582		2,666	41
Income tax expense		(38)		(71)		33	46
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)	$	(35,554)	(917)	%
Loss per share available to common stockholders—basic	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)	$	(1.43)	(656)	%
Loss per share available to common stockholders—diluted	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)	$	(1.43)	(656)	%

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Revenues

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294	$	(58,977)	(90)	%
Servicing fees (expense), net		63		(432)		495	115
Real estate services fees, net		1,081		1,144		(63)	(6)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		34		160	471
Broker fee income		50		—		50	n/a
Other revenues		890		279		611	219
Total revenues	$	8,595	$	66,319	$	(57,724)	(87)	%

Gain on sale of loans, net.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, gain on sale of loans, net totaled $6.3 million compared to $65.3 million in the comparable 2021 period. The decrease in gain on sale of loans, net was most notably due to a $62.5 million decrease in gain on sale of loans, a $12.2 million increase in mark-to-market losses on loans held-for-sale (LHFS), a $2.3 million increase in provision for repurchases and a $490 thousand decrease in premiums from servicing retained loan sales.  Partially offsetting these decreases in gain on sale of loans, net was a $13.2 million decrease in direct origination expenses and a $5.4 million increase in realized and unrealized net gains on derivative financial instruments.

The sharp decline in gain on sale reflects the intense pressure on mortgage originations due to the dramatic collapse of the mortgage refinance market and the weakening mortgage purchase market, which has suffered from a lack of housing inventory and a significant increase in mortgage interest rates resulting in customer home purchase   affordability issues. As previously discussed, the increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, caused a significant increase in credit spreads which accelerated throughout 2022, resulting in a substantial over supply of low coupon originations causing a severe decline in margins and diminishing capital market distribution exits for originators reliant upon an aggregation execution model.  To mitigate the risks associated with reduced distribution exits and extended settlement timelines, we began to pull back on production, significantly increasing the pricing on our loan products as well as completely shifting to best-efforts delivery for non-agency production in the first quarter of 2022.  As a result, origination volumes decreased significantly during 2022.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated and sold $693.7 million and $978.6 million of mortgage loans, respectively, as compared to $2.9 billion and $2.8 billion of loans originated and sold, respectively, during the same period in 2021.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of historically low volume our margins were 91 bps as compared to 225 bps during the same period in 2021.

Servicing (expenses) fees, net.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, servicing fees, net were $63 thousand compared to servicing expenses, net of ($432) thousand in the comparable 2021 period.  The increase in servicing fees, net was due to the increase in the average size of our mortgage servicing portfolio resulting in increased servicing fees as compared to the same period in 2021.  For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $4.5 million and $52.2 million, respectively, in servicing retained loan sales.  The servicing portfolio average balance increased 29% to $66.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to an average balance of $51.2 million for the comparable period in 2021.  While we continued to selectively retain mortgage servicing throughout 2022, in December 2022, we sold $68.0 million in UPB of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.  As a result of the servicing sale, we currently have no servicing portfolio at December 31, 2022.

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Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.  

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights	$	264	$	160	$	104	65	%
Changes in fair value:
Due to changes in valuation market rates, inputs or assumptions		53		61		(8)	(13)
Other changes in fair value:
Scheduled principal prepayments		(43)		(48)		5	10
Voluntary prepayments		(80)		(139)		59	42
Total changes in fair value	$	(70)	$	(126)	$	56	44
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	194	$	34	$	160	471	%

The year over year increase in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net was primarily due to the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales partially offset by a reduction due to the aforementioned servicing sale during the fourth quarter of 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, gain on sale MSRs, net was $194 thousand compared to a gain of $34 thousand in the comparable 2021 period.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $264 thousand gain on sale of MSR, net as a result of the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales which was partially offset by an $18 thousand loss on sale of MSRs during the fourth quarter of 2022.  During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $160 thousand gain on MSRs, net as a result of the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales.  Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $70 thousand loss from change in fair value of MSRs due to voluntary and scheduled prepayments partially offset by an increase in fair value changes associated with changes in market interest rates, inputs and assumptions.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $126 thousand loss from change in fair value of MSRs due to voluntary and scheduled prepayments partially offset by an increase in fair value changes associated with changes in market interest rates, inputs and assumptions.  

Real estate services fees, net.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, real estate services fees, net were flat at $1.1 million compared to $1.1 million in the comparable 2021 period.  While real estate service fees were flat year over year, we expect them to decline over time as a result of a decrease in transactions related to the decline in the number of loans and the UPB of the long-term mortgage portfolio. Additionally, as previously noted, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, it is our expectation that the real estate services fees generated from the long term mortgage portfolio will decline in future periods as the securitization trusts are called or collapsed by the purchaser.  

Broker fee income. As previously noted in Item 1.- “Business” of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in December 2022, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel CCM, to be a broker rather than a direct lender.   As a result, during the fourth quarter of 2022 we had broker fee income of $50 thousand on $2.1 million of brokered loans.

Other revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2022, other revenues were $890 thousand as compared to $279 thousand in the comparable 2021 period.  The $611 thousand increase was primarily the result of an increase in the cash surrender value of the corporate-owned life insurance trusts during the first quarter of 2022, as a result of the application of prior year investment gains which get applied at the annual renewal date in the first quarter of each fiscal year.

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Expenses

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Personnel expense	$	30,705	$	52,778	$	(22,073)	(42)	%
General, administrative and other		15,698		16,795		(1,097)	(7)
Occupancy		5,297		4,236		1,061	25
Business promotion		4,425		7,395		(2,970)	(40)
Total expenses	$	56,125	$	81,204	$	(25,079)	(31)	%

Total expenses decreased to $56.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $81.2 million for the comparable period 2021.  Personnel expense decreased $22.1 million to $30.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $52.8 million in the same period in 2021.  The decrease in personnel expense was primarily related to a reduction in variable compensation as well as a reduction in headcount to support reduced volume as compared to the same period in 2021.  Average headcount decreased 37% to 210 for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 335 for the same period in 2021.  

General, administrative and other expenses decreased to $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $16.8 million for the same period in 2021.  The decrease in general, administrative and other expenses was

the result of an $1.7 million decrease in data processing, professional fees and general administrative and other expense all related to a reduction in fundings during the period.  Partially offsetting the decline in general, administrative and other expenses was a $348 thousand increase in legal fees associated with the aforementioned Exchange Offers and a $215 thousand increase in CAM expense primarily related to a true up of prior and current year maintenance for the corporate headquarters.

Occupancy expense increased to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $4.2 million for the same period in 2021.  The increase in occupancy expense was primarily due to the modification and early termination of the Company’s previous corporate office.  On December 15, 2022, IFC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of IMH, and Jacaranda Holdings, LLC (the Landlord), entered into a Lease Termination Agreement (the Termination Agreement) relating to the lease (the Lease) for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices located at 19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California (the Premises). The Lease, as amended, was originally entered into in March 2005, and the Premises consisted of approximately 120,000 sq. ft.  Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, IFC and Landlord agreed to terminate the Lease on January 31, 2023, in lieu of the Lease’s original expiration date of September 30, 2024. In accordance with the terms of the Termination Agreement, on December 16, 2022, IFC paid to Landlord the termination consideration of $3.0 million among other required action items. As a result of the Termination Agreement, the Company accounted for the termination as a lease modification, recording an additional $970 thousand of occupancy expense in December 2022 related to the modification, with an additional $1.2 million in occupancy expense occurring in January 2023, when the Premises was vacated.  Additionally, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a $123 thousand right of use (ROU )asset impairment charge related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 sq. ft. of a floor within the Company’s previous corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value.

Business promotion decreased $3.0 million to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $7.4 million for the comparable period in 2021.  Business promotion previously remained low as a result of the prior more favorable interest rate environment requiring significantly less business promotion to source leads.  Beginning in second quarter of 2021, we began to increase our marketing expenditures in an effort to more directly target NonQM production in the retail channel, expand production expansion outside of California and maintain our lead volume as competition increased.  Due to  the dislocation within the NonQM market based on the significant increase in interest rates, starting in the second quarter of 2022 and continuing through the end of 2022, we reduced our marketing spend as we pulled back on our origination volumes to mitigate the aforementioned risks associated with the current market environment.  Although we continue to source leads through digital campaigns, which we believe allows for a more cost effective approach, the recent competitiveness among other lenders for NonQM production within the California market has driven up advertising costs.

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Other Income

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					Increase		%
	2022		2021		(Decrease)		Change
Interest income	$	15,268	$	65,666	$	(50,398)	(77)	%
Interest expense		(19,137)		(63,268)		44,131	70
Net interest (expense) income		(3,869)		2,398		(6,267)	(261)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		2,757		2,098		659	31
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		9,248		6,582		2,666	41
Total other income, net	$	8,136	$	11,078	$	(2,942)	(27)	%

Net Interest Income

We earn net interest income primarily from mortgage assets, which include securitized mortgage collateral (prior to the sale in March 2022) and loans held-for-sale, or collectively, “mortgage assets,” and, to a lesser extent, interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense is primarily interest paid on borrowings secured by mortgage assets, which include securitized mortgage borrowings (prior to the sale in March 2022) and warehouse borrowings and to a lesser extent, interest expense paid on long-term debt, Convertible Notes and corporate-owned life insurance trusts. Interest income and interest expense during the period primarily represents the effective yield, based on the fair value of the trust assets and liabilities.

The following tables summarize average balance, interest and weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, for the periods indicated.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022						2021
	Average						Average
	Balance		Interest		Yield		Balance		Interest		Yield
ASSETS
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	263,763	$	10,772	4.08	%	$	1,872,153	$	59,022	3.15	%
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		81,809		3,910	4.78			199,796		6,634	3.32
Other (1)		47,297		586	1.24			44,376		10	0.02
Total interest-earning assets	$	392,869	$	15,268	3.89	%	$	2,116,325	$	65,666	3.10	%
LIABILITIES
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	259,768	$	9,575	3.69	%	$	1,856,869	$	50,897	2.74	%
Warehouse borrowings		74,435		3,119	4.19			191,794		6,543	3.41
Long-term debt		38,198		4,692	12.28			45,534		3,965	8.71
Convertible notes		16,753		1,176	7.02			20,000		1,404	7.02
Other (2)		13,254		575	4.34			12,779		459	3.59
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	402,408	$	19,137	4.76	%	$	2,126,976	$	63,268	2.97	%
Net interest (expense) spread (3)			$	(3,869)	(0.87)	%			$	2,398	0.13	%
Net interest margin (4)					(0.98)	%					0.11	%

(1) Included in other assets is cash and cash equivalents.

(2) Included in other liabilities is the corporate owned life insurance trust liability.

(3) Net interest spread is calculated by subtracting the weighted average yield on interest-bearing liabilities from the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets.

(4) Net interest margin is calculated by dividing net interest spread by total average interest-earning assets.

Net interest (expense) spread decreased $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to a decrease in the net interest spread income on the securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings, an increase in interest expense on the long-term debt and an increase in interest expense on the corporate-owned life insurance trusts (within other liabilities).   Offsetting the decrease in net interest (expense) spread income was an increase in the net interest spread income between loans held-for-sale and their related warehouse borrowings (a positive spread of 59 bps for the years ended December 31, 2022 as compared to a negative spread of 9 bps for the same period in the prior year), an increase in interest income on cash deposits as well as a reduction in interest expense on the convertible notes.  

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As a result, net interest margin decreased to (0.98)% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 0.11% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Due to the aforementioned sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio during the first quarter of 2022, we deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities as of the sale date as we were no longer the primary beneficiary of the residual interests in the securitization trusts.  As a result, we no longer recognize interest income or expense related to the legacy securitization portfolio.  The sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio resulted in a $6.9 million reduction in net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the yield on interest-earning assets increased to 3.89% from 3.10% in the comparable 2021 period. The yield on interest-bearing liabilities increased to 4.76% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 2.97% for the comparable 2021 period.  In connection with the fair value accounting for securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings and long-term debt, interest income and interest expense are recognized using effective yields based on estimated fair values for these instruments.

Change in the fair value of long-term debt

Long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) is measured based upon an internal analysis which considers our own credit risk and expected cash flow analysis. Improvements in our financial results and financial condition in the future could result in additional increases in the estimated fair value of the long-term debt, while deterioration in financial results and financial condition could result in a decrease in the estimated fair value of the long-term debt.

During 2022, the estimated fair value of long-term debt decreased by $18.7 million to $27.8 million from $46.5 million at December 31, 2021.  The decrease in estimated fair value was the result of a $17.2 million change in the instrument specific credit risk (included in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations) primarily the result of an increase in the credit risk associated with the Company’s risk profile and a $2.8 million change in the market specific credit risk (included in Change in fair value of long-term debt in the consolidated statements of operations) as a result of an increase in the risk free rate component of the discount rate and forward LIBOR curve during 2022, partially offset by a $1.2 million increase due to accretion (included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations).

During 2021, the fair value of long-term debt increased by $2.1 million to $46.5 million from $44.4 million at December 31, 2020.  The increase in estimated fair value was the result of a $2.7 million change in the instrument specific credit risk and a $1.5 million increase due to accretion, partially offset by a $2.1 million change in the market specific credit risk as a result of an increase in the risk free rate component of the discount rate as compared to 2020.

Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	9,248	$	6,471
Gains from REO		—		111
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	9,248	$	6,582

The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a gain of $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.  As previously noted, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entails the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, in March 2022, we recorded a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio

The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a gain of $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO was due to $6.5 million in gains from changes in fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings and securitized mortgage collateral as a result of a decrease in residual discount rates as estimated bond prices have continued to improve and corresponding yields had decreased.  Additionally, the NRV of REO increased $111 thousand during the period attributed to lower expected loss severities on properties within certain states held in the long-term mortgage portfolio during the period.

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Income Taxes

We recorded income tax expense of $38 thousand and $71 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, is primarily the result of state income taxes from states where we do not have net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or state minimum taxes.  

As of December 31, 2022, we had federal NOL carryforwards of $850.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, the estimated Federal NOL carryforward expiration schedule is as follows (in millions):

Tax Year Established	Amount		Expiration Date
12/31/2007	$	166.9	12/31/2027
12/31/2008		3.6	12/31/2028
12/31/2009		101.6	12/31/2029
12/31/2010		89.7	12/31/2030
12/31/2011		44.1	12/31/2031
12/31/2012		—	12/31/2032
12/31/2013		28.5	12/31/2033
12/31/2014		—	12/31/2034
12/31/2015		30.5	12/31/2035
12/31/2016		55.0	12/31/2036
12/31/2017		37.7	12/31/2037
12/31/2018		—	n/a
12/31/2019		3.3	n/a
12/31/2020		47.8	n/a
12/31/2021		13.0	n/a
12/31/2022 (1)		228.4	n/a
Total Federal NOLs	$	850.1

(1) NOL amounts are estimates until the final tax returns are filed in October 2023.  Additionally, any NOLs that are generated subsequent to the enactment of the Tax Act on January 1, 2018, have an indefinite life.  

As of December 31, 2022, we had California NOL carryforwards of $624.8 million, which begin to expire in 2028.  We may not be able to realize the maximum benefit due to the nature and tax entities that holds the NOL.  

Our deferred tax assets are primarily the result of net operating losses and basis differences on mortgage securities. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance is based on the management's assessment that it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets, primarily net operating loss carryforwards, may not be realized in the foreseeable future due to objective negative evidence that we may not generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets.

A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. In determining the adequacy of the valuation allowance, we consider all forms of evidence, including: (1) historic earnings or losses; (2) the ability to realize deferred tax assets through carry back to prior periods; (3) anticipated taxable income resulting from the reversal of taxable temporary differences; (4) tax planning strategies; and (5) anticipated future earnings exclusive of the reversal of taxable temporary differences.

We are subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return.

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Results of Operations by Business Segment

We have three primary operating segments: Mortgage Lending, Real Estate Services and Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio. Unallocated corporate and other administrative costs, including the cost associated with being a public company as well as the interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and capital leases, are presented in Corporate. Segment operating results are as follows:

Mortgage Lending

Condensed Statements of Operations Data

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294	$	(58,977)	(90)	%
Servicing fees (expense), net		63		(432)		495	115
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		34		160	471
Broker fee income		50		—		50	n/a
Total revenues		6,624		64,896		(58,272)	(90)
Other income		1,377		122		1,255	1029
Personnel expense		(23,851)		(46,656)		22,805	49
General, administrative and other		(4,909)		(7,087)		2,178	31
Business promotion		(4,423)		(7,386)		2,963	40
Occupancy		(842)		(1,476)		634	43
(Loss) earnings before income taxes	$	(26,024)	$	2,413	$	(28,437)	(1,178)	%

For the year ended December 31, 2022, gain on sale of loans, net totaled $6.3 million compared to $65.3 million in the comparable 2021 period. The decrease in gain on sale of loans, net was most notably due to a $62.5 million decrease in gain on sale of loans, a $12.2 million increase in mark-to-market losses on LHFS, a $2.3 million increase in provision for repurchases and a $490 thousand decrease in premiums from servicing retained loan sales.  Partially offsetting these decreases in gain on sale of loans, net was a $13.2 million decrease in direct origination expenses and a $5.4 million increase in realized and unrealized net gains on derivative financial instruments.

The sharp decline in gain on sale reflects the intense pressure on mortgage originations due to the dramatic collapse of the mortgage refinance market and the weakening mortgage purchase market, which has suffered from a lack of housing inventory and a significant increase in mortgage interest rates resulting in customer home purchase   affordability issues. As previously discussed, the increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, caused a significant increase in credit spreads which accelerated throughout 2022, resulting in a substantial over supply of low coupon originations causing a severe decline in margins and diminishing capital market distribution exits for originators reliant upon an aggregation execution model.  To mitigate the risks associated with reduced distribution exits and extended settlement timelines, we began to pull back on production, significantly increasing the pricing on our loan products as well as completely shifting to best-efforts delivery for non-agency production in the first quarter of 2022.  As a result, origination volumes decreased significantly during 2022.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, we originated and sold $693.7 million and $978.6 million of mortgage loans, respectively, as compared to $2.9 billion and $2.8 billion of loans originated and sold, respectively, during the same period in 2021.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of historically low volume our margins were 91 bps as compared to 225 bps during the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, servicing fees, net were $63 thousand compared to servicing expenses, net of ($432) thousand in the comparable 2021 period.  The increase in servicing fees, net was due to the increase in the average size of our mortgage servicing portfolio resulting in increased servicing fees as compared to the same period in 2021.  For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $4.5 million and $52.2 million, respectively, in servicing retained loan sales.  As a result, the servicing portfolio average balance increased 29% to $66.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to an average balance of $51.2 million for the comparable period in 2021.  While we had continued to selectively retain mortgage servicing throughout 2022, in December 2022, we sold $68.0 million in UPB of

54

our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.   As a result of the servicing sale, we currently have no servicing portfolio at December 31, 2022.

The year over year increase in gain on MSRs, net was primarily due to the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales partially offset by a reduction due to the aforementioned servicing sale during the fourth quarter of 2022.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, gain on sale MSRs, net was $194 thousand compared to a gain of $34 thousand in the comparable 2021 period.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $264 thousand gain on MSRs, net as a result of the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales which was partially offset by an $18 thousand loss on sale of MSRs during the fourth quarter of 2022.  During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $160 thousand gain on MSRs, net as a result of the collection of holdbacks in excess of previously reserved for amounts on prior period mortgage servicing sales.  Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a $70 thousand loss from change in fair value of MSRs due to voluntary and scheduled prepayments partially offset by an increase in fair value changes associated with changes in market interest rates, inputs and assumptions.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a $126 thousand loss from change in fair value of MSRs due to voluntary and scheduled prepayments partially offset by an increase in fair value changes associated with changes in market interest rates, inputs and assumptions.  

As previously noted in Item 1.- “Business” of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in December 2022, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel CCM, to a broker rather than a direct lender.   As a result, during the fourth quarter of 2022 we had broker fee income of $50 thousand on $2.1 million of brokered loans.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, other income increased to $1.4 million as compared to $122 thousand in the comparable 2021 period. The $1.3 million increase in other income was primarily due to a $700 thousand increase in net interest spread between loans held-for-sale and their related warehouse borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the comparable period in 2021. As a result of the increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, as well as our efforts to increase the weighted average coupon on our production, we have positive net interest carry on our originations as the note rates on the underlying mortgage loans financed in most instances is greater than the financing rates on our warehouse lines of credit financing the originations, as compared to negative spread for the same period in the prior year. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2022, interest income on cash deposits increased $576 thousand as compared to the same period in the prior year, due to the increases in interest rates throughout 2022.

Personnel expense decreased $22.8 million to $23.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $46.7 million for the same period in 2021.  The decrease in personnel expense was primarily related to a reduction in variable compensation commensurate with reduced originations for the year ended December 31, 2022 as well as a reduction in headcount to support reduced volume as compared to the same period in 2021.  As a result, average headcount decreased 45% to 141 for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 257 for the same period in 2021. Although personnel expense decreased in the mortgage lending segment during 2022, it increased to 344 bps of fundings as compared to 161 bps for the comparable 2021 period.  

Business promotion decreased $3.0 million to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $7.4 million for the comparable period in 2021.  Business promotion previously remained low as a result of the prior more favorable interest rate environment requiring significantly less business promotion to source leads.  Beginning in second quarter of 2021, we began to increase our marketing expenditures in an effort to more directly target NonQM production in the retail channel, expand production expansion outside of California and maintain our lead volume as competition increased.  As a result of the dislocation within the NonQM market as a result of the significant increase in interest rates, starting in the second quarter of 2022 and continuing through the end of 2022, we reduced our marketing spend as we pulled back on our origination volumes to mitigate the aforementioned risks associated with the current environment.  Although we continue to source leads through digital campaigns, which allows for a more cost effective approach, the recent competitiveness among other lenders for NonQM production within the California market has driven up advertising costs.

General, administrative and other expenses decreased to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $7.1 million for the same period in 2021.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, general, administrative and other expenses decreased $2.2 million primarily due to a $1.2 million decrease in data processing, and other expense all related to a reduction in loan fundings during the period as well as an $938 thousand decrease in legal and professional

55

fees associated with a decrease in litigation and related expenses.  

Occupancy expense decreased to $842 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $1.5 million for the same period in 2021.  The decrease in occupancy expense was primarily due to a reduction in allocated rent to the mortgage lending division, partially offset by $123 thousand in ROU asset impairment.  During the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a $123 thousand ROU asset impairment charge related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within the Company’s corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value.

Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio

As previously noted above, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007, which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio. As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, we deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as the Company was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts. We will remain as the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the securitization trusts are collapsed, paid off or the master servicing rights are sold.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Other revenue	$	24	$	110	$	(86)	(78)	%
Personnel expense		(89)		(108)		19	18
General, administrative and other		(173)		(670)		497	74
Total expenses		(262)		(778)		516	66
Net interest (expense) income		(3,494)		4,160		(7,654)	(184)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		2,757		2,098		659	31
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		9,248		6,582		2,666	41
Total other income		8,511		12,840		(4,329)	(34)
Earnings before income taxes	$	8,273	$	12,172	$	(3,899)	(32)	%

For the year ended December 31, 2022, general, administrative and other expense decreased $497 thousand to $173 thousand as compared to $670 thousand for the same period in 2021. The decrease in general, administrative and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to the aforementioned sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio during the first quarter of 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net interest (expense) income was an expense of  $3.5 million as compared to income of $4.2 million for the comparable 2021 period. Net interest income decreased $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily attributable to a $6.9 million decrease as a result of the sale of the legacy portfolio in March 2022 as well as a reduction in net interest spread on the long-term mortgage portfolio prior to the sale.  Additionally, interest expense on the long-term debt increased $727 thousand as a result of an increase in 3-month LIBOR as well as an increase in accretion.  

During 2022, the estimated fair value of long-term debt decreased by $18.7 million to $27.8 million from $46.5 million at December 31, 2021.  The decrease in estimated fair value was the result of a $17.2 million change in the instrument specific credit risk (included in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations) primarily the result of an increase in the credit risk associated with the Company’s risk profile and a $2.8 million change in the market specific credit risk (included in Change in fair value of long-term debt in the consolidated statements of operations) as a result of an increase in the risk free rate component of the discount rate and forward LIBOR curve during 2022, partially offset by a $1.2 million increase due to accretion (included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations).

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The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a gain of $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.  As previously noted, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entails the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, in March 2022, we recorded a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio

Real Estate Services

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Real estate services fees, net	$	1,081	$	1,144	$	(63)	(6)	%
Personnel expense		(1,148)		(1,170)		22	2
General, administrative and other		(225)		(239)		14	6
Loss before income taxes	$	(292)	$	(265)	$	(27)	(10)	%

For the year ended December 31, 2022, real estate services fees, net were $1.1 million compared to $1.1 million in the comparable 2021 period. The $63 thousand decrease in real estate services fees, net was primarily the result of a $177 thousand decrease in loss mitigation fees partially offset by a $114 thousand increase in real estate service fees.  Additionally, as previously noted, in March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within the long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result, it is our expectation that the real estate services fees generated from the long term mortgage portfolio will continue to decline in future periods as the securitization trusts are called or collapsed by the purchaser.  

Corporate

	For the Year Ended December 31,
					$		%
	2022		2021		Change		Change
Interest expense	$	(1,743)	$	(1,860)	$	117	6	%
Other expenses		(19,608)		(16,267)		(3,341)	(21)
Loss before income taxes	$	(21,351)	$	(18,127)	$	(3,224)	(18)	%

For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense decreased to $1.7 million as compared to $1.9 million in the comparable 2021 period.  The $117 thousand decrease in interest expense was primarily a $228 thousand decrease in interest expense attributable to the $5.0 million pay down of the convertible notes in May 2022, partially offset by a $115 thousand increase in interest expense associated with the premium financing associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts liability.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, other expenses increased to $19.6 million as compared to $16.3 million for the comparable 2021 period. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the primary increase in other expense was due to $1.6 million in legal and professional fees primarily associated with the aforementioned Exchange Offer and a $1.7 million increase in occupancy expense.  The increase in occupancy expense was primarily attributable to the aforementioned modification and termination of our corporate office lease resulting in an additional $970 thousand in expense in the fourth quarter of 2022, ROU asset impairment of $123 thousand related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within our corporate office, a $214 thousand increase in CAM expense related to a true up of prior and current year maintenance for the building as well as a reduction in allocated rent to the mortgage lending division.  

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity reflects our ability to meet our current obligations (including our operating expenses and, when applicable, the retirement of our debt and margin calls relating to our Hedging Instruments and warehouse lines), fund new originations and purchases, meet servicing and master servicing requirements, and make investments as we identify them. As of December 31, 2022, unrestricted cash and cash equivalents were $25.9 million and uncommitted borrowing capacity under our warehouse lines was $41.0 million of which $3.6 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2022.  At December 31, 2022, we did not renew our $25.0 million warehouse facility further reducing our total warehouse capacity

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to $16.0 million with one counterparty.  

As previously noted, we have undertaken a number of initiatives during the latter half of 2022 and into the first quarter of 2023 that we believe will significantly reduce our expense run rate.  In January 2023, we exited our legacy commercial office space of 120,000 sq. ft. and relocated to a new 19,000 sq.ft. office space and paid a termination fee of $3.0 million. We estimate that the amount of base rent, common area maintenance (CAM) charges, storage, parking, and any other miscellaneous charges that would have been payable during the final 20 months of the original lease term would have been in excess of $8.8 million. The new lease term runs through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges would total approximately $800 thousand over the term of the lease, resulting in significant savings.

In line with our expense management strategies, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel, CashCall Mortgage (CCM) to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender at the end of 2022 and into 2023.  As noted in previous years, our GSE loan originations were sold directly through aggregators.  While we remain in good standing with our aggregator partners, the cost to produce retail loans in light of the rising rate environment and severe margin compression felt across the residential mortgage industry proved challenging—resulting in lower origination volumes and higher cost to produce throughout 2022.  The broker fulfillment model has many strengths including a reduced expense load associated with personnel, operational and technology support, and reduced marketing needs due to organic lead volume generated by the CCM brand.  Broker fulfillment also supports a broader product offering to CCM consumers, allowing the Company to move away from the expense and complexity of managing multiple lending products with support from several departments. We believe adopting a more cost-effective origination strategy is essential to managing the overall monthly expense load of the retail channel while also driving revenue across a broad spectrum of product offerings to consumers.

Our wholesale channel continued to experience significant volume and margin deterioration during the latter half of 2022, and into 2023.  The continued volatility experienced with the Non-QM market associated with liquidity, product offerings, expansive credit to meet consumer demand, and rising rates have all proven to be a considerable hindrance to maintaining a profitable channel in the wholesale space.  It is our belief that the market conditions and projections will not improve in the near term, and as a result in the first quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down operations within its wholesale channel until market conditions improve.  With minimal active loans in the pipeline, the Company had no outstanding warehousing or counterparty obligations associated with its wholesale activity.

In the first quarter of 2023, as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (CARES), we filed for $7.3 million of employee retention credit, which is a cash refund we qualified for based on the first, second and third quarters of 2021. We expect to receive the refund in the third or fourth quarter of 2023.

Although the Company currently forecasts adequate liquidity to operate its business for the next 12 months, repayment of $5.0 million in principal of Convertible Notes due May 9, 2023, with no additional added capital or liquidity, will result in a more limited amount of liquidity to operate the business.  The Company may seek to raise secured or unsecured debt, raise equity or working capital, retire or restructure the Convertible Notes (which pay down $5.0 million each May 9th for the next three years), pursue actions to reorganize the capital structure or redeploy the liquidity to other corporate finance and strategic opportunities. We cannot provide assurance that any of such efforts will be successful or will improve our liquidity.

Sources of Liquidity

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we funded our operations primarily from the sale of our legacy securitization portfolio, mortgage lending revenues and, to a lesser extent, real estate services fees and cash flows from our residual interests in securitizations.  Mortgage lending revenues include gain on sale of loans, net and other mortgage related income.  We funded mortgage loan originations using warehouse facilities, which are repaid once the loan is sold.  While we intend to raise additional capital by issuing debt or equity securities within the next year to support our operations, we cannot provide any assurance that our capital raise efforts will be successful.

Our results of operations and liquidity are materially affected by conditions in the markets for mortgages and mortgage-related assets, as well as the broader financial markets and the general economy. Concerns over economic recession, geopolitical issues, inflation and interest rates, unemployment, the availability and cost of financing, the mortgage market and real estate market conditions contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the

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economy and markets. Volatility and uncertainty in the marketplace may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing or raise capital on favorable terms or at all. Our operations and profitability may be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain cost-effective financing and profitable and stable distribution exits.

As previously discussed, the sharp and unexpected decline in gain on sale of loans, net reflects the intense pressure on mortgage originations due to the dramatic collapse of the mortgage refinance market and the weakening mortgage purchase market, which has suffered from a lack of housing inventory and a significant increase in mortgage interest rates resulting in customer home purchase affordability issues. The increase in interest rates which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, caused a significant increase in credit spreads which continued to accelerate throughout 2022, resulting in a substantial over supply of low coupon originations causing a severe decline in margins and diminishing capital market distribution exits for originators reliant upon an aggregation execution model.  To mitigate the risks associated with reduced distribution exits and extended settlement timelines, we pulled back on production, significantly increasing the pricing on our loan products as well as completely shifting to best-efforts delivery for non-agency production in the first quarter of 2022.  

Cash flows from our mortgage lending operations.  We receive loan fees from loan originations. Fee income consists of application and underwriting fees and fees on cancelled loans. These loan fees are offset by the related direct loan origination costs including broker fees related to our wholesale and correspondent channels. In addition, we generally recognize net interest income on loans held-for-sale from the date of origination through the date of disposition. We sell or securitize substantially all of the loans we originate in the secondary mortgage market, with servicing rights released or retained. Loans are sold on a whole loan basis by entering into sales transactions with third-party investors in which we receive a premium for the loan and related servicing rights, if applicable. The mortgage lending operations sold $978.6 billion and $2.8 billion of mortgages through whole loan sales and securitizations during 2022 and 2021, respectively.  Additionally, the mortgage lending operations enter into IRLCs and utilize Hedging Instruments and forward delivery commitments to hedge interest rate risk. We may be subject to pair-off gains and losses associated with these instruments. Since we rely significantly upon loan sales to generate cash proceeds to repay warehouse borrowings and to create credit availability, any disruption in our ability to complete loan sales may require us to utilize other sources of financing, which, if available at all, may be on less favorable terms. In addition, delays in the disposition of our mortgage loans increase our risk by exposing us to credit and interest rate risk for this extended period of time.

In December 2022, we completed the sale of $68.1 million in UPB of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.

As previously noted above, in December we began to broker loans and in the first quarter 2023, we repositioned our retail consumer direct channel CCM, to be a broker rather than a direct lender.   As a result, during the fourth quarter of 2022, we had broker fee income of $50 thousand on $2.1 million of brokered loans.  We expect broker fee income to substantially increase in 2023 as the pivot in strategy allows us to originate loans for consumers within a wider suite of loan products and programs—offering more flexibility around credit and pricing.

We receive servicing income net of subservicing cost and other related servicing expenses from our mortgage servicing portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2022, servicing fees increased to $63 thousand compared to servicing expenses, net of ($432) thousand in the comparable 2021 period, as a result of the servicing portfolio increasing to an average balance of $66.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to an average balance of $51.2 million for the comparable period in 2021.  While we had continued to selectively retain mortgage servicing throughout 2022, as previously noted, in December 2022 we completed the sale of $68.1 million in UPB of our government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing and transfer of all trailing documents.  As a result of the servicing sale, we have no servicing portfolio as of December 31, 2022.

Cash flows from our long-term mortgage portfolio (residual interests in securitizations).  In March 2022, we sold our residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007, which entailed the entire legacy securitization portfolio within our long-term mortgage portfolio. Pursuant to the terms of the Sale Agreement, the purchaser paid the Company an aggregate cash purchase price of $37.5 million.  In March 2022, we recorded a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio.  Prior to the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio, we received residual cash flows on mortgages held as securitized mortgage collateral after

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distributions were made to investors on securitized mortgage borrowings to the extent required credit enhancements are maintained and performance covenants were complied with for credit ratings on the securitized mortgage borrowings. Prior to the aforementioned sale and transfer of the legacy securitization portfolio in March 2022, the residual interests generated cash flows of $1.1 million in the first quarter of 2022 as compared to $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.   These cash flows represented the difference between principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages and are affected by the following:

● servicing and master servicing fees paid;

● premiums paid to mortgage insurers;

● cash payments/receipts on derivatives;

● interest paid on securitized mortgage borrowings;

● principal payments and prepayments paid on securitized mortgage borrowings;

● overcollateralization requirements;

● actual losses, net of any gains incurred upon disposition of other real estate owned or acquired in settlement of defaulted mortgages;

● unpaid interest shortfall; and

● basis risk shortfall.

Additionally, we act as the master servicer for mortgages included in our long-term mortgage portfolio, which consists of CMO and REMIC securitizations. The master servicing fees we earn are generally 0.03% per annum (3 basis points) on the declining principal balances of these mortgages plus interest income on cash held in custodial accounts until remitted to investors, less any interest shortfall. With the sale of the legacy securitization portfolio, we remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations with the expectation that the portfolio will decrease in size as deals are called or collapsed by the purchaser of the portfolio or payoff.

Fees from our real estate service business activities.  We earn fees from various real estate business activities, including loss mitigation, real estate disposition, monitoring and surveillance services and real estate brokerage. We provide services to investors, servicers and individual borrowers primarily by focusing on loss mitigation and performance of our long-term mortgage portfolio.  Real estate services fees, net have declined and will continue to decline over time as a result of the decline in the number of loans and the UPB of the long-term mortgage portfolio.  As a result of the aforementioned sale of the legacy securitization portfolio, it is our expectation that the real estate services fees, net generated from the long-term mortgage portfolio will decline in future periods as the securitizations are called or collapsed by the purchaser.  

Uses of Liquidity

Acquisition and origination of mortgage loans.  For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the mortgage lending operations originated or acquired $693.7 million and $2.9 billion, respectively, of mortgage loans. When we originate mortgage loans and draw on the warehouse lines, we must pledge eligible loan collateral and make a capital investment, which is outstanding until we sell the loans. Initial capital invested in mortgage loans includes premiums paid when mortgages are acquired and originated and our capital investment, or “haircut,” required upon financing, which is generally determined by the type of collateral provided and the warehouse facility terms. The haircuts are normally recovered from sales proceeds. With the shift to a broker delivery model in 2023, our reliance and use of liquidity related to warehouse line hair cuts are expected to be minimal.

Investment in mortgage servicing rights.  As part of our business plan, we have selectively invested in mortgage servicing rights through the sale of mortgage loans on a servicing retained basis and to a lesser extent the purchase of MSR pools.  Beginning in 2021, we retained less servicing by doing more whole loan sales, servicing released.  For the years

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ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized $46 thousand and $536 thousand in mortgage servicing rights, respectively, from selling $4.5 million and $52.2 million, respectively, in loans with servicing retained.  As previously noted, in December 2022, we sold our remaining government insured MSRs and do not currently hold any mortgage servicing.

Cash flows from financing facilities and other lending relationships.  We primarily fund our mortgage originations on a short-term basis through warehouse facilities with third-party lenders which are primarily with national and regional banks. Our warehouse facilities are short-term borrowings which mature in less than one year.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, we have reduced our warehouse lending capacity to $41.0 million from $615.0 at December 31, 2021, as we did not renew the $65.0 million facility that expired in May 2022, reduced the $200.0 million facility to $50.0 million in July 2022 and did not renew the facility at its September 2022 expiration; additionally we reduced the capacity of the $50.0 million funding facility to $25.0 million and the maturity of the line was moved up to December 31, 2022, which we did not renew.  In October 2022, we entered into a $1.0 million committed facility which expires in October 2023. In November 2022, we reduced the $300.0 million funding facility to $15.0 million upon renewal of the line as the line was predominately used for conventional and government insured originations. At December 31, 2022, the warehouse facilities borrowing capacity amounted to $41.0 million, of which $3.6 million was outstanding. At December 31, 2022, we did not renew our $25.0 million warehouse facility further reducing warehouse capacity to $16.0 million with one counterparty.  The warehouse facilities are secured by and used to fund single-family residential mortgage loans until such loans are sold. Under the terms of these warehouse lines, the Company is required to maintain various financial and other covenants. These financial covenants include, but are not limited to, maintaining (i) minimum tangible net worth, (ii) minimum liquidity, (iii) a maximum leverage ratio and (iv) pre-tax net income requirements. As of December 31, 2022, we were not in compliance with certain warehouse lending related covenants, and received the necessary waivers. In order to mitigate the liquidity risk associated with warehouse borrowings, we attempt to sell or securitize our mortgage loans expeditiously.

Our ability to meet liquidity requirements and the financing needs of our customers is subject to the renewal of our warehouse facilities or obtaining other sources of financing, if required, including additional debt or equity from time to time. Any decision our lenders or investors make to provide available financing to us in the future will depend upon a number of factors, including:

● our compliance with the terms of existing warehouse lines and credit arrangements, including any financial covenants;

● the ability to obtain waivers upon any noncompliance;

● our financial performance;

● industry and market trends in our various businesses;

● the general availability of, and rates applicable to, financing and investments;

● our lenders or investors resources and policies concerning loans and investments; and

● the relative attractiveness of alternative investment or lending opportunities.

Repurchase Reserve.  When we sell loans through whole loan sales we are required to make normal and customary representations and warranties about the loans to the purchaser. Our whole loan sale agreements generally require us to repurchase loans if we breach a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale.

From time to time, investors have requested us to repurchase loans or to indemnify them against losses on certain loans which the investors believe either do not comply with applicable representations or warranties or defaulted shortly after its purchase. We record an estimated reserve for these losses at the time the loan is sold, and adjust the reserve to reflect the estimated loss.

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Financing Activities

Long-term Debt (consisting of Junior Subordinated Notes). The Junior Subordinated Notes are redeemable at par at any time with a stated maturity of March 2034 and require quarterly distributions at 3-month LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum. At December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 8.52%. We are current on all interest payments. At December 31, 2022, long-term debt had an outstanding principal balance of $62.0 million with an estimated fair value of $27.8 million and is reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as long-term debt.

Convertible Notes.  In May 2015, we issued $25.0 million Convertible Promissory Notes (Notes) to purchasers, some of which are related parties.  The Notes were originally due to mature on or before May 9, 2020 and accrue interest at a rate of 7.5% per annum, paid quarterly.  

Noteholders may convert all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock (Conversion Shares) at a rate of $21.50 per share, subject to adjustment for stock splits and dividends (Conversion Price). The Company has the right to convert the entire outstanding principal of the Notes into Conversion Shares at the Conversion Price if the market price per share of the common stock, as measured by the average volume-weighted closing stock price per share of the common stock on the NYSE AMERICAN (or any other U.S. national securities exchange then serving as the principal such exchange on which the shares of common stock are listed), reaches the level of $30.10 for any twenty (20) trading days in any period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days after the Closing Date (as defined in the Convertible Notes). Upon conversion of the Notes by the Company, the entire amount of accrued and unpaid interest (and all other amounts owing) under the Notes are immediately due and payable. To the extent the Company pays any cash dividends on its shares of common stock prior to conversion of the Notes, upon conversion of the Notes, the noteholders will also receive such dividends on an as-converted basis of the Notes less the amount of interest paid by the Company prior to such dividend.  

On April 15, 2020, the Company amended and restated the outstanding Notes in the principal amount of $25.0 million originally issued in May 2015 pursuant to the terms of the Note Agreement between the Company and the noteholders of the Notes. The Notes were amended to extend the maturity date by six months (until November 9, 2020) and to reduce the interest rate on such Notes to 7.0% per annum.  In connection with the issuance of the Amended Notes, the Company issued to the noteholders of the Notes, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 212,649 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cash exercise price of $2.97 per share. The relative fair value of the warrants were $244 thousand and recorded as debt discounts, which are accreted over the term of the warrants (October 2020), using an effective interest rate of 8.9%.  The warrants are exercisable commencing on October 16, 2020 and expire on April 15, 2025.

On October 28, 2020, the Company entered into agreements with certain holders of the Notes due November 9, 2020 in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million to further extend the maturity date of the Notes from November 9, 2020, by an additional 18-months to May 9, 2022 and to decrease the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to $20.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on November 9, 2020.  The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum.  

On April 29, 2022, we entered into an agreement to repay $5.0 million of the outstanding Notes on May 9, 2022, the date of maturity of such Notes, and extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on May 9, 2022.  We decreased the aggregate principal amount of the new Notes to $15.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on May 9, 2022 (Third Amendment).  The Notes were due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the Stated Maturity Date of May 9, 2025, provided we completed the contemplated Exchange Offer and provided notice of redemption of our remaining outstanding Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock by October 31, 2022, as described below.  On October 20, 2022, we received approval for the Exchange offer and subsequently provided notice of redemption of our remaining preferred stock, as further described below.  As a result, the Notes are due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the stated maturity date of May 9, 2025.  The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum.

Operating activities.  Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $249.6 million for 2022 as compared to $(104.5) million for 2021, primarily due to the timing of originations and sales of loans held-for-sale between 2022 and 2021. During 2022 and 2021, the primary sources of cash in operating activities were cash received from fees generated by our mortgage and real estate service business activities, cash received from mortgage lending and excess cash flows from our residual interests in securitizations offset by operating expenses.

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Investing activities.  Net cash provided by investing activities was $110.4 million for 2022 as compared to $600.0 million for 2021.  For 2022 and 2021, the primary source of cash from investing activities was provided by principal repayments on our securitized mortgage collateral as well as the sale of mortgage servicing rights and proceeds from the liquidation of REO and sale of the legacy securitization portfolio.  

Financing activities.  Net cash used in financing activities was $365.2 million for 2022 as compared to $520.0 million for 2021. For 2022, significant uses of cash in financing activities were primarily for net repayments against warehouse agreements, principal repayments on securitized mortgage borrowings and the partial repayment of the Convertible notes.  For 2021, significant uses of cash in financing activities were primarily for principal repayments on securitized mortgage borrowings, partially offset by net borrowings against warehouse agreements.  

Inflation.  The consolidated financial statements and corresponding notes to the consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, inflation had no significant impact on our revenues or net income. Almost all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates have a greater effect on our performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. Inflation affects our operations primarily through its effect on interest rates, since interest rates normally increase during periods of high inflation and decrease during periods of low inflation.

Our results of operations and liquidity are materially affected by conditions in the markets for mortgages and mortgage-related assets, as well as the broader financial markets and the general economy. Concerns over economic recession, geopolitical issues, unemployment, the availability and cost of financing, the mortgage market and real estate market conditions contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets. Volatility and uncertainty in the marketplace may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing or raise capital on favorable terms or at all. Our operations and profitability may be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain cost-effective financing and profitable and stable capital market distribution exits.

Given our lack of conventional GSE origination volume and servicing rights over the past several years, with no direct GSE deliveries to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since 2016 and 2020, respectively, we intend to voluntarily relinquish our GSE Seller/Servicer designation which has been suspended during these period of non-delivery. We expect to be a third-party originator with both GSE’s to support our broker model as needed.

As disclosed within Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies, on July 15, 2021, the Maryland Court of Appeals issued its decision affirming the decisions of the Maryland Circuit Court (the Circuit Court) and the Court of Special Appeals granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights language interpretation. Accordingly, the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary were not validly adopted and the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary remained in effect.

As a result, as of September 30, 2022, the Company had cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred, thereby increasing the liquidation value to approximately $55.47 per share. Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears increased by $0.5859 per Series B Preferred share, or approximately $390 thousand. The accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred were payable only upon declaration by the Board of Directors, and the liquidation preference, inclusive of Series B Preferred cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, was only payable upon voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.  In addition, the Company was required to pay an amount equal to three quarters of dividends on the Series B Preferred stock under the 2004 Series B Preferred Articles Supplementary (approximately $1.2 million, which had been previously accrued for (such amount, the 2009 Dividend Amount) to Series B Preferred shareholders as of August 15, 2022, into the registry of the Circuit Court no later than August 19, 2022, to be held pending final resolution of all issues and final determination by the Circuit Court of the appropriate distribution of those funds. The Company deposited the 2009 Dividend Amount on August 18, 2022.

At September 30, 2022, the Company had $72.0 million in outstanding liquidation preference of series B Preferred and Series C Preferred stock (including cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock). The holders of each series of Preferred Stock, which carried limited voting rights and were redeemable at the option of the Company, retained the right to a $25.00 per share liquidation preference (plus cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock) in the event of a liquidation of the Company and the right to receive dividends on the Preferred

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Stock if any such dividends were declared (and, in the case of the Series B Preferred stock, before any dividends or other distributions are made to holders of junior stock, including the Company’s common stock). However as further discussed below, holders of Preferred B stock and Preferred C stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Preferred Stock, other than the rights of holders of Preferred B stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

On September 14, 2022, the Company commenced exchange offers (the Exchange Offers) and a consent solicitation for its outstanding shares of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock. On October 20, 2022 (the Expiration Date), the exchange offers and consent solicitation expired with approximately 69% of the Series B Preferred stock and approximately 67% of the Series C Preferred stock tendering their shares and voting in favor of certain amendments to the Company’s charter as discussed in further detail below. Holders of Series B Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series B Consideration), for each share of Series B Preferred stock tendered, (i) 13.33 shares of newly issued common stock and (ii) thirty (30) shares of newly issued 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series D Preferred stock).  Holders of Series C Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series C Consideration), for each share of Series C Preferred stock tendered, (i) 1.25 shares of newly issued common stock, (ii) 1.5 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and (iii) one (1) share of Series D Preferred stock. In connection with the closing of the Exchange Offers, the Company issued on October 26, 2022, a total of 7,330,319 shares of newly issued common stock, 14,773,811 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 1,425,695 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

Concurrently with the Exchange Offers, the Company received consent from the requisite holders of each of its outstanding Series B Preferred stock and its outstanding Series C Preferred stock to amend its charter to (i) make all shares of Series B Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series B Consideration and (ii) make all shares of Series C Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series C Consideration. On October 27, 2022, the Company provided notice to holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock that such shares would be redeemed (the Redemption) on November 15, 2022 upon which holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock will only be entitled to receive the Series B Consideration and the Series C Consideration, as the case may be.  In connection with the Redemption, the Company issued approximately 3,298,439 shares of newly issued common stock, 6,599,035 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 681,923 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

All holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption only received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Series B Preferred stock or Series C Preferred stock (whether or not such dividends have accumulated and whether or not such dividends accrued before or after completion of the Exchange Offers), other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

In addition, on August 25, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Order to Segregate Funds and/or Stock (Segregation Order), directing the Company, if the Exchange Offer for the Series B Preferred stock is completed prior to December 5, 2022, to deposit 13,311,840 shares of Series D Preferred stock, plus, in either event, 4,437,280 shares of newly issued common stock (collectively, the Series B Common Fund) in the custody of a third party custodian or escrow agent approved by class counsel. The Exchange Offer was approved and closed with respect to tendered shares on October 26, 2022, and the Company deposited the required stock with a third party pursuant to the Segregation Order.  On August 29, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an order approving the form and substance of the notice by which the Company and the class notice administrator are required to give notice to the Series B Preferred stock class of the final hearing date of December 5, 2022, and the opportunity to file objections to the proposed final injunctive relief and to the applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives. On dates between September 7 through September 19, the Company and the notice administrator provided the notice required by the August 29, 2022 order.

On December 5, 2022, the Circuit Court held a final hearing on all outstanding matters identified in the notice. On December 16, 2022, the Circuit Court issued its Final Judgment Order which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment,

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granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses.  In February 2023, pursuant to the Final Judgement Order, (i) the 2009 Dividend Amount was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion going to pay attorney’s fees, litigation costs and incentive payments and (ii) the Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock that was held in escrow was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion of the Series D Preferred Stock going to pay attorney’s fees to Class Counsel.

The Series D Preferred stock (w) ranks senior to the Common stock as to dividends and upon liquidation; (x) is non-participating, and bears a cumulative cash dividend from and including the original issue date at a fixed rate equal to 8.25% per annum (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $.00825 per share of the Series D Preferred stock); (y) bears an initial liquidation preference of $0.10 per share and (z) is mandatorily redeemable by the Company for cash at a redemption price of $0.10 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) on (A) the 60th day, or such earlier date as the Company may fix, after the date of any public announcement by the Company of annual or quarterly financial statements that indicate that payment of the redemption price would not cause the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL unless, before such redemption date, the Company’s Board of Directors determines in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and for any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption and which have become redeemable as of the applicable redemption date would cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions, as defined below, or (B) any date the Company fixes not more than sixty (60) days after any determination by the Board of Directors (which the Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, is obligated to undertake after the release of annual and quarterly financial statements and upon any capital raise) in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption rights that have become redeemable as of such redemption date would not cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions. A violation of the “Cash Consideration Restrictions” will occur if the occurrence of an action would cause (i) the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL, (ii) any material breach of or default under the terms and conditions of any obligation of the Company, including any agreement relating to its indebtedness, or (iii) the Company to violate any restriction or prohibition of any law rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any order, judgment or decree of any court or administrative agency.

As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock as a result of the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred Stock from the date of issuance.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per Series D Preferred share, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred liquidation preference.

We believe the mortgage and real estate services market is volatile, highly competitive and subject to increased regulation. Competition in mortgage lending comes primarily from mortgage bankers, commercial banks, credit unions and other finance companies which operate in our market area as well as throughout the United States. We compete for loans principally on the basis of the interest rates and loan fees we charge, the types of loans we originate and the quality of services we provide to borrowers, brokers and sellers.  

We believe that current cash balances, cash flows from our mortgage lending operations, real estate services fees generated from our long-term mortgage portfolio and availability on our warehouse lines of credit are adequate for our current operating needs based on the current operating environment.  We may seek to raise secured or unsecured debt, raise equity or working capital, retire or restructure the Convertible Notes which pays down $5.0 million each May 9 for the next three years, pursue actions to reorganize the capital structure or redeploy the liquidity to other corporate finance however we cannot provide any assurance that our efforts will be successful.

While we continue to pay our obligations as they become due, the ability to continue to meet our current and long-term obligations is dependent upon many factors, particularly our ability to successfully operate our mortgage lending and real estate services segment as well as seek additional capital. Our future financial performance and profitability are dependent in large part upon the ability to operate our mortgage lending platform successfully.

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Operational and Market Risks

We are exposed to a variety of operation and market risks which include interest rate risk, credit risk, operational risk, real estate risk, prepayment risk, and liquidity risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest Rate Risk—Mortgage Lending.  We are exposed to interest rate risks relating to our ongoing mortgage lending operations. We use derivative instruments to manage some of our interest rate risk. However, we do not attempt to hedge interest rate risk completely. Our interest rate risk arises from the financial instruments and positions we hold. This includes mortgage loans held-for-sale, MSRs and derivative financial instruments. These risks are regularly monitored by executive management that identify and manage the sensitivity of earnings or capital to changing interest rates to achieve our overall financial objectives.

Our principal market exposure is to interest rate risk, specifically changes in long-term Treasury rates and mortgage interest rates due to their impact on mortgage-related assets and commitments. We are also exposed to changes in short-term interest rates, such as LIBOR, on certain variable rate borrowings including our term financing and mortgage warehouse borrowings.  The withdrawal and replacement of LIBOR with an alternative benchmark rate may introduce a number of risks for our business and the financial services industry.  While cessation timelines have been agreed by the industry and regulatory authorities, we continue to assess how the discontinuation of existing benchmark rates could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Refer to “Risk Factors” for additional discussion regarding risks associated with the replacement of LIBOR.

Our business is subject to variability in results of operations in both the mortgage origination and mortgage servicing activities due to fluctuations in interest rates. In a declining interest rate environment, we would expect our mortgage production activities’ results of operations to be positively impacted by higher loan origination volumes and gain on sale margins.

Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) represent an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage loan applicant, or an agreement to purchase a loan from a third-party originator, whereby the interest rate on the loan is set prior to funding. Our mortgage loans held-for-sale, which are held in inventory awaiting sale into the secondary market, and our interest rate lock commitments, are subject to changes in mortgage interest rates from the date of the commitment through the sale of the loan into the secondary market. As such, we are exposed to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the lock commitment through the earlier of (i) the lock commitment cancellation or expiration date; or (ii) the date of sale into the secondary mortgage market. Loan commitments generally range between 15 and 60 days; and our holding period of the mortgage loan from funding to sale is typically within 15 - 45 days for agency loans and 45 – 75 days for NonQM loans.

We manage the interest rate risk associated with our outstanding IRLCs and mortgage loans held-for-sale by entering into derivative loan instruments such as forward loan sales commitments or To-Be-Announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA Forward Commitments). We expect these derivatives will experience changes in fair value opposite to changes in fair value of the derivative IRLCs and mortgage loans held-for-sale, thereby reducing earnings volatility. We take into account various factors and strategies in determining the portion of the mortgage pipeline (derivative loan commitments) and mortgage loans held-for-sale we want to economically hedge. Our expectation of how many of our IRLCs will ultimately close is a key factor in determining the notional amount of derivatives used in hedging the position.

Mortgage loans held-for-sale are financed by our warehouse lines of credit which generally carry variable rates. Mortgage loans held-for-sale are carried on our consolidated balance sheets on average for only 15 to 45 days after closing and prior to being sold. As a result, we believe that any negative impact related to our variable rate warehouse borrowings resulting from a shift in market interest rates would not be material to our consolidated financial statements.

Interest Rate Risk—Securitized Trusts and Long-term Debt.  Prior to the sale of the legacy securitized portfolio, our earnings from the long-term mortgage portfolio depended largely on our interest rate spread, represented by the relationship between the yield on our interest-earning assets (primarily securitized mortgage collateral) and the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities (primarily securitized mortgage borrowings and long-term debt). Our interest rate spread was

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impacted by several factors, including general economic factors, forward interest rates and the credit quality of mortgage loans in the long-term mortgage portfolio.

The residual interests in our long-term mortgage portfolio were sensitive to changes in interest rates on securitized mortgage collateral and the related securitized mortgage borrowings as any reduction in interest rate spread resulted in a reduction in residual cash flows received. Changes in interest rates affected the cash flows and fair values of our trust assets and liabilities, as well as our earnings and stockholders’ (deficit) equity.

We are also subject to interest rate risk on our long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes). These interest bearing liabilities include adjustable rate periods based on three-month LIBOR plus a margin (junior subordinated notes). We do not currently hedge our exposure to the effect of changing interest rates related to these interest-bearing liabilities. Significant fluctuations in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Credit Risk

We are subject to credit risk in connection with our loan sale transactions. We provide representations and warranties to purchasers and insurers of the loans sold that typically are in place for the life of the loan. In the event of a breach of these representations and warranties, we may be required to repurchase a mortgage loan or indemnify the purchaser, and any subsequent loss on the mortgage loan may be borne by us unless we have recourse to our correspondent seller.

We maintain a reserve for losses on loans repurchased or indemnified as a result of breaches of representations and warranties on our sold loans. Our estimate is based on our most recent data regarding loan repurchases and indemnity payments, actual losses on repurchased loans, and recovery history, among other factors. Our assumptions are affected by factors both internal and external in nature. Internal factors include, among other things, level of loan sales, the expectation of credit loss on repurchases and indemnifications, our success rate at appealing repurchase demands and our ability to recover any losses from third parties. External factors that may affect our estimate includes, among other things, the overall economic condition in the housing market, the economic condition of borrowers, the political environment at investor agencies and the overall U.S. and world economy. Many of the factors are beyond our control and may lead to judgments that are susceptible to change.

Counterparty Credit Risk.  We are exposed to counterparty credit risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to various agreements. In general, we manage such risk by selecting only counterparties that we believe to be financially strong and disperse risk among multiple counterparties when possible.  We monitor our counterparties and currently do not anticipate losses due to counterparty non-performance.  As of December 31, 2022, we believe there were no significant concentrations of credit risk related to our exposure with any individual counterparty.

Credit Risk-Securitized Trusts.  Prior to the sale of the legacy securitized portfolio, we managed credit risk by actively managing delinquencies and defaults through our servicers. Starting with the second half of 2007, we had not retained any additional mortgages in our long-term mortgage portfolio. Our securitized mortgage collateral primarily consisted of non-conforming mortgages which when originated were generally within typical Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guidelines but had loan characteristics, which may have included higher loan balances, higher loan-to-value ratios or lower documentation requirements (including stated-income loans), that made them non-conforming under those guidelines.

Using historical losses, current portfolio statistics and market conditions and available market data, we had estimated future loan losses on the long- term mortgage portfolio, which were included in the fair value adjustment to our securitized mortgage collateral. The credit performance for the loans had been clearly far worse than our initial expectations when the loans were originated. We had seen some restoration of real estate values, however the ultimate level of realized losses were largely be influenced by local real estate conditions in areas where underlying properties are located, including the recovery of the housing market and overall strength of the economy.

We monitor our servicers to attempt to ensure that they perform loss mitigation, foreclosure and collection functions according to their servicing practices and each securitization trust’s pooling and servicing agreement. We have met with the management of our servicers to assess our borrowers’ current ability to pay their mortgages and to make arrangements with selected delinquent borrowers which will result in the best interest of the trust and borrower, in an effort

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to minimize the number of mortgages which become seriously delinquent. When resolving delinquent mortgages, servicers are required to take timely action. The servicer is required to determine payment collection under various circumstances, which will result in the maximum financial benefit. This is accomplished by either working with the borrower to bring the mortgage current by modifying the loan with terms that will maximize the recovery or by foreclosing and liquidating the property. At a foreclosure sale, the trusts consolidated on our consolidated balance sheets generally acquire title to the property.

Operational Risk

Operational risk is inherent in our business practices and related support functions. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, human factors or external events.  Operational risk may occur in any of our business activities and can manifest itself in various ways including, but not limited to, errors resulting from business process failures, material disruption in business activities, system breaches and misuse of sensitive information and failures of outsourced business processes.  These events could result in non-compliance with laws or regulations, regulatory fines and penalties, litigation or other financial losses, including potential losses resulting from lost client relationships.

Our business is subject to extensive regulation by federal, state and local government authorities, which require us to operate in accordance with various laws, regulations, and judicial and administrative decisions. While we are not a bank, our business subjects us to both direct and indirect banking supervision (including examinations by our clients' regulators), and each client may require a unique compliance model. In recent years, there have been a number of developments in laws and regulations that have required, and will likely continue to require, widespread changes to our business.  The frequent introduction of new rules, changes to the interpretation or application of existing rules, increased focus of regulators, and near-zero defect performance expectations have increased our operational risk related to compliance with laws and regulations.

Our operational risk includes managing risks relating to information systems and information security.  As a service provider, we actively utilize technology and information systems to operate our business and support business development.  We also must safeguard the confidential personal information of our customers, as well as the confidential personal information of the employees and customers of our clients.  We consider industry best practices to manage our technology risk, and we continually develop and enhance the controls, processes and systems to protect our information systems and data from unauthorized access.

To monitor and control this risk, we have established policies, procedures and a controls framework that are designed to provide sound and consistent risk management processes and transparent operational risk reporting. 

Real Estate Risk

Residential property values are subject to volatility and may be negatively affected by numerous factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions such as unemployment and interest rate environment; local real estate conditions including housing inventory and foreclosures; and demographic factors. Decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral securing and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could cause us to suffer losses.

Prepayment Risk

Prepayment speed is a measurement of how quickly UPB is reduced. Items reducing UPB include normal monthly loan principal payments, loan refinancing’s, voluntary property sales and involuntary property sales such as foreclosures or short sales. Prepayment speed impacts future servicing fees, fair value of mortgage servicing rights and float income. When prepayment speed increases, our servicing fees decrease faster than projected due to the shortened life of a portfolio. Faster prepayment speeds will cause our mortgage servicing rights fair value to decrease.

We historically used prepayment penalties as a method of partially mitigating prepayment risk for those borrowers that have the ability to refinance. The historically low interest rate environment, availability of credit and home price appreciation had increased borrower’s ability to refinance and significantly increased prepayment speeds within the long-term mortgage portfolio.

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Liquidity Risk

We are exposed to liquidity risks relating to our ongoing mortgage lending operations. We primarily fund our mortgage lending originations through warehouse facilities with third-party lenders. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information regarding liquidity.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

When we sell or broker loans through whole-loan sales, we are required to make normal and customary representations and warranties to the loan originators or purchasers, including guarantees against early payment defaults typically 90 days, and fraudulent misrepresentations by the borrowers. Our agreements generally require us to repurchase loans if we breach a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale. Because the loans are no longer on our consolidated balance sheets, the representations and warranties are considered a guarantee. During 2022 and 2021, we sold $978.6 million and $2.8 billion, respectively, of loans subject to representations and warranties. At December 31, 2022, we had $5.9 million in repurchase reserve as compared to a reserve of $4.7 million as of December 31, 2021.

See disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements under “Commitments and Contingencies” for other arrangements that qualify as off balance sheets arrangements.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information required by this Item 8 is incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Independent Auditors’ Report beginning at page F-1 of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Company’s management, with the participation of its chief executive officer (CEO) and its principal financial officer (PFO), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s CEO and PFO concluded that, as of that date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Section 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s CEO and PFO to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

As of December 31, 2022, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (COSO). Based on the criteria established by COSO, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

Our management, including our CEO and PFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by improper management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with associated policies or procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, there is a risk that material misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and will not be detected on a timely basis.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION

None

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item 10 is hereby incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s fiscal year.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item 11 is hereby incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s fiscal year.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item 12 including Equity Compensation Plan Information is hereby incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s fiscal year.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item 13 is hereby incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s fiscal year.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item 14 is hereby incorporated by reference to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s fiscal year.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) Financial Statements - Consolidated financial statements are included under Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules - All financial statement schedules have been omitted either because they are not applicable or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements.

(a)(3) Exhibits - The exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are incorporated by reference into this Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Exhibit Number	Description
2.1	Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement by and among Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and the other parties named therein, dated March 16, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 22, 2022).
3.1	Articles of Amendment and Restatement (Charter) of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S 4, as amended (File No. 33 266167), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2022).
3.1(a)	Certificate of Correction to the Company’s Charter (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(a) of the Company’s 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 1999).
3.1(b)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter to correct certain sections of Article VII (Restriction Transfer and Redemption of Shares) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit  3.1(b) of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K  filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 1999).

71

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1(c)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter for change of name of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(a) of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A Amendment No. 1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 12, 1998).
3.1(d)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, increasing authorized shares of Common Stock of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit  10 of the Company’s Form 8-A/A, Amendment No. 2, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 30, 2002).
3.1(e)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, amending and restating Article VII [Restriction or Transfer, Acquisition and Redemption of Shares] (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 7 of the Company’s Form 8-A/A, Amendment No. 1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2004).
3.1(f)	Articles Supplementary to Company’s Charter designating 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, par value $0.01 per share, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit  3.8 of the Company’s Form 8-A/A, Amendment No. 1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2004).
3.1(g)	Articles Supplementary to Company’s Charter designating 9.125% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, par value $0.01 per share, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.10 of the Company’s Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 19, 2004).
3.1(h)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, effecting 1-for-10 reverse stock split (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 30, 2008).
3.1(i)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, to decrease Common Stock par value (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 30, 2008).
3.1(j)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, to amend and restate Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2009).
3.1(k)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, to amend and restate Series C Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2009).
3.1(l)	Articles Supplementary to the Company’s Charter to reclassify and designate Series A-1 Junior Participating Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 4, 2013).
3.1(m)	Certificate of Correction to the Company’s Charter Designating 9.375% Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2022).
3.1(n)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter to permit the closing of the Company’s Exchange Offers and make the Series B Preferred Stock redeemable for certain stock consideration, effective October 24, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022).
3.1(o)	Articles of Amendment to the Company’s Charter, to permit the closing of the Company’s Exchange Offers and make the Series C Preferred Stock redeemable for certain stock and warrant consideration, effective October 24, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022).
3.1(p)	Articles Supplementary to the Company’s Charter designating 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $0.10 per share, par value $0.01 per share, effective October 24, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022).
3.1(q)	Articles Supplementary to Company’s Charter reclassifying and designating all authorized shares of the Company’s 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 9.125% Series C  Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share as additional shares of the Company’s Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 21, 2022).

72

Exhibit Number	Description
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended to date (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 3, 2020).
4.1	Form of Stock Certificate of the Company (incorporated by reference to the corresponding exhibit number to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, as amended (File No. 33-96670), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 7, 1995).
4.2	Junior Subordinated Indenture between Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee, related to Junior Subordinated Note due 2034 in the principal amount of $30,244,000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2009).
4.3	Junior Subordinated Indenture between Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee, related to Junior Subordinated Note due 2034 in the principal amount of $31,756,000 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2009).
4.4	Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement dated as of October 23, 2019 by and between Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Rights Agent (incorporated by referenced to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 23, 2019).
4.4(a)	First Amendment to Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement, dated as of August 26, 2022, by and between Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 29, 2022).
4.5+	Description of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
4.6	Form of Warrant, dated April 15, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 16, 2020)
4.7	Warrant Agreement with American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, dated October 25, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022).
4.8	Form of Warrant issued in Exchange Offer for Company’s Series C Preferred Stock (included in Exhibit 4.7) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022).
10.1	Form of 2018 Indemnification Agreement with Officers and Directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2018).
10.2	Lease dated March 4, 2005 regarding 19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2005).
10.2(a)	Amendment to Office Lease, dated September 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 28, 2016).
10.2(b)	Lease Termination Agreement, dated December 15, 2022, by and between Impac Funding Corporation and Jacaranda Holdings (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 21, 2022).
10.3*	Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan, (as amended) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2019).
10.3(a)*	Form of Notice of Grant of Incentive/Non Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement for 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2010).
10.3(b)*	Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.7 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 10, 2010).

73

Exhibit Number	Description
10.3(c)*	Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2001 Stock Option, Deferred Stock and Restricted Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 9, 2004).
10.4*	Non-Employee Director Deferred Stock Unit Award Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2011).
10.4(a)*	Form of Notice of Grant Under Non-Employee Director Deferred Stock Unit Award Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6(a) of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2011).
10.5	RESERVED
10.6	Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2015 by and among Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and the purchasers identified therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commissionon on August 12, 2015).
10.6 (a)	Form of Second Amended and Restated Convertible Promissory Note Due May 9, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commissionon October 29, 2020).
10.6 (b)	Form of Third Amended and Restated Convertible Promissory Note Due May 9, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022).
10.7	Loan and Security Agreement dated as of February 10, 2017 between Impac Mortgage Corp. and Western Alliance Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2017).
10.7(a)	Promissory Note dated as of February 10, 2017 issued by Impac Mortgage Corp. to Western Alliance Bank  (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1(a) of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2017).
10.8	Line of Credit Promissory Note with Merchants Bank of Indiana, dated August 17, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2017).
10.9(a)	Security Agreement executed by Impac Mortgage Corp. in favor of Merchants Bank of Indiana, dated August 17, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2017).
10.9(b)	Amendment dated February 7, 2018 to Line of Credit Promissory Note with Merchants Bank of Indiana. (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.15(b) the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2018).
10.9(c)	Amendment dated May 16, 2018 to Line of Credit Promissory Note with Merchants Bank of Indiana (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2018.
10.9(d)	Confirmation and Amendment dated April 18, 2019 to Line of Credit Promissory Note with Merchants Bank of Indiana (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 9, 2019).
10.10*	Key Executive Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2018 between Impac Mortgage Corp, Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and George Mangiaracina (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 10, 2018).
10.11*	Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (“2020 Equity Incentive Plan”) (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Form DEF 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2020).
10.11(a)*	Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 25, 2020).

74

Exhibit Number	Description
10.11(b)*	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 25, 2020).
10.11(c)*	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 25, 2020).
10.12*	Compensation and Severance Summary with Joseph Joffrion, dated October 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2022).
10.13*	Compensation and Severance Summary with Justin Moisio, dated October 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2022).
10.14*	Compensation and Severance Summary with Tiffany Entsminger, dated October 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2022).
10.15*#	Employment, Separation and General Release Agreement between Obi Nwokorie and Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., dated July 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2022).
10.16	Form of Voting Agreement in connection with Exchange Offers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the  Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2022).
10.17	Form of Amendment No. 1 to Voting Agreement in connection with Exchange Offers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 23, 2022).
10.18	Form of Additional Voting Agreement in connection with Exchange Offers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 23, 2022).
21.1+	Subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1+	Consent of Baker Tilly US, LLP.
31.1+	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2++	Certification of Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following financial information from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (1) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (2) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, (3) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (4) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (5) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

+ Filed herewith.

++ Furnished herewith

*Denotes a management or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an Exhibit pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S K

**This Exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.

75

#Attachments omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. Company undertakes to provide omitted schedule and attachments to the SEC upon request. Portions of this exhibit have been omitted as such information is not material and is the type that the Company normally treats as private or confidential.

NOTE: Filings on Form 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K are under SEC File No. 001-14100.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None

76

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Newport Beach, State of California, on the 16th day of March 2023.

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.
by	/s/ GEORGE A MANGIARACINA
	George A Mangiaracina
	Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ George A. Mangiaracina	Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and	March 16, 2023
George A. Mangiaracina	Director (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jon Gloeckner	SVP, Treasury & Financial Reporting (Interim Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	March 16, 2023
Jon Gloeckner
/s/ Katherine Blair	Director	March 16, 2023
Katherine Blair
/s/ Frank P. Filipps	Director	March 16, 2023
Frank P. Filipps
/s/ Stewart B. Koenigsberg	Director	March 16, 2023
Stewart B Koenigsberg
/s/ Joseph Piscina	Director	March 16, 2023
Joseph Piscina

77

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 23)	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-9

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' (deficit) equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-2

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Assessment of Going Concern

Description of the Matter:

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates its ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from our report date. The Company has a history of incurring losses from operations, an accumulated deficit, and expects to incur additional losses and net cash outflows from operating activities in the near-term. Although the Company believes that it will be able to successfully fund its operations for at least 12 months from our report date, there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so. As a result, the Company evaluated whether there is substantial doubt around its ability to continue as a going concern as of December 31, 2022. We identified management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern as a critical audit matter. A high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort was required to evaluate the Company’s ability to execute its plans and the associated forecasted cash flows used in the Company’s going concern analysis.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit:

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included, among others:

● Obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of internal controls over the Company’s going concern assessment process.

● Evaluated the reasonableness of management’s cash flow forecasts and liquidity position by assessing the significant assumptions and estimates. We also evaluated the appropriateness and tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis.

● Evaluated the Company’s liquidity analysis by assessing the feasibility of management’s plans based on management’s ability to carry out historical business plans.

● Evaluated whether the information used in management’s analysis was consistent with information presented to the Board of Directors.

F-3

Fair Value Measurement of Long-term debt

Description of the Matter:

As described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, at December 31, 2022, long-term debt is a Level 3 financial instrument and is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Unlike the fair value of Level 1 financial instruments which are readily observable, this financial instrument is not actively traded, and fair value is determined based on an expected cash flow model and certain assumptions estimated by management. We identified the assessment of the fair value of long-term debt as a critical audit matter because of (i) the significant judgment by management to determine the fair value of long-term debt, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures relating to the fair value measurement; and (ii) the significant audit effort in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the valuation model and the key inputs.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit:

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included, among others:

● Obtained an understanding and evaluated the design of internal controls over the Company’s valuation controls, including management’s review of reasonableness of the valuation methodology and underlying assumptions.

● Tested the mathematical accuracy of the valuation model utilized by the Company and agreed the resulting values in the model to the Company’s books and records.

● Evaluated the appropriateness of the valuation methodology utilized by the Company, with assistance from our valuation specialist, by comparing the methodology to those utilized by other companies holding similar financial instruments.

● Evaluated the reasonableness of the significant unobservable inputs, with assistance from our valuation specialist, by independently assessing the sensitivity and impact of reasonably possible changes in the significant assumptions.

/s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

Irvine, California

March 16, 2023

F-4

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,864	$	29,555
Restricted cash		4,140		5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		—		749
Securitized mortgage trust assets		—		1,642,730
Other assets		17,275		35,603
Total assets	$	60,331	$	2,022,771
LIABILITIES
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	285,539
Convertible notes		15,000		20,000
Long-term debt		27,753		46,536
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities		—		1,614,862
Other liabilities		25,559		45,898
Total liabilities		71,934		2,012,835
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 13)
STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Series A-1 junior participating preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 2,500,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding		—		—
Series B 9.375% redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 2,000,000 shares authorized, 0 and 665,592 cumulative shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (See Note 8)		—		7
Series C 9.125% redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,500,000 shares authorized; 0 and 1,405,086 noncumulative shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (See Note 8)		—		14
Series D 8.250% redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 35,000,000 shares authorized; 34,684,686 and 0 noncumulative shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (See Note 8)		347		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 165,000,000 shares authorized; 36,568,876 and 21,332,684 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		366		213
Additional paid-in capital		1,238,187		1,237,986
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax		39,257		22,044
Total accumulated deficit:
Cumulative dividends declared		(822,520)		(822,520)
Accumulated deficit		(467,240)		(427,808)
Total accumulated deficit		(1,289,760)		(1,250,328)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity		(11,603)		9,936
Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity	$	60,331	$	2,022,771

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except per share data)

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Revenues
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294
Real estate services fees, net		1,081		1,144
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		34
Servicing fees (expense), net		63		(432)
Broker fee income		50		—
Other		890		279
Total revenues, net		8,595		66,319
Expenses
Personnel		30,705		52,778
General, administrative and other		15,698		16,795
Occupancy		5,297		4,236
Business promotion		4,425		7,395
Total expenses		56,125		81,204
Operating loss		(47,530)		(14,885)
Other income
Interest income		15,268		65,666
Interest expense		(19,137)		(63,268)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		2,757		2,098
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		9,248		6,582
Total other income, net		8,136		11,078
Loss before income taxes		(39,394)		(3,807)
Income tax expense		38		71
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Other comprehensive loss
Change in fair value of instrument specific credit risk of long-term debt		17,213		(2,722)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(22,219)	$	(6,600)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)
Diluted	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-6

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

	Preferred			Common			Additional		Cumulative				Accumulated Other		Total
	Shares	Preferred		Shares	Common		Paid-In		Dividends		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Outstanding	Stock		Outstanding	Stock		Capital		Declared		Deficit		Earnings, net of tax		(Deficit) Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020	2,070,678	$	21	21,238,191	$	212	$	1,237,102	$	(822,520)	$	(423,930)	$	24,766	$	15,651
Issuance of restricted stock units	—		—	94,493		1		—		—		—		—		1
Stock based compensation	—		—	—		—		884		—		—		—		884
Other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(2,722)		(2,722)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(3,878)		—		(3,878)
Balance, December 31, 2021	2,070,678	$	21	21,332,684	$	213	$	1,237,986	$	(822,520)	$	(427,808)	$	22,044	$	9,936
Issuance of restricted stock units	—		—	155,080		2		—		—		—		—		2
Issuance of deferred stock units	—		—	15,000		—		—		—		—		—		—
Stock based compensation	—		—	—		—		678		—		—		—		678
Retirement of Preferred Series B and C (1)	(2,070,678)		(21)	—		—		—		—		—		—		(21)
Issuance of Preferred Series D (1)	34,684,686		347	—		—		(561)		—		—		—		(214)
Issuance of Common Stock (1)	—		—	15,066,112		151		(140)		—		—		—		11
Issuance of Warrants (1)	—		—	—		—		224		—		—		—		224
Other comprehensive earnings	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		17,213		17,213
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(39,432)		—		(39,432)
Balance, December 31, 2022	34,684,686	$	347	36,568,876	$	366	$	1,238,187	$	(822,520)	$	(467,240)	$	39,257	$	(11,603)

_________________________

(1) See Note 8.– Reedemable Preferred Stock for a description of the Series B Preferred and Series C Preferred exchange offers.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-7

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		(264)		(160)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		70		126
Gain on sale of mortgage loans		(20,539)		(66,086)
Change in fair value of mortgage loans held-for-sale		8,802		(3,395)
Change in fair value of derivatives lending, net		3,003		4,076
Provision for repurchases		2,417		111
Origination of mortgage loans held-for-sale		(693,702)		(2,903,454)
Sale and principal reduction on mortgage loans held-for-sale		1,000,818		2,828,344
Gain from trust REO		—		(111)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO		(9,248)		(6,471)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		(2,757)		(2,098)
Accretion of interest income and expense		6,732		50,751
Stock-based compensation		678		884
Impairment of ROU asset		123		—
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		—		99
Net change in other assets		7,221		2,307
Net change in other liabilities		(14,353)		(5,559)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		249,569		(104,514)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net change in securitized mortgage collateral		72,889		592,545
Proceeds from transfer of trust assets and liabilities		37,500		—
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage servicing rights		725		160
Investment in corporate-owned life insurance		(831)		(129)
Sale (purchase) of premises and equipment		99		(298)
Proceeds from the sale of trust REO		—		7,703
Net cash provided by investing activities		110,382		599,981
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of warehouse borrowings		(920,967)		(2,640,818)
Borrowings under warehouse agreements		639,050		2,774,425
Repayment of securitized mortgage borrowings		(78,818)		(654,073)
Net change in liabilities related to corporate-owned life insurance		574		458
Repayment of convertible notes		(5,000)		—
Issuance of restricted stock		2		1
Net cash used in financing activities		(365,159)		(520,007)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(5,208)		(24,540)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		35,212		59,752
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	$	30,004	$	35,212
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Interest paid	$	11,917	$	25,719
Taxes paid, net		(7)		(41)
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS
Transfer of securitized mortgage collateral to trust REO	$	—	$	7,976
Transfer and deconsolidation of trust assets		1,543,608		—
Transfer and deconsolidation of trust liabilities		(1,543,608)		—
Mortgage servicing rights retained from issuance of mortgage-backed securities and loan sales		46		536

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-8

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise indicated)

Note 1.—Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

Business Summary

Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company or IMH) is a financial services company incorporated in Maryland with the following direct and indirect wholly-owned operating subsidiaries: Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (IRES), Impac Mortgage Corp. (IMC), IMH Assets Corp. (IMH Assets), Impac Funding Corporation (IFC) and Copperfield Capital Corporation (CCC).  The Company’s operations include the mortgage lending operations conducted by IMC, real estate services conducted by IRES and CCC and the long-term mortgage portfolio (residual interests in securitizations reflected as securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets) conducted by IMH Assets prior to the sale in the first quarter of 2022. The long-term mortgage portfolio was deconsolidated in March 2022 as the Company sold its residual interests in the consolidated securitized mortgage trusts (see Note. 6—Securitized Mortgage Trusts). IMC’s mortgage lending operations include the activities of its division, CashCall Mortgage (CCM).

On October 20, 2022, the Company received the requisite stockholder consents on the Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock exchange offers (Exchange Offers), which provided for the exchange and subsequent redemption of all outstanding Series B Preferred and Series C Preferred stock, liquidation preference and cumulative dividends in arrears for common stock, new Series D Preferred stock and, in the case of Series C Preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock.  For further description of the Exchange Offers, see Note 8.—Redeemable Preferred Stock.  

Liquidity

The Company’s liquidity reflects its ability to meet its current obligations (including its operating expenses and, when applicable, the retirement of debt and margin calls relating to hedging instruments and warehouse lines), fund new originations and purchases, meet servicing and master servicing requirements and make investments as they are identified.  The Company has experienced recurring losses from operations dating back to 2017.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred a net loss of $39.4 million and has an accumulated deficit of $11.6 million as of December 31, 2022.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company has unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $25.9 million, $9.4 million in unencumbered loans and uncommitted capacity under its warehouse lines of $41.0 million ($25.0 million of which was not renewed at expiration in December 2022), of which $3.6 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2022.  In the first quarter of 2023, as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (CARES), the Company filed for $7.3 million of employee retention credit, which is expected to be received by the end of 2023.

As part of the Company’s expense management assessment, a number of initiatives were undertaken during the second half of 2022 and into the first quarter of 2023 to make its best efforts that the Company will continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months from the date of this filing, that are expected to significantly reduce the Company’s expense run rate.  In December 2022, the estimated base rent, common area maintenance (CAM) charges, storage, parking, and any other miscellaneous charges related to the Company’s former corporate office that would have been payable during the final 20 months of the original lease term would have been approximately $8.8 million.  The Company was able to terminate such lease with a payment of $3.0 million.  In January 2023, the Company entered into a new lease for corporate office space.  The new lease term runs through July 31, 2025, for which rent and CAM charges will total approximately $800 thousand over the full term of the lease, resulting in significant savings (See Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies – Lease Commitments).

Also in line with the Company’s expense management strategies, the retail consumer direct channel CCM was repositioned to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender beginning at the end of 2022 and continuing into 2023.  The broker fulfillment model has a reduced expense load associated with personnel, operational and technology support, and reduced marketing needs due to organic lead volume generated by the CCM brand.  The broker fulfillment model also supports a broader product offering to CCM consumers, allowing the Company to move away from the expense and complexity of managing multiple lending products with support from several departments. This more cost-effective origination strategy is essential to managing the overall monthly expense load of the Company while also driving revenue

F-9

across a broad spectrum of product offerings to consumers. Additionally, the continued volatility experienced with the Non-QM market associated with liquidity, product offerings, expansive credit to meet consumer demand, and rising rates have all proven to be a considerable hindrance to maintaining a profitable channel in the Wholesale space.  With the belief that the market conditions and projections will not improve in the near term, in the first quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down operations within its wholesale channel until market conditions improve.  

Although the Company currently forecasts adequate liquidity to operate its business for the next 12 months, repayment of $5.0 million in principal of Convertible Notes due May 9, 2023, with no additional added capital or liquidity, will result in a more limited amount of liquidity to operate the business.  The Company may seek to raise secured or unsecured debt, raise equity or working capital, retire or restructure the Convertible Notes (which pay down $5.0 million each May 9th for the next three years), pursue actions to reorganize the capital structure or redeploy the liquidity to other corporate finance and strategic opportunities. While the Company intends to raise additional capital within the next year to support its operations, it cannot provide any assurance that its capital raise efforts will be successful.

Financial Statement Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of IMH and its subsidiaries (as defined above) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).  All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain immaterial amounts in the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Management has made a number of material estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Additionally, other items affected by such estimates and assumptions include the valuation of trust assets and trust liabilities, contingencies, the estimated obligation of repurchase liabilities related to sold loans, the valuation of long-term debt, mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS) and derivative instruments, including interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs). Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include accounts of IMH and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as variable interest entities (VIEs), through arrangements that do not involve voting interests.

The VIE framework requires a variable interest holder (counterparty to a VIE) to consolidate the VIE if that party has the power to direct activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, will absorb a majority of the expected losses of the VIE, will receive a majority of the residual returns of the VIE, or both, and directs the significant activities of the entity. This party is considered the primary beneficiary of the entity. The determination of whether the Company meets the criteria to be considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE requires an evaluation of all transactions (such as investments, liquidity commitments, derivatives and fee arrangements) with the entity. The assessment of whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE is performed on an ongoing basis.

Fair Value and the Fair Value Option

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same—to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (that is, an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

F-10

The fair value option permits entities to choose, at specified election dates, to measure eligible financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value. The decision to elect the fair value option is applied on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs, and is applied to an entire instrument.  The Company has elected the fair value option for MSRs, mortgage LHFS, long-term debt and its consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings), prior to the sale in the first quarter of 2022. Elections were made to mitigate income statement volatility caused by differences in the measurement basis of elected instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.

Cash balances that have restrictions as to the Company’s ability to withdraw funds are considered restricted cash. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, restricted cash totaled $4.1 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The restricted cash is primarily collateral against letter of credit financing associated with corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies) as well as cash required in conjunction with the terms of the Company’s warehouse borrowing agreements. In accordance with the terms of the Master Repurchase Agreements related to the warehouse borrowings, the Company is required to maintain cash balances with the lender as additional collateral for the borrowings (See Note 5.—Debt).  

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Mortgage LHFS are accounted for using the fair value option, with changes in fair value recorded in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 825, Financial Instruments, loan origination fees and expenses are recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred.

Revenue derived from the Company’s mortgage lending activities includes loan fees collected at the time of origination and gain or loss from the sale of LHFS. Loan fees consist of fee income earned on all loan originations, including loans closed and held-for-sale. Loan fees are recognized as earned and consist of amounts collected for application and underwriting fees, fees on cancelled loans and discount points. The related direct loan origination costs are recognized when incurred and consists of broker fees and commissions. Gain or loss from the sale and mark-to-market adjustments of LHFS includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses and are included in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The valuation of LHFS approximates a whole-loan price, which includes the value of the related MSRs.

The Company primarily sells its LHFS to investors and government sponsored entities (GSEs). The Company evaluates its loan sales for sales treatment. To the extent the transfer of loans qualifies as a sale, the Company derecognizes the loans and records a realized gain or loss on the sale date. In the event the Company determines that the transfer of loans does not qualify as a sale, the transfer would be treated as a secured borrowing. Interest on loans is recorded as income when earned and deemed collectible. LHFS are placed on nonaccrual status when any portion of the principal or interest is 90 days past due or earlier if factors indicate that the ultimate collectability of the principal or interest is not probable. Interest received from loans on nonaccrual status is recorded as income when collected. Loans return to accrual status when the principal and interest become current and it is probable that the amounts are fully collectible.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company accounts for mortgage loan sales in accordance with FASB ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Upon sale of mortgage loans on a servicing-retained basis, the LHFS are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and MSRs are recorded as an asset for servicing rights retained. The Company elects to measure MSRs at fair value as prescribed by FASB ASC 860-50-35, and as such, servicing assets or liabilities are valued using discounted cash flow modeling techniques using assumptions regarding future net servicing cash flow, including prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing cost and other factors. Changes in estimated fair value are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

F-11

When the Company sells MSRs, the Company records a gain or loss on such sale based on the selling price of the MSRs less the carrying value and transaction costs.  Gains and losses are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

Consolidated Non-recourse Securitizations

In March 2022, the Company and its subsidiaries (the Sellers), entered into a Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement (Sale Agreement) pursuant to which the Sellers sold certain residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights, owned by the Sellers relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007 (the Securitizations).  As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities as of the sale date as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.   The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff.  For a description of the sale, see Note 6.– Securitized Mortgage Trusts.

Securitized Mortgage Collateral

The Company’s long-term mortgage portfolio primarily included adjustable rate and, to a lesser extent, fixed rate non-conforming mortgages and commercial mortgages that were acquired and originated by the Company’s mortgage and commercial operations prior to 2008.

Historically, the Company securitized mortgages in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO) or real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs). These securitizations were evaluated for consolidation based on the provisions of FASB ASC 810-10-25. Amounts consolidated were included in trust assets and liabilities as securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned (REO) and securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  The Company also retained the master servicing rights associated with these securitizations which pays the Company approximately 3 basis points on the outstanding unpaid principal balance (UPB) of each securitization trust.  Prior to the sale, the retention of the master servicing rights or the retained economic subordinated residual interests provided the Company with clean up call rights on these securitizations.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage collateral at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors.

Interest income on securitized mortgage collateral was recorded using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value. Securitized mortgage collateral is generally not placed on nonaccrual status as the servicer advances the interest payments to the trust regardless of the delinquency status of the underlying mortgage loan, until it becomes apparent to the servicer that the advance is not collectible.

Real Estate Owned

Real estate owned on the consolidated balance sheets were primarily assets within the securitized trusts but recorded as a separate asset for accounting and reporting purposes and were within the long-term mortgage portfolio. REO, which consisted of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans, was carried at net realizable value, which included the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs. Adjustments to the loan carrying value required at the time of foreclosure affect the carrying amount of REO. Subsequent write-downs in the net realizable value of REO were included in change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Securitized Mortgage Borrowings

The Company recorded securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for the consolidated CMO and REMIC securitized trusts within the long-term mortgage portfolio. The debt from each issuance of a securitized mortgage borrowing was payable from the principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages

F-12

collateralizing such debt, as well as the proceeds from liquidations of REO. If the principal and interest payments were insufficient to repay the debt, the shortfall was allocated first to the residual interest holders (generally owned by the Company) then, if necessary, to the certificate holders (e.g. third party investors in the securitized mortgage borrowings) in accordance with the specific terms of the various respective indentures. Securitized mortgage borrowings typically were structured as one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) “floaters” and fixed rate securities with interest payable to certificate holders monthly. The maturity of each class of securitized mortgage borrowing was directly affected by the amount of net interest spread, overcollateralization and the rate of principal prepayments and defaults on the related securitized mortgage collateral. The actual maturity of any class of a securitized mortgage borrowing could occur later than the stated maturities of the underlying mortgages.

When the Company issued securitized mortgage borrowings, the Company generally sought an investment grade rating for the Company’s securitized mortgages by nationally recognized rating agencies. To secure such ratings, it was often necessary to incorporate certain structural features that provided for credit enhancement. This generally included the pledge of collateral in excess of the principal amount of the securities to be issued, a bond guaranty insurance policy for some or all of the issued securities, or additional forms of mortgage insurance. These securitization transactions were non-recourse to the Company and the total loss exposure was limited to the Company’s initial net economic investment in each trust, which was referred to as a residual interest.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors. Interest expense on securitized mortgage borrowings was recorded quarterly using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value.

Leases

The Company has two operating leases for office space expiring at various dates through 2025 and one financing lease which concludes in 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a lease termination agreement for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices.  For a description of the lease termination agreement, see Note 13.– Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Commitments.  The Company determines if a contract is a lease at the inception of the arrangement and reviews all options to extend, terminate, or purchase its right of use (ROU) assets at the inception of the lease and accounts for these options when they are reasonably certain of being exercised.  Regarding the discount rate, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. When the Company cannot readily determine the rate implicit in the lease, the Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by using the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. As a practical expedient permitted under ASC 842, the Company elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases of which it is the lessee.  Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  

Derivative Instruments

In accordance with FASB ASC 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overview, the Company records all derivative instruments at fair value. The Company has accounted for all its derivatives as non-designated hedge instruments or free-standing derivatives.

The mortgage lending operation enters into IRLCs with consumers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate. These IRLCs are accounted for as derivative instruments and reported at fair value. The concept of fair value relating to IRLCs is no different than fair value for any other financial asset or liability: fair value is the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions.  Because IRLCs do not trade in the market, the Company determines the estimated fair value based on expectations of what an investor would pay to acquire the Company’s IRLCs, which utilizes current market information for secondary market prices for underlying loans and estimated servicing value with similar coupons, maturities and credit quality, subject to the anticipated loan funding probability (pull-through rate).  This value is adjusted for other costs that would be required by a market participant acquiring the IRLCs.  The fair value of

F-13

IRLCs is subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates and the estimated pull-through rate. The Company reports IRLCs within other assets and other liabilities at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The Company hedges the changes in fair value associated with changes in interest rates related to IRLCs and uncommitted LHFS by using forward delivery commitments on mortgage-backed securities (MBS), including Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae or FNMA), Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae or GNMA) MBS known as to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA MBS), interest rate swap futures (swap futures) and forward delivery commitments on whole loans. The TBA MBS, forward loan commitments and swap futures (collectively the Hedging Instruments) are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized upon the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary market and are accounted for as derivative instruments. The fair value of these Hedging Instruments are subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates. The Company reports Hedging Instruments within other assets and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The fair value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments are represented as derivative assets, lending, net and derivative liabilities, lending, net in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Long-term Debt

Long-term debt (junior subordinated notes) is reported at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considers the Company’s own credit risk and expected cash flow analysis in 2022 and discounted cash flow analysis in 2021. With the adoption of FASB ASU 2016-01 in 2018, which applies when the Company elects the fair value election on its own debt, the Company effectively bifurcates the market and instrument specific credit risk components of changes in long-term debt.  The market portion continues to be a component of net loss as the change in fair value of long-term debt, but the instrument specific credit risk portion is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Repurchase Reserve

The Company sells mortgage loans in the secondary market, including U.S. GSEs, and issues MBS through Ginnie Mae and Fannie Mae. When the Company sells or issues securities, it makes customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about various characteristics of each loan such as the origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws. In the event of a breach of its representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the mortgage loans with the identified defects or indemnify the investor or insurer for any loss.  In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale.  The Company’s loss may be reduced by proceeds from the sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan. Also, the Company’s loss may be reduced by any recourse it has to correspondent lenders that, in turn, had sold such mortgage loans to the Company and breached similar or other representations and warranties. In such event, the Company has the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that correspondent lender.

The Company records a provision for losses relating to such representations and warranties as part of its loan sale transactions. The method used to estimate the liability for representations and warranties is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults including any loss on sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually updates its estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. The level of mortgage loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, investor demands for loan repurchases and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans.

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Revenue Recognition for Fees from Services

The Company follows FASB ASC 606, Revenue Recognition, which provides guidance on the application of GAAP to selected revenue recognition issues related to the Company’s real estate services fees. Under FASB ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from financial instruments that are not within the scope of FASB ASC 606.  The Company has evaluated the nature of its contracts with customers and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond what is presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, was not necessary. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, the Company has made no significant judgments in applying the revenue guidance prescribed in ASC 606 that affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.  The revenues from these services are recognized in income in the period when services are rendered and collectability is reasonably certain.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in business promotion expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, business promotion expense was $4.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. The Company uses the grant-date fair value of equity awards to determine the compensation cost associated with each award. Grant-date fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes pricing model and assumptions noted in Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans, adjusted for unique characteristics of the specific awards. Compensation cost for service-based equity awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

FASB ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and prospectively revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, such that the expense was recorded only for those stock-based awards that were expected to vest during such periods. The cost of equity-based compensation is recorded to personnel expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Refer to Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans.

Income Taxes

In accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company records income tax expense as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Current income tax expense or benefit approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period, respectively, and includes income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and recognizes enacted changes in tax rates and laws in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is “more likely than not.” Uncertain tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement.

The Company is subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return on qualifying subsidiaries. The Company files federal and various states income tax returns in the U.S.

F-15

The Company adopted FASB ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2020 (See Note 11.—Income Taxes). The most significant impact to the Company included the removal of the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive income). The changes also add a requirement for an entity to reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Loss Per Common Share

Basic loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year. Diluted loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year, unless anti-dilutive. Refer to Note 10.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” (ASU 2016-13), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that will replace today’s “incurred loss” model and generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except that the losses will be recognized as an allowance. Subsequent to issuing ASU 2016-13, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, for the purpose of clarifying certain aspects of ASU 2016-13. ASU 2018-19 has the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2016-13. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging,” and “Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASU 2019-04),” which is effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)”, which is also effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In October 2019, the FASB voted to delay the implementation date for smaller reporting companies until January 1, 2023. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2023 and the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020 and January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”.  Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates.  This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. FASB ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. Limiting the accounting models will result in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (1) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (2) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective January 1, 2024, for the Company. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than January 1, 2021, including interim periods within that year. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-16

Note 2.—Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

A summary of the UPB of mortgage LHFS by type is presented below:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government (1)	$	—	$	6,886
Conventional (2)		2,506		62,759
Jumbo & Non-qualified mortgages (NonQM)		11,658		231,142
Fair value adjustment (3)		(1,112)		7,690
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	13,052	$	308,477

(1) Includes all government-insured loans including Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

(2) Includes loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac or FHLMC).

(3) Changes in fair value are included in gain on sale of loans, net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2022, there was one mortgage LHFS with a UPB of $326 thousand that was in nonaccrual status as the loan was in foreclosure. The carrying value of this nonaccrual loan as of December 31, 2022 was $270 thousand. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no mortgage LHFS that were 90 days or more delinquent.

Gain on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	$	18,825	$	81,362
Premium from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Unrealized loss from derivative financial instruments		(3,003)		(4,076)
Gain from derivative financial instruments		6,221		1,934
Mark to market (loss) gain on LHFS		(8,802)		3,395
Direct origination expenses, net		(4,553)		(17,746)
Provision for repurchases		(2,417)		(111)
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294

Note 3.—Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company selectively retains MSRs from its sales and securitization of certain mortgage loans or as a result of purchase transactions. MSRs are reported at fair value based on the expected income derived from the net projected cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. The Company receives servicing fees, less subservicing costs, on the UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. The servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by the mortgagors, or if delinquent, when the underlying real estate is foreclosed upon and liquidated. The Company may receive other remuneration from rights to various mortgagor-contracted fees, such as late charges, collateral reconveyance charges and nonsufficient fund fees, and the Company is generally entitled to retain the interest earned on funds held pending remittance (or float) related to its collection of mortgagor principal, interest, tax and insurance payments.

In December 2022, the Company sold $68.1 million in UPB of its government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing all trailing documents.

F-17

The following table summarizes the activity of MSRs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of year	$	749	$	339
Additions from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Reductions from bulk sales		(725)		—
Changes in fair value (1)		(70)		(126)
Fair value of MSRs at end of period	$	—	$	749

(1) Changes in fair value are included within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the UPB of the mortgage servicing portfolio was comprised of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government insured	$	—	$	71,841
Conventional		—		—
Total loans serviced	$	—	$	71,841

The table below illustrates hypothetical changes in the fair value of MSRs, caused by assumed immediate changes to key assumptions that are used to determine fair value. See Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments for a description of the key assumptions used to determine the fair value of MSRs.

	December 31,		December 31,
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis	2022		2021
Fair value of MSRs	$	—	$	749
Prepayment Speed:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(24)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(48)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(70)
Discount Rate:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(31)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(59)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(85)

Sensitivities are hypothetical changes in fair value and cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of changes in assumptions to changes in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption is calculated without changing any other assumption, whereas a change in one factor may result in changes to another. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of these estimates. As a result, actual future changes in MSR values may differ significantly from those displayed above.

Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	(70)	$	(126)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		264		160
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	194	$	34

F-18

Servicing fees (expense), net is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Contractual servicing fees	$	251	$	193
Subservicing and other costs		(188)		(625)
Servicing fees (expense), net	$	63	$	(432)

Note 4.—Other Assets    

Other assets consisted of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13)	$	11,619	$	10,788
Prepaid expenses		2,410		3,460
Right of use asset (See Note 13)		1,248		10,209
Accounts receivable, net		916		4,770
Servicing advances		735		565
Premises and equipment, net		220		636
Accrued interest receivable		75		625
Derivative assets – lending (See Note 7)		52		3,111
Other		—		1,102
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae		—		337
Total other assets	$	17,275	$	35,603

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable are primarily loan sales that have not settled, and fees earned for real estate services rendered, generally collected one month in arrears.  Accounts receivable are stated at their carrying value as of December 31, 2022, and net of $50 thousand reserve for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2021.

Servicing Advances

The Company is required to advance certain amounts to meet its contractual loan servicing requirements. The Company advances principal, interest, property taxes and insurance for borrowers that have insufficient escrow accounts, plus any other costs to preserve the properties. Also, the Company will advance funds to maintain, repair and market foreclosed real estate properties. The Company is entitled to recover advances from the borrowers for reinstated and performing loans or from proceeds of liquidated properties.

Loans Eligible for Repurchase from Ginnie Mae

The Company sells loans in Ginnie Mae guaranteed MBS by pooling eligible loans through a pool custodian and assigning rights to the loans to Ginnie Mae. When these Ginnie Mae loans are initially pooled and securitized, the Company meets the criteria for sale treatment and de-recognizes the loans. The terms of the Ginnie Mae MBS program allow, but do not require, the Company to repurchase mortgage loans when the borrower has made no payments for three consecutive months. When the Company has the unconditional right, as servicer, to repurchase Ginnie Mae pool loans it has previously sold and are more than 90 days past due, and the repurchase will provide a “more than trivial benefit”, the Company then re-recognizes the loans on its consolidated balance sheets in other assets, at their UPB and records a corresponding liability in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.  At December 31, 2022, there were no loans eligible for repurchase while there were $337 thousand in UPB of loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae at December 31, 2021. As part of the Company’s repurchase reserve, the Company records a repurchase provision to provide for estimated losses from the sale or securitization of all mortgage loans, including these loans.  In conjunction with the sale of the government insured MSRs in December 2022, loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae are no longer included on the consolidated balance sheets for 2022.

F-19

Premises and Equipment, net

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Premises and equipment	$	6,209	$	6,391
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(5,989)		(5,755)
Total premises and equipment, net	$	220	$	636

The Company recognized $317 thousand and $493 thousand of depreciation expense within general, administrative and other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 5.—Debt

The following table shows contractual future debt maturities as of December 31, 2022:

	Payments Due by Period
			Less Than		One to		Three to		More Than
	Total		One Year		Three Years		Five Years		Five Years
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	3,622	$	—	$	—	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		5,000		10,000		—		—
Long-term debt		62,000		—		—		—		62,000
Total debt obligations	$	80,622	$	8,622	$	10,000	$	—	$	62,000

Warehouse Borrowings

The Company, through its subsidiaries, enters into Master Repurchase Agreements with lenders providing warehouse facilities. The warehouse facilities are used to fund, and are secured by, residential mortgage loans that are held for sale. The warehouse and revolving lines of credit are repaid using proceeds from the sale of loans. The base interest rates on the Company’s warehouse lines bear interest at 1-month LIBOR plus a margin or note rate minus a margin. Some of the lines carry additional fees in the form of annual facility fees charged on the total line amount, commitment fees charged on the committed portion of the line and non-usage fees charged when monthly usage falls below a certain utilization percentage.  The Company’s warehouse line is scheduled to expire October 20, 2023 under a one year term and the line is subject to renewal based on an annual credit review conducted by the lender.

The base interest rates for all warehouse lines of credit are subject to increase based upon the characteristics of the underlying loans collateralizing the lines of credit, including, but not limited to product type and number of days held for sale. Certain warehouse line lenders require the Company, at all times, to maintain cash accounts with minimum required balances. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was none and $1.3 million, respectively, held in these accounts which are recorded as a component of restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets.

Under the terms of these warehouse lines, the Company is required to maintain various financial and other covenants. At December 31, 2022, the Company was not in compliance with certain financial covenants from its lenders and received the necessary waivers.

F-20

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	Maximum		Balance Outstanding at				Allowable
	Borrowing		December 31,		December 31,		Advance	Rate
	Capacity		2022		2021		Rates (%)	Range	Maturity Date
Short-term borrowings:
Repurchase agreement 1 (1)	$	—	$	—	$	30,009	90 - 98	1ML + 2.00 - 2.25%	May 24, 2022
Repurchase agreement 2 (2)		—		—		153,006	100	1ML + 1.75%	September 13, 2022
Repurchase agreement 3 (3)		16,000		98		56,794	100	Note Rate - 0.375%	October 20, 2023
Repurchase agreement 4 (4)		25,000		3,524		45,730	99	Note Rate - 0.50 - 0.75%	December 31, 2022
Total warehouse borrowings	$	41,000	$	3,622	$	285,539

_________________________

(1) Repurchase agreement 1 was not renewed.

(2) Repurchase agreement 2 was not renewed.

(3) In October 2022, the Company entered into an agreement for a $1.0 million committed line in addition to the uncommitted line. In November 2022, the uncommitted portion of the line was renewed and reduced to $15.0 million for a total line size of $16.0 million.

(4) At December 31, 2022, the line expired, was not renewed and paid off with the loan sales in January 2023.

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022			2021
Maximum outstanding balance during the year	$	269,950		$	336,648
Average balance outstanding for the year		74,435			191,794
UPB of underlying collateral (mortgage loans)		4,577			296,841
Weighted average interest rate for period		4.19	%		3.41	%

Convertible Notes

In May 2015, the Company issued $25.0 million Convertible Promissory Notes (Notes) to purchasers, some of which are related parties. The Notes were originally due to mature on or before May 9, 2020 and accrued interest at a rate of 7.5% per annum, to be paid quarterly.

Noteholders may convert all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock (Conversion Shares) at a rate of $21.50 per share, subject to adjustment for stock splits and dividends (Conversion Price). The Company has the right to convert the entire outstanding principal of the Notes into Conversion Shares at the Conversion Price if the market price per share of the common stock, as measured by the average volume-weighted closing stock price per share of the common stock on the NYSE AMERICAN (or any other U.S. national securities exchange then serving as the principal such exchange on which the shares of common stock are listed), reaches the level of $30.10 for any twenty (20) trading days in any period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days after the Closing Date (as defined in the Notes). Upon conversion of the Notes by the Company, the entire amount of accrued and unpaid interest (and all other amounts owing) under the Notes are immediately due and payable. To the extent the Company pays any cash dividends on its shares of common stock prior to conversion of the Notes, upon conversion of the Notes, the noteholders will also receive such dividends on an as-converted basis of the Notes less the amount of interest paid by the Company prior to such dividend.  

On April 15, 2020, the Company and the noteholders agreed to extend the outstanding Notes in the principal amount of $25.0 million originally issued in May 2015, at the conclusion of the original note term (First Amendment). The new Notes were issued with a six month term (November 9, 2020) and reduced the interest rate on such Notes to 7.0% per annum.  In connection with the issuance of the First Amendment, the Company issued to the noteholders of the Notes, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 212,649 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cash exercise price of $2.97 per share. The relative fair value of the warrants were $242 thousand and recorded as debt discounts, which are accreted over the term of the warrants (October 2020), using an effective interest rate of 8.9%.  The warrants are exercisable

F-21

commencing on October 16, 2020 and expire on April 15, 2025. The First Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

On October 28, 2020, the Company and certain holders of its Notes due November 9, 2020 in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on November 9, 2020.  The new notes have an 18-month term due May 9, 2022 and the Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to $20.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on November 9, 2020 (Second Amendment).  The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum. The Second Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

On April 29, 2022, the Company and holders of its Notes agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on May 9, 2022.  The Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the new Notes to $15.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on May 9, 2022 (Third Amendment).  The new Notes are due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the stated maturity date of May 9, 2025. The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum.

Long-term Debt

The Company carries its Junior Subordinated Notes at estimated fair value as more fully described in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The following table shows the remaining principal balance and fair value of Junior Subordinated Notes issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Junior Subordinated Notes (1)	$	62,000	$	62,000
Fair value adjustment (2)		(34,247)		(15,464)
Total Junior Subordinated Notes	$	27,753	$	46,536

(1) Stated maturity of March 2034; requires quarterly interest payments at a variable rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum. In June 2023, with the cessation of LIBOR, the calculation agent will use the “Board-selected benchmark replacement” as the benchmark replacement for LIBOR, which, per the Federal LIBOR Act, will be a rate identified by the Federal Reserve Board that is (a) based on SOFR and (b) adjusted based on tenor spread adjustments. At December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 8.52%.

(2) For further detail on the determination of estimated fair value see Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Note 6.—Securitized Mortgage Trusts

In March 2022, the Company and its subsidiaries (the Sellers), entered into a Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement (Sale Agreement) pursuant to which the Sellers sold certain residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights, owned by the Sellers relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007 (the Securitizations).  Pursuant to the terms of the Sale Agreement, the purchaser paid the Company an aggregate cash purchase price of $37.5 million, $20.0 million of which was paid on March 16, 2022, and the remaining balance of the purchase price was paid on March 25, 2022, upon the Company’s satisfaction of certain closing and payment release provisions, including delivery of certain residual interest certificates, set forth in the Sale Agreement.  For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer.  

As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.   The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff.

F-22

Securitized Mortgage Trust Assets

Securitized mortgage trust assets are comprised of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		—		3,479
Total securitized mortgage trust assets	$	—	$	1,642,730

Securitized Mortgage Collateral

Securitized mortgage collateral consisted of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Mortgages secured by residential real estate	$	—	$	1,653,749
Mortgages secured by commercial real estate		—		89,801
Fair value adjustment		—		(104,299)
Total securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251

As of December 31, 2022, the Company was also a master servicer of mortgages for others of approximately $138.3 million in UPB that were primarily collateralizing REMIC securitizations, compared to $164.6 million at December 31, 2021. Related fiduciary funds are held in trust for investors in non-interest bearing accounts and are not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company may also be required to advance funds or cause loan servicers to advance funds to cover principal and interest payments not received from borrowers depending on the status of their mortgages.

Real Estate Owned

The Company’s REO consisted of the following:

		December 31,	December 31,
	2022		2021
REO	$	—	$	10,335
Impairment (1)		—		(6,856)
Ending balance	$	—	$	3,479
REO inside trusts	$	—	$	3,479
REO outside trusts		—		—
Total	$	—	$	3,479

(1) Impairment represents the cumulative write-downs of net realizable value subsequent to foreclosure.

Securitized Mortgage Trust Liabilities

Securitized mortgage trust liabilities, which are recorded at estimated fair market value as more fully described in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments, are comprised of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	1,614,862

F-23

Securitized Mortgage Borrowings – Non-recourse

Selected information on securitized mortgage borrowings for the periods indicated consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

			Securitized
			mortgage
			borrowings
			outstanding as of
			December 31,				Range of Interest Rates (%)
								Interest	Interest
								Rate	Rate
	Original						Fixed	Margins over	Margins after
	Issuance						Interest	One-Month	Contractual
Year of Issuance	Amount		2022		2021		Rates	LIBOR (1)	Call Date (2)
2002	$	3,876.1	$	—	$	2.7	5.25 - 12.00	0.27 - 2.75	0.54 - 3.68
2003		5,966.1		—		12.9	4.34 - 12.75	0.27 - 3.00	0.54 - 4.50
2004		17,710.7		—		210.9	3.58 - 5.56	0.25 - 2.50	0.50 - 3.75
2005		13,387.7		—		1,198.2	—	0.24 - 2.90	0.48 - 4.35
2006		5,971.4		—		1,626.0	6.25	0.10 - 2.75	0.20 - 4.13
2007		3,860.5		—		882.5	—	0.06 - 2.00	0.12 - 3.00
Subtotal contractual principal balance (3)				—		3,933.2
Fair value adjustment (4)				—		(2,318.3)
Total securitized mortgage borrowings			$	—	$	1,614.9

(1) One-month LIBOR was 0.10 % as of December 31, 2021.

(2) Interest rate margins are generally adjusted when the unpaid principal balance is reduced to less than 10-20% of the original issuance amount, or if certain other triggers are met.

(3) Represents the outstanding balance in accordance with trustee reporting.

(4) Fair value adjustment was inclusive of $0 and $2.2 billion in bond losses at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets, including Trust REO Gains

Changes in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains are comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	9,248	$	6,471
Gains from trust REO		—		111
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	9,248	$	6,582

Call Rights

The Company held cleanup call options (call rights) with respect to its securitized trusts whereby, when the UPB of the underlying residential mortgage loans fell below a pre-determined threshold, the Company could purchase the underlying residential mortgage loans at par, plus unreimbursed servicer advances, resulting in the repayment of all of the outstanding securitization financing at par. The Company’s ability to exercise its call rights was limited based on available capital and liquidity, and/or in situations where the related securitization trustee does not permit the exercise of such rights.

The Company held the cleanup call options through either its economically owned residuals interests or its master servicing rights, which potential economic benefits were evaluated within its fair value estimation process.  

Note 7.—Derivative Instruments

The mortgage lending operation enters into IRLCs with prospective borrowers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate and Hedging Instruments to hedge the fair value changes associated with changes in interest rates relating to its mortgage loan origination operations. The fair value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments related to mortgage loan origination are included in other assets or other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of

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December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of IRLCs was an asset of $5 thousand while Hedging Instruments were an asset of $47 thousand.  As of December 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of IRLCs was an asset of $3.1 million while Hedging Instruments were a liability of $55 thousand. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no forward delivery commitments as the forward delivery commitments had no pair-off mechanism.

The following table includes information for the derivative assets and liabilities, lending for the periods presented:

					Total Gains (Losses)
	Notional Amount				For the Year Ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Derivative – IRLC's (1)	$	493	$	255,150	$	(3,106)	$	(4,164)
Derivative – TBA MBS (1)		7,000		102,000		5,020		2,022
Derivative – Swap Futures (1)		8,800		—		1,304		—

(1) Amounts included in gain on sale of loans, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Note 8.—Redeemable Preferred Stock

As disclosed within Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies, on July 15, 2021, the Maryland Court of Appeals issued its decision affirming the decisions of the Maryland Circuit Court (the Circuit Court) and the Court of Special Appeals granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights language interpretation. Accordingly, the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary were not validly adopted and the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary remained in effect.

As a result, as of September 30, 2022, the Company had cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, thereby increasing the liquidation value to approximately $55.47 per share. Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears increased by $0.5859 per Series B Preferred share, or approximately $390 thousand. The accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred stock were payable only upon declaration by the Board of Directors, and the liquidation preference, inclusive of Series B Preferred cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, was only payable upon voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.  In addition, the Company was required to pay an amount equal to three quarters of dividends on the Series B Preferred stock under the 2004 Series B Preferred Articles Supplementary (approximately $1.2 million, which had been previously accrued for [such amount, the 2009 Dividend Amount]) to Series B Preferred shareholders as of August 15, 2022, into the registry of the Circuit Court no later than August 19, 2022, to be held pending final resolution of all issues and final determination by the Circuit Court of the appropriate distribution of those funds. The Company deposited the 2009 Dividend Amount on August 18, 2022.

At September 30, 2022, the Company had $72.0 million in outstanding liquidation preference of series B Preferred and Series C Preferred stock (including cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock). The holders of each series of Preferred Stock, which carried limited voting rights and were redeemable at the option of the Company, retained the right to a $25.00 per share liquidation preference (plus cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock) in the event of a liquidation of the Company and the right to receive dividends on the Preferred Stock if any such dividends were declared (and, in the case of the Series B Preferred stock, before any dividends or other distributions are made to holders of junior stock, including the Company’s common stock). However as further discussed below, holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Preferred Stock, other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

Common and preferred dividends were included in the reconciliation of earnings per share beginning July 15, 2021, which was the date the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the decision in granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights.  Cumulative preferred dividends, whether or not declared, were reflected in basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10-45-11, despite not being accrued

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for on the consolidated balance sheets.

On September 14, 2022, the Company commenced exchange offers (the Exchange Offers) and a consent solicitation for its outstanding shares of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock. On October 20, 2022 (the Expiration Date), the Exchange Offers and consent solicitation expired with approximately 69% of the Series B Preferred stock and approximately 67% of the Series C Preferred stock tendering their shares and voting in favor of certain amendments to the Company’s charter as discussed in further detail below. Holders of Series B Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series B Consideration), for each share of Series B Preferred stock tendered, (i) 13.33 shares of newly issued common stock and (ii) thirty (30) shares of newly issued 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series D Preferred stock).  Holders of Series C Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series C Consideration), for each share of Series C Preferred stock tendered, (i) 1.25 shares of newly issued common stock, (ii) 1.5 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and (iii) one (1) share of Series D Preferred stock. In connection with the closing of the Exchange Offers, the Company issued on October 26, 2022, a total of 7,330,319 shares of newly issued common stock, 14,773,811 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 1,425,695 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

Concurrently with the Exchange Offers, the Company received consent from the requisite holders of each of its outstanding Series B Preferred stock and its outstanding Series C Preferred stock to amend its charter to (i) make all shares of Series B Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series B Consideration and (ii) make all shares of Series C Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series C Consideration. On October 27, 2022, the Company provided notice to holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock that such shares would be redeemed (the Redemption) on November 15, 2022 upon which holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock will only be entitled to receive the Series B Consideration and the Series C Consideration, as the case may be.  In connection with the Redemption, the Company issued approximately 3,298,439 shares of newly issued common stock, 6,599,035 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 681,923 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

All holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption only received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Series B Preferred stock or Series C Preferred stock (whether or not such dividends have accumulated and whether or not such dividends accrued before or after completion of the Exchange Offers), other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

In addition, on August 25, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Order to Segregate Funds and/or Stock (Segregation Order), directing the Company, if the Exchange Offer for the Series B Preferred stock is completed prior to December 5, 2022, to deposit 13,311,840 shares of Series D Preferred stock, plus, in either event, 4,437,280 shares of newly issued common stock (collectively, the Series B Common Fund) in the custody of a third party custodian or escrow agent approved by class counsel. The Exchange Offer was approved and closed with respect to tendered shares on October 26, 2022, and the Company deposited the required stock with a third party pursuant to the Segregation Order.  On August 29, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an order approving the form and substance of the notice by which the Company and the class notice administrator are required to give notice to the Series B Preferred stock class of the final hearing date of December 5, 2022, and the opportunity to file objections to the proposed final injunctive relief and to the applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives. Between September 7 through September 19, the Company and the notice administrator provided the notice required by the August 29, 2022 order.

On December 5, 2022, the Circuit Court held a final hearing on all outstanding matters identified in the notice. On December 16, 2022, the Circuit Court issued its Final Judgment Order which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment, granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses.  In February 2023, pursuant to the Final Judgement Order, (i) the 2009 Dividend Amount was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion going to pay attorney’s fees, litigation costs and incentive payments and (ii) the Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock that was held in escrow was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion of the Series D Preferred Stock going to pay attorney’s fees to Class Counsel.

The Series D Preferred stock (w) ranks senior to the Common stock as to dividends and upon liquidation; (x) is

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non-participating, and bears a cumulative cash dividend from and including the original issue date at a fixed rate equal to 8.25% per annum (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $.00825 per share of the Series D Preferred stock); (y) bears an initial liquidation preference of $0.10 per share and (z) is mandatorily redeemable by the Company for cash at a redemption price of $0.10 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) on (A) the 60th day, or such earlier date as the Company may fix, after the date of any public announcement by the Company of annual or quarterly financial statements that indicate that payment of the redemption price would not cause the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL unless, before such redemption date, the Company’s Board of Directors determines in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and for any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption and which have become redeemable as of the applicable redemption date would cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions, as defined below, or (B) any date the Company fixes not more than sixty (60) days after any determination by the Board of Directors (which the Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, is obligated to undertake after the release of annual and quarterly financial statements and upon any capital raise) in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption rights that have become redeemable as of such redemption date would not cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions. A violation of the “Cash Consideration Restrictions” will occur if the occurrence of an action would cause (i) the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL, (ii) any material breach of or default under the terms and conditions of any obligation of the Company, including any agreement relating to its indebtedness, or (iii) the Company to violate any restriction or prohibition of any law rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any order, judgment or decree of any court or administrative agency.

As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the Redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock due to the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred stock from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per share of Series D Preferred stock, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference. Cumulative preferred dividends, whether or not declared, are reflected in basic and diluted loss per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10-45-11, despite not being accrued for on the consolidated balance sheets.

Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The use of fair value to measure the Company’s financial instruments is fundamental to its consolidated financial statements and is a critical accounting estimate because a substantial portion of its assets and liabilities are recorded at estimated fair value.

FASB ASC 825 requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments and the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate such fair values. The Company uses exit price notion when measuring the

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fair values of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The following table presents the estimated fair value of financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Carrying		Estimated Fair Value						Carrying		Estimated Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,864	$	25,864	$	—	$	—	$	29,555	$	29,555	$	—	$	—
Restricted cash		4,140		4,140		—		—		5,657		5,657		—		—
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		13,052		—		308,477		—		308,477		—
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		749		—		—		749
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		52		—		47		5		3,111		—		—		3,111
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		1,639,251		—		—		1,639,251
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	—	$	3,622	$	—	$	285,539	$	—	$	285,539	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		—		—		15,000		20,000		—		—		20,000
Long-term debt		27,753		—		—		27,753		46,536		—		—		46,536
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		—		—		—		1,614,862		—		—		1,614,862
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—		55		—

(1) Represents IRLCs and Hedging Instruments and are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Represents Hedging Instruments and are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The fair value amounts above have been estimated by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value in both inactive and orderly markets. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

For the consolidated non-recourse securitizations, the fair value of the financial liabilities of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage borrowings) was more observable than the fair value of the financial assets of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage collateral). In accordance with FASB ASU 2014-13, the financial liabilities of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations were the more observable input and measured at fair value and the financial assets were being measured in consolidation as: (1) the sum of the fair value of the securitized mortgage borrowings and the fair value of the beneficial interests retained by the Company less (2) the carrying value of any REO. The resulting amount was allocated to securitized mortgage collateral.

For securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings, the underlying bonds were collateralized by Alt-A (non-conforming) residential and commercial loans and had limited or no market activity. The Company’s methodology to estimate fair value of these assets and liabilities included the use of internal pricing techniques such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable market participant assumptions, where available) discounted at a rate of return based on the Company’s estimates of market participant requirements. The significant assumptions utilized in these internal pricing techniques, which were based on the characteristics of the underlying collateral, include estimated credit losses, estimated prepayment speeds and appropriate discount rates.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The application of fair value measurements may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability or whether management has elected to carry the item at its estimated fair value.

FASB ASC 820-10-35 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

● Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical instruments or liabilities that an entity has the ability to assess at measurement date.

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● Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for an asset or liability, including interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and market-corroborated inputs.

● Level 3—Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when estimating fair value.

As a result of the lack of observable market data resulting from inactive markets, the Company has classified its securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings (prior to the sale in 2022), derivative assets (IRLCs) and long-term debt as Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were approximately 0% and 62% and 83% and 84%, respectively, of total assets and total liabilities measured at estimated fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company assesses its financial instruments on a quarterly basis to determine the appropriate classification within the fair value hierarchy, as defined by FASB ASC Topic 810. Transfers between fair value classifications occur when there are changes in pricing observability levels. Transfers of financial instruments among the levels occur at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no material transfers into Level 3 classified instruments during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, including financial instruments for which the Company has elected the fair value option at December 31, 2022 and 2021, based on the fair value hierarchy:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	—	$	13,052	$	—	$	—	$	308,477	$	—
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		—		47		5		—		—		3,111
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—		749
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		—		1,639,251
Total assets at fair value	$	—	$	13,099	$	5	$	—	$	308,477	$	1,643,111
Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,614,862
Long-term debt		—		—		27,753		—		—		46,536
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	27,753	$	—	$	55	$	1,661,398

(1) At December 31, 2022, derivative assets, lending, net included $5 thousand in IRLCs and $47 thousand in Hedging Instruments included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, derivative assets, lending, net included $3.1 million in IRLCs and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, derivative liabilities, lending, net are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

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The following tables present a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		2,019		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(7,564)		—		—		(1,187)
Change in fair value		9,248		—		(70)		(3,106)		2,757
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		17,213	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		11,267		(7,564)		(70)		(3,106)		18,783
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		46		—		—
Settlements		(1,650,518)		1,622,426		(725)		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2022	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(27,753)
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (3)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(34,247)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2022.

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2020	$	2,100,175	$	(2,086,557)	$	339	$	7,275	$	(44,413)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		(12,162)		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(37,090)		—		—		(1,499)
Change in fair value		151,759		(145,288)		(126)		(4,164)		2,098
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		(2,722)	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		139,597		(182,378)		(126)		(4,164)		(2,123)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		536		—		—
Settlements		(600,521)		654,073		—		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3)	$	(104,299)	$	2,318,296	$	749	$	3,111	$	15,464

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that were still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2021.

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The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Unobservable	Range of		Weighted		Range of		Weighted
Financial Instrument	Input	Inputs		Average		Inputs		Average
Assets and liabilities backed by real estate
Securitized mortgage collateral, and	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	2.9 - 46.3	%	10.7	%
Securitized mortgage borrowings	Default rates	-	%	-	%	0.06 - 4.3	%	1.7	%
	Loss severities	-	%	-	%	0.01 - 97.6	%	70.1	%
	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	2.1 - 13.0	%	3.6	%
Other assets and liabilities
Mortgage servicing rights	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	12.5 - 15.0	%	12.8	%
	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	8.01 - 29.1	%	10.3	%
Derivative assets - IRLCs, net	Pull-through rates	70.0 - 78.0	%	72.3	%	50.0 - 98.0	%	79.0	%
Long-term debt	See (1) below	N/A	%	N/A	%	8.6	%	8.6	%

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2022, the company used the expected cash flow valuation methodology and the unobservable input was the expected proceeds.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company used a discounted cash flow model and the unobservable input was the discount rate.

For assets and liabilities backed by real estate, a significant increase in discount rates, default rates or loss severities would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value. The effect of changes in prepayment speeds would have differing effects depending on the seniority or other characteristics of the instrument. For other assets and liabilities, a significant increase in discount rates would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value. A significant increase or decrease in pull-through rate assumptions would result in a significant increase or decrease, respectively, in the fair value of IRLCs. The Company believes that the imprecision of an estimate could be significant.

The following tables present the changes in recurring fair value measurements included in net losses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	2,019	$	—	$	9,248		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,267
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(7,564)		—			—		—		—		(7,564)
Long-term debt		—		(1,187)		—			2,757		—		—		1,570
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(70)		—		(70)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		(8,802)		(8,802)
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(3,106)		(3,106)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		103		103
Total	$	2,019	$	(8,751)	$	9,248	(3)	$	2,757	$	(70)	$	(11,805)	$	(6,602)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2022, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $9.2 million.

F-31

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	(12,162)	$	—		151,759		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	139,597
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(37,090)		(145,288)			—		—		—		(182,378)
Long-term debt		—		(1,499)		—			2,098		—		—		599
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(126)		—		(126)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		3,395		3,395
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(4,164)		(4,164)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		88		88
Total	$	(12,162)	$	(38,589)	$	6,471	(3)	$	2,098	$	(126)	$	(681)	$	(42,989)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2021, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $6.5 million.

The following is a description of the measurement techniques for items recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage servicing rights—The Company elected to carry its mortgage servicing rights arising from its mortgage loan origination operation at fair value. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is based upon a discounted cash flow model. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating the fair value of servicing. These assumptions include estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, prepayment and late fees, among other considerations. As discussed in Note 3.— Mortgage Servicing Rights, the Company sold its government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand in December 31, 2022.  Mortgage servicing rights were considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

Mortgage loans held-for-sale—The Company elected to carry its mortgage LHFS originated or acquired from its mortgage lending operation at fair value. Fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available, prices for other traded mortgage loans with similar characteristics, and purchase commitments and bid information received from market participants. Given the meaningful level of secondary market activity for mortgage loans, active pricing is available for similar assets and accordingly, the Company classifies its mortgage LHFS as a Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Securitized mortgage collateral—The Company carried its securitized mortgage collateral at fair value. These assets consist primarily of non-conforming mortgage loans securitized between 2002 and 2007. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s internal models used to compute the net present value of future expected cash flows, with observable market participant assumptions, where available. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use in pricing these assets. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As discussed in Note 6.— Securitized Mortgage Trusts, in March 2022, the Company sold certain certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights associated with the consolidated securitization trusts for $37.5 million and deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities, recording a $9.2 million fair value increase, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer. Securitized mortgage collateral was considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

Securitized mortgage borrowings—The Company carried its securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value. These borrowings consisted of individual tranches of bonds issued by securitization trusts and are primarily backed by non-conforming mortgage loans. Fair value measurements included the Company’s judgments about the underlying collateral and assumptions such as prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As discussed in Note 6.— Securitized Mortgage Trusts, in March 2022, the Company sold certain certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights associated with the consolidated securitization trusts for $37.5 million and deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities, recording a $9.2 million fair value increase, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer. Securitized mortgage borrowings were considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

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Long-term debt—The Company elected to carry its remaining long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considers the Company’s own credit risk, including settlements with trust preferred debt holders, if any, and a cash flow analysis.  In 2022, the Company used an expected cash flow valuation methodology to estimate the cash flows based on the expected proceeds that the asset would receive. In 2021, the Company used a discounted cash flow analysis. As of December 31, 2022, long-term debt had an unpaid principal balance of $62.0 million compared to an estimated fair value of $27.8 million. The aggregate unpaid principal balance exceeds the fair value by $34.2 million at December 31, 2022. The long-term debt is considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Derivative assets and liabilities, Lending— Derivative assets and liabilities are carried at fair value and are accounted for as free standing derivatives. All derivative financial instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in the fair values being reported in current period earnings.  The derivatives include IRLCs with prospective residential mortgage borrowers whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the borrowers have locked in that interest rate. These commitments are determined to be derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. The derivatives also include Hedging Instruments used to hedge the fair value changes associated with changes in interest rates relating to its mortgage lending originations. The Company hedges the period from the interest rate lock (assuming a fall-out factor) to the date of the loan sale. The estimated fair value of IRLCs are based on underlying loan types with similar characteristics using the TBA MBS market, which is actively quoted and validated through external sources. The data inputs used in this valuation include, but are not limited to, loan type, underlying loan amount, note rate, loan program and expected sale date of the loan, adjusted for current market conditions. These valuations are adjusted at the loan level to consider the servicing release premium and loan pricing adjustments specific to each loan. For all IRLCs, the base value is then adjusted for the anticipated Pull-through Rate. The anticipated Pull-through Rate is an unobservable input based on historical experience, which results in classification of IRLCs as a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.  The fair value of the TBA MBS and forward delivery commitments is based on the actively quoted TBA MBS market using observable inputs related to characteristics of the underlying MBS stratified by product, coupon and settlement date. Therefore, the TBA MBS and forward delivery commitment, if any, are classified as a Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.  The Company also utilizes interest rate swap futures to hedge interest rate risk. These instruments are actively traded in a liquid market and classified as Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022.  The Company did not enter into any interest rate swap futures as of December 31, 2021.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company is required to measure certain assets and liabilities at estimated fair value from time to time. These fair value measurements typically result from the application of specific accounting pronouncements under GAAP. The fair value measurements are considered nonrecurring fair value measurements under FASB ASC 820-10.

The following table presents financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
REO (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,479	$	—
ROU asset		—		—		1,248		—		—		10,209

(1) Balance represents REO at December 31, 2021 which has been impaired subsequent to foreclosure.

The following table presents total gains on financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Total Gains (Losses) (1)
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
REO (2)	$	—	$	111
ROU asset impairment		(123)		—

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(1) Total gains reflect gains from all nonrecurring measurements during the year.

(2) For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded none and $111 thousand, respectively, of gains related to changes in the NRV of REO.  Gains represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV.  

Real estate owned—REO consists of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans. Upon foreclosure, REO is adjusted to the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs, offset by expected contractual mortgage insurance proceeds to be received, if any. Subsequently, REO is recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell. REO balance representing REOs which have been impaired subsequent to foreclosure are subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement and included in the nonrecurring fair value measurements tables. Fair values of REO are generally based on observable market inputs, and considered Level 2 measurements at December 31, 2021.

ROU asset impairment—The Company performs reviews of its ROU assets for impairment when evidence exists that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a $123 thousand ROU asset impairment charge related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within the Company’s corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value. The impairment charge is included in general, administrative and other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  ROU asset was considered a Level 3 fair value measurement at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Note 10.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted loss per common share, including the dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock awards (RSAs), restricted stock units (RSUs), deferred stock units (DSUs), Notes and cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding for the periods indicated, when dilutive:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Numerator for basic loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Less: cumulative non-declared dividends on preferred stock (1)		(52)		(780)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Numerator for diluted loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Interest expense attributable to convertible notes (2)		—		—
Net loss plus interest expense attributable to convertible notes	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Denominator for basic loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Denominator for diluted loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Net effect of dilutive convertible notes and warrants (2)		—		—
Net effect of dilutive stock options, DSU’s, RSA's and RSU's (2)		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares		23,918		21,332
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)
Diluted	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)

(1) Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series B Preferred stock are included in 2021 and excluded in 2022 as a result of the aforementioned Exchange Offers.  Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series D Preferred stock are included in 2022 as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the Cash Consideration Restrictions of the new preferred stock.  (See Note 8.– Redeemable Preferred Stock and Note 13.– Commitments and Contingincies).

(2) Adjustments to diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were excluded from the calculation, as they were anti-dilutive.

F-34

(3) Share amounts presented in thousands.

The anti-dilutive stock options, RSAs, RSUs and DSUs outstanding for the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 772 thousand and 1.0 million shares in the aggregate, respectively.  For the years ended December 2022 and 2021, there were 698 thousand and 930 thousand shares attributable to the Notes that were anti-dilutive.  Additionally, for the years ended December 2022 and 2021, there were 2.3 million and 202 thousand warrants that were anti-dilutive.

Common and preferred dividends are included in the reconciliation of earnings (loss) per share beginning July 15, 2021, which was the date the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the decision in granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred stock voting rights.  As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock as a result of the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred stock from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per Series D Preferred share, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference.

Note 11.—Income Taxes

The Company is subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return.

Income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	—	$	—
State		38		71
Total current income tax expense		38		71
Deferred income taxes:
Federal		—		—
State		—		—
Total deferred income tax expense		—		—
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

The Company recorded income tax expense of $38 thousand and $71 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, was primarily the result of state minimum taxes and franchise taxes.

Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management's judgment that realization is "more likely than not". A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. As of each reporting date, the Company considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact management's view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. Significant judgment is required in assessing future earnings trends, the availability of tax planning strategies, recent pretax losses and the timing of reversals of temporary differences. The Company's evaluation is based on current tax laws as well as management's expectation of future performance.

The Company's deferred tax assets are primarily the result of net operating losses and basis differences on mortgage securities and goodwill. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance is based on management's assessment that it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets, primarily net operating loss carryforwards, may not be realized in the foreseeable future due to objective negative evidence.

F-35

Deferred tax assets are comprised of the following temporary differences between the financial statement carrying value and the tax basis of assets:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state net operating losses	$	248,559	$	178,194
Mortgage securities		—		55,283
Depreciation and amortization		21,655		24,355
Capital loss carryover		172		172
Compensation and other accruals		1,563		3,058
Repurchase reserve		1,839		1,493
Total gross deferred tax assets		273,788		262,555
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fair value adjustments on long-term debt		(9,516)		(3,980)
Mortgage servicing rights		—		(236)
Corporate-owned life insurance		(1,272)		(1,017)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(10,788)		(5,233)
Valuation allowance		(263,000)		(257,322)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes to the expected statutory federal corporate income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Expected income tax expense	$	(8,273)	$	(799)
State tax expense, net of federal benefit		30		56
State rate change		345		(640)
Change in valuation allowance		7,532		1,218
Corporate-owned life insurance interest and premiums		121		96
Other		283		140
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

At December 31, 2022, the Company had accumulated other comprehensive earnings of $39.3 million, which was net of tax of $11.3 million.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had estimated NOL carryforwards of approximately $850.1 million. Federal NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2027.  Included in the estimated NOL carryforward is $292.5 million of NOLs with an indefinite carryover period.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company had estimated California NOL carryforwards of approximately $624.8 million, which begin to expire in 2028.  The Company may not be able to realize the maximum benefit due to the nature and tax entities that hold the NOL.

On October 23, 2019, the Company adopted a Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement (Rights Plan) to help preserve the value of certain deferred tax benefits, including those generated by net operating losses (collectively, Tax Benefits). In general, the Company may “carry forward” net operating losses in certain circumstances to offset current and future taxable income, which will reduce federal and state income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The Company’s ability to use these Tax Benefits would be substantially limited and impaired if it were to experience an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. Generally, the Company will experience an “ownership change” if the percentage of the shares of Common Stock owned by one or more “five-percent shareholders” increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of shares of Common Stock owned by such stockholder at any time during the prior three year on a rolling basis. As such, the Rights Plan has a 4.99% “trigger” threshold that is intended to act as a deterrent to any person or entity seeking to acquire 4.99% or more of the outstanding Common Stock without the prior approval of the board of directors. The Rights Plan also has certain ancillary anti-takeover effects. The rights accompany each share of common stock of the Company and are evidenced by ownership of common stock. The rights are not exercisable except upon the occurrence of certain change of control events. Once triggered, the rights would entitle

F-36

the stockholders, other than a person qualifying as an “Acquiring Person” pursuant to the rights plan, to certain “flip in”, “flip over” and exchange rights. The rights issued under the Rights Plan may be redeemed by the board of directors at a nominal redemption price of $0.001 per right, and the board of directors may amend the rights in any respect until the rights are triggered.   The Rights Plan was approved at the Company’s 2020 annual meeting of stockholders and will expire on the three-year anniversary of its adoption.

The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2020. The most significant impact to the Company included the removal of the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive earnings). The changes also add a requirement for an entity to reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company files numerous tax returns in various jurisdictions. While the Company is subject to examination by various taxing authorities, the Company believes there are no unresolved issues or claims likely to be material to its financial position. The Company classifies interest and penalties on taxes as provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no material uncertain tax positions.    The Company has state alternative minimum tax (AMT) credits in the amount of $404 thousand as of December 31, 2022.

Note 12.—Segment Reporting

The Company has three primary reporting segments which include mortgage lending, real estate services and long-term mortgage portfolio. Unallocated corporate and other administrative costs, including the costs associated with being a public company, are presented in corporate and other.

The following table presents selected balance sheet data by reporting segment as of the dates indicated:

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	24,923	$	500	$	—		441	$	25,864
Restricted cash		4,140		—		—		—		4,140
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		—		—		13,052
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—
Other assets (1)		1,586		2		77		15,610		17,275
Total assets	$	43,701	$	502	$	77	$	16,051	$	60,331
Total liabilities	$	10,866	$	—	$	28,180	$	32,888	$	71,934

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	26,239	$	500	$	—	$	2,816	$	29,555
Restricted cash		5,657		—		—		—		5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		308,477		—		—		—		308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749		—		—		—		749
Trust assets		—		—		1,642,730		—		1,642,730
Other assets (1)		10,051		2		141		25,409		35,603
Total assets	$	351,173	$	502	$	1,642,871	$	28,225	$	2,022,771
Total liabilities	$	298,726	$	—	$	1,661,729	$	52,380	$	2,012,835

(1) All segment asset balances exclude intercompany balances.

F-37

The following table presents selected statement of operations information by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,317
Servicing income, net		63		—		—		—		63
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		—		—		—		194
Broker fee income		50		—		—		—		50
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,081		—		—		1,081
Other revenue		9		—		24		857		890
Other operating expense		(34,025)		(1,373)		(262)		(20,465)		(56,125)
Other income (expense)		1,368		—		8,511		(1,743)		8,136
Net (loss) earnings before income tax expense	$	(26,024)	$	(292)	$	8,273	$	(21,351)		(39,394)
Income tax expense										38
Net loss									$	(39,432)

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	65,294	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	65,294
Servicing expense, net		(432)		—		—		—		(432)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		34		—		—		—		34
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,144		—		—		1,144
Other revenue		24		—		110		145		279
Other operating expense		(62,605)		(1,409)		(778)		(16,412)		(81,204)
Other income (expense)		98		—		12,840		(1,860)		11,078
Net earnings (loss) before income tax expense	$	2,413	$	(265)	$	12,172	$	(18,127)	$	(3,807)
Income tax expense										71
Net loss									$	(3,878)

Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is a defendant in or a party to a number of legal actions or proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. In some of these actions and proceedings, claims for monetary damages are asserted against the Company. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such legal actions and proceedings, the Company generally cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss related to each pending matter may be, if any.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes an accrued liability for litigation when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. In any case, there may be an exposure to losses in excess of any such amounts whether accrued or not. Any estimated loss is subject to significant judgment and is based upon currently available information, a variety of assumptions, and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the estimated loss will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate. Therefore, an estimate of possible loss represents what the Company believes to be an estimate of possible loss only for certain matters meeting these criteria. It does not represent the Company’s maximum loss exposure.

Based on the Company’s current understanding of these pending legal actions and proceedings, management does not believe that judgments or settlements arising from pending or threatened legal matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, operating results or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in these matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to the Company’s results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period.

The legal matter updates summarized below are ongoing and may have an effect on the Company’s business and future financial condition and results of operations:  

F-38

Timm, et al v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al.

On December 7, 2011, a purported class action was filed in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City (Circuit Court) entitled Timm, et al v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al. (Maryland Action) on behalf of holders of the Company’s 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred) and 9.125% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series C Preferred) who did not tender their stock in connection with the Company’s 2009 Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation (2009 Offer), including that the Company failed to achieve the requisite number of votes to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, that the consents of the holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary and 2004 Series C Articles Supplementary (together, the 2004 Articles Supplementary) were not effective, and that the Company’s Board of Directors breached their fiduciary duties by recommending and approving the 2009 Offer.  

The Maryland Action sought a judicial declaration that the Article Amendments related to the 2009 Offer (the 2009 Article Amendments) were ineffective, reinstatement of cumulative dividends on the Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock, payment of additional dividends that would have been required if the 2004 Articles Supplementary had remained in effect after June 29, 2009 (due to the Company’s purchase of certain Preferred Stock before year end 2009), the election of two directors by the holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock, punitive damages and legal expenses.

In 2013, the Company and the individual defendants in the Maryland Action prevailed on a motion to dismiss all claims, except the claim that the Company had failed to receive the requisite number of votes to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary and related remedies. All claims made on behalf of the holders of Series C Preferred stock and all claims against individual defendants were dismissed. The case proceeded to discovery and cross-motions for summary judgment on the remaining primary dispute as to whether the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary required the approval of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred, voting as a separate class, in order to make the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, which was the plaintiff’s position, or required the approval of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series C Preferred and Series C Preferred, voting together as a single class, which was the Company’s position.

The Circuit Court entered a Judgment Order (Judgment Order) on July 16, 2018 (amended on July 24, 2018), whereby it entered a partial final judgment: (1) in favor of the Company and all other defendants on all claims on behalf of the holders of Series C Preferred and all claims against all individual defendants, thereby affirming the validity of the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series C Articles Supplementary; (2) declaring its interpretation of the voting provision language in the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary to mean that consent of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred stock, voting as a separate class, was required to approve and amend the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, which was not obtained, thus rendering the amendments invalid and leaving the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary continuously in effect; (3) ordering the Company to hold a special election within sixty (60) days for the holders of Series B Preferred stock to elect two directors to the Board of Directors pursuant to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary (who would remain on the Board until all accumulated dividends on the Series B Preferred stock have been paid or set aside for payment); and (4) declaring that the Company is required to pay three quarters of dividends on the Series B Preferred stock under the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary (approximately $1.2 million), but did not order the Company to make any payment at that time (the 2009 Dividend Amount), however the amount was accrued by the Company.  The Circuit Court declined to certify any class pending the outcome of appeals and certified its partial Judgment Order for immediate appeal.

The Company appealed from the Judgment Order and one co-Plaintiff cross-appealed to the Court of Special Appeals (CSA).  After briefing and argument, the CSA issued an opinion on April 1, 2020, affirming the Circuit Court’s judgments. Specifically, the CSA affirmed judgment in favor of the Company and other defendants on all claims involving Series C Preferred stock and affirmed judgment in favor of plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights interpretation, finding that the voting rights language in the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary required consent of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred stock, voting as a separate class, to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary in 2009.

The Company filed a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Maryland Court of Appeals (Court of Appeals) seeking review of the voting rights decision, which was granted. Neither of the two co-Plaintiffs sought further review. The Court of Appeals issued its decision on July 15, 2021, affirming the decisions of the Circuit Court and the Court of Special

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Appeals granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights language interpretation. Accordingly, the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary were not validly adopted and the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary remained in effect.

On August 17, 2021, the Court of Appeals issued its mandate returning the case to the Circuit Court for final proceedings on certain open issues, discussed below.  On October 25, 2021, the case was assigned to a judge of the Circuit Court to oversee final disposition of outstanding issues.

On remand, the Circuit Court directed the parties to submit briefs on any outstanding issues. The two co-Plaintiffs filed motions taking differing positions regarding certification of a Series B Preferred stock (the Class), appointment of a Class representative and Class counsel, notice to the Class regarding payment of the 2009 Dividend Amount and any award of attorney’s fees to Plaintiffs’ counsel from future dividends. After a hearing on February 18, 2022, the Circuit Court took all such matters under submission.

On July 22, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Order Certifying Class and Providing for Class Notice and Final Hearing, accompanied by a Memorandum Opinion explaining the Circuit Court’s rulings on the matters under submission. The Circuit Court denied plaintiff Curtis Timm’s Motion for Class Certification and Other Relief and granted plaintiff Camac Fund LP’s Motion to Certify Class, Appoint Class Representative and Lead Counsel, Preliminarily Determine Right to Receive Dividends, and Set Final Judgment Hearing.  The Circuit Court certified a non-opt out class of owners of Series B Preferred stock from the close of the tender offer on June 29, 2009 to the date of the class certification order, appointed plaintiff Camac Fund as Lead Class Plaintiff and its counsel, Tydings & Rosenberg LLP, as Lead Class Counsel, ordered the co-plaintiffs to file any petitions for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses or other form of monetary award no later than August 12, 2022, and directed Impac to provide shareholder information to the parties’ class notice administrator by August 12, 2022.  

In addition, the Circuit Court made a preliminary determination that the 2009 Dividend Amount should be paid to current Series B Preferred stockholders, as of a record date to be established. The Circuit Court stated that it anticipated entering final injunctive relief, prior to a final class hearing date, directing the Company to declare a record date for payment to then current Series B Preferred stockholders of the dividends previously determined to be due for three quarters in 2009 and to deposit such funds in escrow until after the proper recipients of the funds are determined following the final hearing.

The Circuit Court held a further conference on July 27, 2022, during which the parties discussed proposed revisions to the Class definition to include all Series B Preferred stockholders through the date of finality of final orders to be issued in the case, the method for the establishing a record date for the Company’s satisfaction of its obligations to distribute the adjudicated amount of the 2009 Dividend Amount, the final hearing date and other matters. On August 8, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Amended Class Certification Order, which amends the definition of the class to include all Series B Preferred stockholders through the date of finality of final orders to be issued in the case, directs the Company to establish a record date of August 15, 2022 for distribution of the 2009 Dividend Amount and to pay that amount into the registry of the Circuit Court no later than August 19, 2022, to be held pending final resolution of all issues and final determination by the Court of the appropriate distribution of those funds. The Company deposited the funds on August 18, 2022. The Amended Class Certification Order states that the Company shall have no further right or obligation with respect to the funds deposited in the registry, except as necessary to effectual the final determination of the Court. The Company can take no action with respect to the 2009 Dividend Amount until the Circuit Court makes further orders.

On August 12, 2022, Class Representative Camac and Lead Class Counsel filed an application for an award of attorney’s fees, expenses and an incentive award, and plaintiff Timm filed an application for an award of incentive award and expenses, in each case to be paid from benefits that members of the Series B Preferred class receive as a result of the Maryland Action, including but not limited to a portion of the 2009 Dividend Amount on deposit in the registry of the Circuit Court, and future dividends or, if the Exchange Offer (as described elsewhere in this document) closes, cash or stock to be received by Series B Preferred stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Offer and subsequent redemption. On August 25, 2022, the Circuit Court issued a further Order directing Impac to segregate cash funds and/or stock that otherwise would be paid to the Series B Preferred stockholders in the Exchange Offer and subsequent redemption within five (5) business days after closing of the Exchange Offer, either by depositing cash to Court’s registry or by transferring stock to the custody of a third party custodian or escrow holder (Stock Escrow), as the case may be. The August 25, 2022 Order provides that upon such deposit or transfer, the Company shall have no further right or obligation with respect to the disposition of such cash or stock, except to pay the costs associated with such deposit or escrow and subsequent

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distributions as may be ordered by the Court in its final determination following the December 5, 2022 final class hearing in the Maryland Action.  The Exchange Offer was approved and closed with respect to tendered shares on October 26, 2022, and the Company deposited the required stock with a third party pursuant to the August 25, 2022 Order.

On August 29, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an order approving the form and substance of the notice by which the Company and the class notice administrator are required to give notice to the Series B class of the final hearing date of December 5, 2022, and the opportunity to file objections to the proposed final injunctive relief and to the applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives. On dates between September 7 through September 19, the Company and the notice administrator provided the notice required by the August 29, 2022 order.

No objections were made by any member of the Class to the proposed final injunctive relief.  Both plaintiffs filed objections to each other’s respective applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives.  On December 5, 2022, the Circuit Court held a final hearing on all outstanding matters identified in the notice. No Class Member other than named Plaintiffs appeared at the hearing.  On December 16, 2022, the Circuit issued its Final Judgment Order directing, among other things, that Impac pay the 2009 Dividend Amount to members of the Plaintiff Class who held Series B Preferred stock as of August 15, 2022 no earlier than the 45^th day or later than the 60^th after entry of the Final Judgment Order by the Clerk, which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order also granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment, granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses, and included implementing orders. No appeal was filed.  In February 2023, pursuant to the Final Judgement Order, (i) the 2009 Dividend Amount was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion going to pay attorney’s fees, litigation costs and incentive payments and (ii) the Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock that was held in escrow was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion of the Series D Preferred Stock going to pay attorney’s fees to Class Counsel.

McNair v Impac Mortgage Corp.

On September 18, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief. On March 8, 2019, a First Amended Complaint was filed, which added a claim alleging PAGA violations. On March 12, 2019, the parties filed a stipulation with the court stating (1) the plaintiff’s individual claims should be arbitrated pursuant to the parties’ arbitration agreement, (2) the class claims should be struck from the First Amended Complaint, and (3) the plaintiff will proceed solely with regard to her PAGA claims. This case was consolidated with the Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage case discussed below with a rescheduled trial date of  January 18, 2022.  On October 28, 2021, the Company entered into a settlement agreement, which was amended and restated on February 17, 2022.  On March 14, 2022, the court issued an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement. On October 4, 2022, the court issued an order, subsequently revised on October 19, 2022, granting final approval of the class action settlement and entering judgment, which was previously accrued for in the third quarter of 2021. On October 26, 2022, the Company deposited the required settlement amount with the third party administrator pursuant to the October 28, 2021 settlement agreement as amended and restated on February 17, 2022.

Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp.

On December 27, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief.  On March 14, 2019, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging only PAGA violations and seeking penalties, attorneys’ fees, and such other appropriate relief.  This case was consolidated with the McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage discussed above with a rescheduled trial date of January 18, 2022.  On October 28, 2021, the Company entered into a settlement agreement, which was amended and restated on February 17, 2022.   On March 14, 2022, the court issued an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement.  On October 4, 2022, the court issued an order, subsequently revised on October 19, 2022, granting final approval of the class action settlement and entering judgment, which was previously accrued for in the third quarter of 2021.  On October 26, 2022, the Company deposited the required settlement amount with the third party administrator pursuant to the October 28, 2021 settlement agreement as amended and restated on February 17, 2022.

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UBS Americas Inc., et al. v. Impac Funding Corporation et al.

On December 17, 2021, a summons with notice was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York (NY Court), initiating a lawsuit entitled UBS Americas Inc., et al. v. Impac Funding Corporation et al.  The plaintiffs contend that the defendants are required to indemnify payments that plaintiffs made to resolve claims asserted by the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco and HSH Nordbank AG related to certain residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS).  Plaintiffs contend that the RMBS included loans that the defendants allegedly sold to certain UBS entities in breach of contractual representations and warranties.  Plaintiffs further contend that they settled the cases for which plaintiffs are demanding indemnification in December 2015 and March 2016. On April 18, 2022, the Company accepted service of the summons with notice on behalf of Impac Funding Corp. and Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.  On June 2, 2022, a complaint was filed with the NY Court related to the summons with notice, however Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. was no longer listed as a defendant in the matter.  On July 25, 2022, Impac Funding Corporation filed a motion to dismiss the complaint.  All parties submitted their briefs and oral arguments on the motion to dismiss were held on March 6, 2023. There is no set timeframe for the court to issue its ruling. The Company believes the claims are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously.

CrossCountry Mortgage, LLC v Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and Impac Mortgage Corp.

On August 4, 2022, a complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio – Eastern Division by CrossCountry Mortgage, LLC (Plaintiff) against the Company and IMC. The Plaintiff alleges infringement of Plaintiff’s federally-registered trademark, unfair competition and false designation of origin and for substantial and related claims of deceptive trade practice under the statutory and common laws of the State of Ohio. Plaintiff is seeking injunctive and monetary relief.  The Company and IMC were served with the complaint on August 8, 2022, and filed an answer on September 29, 2022.  Discovery is currently ongoing between the parties.  The Company and IMC believe the claims are without merit and the Company intends to defend itself vigorously.

The Company is a party to other litigation and claims which are in the course of the Company’s operations. While the results of such other litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the claims and intends to defend these claims vigorously and as such the Company believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Nevertheless, litigation is uncertain and the Company may not prevail in the lawsuits and can express no opinion as to their ultimate resolution. An adverse judgment in any of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Lease Commitments

The following table presents the operating and finance lease balances within the consolidated balance sheets, weighted average remaining lease term, and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2022:

		December 31,
Lease Assets and Liabilities	Classification	2022
Assets
Lease ROU assets	Other assets	$ 1,248
Liabilities
Lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$ 51
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		0.8
Weighted average discount rate		3.6	%

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The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:

Year 2023	$	55
Year 2024		—
Year 2025		—
Year 2026		—
Year 2027		—
Total lease commitments	$	55
Less: imputed interest		(4)
Total lease liability	$	51

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, cash paid for operating leases was $5.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.  Total operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $5.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively.  Operating lease expense includes short-term leases and sublease income, both of which are immaterial.  

In December 2022, the Company recorded an additional $970 thousand in occupancy expense related to the modification and early termination of the Company’s corporate office.  On December 15, 2022, IFC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of IMH, and Jacaranda Holdings, LLC (the Landlord), entered into a Lease Termination Agreement (the Termination Agreement) relating to the lease (the Lease) for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices located at 19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California (the Premises). The Lease, as amended, was originally entered into in March 2005, and the Premises currently consists of approximately 120,000 square feet.  

Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, IFC and Landlord agreed to terminate the Lease on January 31, 2023, in lieu of the Lease’s original expiration date of September 30, 2024. In accordance with the terms of the Termination Agreement, on December 16, 2022, IFC paid to the Landlord the termination consideration of $3.0 million, among other required action items. As a result of the Termination Agreement, the Company accounted for the termination as a lease modification, recording an additional $970 thousand of occupancy expense in December 2022 related to the modification, with an additional $1.2 million in occupancy expense occurring in January 2023, when the premises were vacated.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $123 thousand in ROU asset impairment charges related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within the Company’s previous corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value. The impairment charges recorded in 2022 are included in general, administrative and other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new sublease agreement for approximately 18,900 per square foot of executive, administrative and operations workspace in Newport Beach, California. The term of the new lease term is through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per square foot over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges willtotal approximately $800 thousand.

Repurchase Reserve

The provision for repurchases represents an estimate of losses to be incurred on the repurchase of loans or indemnification of purchaser's losses related to loan sales. Certain sale contracts and GSE standards require the Company to repurchase a loan or indemnify the purchaser or insurer for losses if a borrower fails to make initial loan payments or if the accompanying mortgage loan fails to meet certain customary representations and warranties.

In the event of a breach of the representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the loan or indemnify the purchaser for losses it sustains on the loan. In addition, an investor may request that the Company refund a portion of the premium paid on the sale of mortgage loans if a loan is prepaid within a certain amount of time from the date of sale. The Company records a reserve for estimated losses associated with loan repurchases, purchaser indemnification and premium refunds. The provision for repurchase losses is charged against gain on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. A release of repurchase reserves is recorded when the Company's assessment reveals that previously recorded reserves are no longer needed.  

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Loans sold to Ginnie Mae are insured by the FHA or are guaranteed by the VA. As servicer, the Company may elect to repurchase delinquent loans in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines; however, the loans continue to be insured. The Company may also indemnify the FHA and VA for losses related to loans not originated in accordance with their guidelines.

The Company regularly evaluates the adequacy of repurchase reserves based on trends in repurchase and indemnification requests, actual loss experience, settlement negotiation, estimated future loss exposure and other relevant factors including economic conditions. The Company sold $979 million and $2.8 billion of loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are subject to repurchase representations and warranties. The Company believes its reserve balances as of December 31, 2022 are sufficient to cover loss exposure associated with repurchase contingencies.

The following table summarizes the repurchase reserve activity (included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets) related to previously sold loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	4,744	$	7,054
Provision for repurchases (1)		2,417		111
Settlements		(1,286)		(2,421)
Total repurchase reserve	$	5,875	$	4,744

(1) The provision for repurchases is included in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Corporate-owned Life Insurance Trusts

During the first quarter of 2020, there was a triggering event that caused the Company to reevaluate the consolidation of certain corporate-owned life insurance trusts. As a result, the Company has consolidated life insurance trusts for three former executive officers.  The corporate-owned life insurance contracts are recorded at cash surrender value, which is provided by a third party and held within trusts. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the cash surrender value of the policies was $11.6 million and $10.8 million, respectively, and were recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the liability associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts was $13.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, and was recorded within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.  

	At December 31, 2022
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts:	Trust #1		Trust #2		Trust #3		Total
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	$	5,314	$	4,125	$	2,180	$	11,619
Corporate-owned life insurance liability		6,280		4,923		2,398		13,601
Corporate-owned life insurance shortfall (1)	$	(966)	$	(798)	$	(218)	$	(1,982)

(1) $1.3 million of the total shortfall was recorded as a change in retained deficit at the time of the consolidation of the trusts in 2020. The additional shortfall was recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Concentration of Risk

The Company sells mortgage loans to various third-party investors. The largest five investors accounted for 75% of the Company’s loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.  No other investors accounted for more than 5% of the loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company also has geographic concentration risk because 57% of the Company’s mortgage loan originations during 2022 were for borrowers located in California.

Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans

The Company maintains an equity-based incentive compensation plan, the terms of which are governed by the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2020 Incentive Plan). The 2020 Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock appreciation rights, RSUs, DSUs, performance shares and other stock and cash-based incentive awards. Employees, directors, consultants or other persons providing services to the Company or its affiliates are eligible to receive awards pursuant to

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the 2020 Incentive Plan. In connection with the adoption of the 2020 Incentive Plan, the Company’s 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2010 Plan), which was scheduled to expire in July 2020, was frozen for new grants.  The 2010 Plan will remain in place only for the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to equity compensation awards outstanding under the 2010 Plan, which awards will continue to be governed by the terms of the 2010 Plan.  As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate number of shares reserved under the 2020 Incentive Plan and 2010 Plan, was 2,000,000 and 722,006 shares, respectively, and there were 1,540,490 shares available for grants as stock options, RSUs, DSUs or other stock and cash-based incentive awards under the 2020 Incentive Plan. The Company issues new shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises, RSU vesting, DSU issuances and other stock-based incentive awards.

The fair value of options granted (no options were granted in 2022), which is amortized to expense over the option service period, is estimated on the date of grant with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Granted in 2021
Risk-free interest rate		0.50%
Expected lives (in years)		4.54
Expected volatility		77.55%
Expected dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value per share	$	1.96

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s stock options for the years presented below:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average			Average
	Number of	Exercise		Number of	Exercise
	Shares	Price		Shares	Price
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year	570,228	$	7.89	524,357	$	8.58
Options granted	—		—	85,154		3.29
Options exercised	—		—	—		—
Options forfeited/cancelled	(38,750)		8.33	(39,283)		7.15
Options outstanding at the end of the period	531,478		7.86	570,228		7.89
Options exercisable at the end of the period	496,790	$	8.18	406,361	$	9.65

The aggregate intrinsic value in the following table represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $0.17 and $1.11 per common share as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount of proceeds the option holders would have received had all option holders exercised their options and sold the stock as of that date.

	As of December 31,
	2022			2021
	Weighted-			Weighted-
	Average	Aggregate		Average	Aggregate
	Remaining	Intrinsic		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Life	Value		Life	Value
	(Years)	(in thousands)		(Years)	(in thousands)
Options outstanding at end of year	5.00	$	-	6.77	$	-
Options exercisable at end of year	4.78	$	-	5.96	$	-

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $43 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option compensation arrangements granted, net of estimated forfeitures. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.1 years.

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For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate grant-date fair value of stock options granted was zero and $167 thousand, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, total stock-based compensation expense was $678 thousand and $884 thousand, respectively.

Additional information regarding stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

		Stock Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
			Weighted-
			Average	Weighted-				Weighted-
Exercise			Remaining	Average				Average
Price		Number	Contractual	Exercise		Number		Exercise
Range		Outstanding	Life in Years	Price		Exercisable		Price
$	3.22 - 3.74	126,538	6.23	$	3.47	91,850	$	3.53
	3.75 - 5.38	200,000	6.16		3.75	200,000		3.75
	5.39 - 9.85	27,582	3.01		7.01	27,582		7.01
	9.86 - 17.39	79,608	3.24		11.84	79,608		11.84
	17.40 - 20.49	48,750	3.55		17.40	48,750		17.40
	20.50 - 20.50	49,000	2.56		20.50	49,000		20.50
$	3.22 - 20.50	531,478	5.00	$	7.86	496,790	$	8.18

In addition to the options granted, the Company has granted DSUs, which vest between one and three year periods. The fair value of each DSU was measured on the date of grant using the grant date price of the Company’s stock. In 2022, the Company did not grant any DSUs.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s DSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
DSUs outstanding at the beginning of the year	54,500	$	6.61
DSUs granted	—		—
DSUs issued (converted)	(15,000)		3.75
DSUs forfeited/cancelled	—		—
DSUs outstanding at the end of the period	39,500	$	7.70

As of December 31, 2022, there was no total unrecognized compensation cost related to the DSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s RSUs for the ended December 31, 2022:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
RSUs outstanding at beginning of the year	397,829	$	4.11
RSUs granted	—		—
RSUs issued (converted)	(155,080)		4.31
RSUs forfeited/cancelled	(21,365)		3.83
RSUs outstanding at end of the period	221,384	$	4.00

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As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $321 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.

401(k) Plan

After meeting certain employment requirements, employees can participate in the Company’s 401(k) plan. Under the 401(k) plan, employees may contribute up to 25% of their salaries, pursuant to certain restrictions. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company matches 50% of the first 6% of employee contributions. Additional contributions may be made at the discretion of the board of directors. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded compensation expense of approximately $402 thousand and $1.0 million for basic matching contributions, respectively. There were no discretionary matching contributions recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Note 15.—Related Party Transactions

In May 2015, the Company issued the 2015 Convertible Notes to purchasers, some of which are related parties.  See Note 5.—Debt—Convertible Notes.

Note 16.—Subsequent Events

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new sublease agreement for approximately 18,900 sq. ft. of executive, administrative and operations workspace. The term of the new lease term is through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges would total approximately $800 thousand.

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date of this filing.

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EX-4.5

Exhibit 4.5

Description of Impac Mortgage’s (the “Company”) Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

The following description summarizes the material terms and provisions of the common stock and the preferred stock purchase rights that are registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). This description is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the provisions of our (the “Corporation’s”) Articles of Incorporation, as amended (“Charter”), and Bylaws, as amended, (“bylaws”), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this Exhibit is a part, and the applicable provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (MGCL). The Preferred Stock described below is not registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.

Authorized Capitalization

We have 210,000,000 shares of capital stock authorized under our Charter, consisting of 165,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 45,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, of which 2,500,000 shares are designated as Series A-1 Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 35,000,000 shares are designated as 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share. 

Common Stock

Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock, including the preferred stock, and to the provisions of the Charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if authorized by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably in the assets of the Company legally available for distribution to our common stockholders in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision for all known debts and liabilities of the Company, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any class or classes of preferred stock, including the Preferred Stock.

Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote, subject to the provisions of our Charter regarding restrictions on transfer of stock, and will be fully paid and nonassessable upon issuance. Shares of common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, redemption, appraisal, sinking fund, preemptive or cumulative voting rights. Our authorized stock may be increased and altered from time to time in the manner prescribed by Maryland law upon the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our Charter authorizes our Board to reclassify any unissued shares of common stock in one or more classes or series of stock, including preferred stock.

Preferred Stock

 The following is a summary of the principal terms of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock which was issued as part of an exchange offer and redemption for the Company’s formerly outstanding Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock:

Ranking

The Series D Preferred Stock ranks, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or our winding up:

· senior to all classes or series of our common stock, our Series A-1 Preferred Stock, and any other class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking junior to the Series D Preferred Stock;

· on parity with any future class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock; and

· junior to any other class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to the Series D Preferred Stock, none of which exists on the date hereof.

The Series D Preferred Stock ranks junior in right of payment to our existing and future debt obligations.

Dividends

Holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive, when, as and if authorized by our Board and declared by us, preferential cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 8.25% per annum of the $0.10 liquidation preference per share of the Series D Preferred Stock (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $.00825 per share of the Series D Preferred Stock.

Dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will accrue and be cumulative from and including the date of original issue, or if later, the most recent dividend payment date on which dividends have been paid in full, and will be payable to holders annually in arrears on or about the 31 day of December of each year, beginning on December 31, 2022.

Dividends will be payable to holders of record as they appear in our stock records at the close of business on the applicable record date, which shall be the date designated by our Board as the record date for the payment of dividends that is not more than ninety (90) and not fewer than ten (10) days prior to the scheduled dividend payment date.

Dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will accrue whether or not:

· we have earnings;

· there are funds legally available for the payment of those dividends; or

· those dividends are authorized or declared.

No dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will be authorized by the Board, declared, paid or set apart for payment at such time as the terms and provisions of any agreement of the Company, including any agreement relating to its indebtedness prohibits such authorization, declaration, payment or setting apart for payment or provides that such authorization, declaration, payment or setting apart for payment would constitute a breach thereof, or a default thereunder, or if such authorization, declaration, payment or setting apart shall be restricted or prohibited by law.

Except as described in the next two paragraphs, unless full cumulative dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock shall have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid in cash or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof in cash is set apart for payment, we will not:

· declare and pay or declare and set apart for payment of dividends, and we will not declare and make any other distribution of cash or other property, directly or indirectly, on or with respect to any shares of our common stock or shares of any other class or series of our capital stock ranking, as to dividends, on parity with or junior to the Series D Preferred Stock, for any period; or

· redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire for any consideration, or make any other distribution of cash or other property, directly or indirectly, on or with respect to, or pay or make available any monies for a sinking fund for the redemption of, any common stock or shares of any other class or series of our capital stock ranking, as to payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, on parity with or junior to the Series D Preferred Stock.

The foregoing sentence, however, will not prohibit:

· dividends payable solely in capital stock ranking, as to payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, junior to the Series D Preferred Stock;

· the conversion into or exchange for other shares of any class or series of capital stock ranking, as to payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, junior to the Series D Preferred Stock; or

· our purchase of shares of any other class or series of capital stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock as to payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock.

When we do not pay dividends in full (and do not set apart a sum sufficient to pay them in full) on the Series D Preferred Stock and the shares of any other class or series of capital stock ranking, as to dividends, on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock, we will declare any dividends upon the Series D Preferred Stock and each such other class

or series of capital stock ranking, as to dividends, on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock pro rata, so that the amount of dividends declared per share of Series D Preferred Stock and such other class or series of capital stock will in all cases bear to each other the same ratio that accrued dividends per share on the Series D Preferred Stock and such other class or series of capital stock (which will not include any accrual in respect of unpaid dividends on such other class or series of capital stock for prior dividend periods if such other class or series of capital stock does not have a cumulative dividend) bear to each other. No interest, or sum of money in lieu of interest, will be payable in respect of any dividend payment or payments on the Series D Preferred Stock which may be in arrears.

Holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock are not entitled to any dividend, whether payable in cash, property or shares of capital stock, in excess of full cumulative dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock as described above. Any dividend payment made on the Series D Preferred Stock will first be credited against the earliest accrued but unpaid dividends due with respect to those shares which remain payable. Accrued but unpaid dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will accumulate as of the dividend payment date on which they first become payable.

We do not intend to declare dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock, or pay or set apart for payment dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock, if the terms of any of our agreements, including any agreements relating to our indebtedness, prohibit such a declaration, payment or setting apart for payment or provide that such declaration, payment or setting apart for payment would constitute a breach of or default under such an agreement. Likewise, no dividends will be authorized by our Board and declared by us or paid or set apart for payment if such authorization, declaration, payment or setting apart for payment is restricted or prohibited by law, including the MGCL.

Liquidation Preference

Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, before any distribution or payment may be made to holders of shares of our common stock, or any other class or series of our capital stock ranking, as to rights upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, junior to the Series D Preferred Stock, holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid out of our assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders, after payment of or provision for our debts and other liabilities, a liquidation preference of $0.10 per share of Series D Preferred Stock, plus an amount equal to any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not authorized or declared) to but not including the date of payment, but without interest. If, upon our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, our available assets are insufficient to pay the full amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all shares of each other class or series of capital stock ranking, as to rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock in the distribution of assets, then holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock and each such other class or series of capital stock ranking, as to rights upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock will share ratably in any distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.

Holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to written notice of any distribution in connection with any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs not less than ten (10) days and not more than sixty (60) days before the distribution payment date. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets. Our consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation, trust or other entity, or the voluntary sale, lease, transfer or conveyance of all or substantially all of our property or business, will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs.

Redemption

We will have the right and obligation to redeem all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock, in whole, but not in part, for cash, at a redemption price of $0.10 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) on such shares of Series D Preferred Stock to, but not including, the redemption date (other than any dividend with a dividend record date before the applicable redemption date and a dividend payment date after the applicable

redemption date, which shall be paid on the dividend payment date notwithstanding prior redemption of such shares), on:

· the sixtieth (60^th) day, or such earlier date we may fix, after the date of our public announcement of annual or quarterly financial statements that indicate that payment of the redemption price would not cause us to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL unless, prior to such redemption date, the Board determines in good faith that the  payment of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred Stock and for any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to redemption and which have become redeemable as of the applicable redemption date would cause us to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions (as defined below); or

· any date we fix not more than sixty (60) days after any determination by the Board in good faith that our payment of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred Stock and any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to redemption rights that have become redeemable as of such redemption date would not cause us to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions, as described below.

A violation of the “Cash Consideration Restrictions” will occur if the occurrence of an action would cause (i) us to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL (ii) any material breach of or default under the terms and conditions of any obligation of the Company, including any agreement relating to its indebtedness, or (iii) us to violate any restriction or prohibition of any law rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any order, judgment or decree of any court or administrative agency.

The Board, or a duly-authorized committee thereof, must, within thirty (30) days after the public announcement of each of our annual or quarterly financial statements of the Company, and within ten (10) days after the issuance by the Company of any capital stock in exchange for cash or other consideration (other than in connection with any stock dividend or stock split or pursuant to any equity incentive plan we maintain), evaluate, in good faith, whether the redemption of the Series D Preferred Stock and any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to redemption rights would be permitted in light of the Cash Consideration Restrictions.

Unless full cumulative dividends on all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart, we may not purchase or otherwise acquire directly or indirectly for any consideration, nor may any monies be paid to or be made available for a sinking fund for the redemption of, any shares of Series D Preferred Stock (except by conversion into or exchange for shares of, or options, warrants or rights to purchase or subscribe for shares of, stock ranking junior to the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to redemption rights); except that the foregoing will not prevent the purchase or acquisition of shares of Series D Preferred Stock pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to all holders of Series D Preferred Stock.

Notice of redemption must be mailed, postage prepaid, not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to the redemption date, addressed to the respective holders of record of the Series D Preferred Stock to be redeemed at their respective addresses as they appear on our stock transfer records as maintained by American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the Company’s transfer agent, substantially in accordance with the applicable procedures of the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”). No failure to give such notice or any defect therein or in the mailing thereof will affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any shares of Series D Preferred Stock except as to the holder to whom notice was defective or not given. Any notice of redemption may, at our discretion, be subject to one or more conditions precedent, including, but not limited to, completion of a securities offering or other corporate transaction. Holders of Series D Preferred Stock to be redeemed must comply with the applicable procedures of DTC in connection with surrendering their shares for payment of the redemption price. We may delay the closing of any redemption of Series D Preferred Stock if we would be prohibited from paying the redemption price under section 2-311 of the MGCL until such time determined in good faith by the Board that we would be permitted to pay such redemption price.

All shares of Series D Preferred Stock that we redeem or repurchase will return to the status of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, without designation as to series or class.

Subject to applicable law and the limitation on purchases when dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock are in arrears, we may, at any time and from time to time, purchase Series D Preferred Stock in the open market, by tender or by private agreement.

Future debt instruments may prohibit us, from redeeming or otherwise repurchasing any shares of our capital stock, including the Series D Preferred Stock, except in limited circumstances.

Conversion Rights

The Series D Preferred Stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any other securities or property.

No Maturity or Sinking Fund

The Series D Preferred Stock has no maturity date. Accordingly, the Series D Preferred Stock will remain outstanding indefinitely until we are required to redeem the Series D Preferred Stock on the terms set forth above. The Series D Preferred Stock is not subject to any sinking fund.

Limited Voting Rights

Holders of shares of the Series D Preferred Stock generally do not have any voting rights, except as set forth below.

So long as any shares of Series D Preferred Stock remain outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds (2/3rds) of the outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock and each other class or series of preferred stock ranking on parity with Series D Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up and upon which like voting rights have been conferred (voting together as a single class):

●

authorize, create or issue, or increase the number of authorized or issued shares of, any class or series of capital stock  ranking senior to or on parity with the Series D Preferred Stock with respect to payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or reclassify any of our authorized capital stock into such capital stock, or create, authorize or issue any obligation or security convertible into or evidencing the right to purchase such capital stock; or

●

amend, alter or repeal the provisions of our Charter, including the terms of the Series D Preferred Stock, whether by merger, consolidation, conversion or otherwise, so as to materially and adversely affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of the Series D Preferred Stock, except that if the Series D Preferred Stock remains outstanding after the  occurrence of any of merger, consolidation, conversion or a sale or lease of all or substantially all of our assets with the  terms of the Series D Preferred Stock materially unchanged or, if we are not the surviving entity, is converted into or  exchanged for shares of, or options, warrants or rights to purchase or subscribe for shares of, capital stock or other securities having rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers substantially similar, taken as a whole, to those of the Series D Preferred Stock, the occurrence of such event will not be deemed to materially and adversely affect the  rights, preferences, privileges or voting power of the Series D Preferred Stock; and any increase in the amount of, or the creation or issuance, or increase in the amounts authorized, of any classes or series of stock ranking  junior to the Series D Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up will not be deemed to materially and adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting power of the Series D  Preferred Stock.

Holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock will not have any voting rights with respect to, and the consent of the holders of shares of Series D Preferred Stock is not required for, the taking of any corporate action, including any merger or consolidation involving us or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, regardless of the effect that such merger, consolidation or sale may have upon the powers, preferences, voting power or other rights or privileges of the Series D Preferred Stock, except as set forth above.

In addition, the voting provisions above will not apply if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect to which the vote would otherwise be required would occur, we have redeemed all outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock.

Special Meetings of Stockholders

The president, chief executive officer; two-thirds (2/3) of the entire Board of Directors or a majority of the Unaffiliated Directors (as defined in the Bylaws) may call special meetings of the stockholders. Special meetings of stockholders may also be called by the secretary of the Corporation upon the written request of the holders of shares entitled to cast not less than a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting. Such request shall state the purpose of such meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at such meeting and must otherwise comply with the provisions of the Bylaws.

Extraordinary Transactions

Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of its assets, convert, engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business, unless approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least two thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter. However, a Maryland corporation may provide in its charter for approval of these matters by a lesser percentage, but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our Charter provides that these matters (except for amendments to the Charter provision relating to the removal of directors, which must be approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter) may be approved by a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.

Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement

On October 23, 2019, the Board of the Company entered into a Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as rights agent.  On the same date the Company authorized and declared a dividend distribution of one right (a “Right”) for each outstanding share of common stock of the Company to stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 5, 2019 (the “Record Date”). On August 26, 2022, the Board of Directors approved, and on August 26, 2022, the Company entered into, a First Amendment to the Rights Agreement to, among other things, extend the expiration date of the Rights Agreement  American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC also serves as to the Company’s transfer agent.  The Rights are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act.

Each Right entitles the registered holder to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth of a share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, of the Company at an exercise price of $2.30 per one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share, subject to adjustment (the “Purchase Price. The Final Expiration Date (as defined in the Rights Agreement) is October 22, 2025, unless otherwise earlier terminated or extended as described below, including by failure of our stockholders to approve the extension of our Rights Agreement at the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.

By adopting the Rights Agreement, the Board is helping to preserve the value of certain deferred tax benefits, including those generated by net operating losses (collectively, the “Tax Benefits”). In general, the Company may “carry forward” net operating losses in certain circumstances to offset current and future taxable income, which will reduce federal and state income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The Rights Agreement also has certain ancillary anti-takeover effects.

The Tax Benefits can be valuable to the Company. However, the Company’s ability to use these Tax

Benefits would be substantially limited and impaired if it were to experience an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. Generally, the Company will experience an “ownership change” if the percentage of the shares of common stock owned by one or more “five-percent shareholders” increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of shares of common stock owned by such stockholder at any time during the prior three year on a rolling basis. The Rights Agreement reduces the likelihood that changes in the Company’s investor base have the unintended effect of limiting the Company’s use of its Tax Benefits. As such, the Rights Agreement has a 4.99% “trigger” threshold that is intended to act as a deterrent to any person or entity seeking to acquire 4.99% or more of the outstanding common stock without the prior approval of the Board. This would protect the Tax Benefits because changes in ownership by a person owning less than 4.99% of the Company’s stock are not included

in the calculation of “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code. The Board has established procedures to consider requests to exempt certain acquisitions of the Company’s securities from the Rights Agreement if the Board determines that doing so would not limit or impair the availability of the Tax Benefits or is otherwise in the best interests of the Company.

Issuance and Transfer of Rights; Rights Certificates

The Board declared a dividend of one Right for each outstanding share of common stock. Until the Distribution Date (as defined below):

● the Rights will be evidenced by and trade with the certificates for shares of common stock (or, with respect to any uncertificated shares of common stock registered in book entry form, by notation in book entry), and no separate rights certificates will be distributed;

● new common stock certificates issued after the Record Date will contain a legend incorporating the Rights Agreement by reference (for uncertificated shares of common stock registered in book entry form, this legend will be contained in a notation in book entry); and

● the surrender for transfer of any certificates for shares of common stock (or the surrender for transfer of any uncertificated common stock registered in book entry form) will also constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with such common stock.

Distribution Date; Separation of Rights

Subject to certain exceptions specified in the Rights Agreement, the Rights will separate from the common stock and become separately tradable and exercisable only upon the earlier of:

(i) ten business days (or such later day as the Board may determine) following a public announcement that a person or group of affiliated or associated persons (collectively, an “Acquiring Person”) has acquired beneficial ownership of 4.99% or more of the outstanding common stock; or (ii) ten business days (or such later day as the Board may determine) following the announcement of a tender offer or exchange offer that would result in a person or group becoming an Acquiring Person.

The date on which the Rights separate from the common stock and become exercisable is referred to as the “Distribution Date.” As soon as practicable after the Distribution Date, the Company will mail Rights certificates to the Company’s stockholders as of the close of business on the Distribution Date and the Rights will become transferable apart from the common stock. Thereafter, such Rights certificates alone will represent the Rights.

The Rights Agreement includes a procedure whereby the Board will consider requests to exempt certain acquisitions of common stock from the applicable ownership trigger if the Board determines that the requested acquisition will not adversely impact in any material respect the time period in which the Company could use the Tax Benefits or limit or impair the availability to the Company of the Tax Benefits, or is in the best interests of the Company despite the fact it may adversely impact in a material respect the time period in which the Company could use the Tax Benefits or limit or impair the availability of the Tax Benefits.

Until a Right is exercised, the holder of such Right will have no rights as a stockholder of the Company (beyond those possessed as an existing stockholder), including, without limitation, the right to vote or to receive dividends with respect to the Right.

The Rights Agreement provides that any person or entity who otherwise would be an Acquiring Person on the date the Rights Agreement was adopted (each, an “Existing Holder”) will not be deemed to be an “Acquiring Person” for purposes of the Rights Agreement unless such Existing Holder increases its beneficial ownership over such Existing Holder’s lowest percentage of ownership of the common stock after the adoption of the Rights Agreement, subject to specified exceptions.

Preferred Shares Purchasable Upon Exercise of Right

After the Distribution Date, each Right will entitle the holder to purchase, for $2.30 (the “Purchase Price”), one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share having economic and other terms similar to that of one share of common stock. This portion of a Preferred Share is intended to give the stockholder approximately the same dividend, voting and liquidation rights as would one share of common stock, and should approximate the value of one share of common stock.

More specifically, each one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share, if issued, will:

● not be redeemable;

● entitle holders to quarterly dividend payments of $0.00001 per share, or an amount equal to the dividend paid on one share of common stock, whichever is greater;

● entitle holders upon liquidation either to receive $1.00 per share or an amount equal to the payment made on one share of common stock, whichever is greater;

● have the same voting power as one share of common stock; and

● entitle holders to a per share payment equal to the payment made on one share of common stock if the common stock is exchanged via merger, consolidation or a similar transaction.

“Flip-in” Rights

At any time after a Distribution Date has occurred, each holder of a Right, other than the Acquiring Person, will thereafter have the right to receive, upon paying the Purchase Price and in lieu of a number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock, common stock (or, in certain circumstances, cash or other of our securities) having a market value equal to two times the Purchase Price of the Right. However, the Rights are not exercisable following the occurrence of the foregoing event until such time as the Rights are no longer redeemable by the Company, as further described below. Following the occurrence of an event set forth above, all Rights that are or, under certain circumstances specified in the Rights Agreement, were beneficially owned by an Acquiring Person or certain of its transferees will be null and void.

“Flip-over” Rights

In the event any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person and the Company merges into or engages in certain other business combinations with an Acquiring Person, or 50% or more of the Company’s consolidated assets or earning power are sold to an Acquiring Person, each holder of a Right (other than void Rights owned by an Acquiring Person) will thereafter have the right to receive, upon payment of the Purchase Price, common stock of the acquiring company that at the time of such transaction will have a market value equal to two times the Purchase Price of the Right.

Exchange of Rights

At any time after a person becomes an Acquiring Person, in lieu of allowing the “flip-in” to occur, the Board may exchange the Rights (other than void Rights owned by an Acquiring Person), in whole or in part, at an exchange ratio of one share of the common stock (or, under certain circumstances, cash, property or other securities of the Company, including fractions of a share of preferred stock) per Right (subject to adjustment). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may not conduct such an exchange at any time any person (other than the Company or certain entities affiliated with the Company) together with such person’s affiliates or associates becomes the beneficial owner of 50% or more of the common stock.

Redemption of Rights

At any time prior to a Distribution Date, the Board may redeem the Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.001 per Right and on such terms and conditions as the Board may establish. Immediately upon the action of the Board ordering redemption of the Rights, the right to exercise the Rights will terminate and the only right of the holders of Rights will be to receive the redemption price. The redemption price will be adjusted if the Company undertakes a stock dividend or a stock split.

Expiration Date of the Rights

The Rights will expire on the earliest of:

● October 22, 2025, unless extended or earlier terminated;

● the time at which the Rights are redeemed or exchanged under the Rights Agreement;

● the final adjournment of the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders if stockholders fail to approve the amended Rights Agreement with a majority of the votes cast by holders of shares of common stock at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders;

● the repeal of Section 382 or any successor statute, if the Board determines that the Plan is no longer necessary for the preservation of Tax Benefits;

● the beginning of a taxable year with respect to which the Board determines that no Tax Benefits may be carried forward; or

● such time when the Board determines that a limitation on the use of Tax Benefits under Section 382 would no longer be material to the Company.

Amendment of Rights

The terms of the Rights may be amended by a resolution of the Board without the consent of the holders of the Rights prior to the Distribution Date. Thereafter, the terms of the Rights and the Rights Agreement may be amended without the consent of the holders of Rights in order to (i) cure any ambiguities, (ii) shorten or lengthen any time period pursuant to the Rights Agreement or (iii) make changes that do not adversely affect the interests of holders of the Rights.

Anti-Dilution Provisions

The Board may adjust the Purchase Price, the number of shares of Preferred Stock issuable and the number of outstanding Rights to prevent dilution that may occur from a stock dividend, a stock split or a reclassification of the Preferred Stock or common stock. With certain exceptions, no adjustments to the Purchase Price will be made until the cumulative adjustments amount to at least 1% of the Purchase Price. No fractional shares of Preferred Stock will be issued and, in lieu thereof, an adjustment in cash will be made based on the current market price of the Preferred Stock.

Terms of the Preferred Stock

In connection with the Rights Agreement, the Board designated 2,500,000 shares of the Preferred Stock, as set forth in the Articles Supplementary for Series A-1 Junior Participating Preferred Stock (the “Articles Supplementary”) filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland on September 4, 2013.

Limitation of Liability

The Maryland General Corporation Law permits the Charter of a Maryland corporation to include a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages, except to the extent that (1) it is proved that the person actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (2) a judgment or other final adjudication is entered in a proceeding based on a finding that the person’s action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding. The Charter provides for elimination of the personal liability of our directors and officers to us or our stockholders for money damages to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, as amended from time to time.

Maryland Business Combination Statute

The Maryland General Corporation Law establishes special requirements for certain “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and “interested stockholders” unless exemptions are applicable. “Business combinations” include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the

statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting stock or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date on which interested stockholder status is determined, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock. Among other things, the law prohibits any business combination between us and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for a period of five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder unless the Board approved in advance the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder. The Board may provide that its approval is subject to compliance with any terms and conditions determined by the Board.

The business combination statute requires payment of a fair price to stockholders to be determined as set forth in the statute or a supermajority stockholder approval of any transactions between us and an interested stockholder after the end of the five-year period. This approval means that the transaction must be recommended by the Board and approved by at least:

● 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares; and

● 66 2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

The business combination statute restricts the ability of third parties who acquire, or seek to acquire, control of us to complete mergers and other business combinations without the approval of the Board even if such a transaction would be beneficial to stockholder.

The Board has exempted any business combination with any person from the business combination statute, so long as the Board first approves such business combination.

Maryland Control Share Acquisition Statute

The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a “control share acquisition” have no voting rights except to the extent approved by 66 2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. The acquiring person, officers, and directors who are also employees are not entitled to vote on the matter. “Control shares” are shares of stock that, taken together with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiring person or in respect of which the acquiring person is entitled to exercise or direct the exercise of voting

power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiring person to exercise voting power in electing directors in one of the following ranges: 10% or more but less than 33 1/3%; 33 1/3% or more but less than 50%; or 50% or more. Control shares do not include shares of stock that the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.

A person who has made (or proposes to make) a control share acquisition and who satisfies certain conditions (including agreeing to pay the expenses of the meeting) may compel the Board to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of the demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. If such a person makes no request for a meeting, we have the option to present the question at any stockholders’ meeting.

If voting rights are not approved at a meeting of stockholders or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then we may redeem any or all of the control shares (except those for which voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value. We will determine the fair value of the shares, without regard to the absence of voting rights, as of the date of either:

● the last control share acquisition by the acquiring person; or

● any meeting where stockholders considered and did not approve voting rights of the control shares.

If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders’ meeting and the acquiring person becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares of stock entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise

appraisal rights. This means that stockholders would be able to require us to redeem shares of our stock from them for fair value. For this purpose, the fair value may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiring person in the control share acquisition. Furthermore, certain limitations otherwise applicable to the exercise of appraisal rights would not apply in the context of a control share acquisition.

The control share acquisition statute would not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if we were a party to the transaction or acquisitions of shares approved or exempted by the Charter or the Bylaws.

The Bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that the Board will not amend or eliminate this provision in the future. The control share acquisition statute could have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire us and of increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if our acquisition would be in our stockholders’ best interests.

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT

Name of Subsidiary	State of Incorporation
Impac Funding Corporation	California
IMH Assets Corp.	California
Copperfield Financial, LLC. (1)	Delaware
Copperfield Capital Corporation.	Delaware
Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (2)	Maryland

(1) Copperfield Financial, LLC owns 100% of Copperfield Capital Corporation.

(2) IRES owns 100% of Impac Mortgage Corp., a California corporation formerly known as Excel Mortgage Servicing, Inc.

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-169316, 333-185195, 333-193489, 333-213037, 333-220393, 333-227015, 333-235404, and 333-239842) and on Form S-3 (No. 333-235405) of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company) of our report dated March 16, 2023 with respect to the consolidated balances sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2022.

/s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP

Irvine, California

March 16, 2023

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, George A. Mangiaracina, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ GEORGE A. MANGIARACINA

George A. Mangiaracina

Chief Executive Officer

March 16, 2023

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Jon Gloeckner, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;

d. disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ JON GLOECKNER

Jon Gloeckner

SVP Treasury & Financial Reporting

(Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

March 16, 2023

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the annual report of Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), each of the undersigned, in the capacities and on the dates indicated below, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to his knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ GEORGE A. MANGIARACINA

George A. Mangiaracina

Chief Executive Officer

March 16, 2023

/s/ JON GLOECKNER

Jon Gloeckner

SVP Treasury & Financial Reporting

(Interim Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

March 16, 2023

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 09, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-14100
Entity Registrant Name	IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	MD
Entity Tax Identification Number	33-0675505
Entity Address, Address Line One	4000 MacArthur Blvd., Suite 6000
Entity Address, City or Town	Newport Beach
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	92660
City Area Code	949
Local Phone Number	475-3600
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 7.4
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		36,568,876
Auditor Name	Baker Tilly US, LLP
Auditor Firm ID	23
Auditor Location	Irvine, California
Entity Central Index Key	0001000298
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.01 par value
Trading Symbol	IMH
Security Exchange Name	NYSEAMER
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Preferred Stock Purchase Rights
Trading Symbol	IMH
Security Exchange Name	NYSEAMER

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 25,864	$ 29,555
Restricted cash	4,140	5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	13,052	308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Securitized mortgage trust assets		1,642,730
Other assets	17,275	35,603
Total assets	60,331	2,022,771
LIABILITIES
Warehouse borrowings	3,622	285,539
Convertible notes	15,000	20,000
Long-term debt	27,753	46,536
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities		1,614,862
Other liabilities	25,559	45,898
Total liabilities	71,934	2,012,835
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 13)
STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 165,000,000 shares authorized; 36,568,876 and 21,332,684 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	366	213
Additional paid-in capital	1,238,187	1,237,986
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax	39,257	22,044
Total accumulated deficit:
Cumulative dividends declared	(822,520)	(822,520)
Accumulated deficit	(467,240)	(427,808)
Total accumulated deficit	(1,289,760)	(1,250,328)
Total stockholders' (deficit) equity	(11,603)	9,936
Total liabilities and stockholders' (deficit) equity	60,331	2,022,771
Series A-1 junior participating preferred stock
STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Preferred stock
Series B 9.375% redeemable preferred stock
STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Preferred stock		7
Series C 9.125% redeemable preferred stock
STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Preferred stock		$ 14
Series D 8.25% redeemable preferred stock
STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY
Preferred stock	$ 347

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	165,000,000	165,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	36,568,876	21,332,684
Common stock, shares outstanding	36,568,876	21,332,684
Series A-1 junior participating preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,500,000	2,500,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Series B 9.375% redeemable preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	9.375%	9.375%
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	665,592
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	665,592
Series C 9.125% redeemable preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	9.125%	9.125%
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,500,000	5,500,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	1,405,086
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	1,405,086
Series D 8.25% redeemable preferred stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	8.25%	8.25%
Preferred stock, shares authorized	35,000,000	35,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	34,684,686	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	34,684,686	0

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Gain on sale of loans, net	$ 6,317	$ 65,294
Real estate services fees, net	1,081	1,144
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	194	34
Servicing fees (expense), net	63	(432)
Broker fee income	50
Other	890	279
Total revenues, net	8,595	66,319
Expenses
Personnel	30,705	52,778
General, administrative and other	15,698	16,795
Occupancy	5,297	4,236
Business promotion	4,425	7,395
Total expenses	56,125	81,204
Operating loss	(47,530)	(14,885)
Other income
Interest income	15,268	65,666
Interest expense	(19,137)	(63,268)
Change in fair value of long-term debt	2,757	2,098
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	9,248	6,582
Total other income, net	8,136	11,078
Income (loss) before income taxes	(39,394)	(3,807)
Income tax expense	38	71
Net loss	(39,432)	(3,878)
Other comprehensive loss
Change in fair value of instrument specific credit risk of long-term debt	17,213	(2,722)
Total comprehensive loss	$ (22,219)	$ (6,600)
Net loss per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (1.65)	$ (0.22)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (1.65)	$ (0.22)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' (DEFICIT) EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Cumulative Dividends Declared	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Earnings, net of tax	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 21	$ 212	$ 1,237,102	$ (822,520)	$ (423,930)	$ 24,766	$ 15,651
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	2,070,678	21,238,191
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of restricted stock units		$ 1					1
Issuance of restricted stock units (in shares)		94,493
Stock based compensation			884				884
Other comprehensive earnings (loss)						(2,722)	(2,722)
Net loss					(3,878)		(3,878)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 21	$ 213	1,237,986	(822,520)	(427,808)	22,044	9,936
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	2,070,678	21,332,684
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of restricted stock units		$ 2					2
Issuance of restricted stock units (in shares)		155,080
Issuance of deferred stock units (in shares)		15,000
Stock based compensation			678				678
Retirement of Preferred Series B and C	$ (21)						(21)
Retirement of Preferred Series B and C (in shares)	(2,070,678)
Issuance of Preferred Series D	$ 347		(561)				(214)
Issuance of Preferred Series D (in shares)	34,684,686
Issuance of Stock		$ 151	(140)				11
Issuance of Stock (in shares)		15,066,112
Issuance of Warrants			224				224
Other comprehensive earnings (loss)						17,213	17,213
Net loss					(39,432)		(39,432)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 347	$ 366	$ 1,238,187	$ (822,520)	$ (467,240)	$ 39,257	$ (11,603)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	34,684,686	36,568,876

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$ (39,432)	$ (3,878)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights	(264)	(160)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights	70	126
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	(20,539)	(66,086)
Change in fair value of mortgage loans held-for-sale	8,802	(3,395)
Change in fair value of derivatives lending, net	3,003	4,076
Provision for repurchases	2,417	111
Origination of mortgage loans held-for-sale	(693,702)	(2,903,454)
Sale and principal reduction on mortgage loans held-for-sale	1,000,818	2,828,344
Gain from trust REO		(111)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO	(9,248)	(6,471)
Change in fair value of long-term debt	(2,757)	(2,098)
Accretion of interest income and expense	6,732	50,751
Stock-based compensation	678	884
Impairment of ROU asset	123
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		99
Net change in other assets	7,221	2,307
Net change in other liabilities	(14,353)	(5,559)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	249,569	(104,514)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net change in securitized mortgage collateral	72,889	592,545
Proceeds from transfer of trust assets and liabilities	37,500
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage servicing rights	725	160
Investment in corporate-owned life insurance	(831)	(129)
Sale (purchase) of premises and equipment	99	(298)
Proceeds from the sale of trust REO		7,703
Net cash provided by investing activities	110,382	599,981
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of warehouse borrowings	(920,967)	(2,640,818)
Borrowings under warehouse agreements	639,050	2,774,425
Repayment of securitized mortgage borrowings	(78,818)	(654,073)
Net change in liabilities related to corporate-owned life insurance	574	458
Repayment of convertible notes	(5,000)
Issuance of restricted stock	2	1
Net cash used in financing activities	(365,159)	(520,007)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(5,208)	(24,540)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year	35,212	59,752
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	30,004	35,212
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Interest paid	11,917	25,719
Taxes paid, net	(7)	(41)
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS
Transfer of securitized mortgage collateral to trust REO		7,976
Transfer and deconsolidation of trust assets	1,543,608
Transfer and deconsolidation of trust liabilities	(1,543,608)
Mortgage servicing rights retained from issuance of mortgage-backed securities and loan sales	$ 46	$ 536

XML

Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise indicated)

Note 1.—Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

Business Summary

Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company or IMH) is a financial services company incorporated in Maryland with the following direct and indirect wholly-owned operating subsidiaries: Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (IRES), Impac Mortgage Corp. (IMC), IMH Assets Corp. (IMH Assets), Impac Funding Corporation (IFC) and Copperfield Capital Corporation (CCC).  The Company’s operations include the mortgage lending operations conducted by IMC, real estate services conducted by IRES and CCC and the long-term mortgage portfolio (residual interests in securitizations reflected as securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets) conducted by IMH Assets prior to the sale in the first quarter of 2022. The long-term mortgage portfolio was deconsolidated in March 2022 as the Company sold its residual interests in the consolidated securitized mortgage trusts (see Note. 6—Securitized Mortgage Trusts). IMC’s mortgage lending operations include the activities of its division, CashCall Mortgage (CCM).

On October 20, 2022, the Company received the requisite stockholder consents on the Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock exchange offers (Exchange Offers), which provided for the exchange and subsequent redemption of all outstanding Series B Preferred and Series C Preferred stock, liquidation preference and cumulative dividends in arrears for common stock, new Series D Preferred stock and, in the case of Series C Preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock.  For further description of the Exchange Offers, see Note 8.—Redeemable Preferred Stock.  

Liquidity

The Company’s liquidity reflects its ability to meet its current obligations (including its operating expenses and, when applicable, the retirement of debt and margin calls relating to hedging instruments and warehouse lines), fund new originations and purchases, meet servicing and master servicing requirements and make investments as they are identified.  The Company has experienced recurring losses from operations dating back to 2017.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred a net loss of $39.4 million and has an accumulated deficit of $11.6 million as of December 31, 2022.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company has unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $25.9 million, $9.4 million in unencumbered loans and uncommitted capacity under its warehouse lines of $41.0 million ($25.0 million of which was not renewed at expiration in December 2022), of which $3.6 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2022.  In the first quarter of 2023, as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (CARES), the Company filed for $7.3 million of employee retention credit, which is expected to be received by the end of 2023.

As part of the Company’s expense management assessment, a number of initiatives were undertaken during the second half of 2022 and into the first quarter of 2023 to make its best efforts that the Company will continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months from the date of this filing, that are expected to significantly reduce the Company’s expense run rate.  In December 2022, the estimated base rent, common area maintenance (CAM) charges, storage, parking, and any other miscellaneous charges related to the Company’s former corporate office that would have been payable during the final 20 months of the original lease term would have been approximately $8.8 million.  The Company was able to terminate such lease with a payment of $3.0 million.  In January 2023, the Company entered into a new lease for corporate office space.  The new lease term runs through July 31, 2025, for which rent and CAM charges will total approximately $800 thousand over the full term of the lease, resulting in significant savings (See Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies – Lease Commitments).

Also in line with the Company’s expense management strategies, the retail consumer direct channel CCM was repositioned to be a mortgage broker rather than a direct lender beginning at the end of 2022 and continuing into 2023.  The broker fulfillment model has a reduced expense load associated with personnel, operational and technology support, and reduced marketing needs due to organic lead volume generated by the CCM brand.  The broker fulfillment model also supports a broader product offering to CCM consumers, allowing the Company to move away from the expense and complexity of managing multiple lending products with support from several departments. This more cost-effective origination strategy is essential to managing the overall monthly expense load of the Company while also driving revenue

across a broad spectrum of product offerings to consumers. Additionally, the continued volatility experienced with the Non-QM market associated with liquidity, product offerings, expansive credit to meet consumer demand, and rising rates have all proven to be a considerable hindrance to maintaining a profitable channel in the Wholesale space.  With the belief that the market conditions and projections will not improve in the near term, in the first quarter of 2023, the Company decided to wind down operations within its wholesale channel until market conditions improve.  

Although the Company currently forecasts adequate liquidity to operate its business for the next 12 months, repayment of $5.0 million in principal of Convertible Notes due May 9, 2023, with no additional added capital or liquidity, will result in a more limited amount of liquidity to operate the business.  The Company may seek to raise secured or unsecured debt, raise equity or working capital, retire or restructure the Convertible Notes (which pay down $5.0 million each May 9th for the next three years), pursue actions to reorganize the capital structure or redeploy the liquidity to other corporate finance and strategic opportunities. While the Company intends to raise additional capital within the next year to support its operations, it cannot provide any assurance that its capital raise efforts will be successful.

Financial Statement Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of IMH and its subsidiaries (as defined above) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).  All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain immaterial amounts in the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Management has made a number of material estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Additionally, other items affected by such estimates and assumptions include the valuation of trust assets and trust liabilities, contingencies, the estimated obligation of repurchase liabilities related to sold loans, the valuation of long-term debt, mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS) and derivative instruments, including interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs). Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include accounts of IMH and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as variable interest entities (VIEs), through arrangements that do not involve voting interests.

The VIE framework requires a variable interest holder (counterparty to a VIE) to consolidate the VIE if that party has the power to direct activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, will absorb a majority of the expected losses of the VIE, will receive a majority of the residual returns of the VIE, or both, and directs the significant activities of the entity. This party is considered the primary beneficiary of the entity. The determination of whether the Company meets the criteria to be considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE requires an evaluation of all transactions (such as investments, liquidity commitments, derivatives and fee arrangements) with the entity. The assessment of whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE is performed on an ongoing basis.

Fair Value and the Fair Value Option

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same—to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (that is, an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

The fair value option permits entities to choose, at specified election dates, to measure eligible financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value. The decision to elect the fair value option is applied on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs, and is applied to an entire instrument.  The Company has elected the fair value option for MSRs, mortgage LHFS, long-term debt and its consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings), prior to the sale in the first quarter of 2022. Elections were made to mitigate income statement volatility caused by differences in the measurement basis of elected instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.

Cash balances that have restrictions as to the Company’s ability to withdraw funds are considered restricted cash. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, restricted cash totaled $4.1 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The restricted cash is primarily collateral against letter of credit financing associated with corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies) as well as cash required in conjunction with the terms of the Company’s warehouse borrowing agreements. In accordance with the terms of the Master Repurchase Agreements related to the warehouse borrowings, the Company is required to maintain cash balances with the lender as additional collateral for the borrowings (See Note 5.—Debt).  

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Mortgage LHFS are accounted for using the fair value option, with changes in fair value recorded in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 825, Financial Instruments, loan origination fees and expenses are recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred.

Revenue derived from the Company’s mortgage lending activities includes loan fees collected at the time of origination and gain or loss from the sale of LHFS. Loan fees consist of fee income earned on all loan originations, including loans closed and held-for-sale. Loan fees are recognized as earned and consist of amounts collected for application and underwriting fees, fees on cancelled loans and discount points. The related direct loan origination costs are recognized when incurred and consists of broker fees and commissions. Gain or loss from the sale and mark-to-market adjustments of LHFS includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses and are included in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The valuation of LHFS approximates a whole-loan price, which includes the value of the related MSRs.

The Company primarily sells its LHFS to investors and government sponsored entities (GSEs). The Company evaluates its loan sales for sales treatment. To the extent the transfer of loans qualifies as a sale, the Company derecognizes the loans and records a realized gain or loss on the sale date. In the event the Company determines that the transfer of loans does not qualify as a sale, the transfer would be treated as a secured borrowing. Interest on loans is recorded as income when earned and deemed collectible. LHFS are placed on nonaccrual status when any portion of the principal or interest is 90 days past due or earlier if factors indicate that the ultimate collectability of the principal or interest is not probable. Interest received from loans on nonaccrual status is recorded as income when collected. Loans return to accrual status when the principal and interest become current and it is probable that the amounts are fully collectible.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company accounts for mortgage loan sales in accordance with FASB ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Upon sale of mortgage loans on a servicing-retained basis, the LHFS are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and MSRs are recorded as an asset for servicing rights retained. The Company elects to measure MSRs at fair value as prescribed by FASB ASC 860-50-35, and as such, servicing assets or liabilities are valued using discounted cash flow modeling techniques using assumptions regarding future net servicing cash flow, including prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing cost and other factors. Changes in estimated fair value are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

When the Company sells MSRs, the Company records a gain or loss on such sale based on the selling price of the MSRs less the carrying value and transaction costs.  Gains and losses are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

Consolidated Non-recourse Securitizations

In March 2022, the Company and its subsidiaries (the Sellers), entered into a Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement (Sale Agreement) pursuant to which the Sellers sold certain residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights, owned by the Sellers relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007 (the Securitizations).  As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities as of the sale date as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.   The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff.  For a description of the sale, see Note 6.– Securitized Mortgage Trusts.

Securitized Mortgage Collateral

The Company’s long-term mortgage portfolio primarily included adjustable rate and, to a lesser extent, fixed rate non-conforming mortgages and commercial mortgages that were acquired and originated by the Company’s mortgage and commercial operations prior to 2008.

Historically, the Company securitized mortgages in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO) or real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs). These securitizations were evaluated for consolidation based on the provisions of FASB ASC 810-10-25. Amounts consolidated were included in trust assets and liabilities as securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned (REO) and securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  The Company also retained the master servicing rights associated with these securitizations which pays the Company approximately 3 basis points on the outstanding unpaid principal balance (UPB) of each securitization trust.  Prior to the sale, the retention of the master servicing rights or the retained economic subordinated residual interests provided the Company with clean up call rights on these securitizations.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage collateral at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors.

Interest income on securitized mortgage collateral was recorded using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value. Securitized mortgage collateral is generally not placed on nonaccrual status as the servicer advances the interest payments to the trust regardless of the delinquency status of the underlying mortgage loan, until it becomes apparent to the servicer that the advance is not collectible.

Real Estate Owned

Real estate owned on the consolidated balance sheets were primarily assets within the securitized trusts but recorded as a separate asset for accounting and reporting purposes and were within the long-term mortgage portfolio. REO, which consisted of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans, was carried at net realizable value, which included the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs. Adjustments to the loan carrying value required at the time of foreclosure affect the carrying amount of REO. Subsequent write-downs in the net realizable value of REO were included in change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Securitized Mortgage Borrowings

The Company recorded securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for the consolidated CMO and REMIC securitized trusts within the long-term mortgage portfolio. The debt from each issuance of a securitized mortgage borrowing was payable from the principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages

collateralizing such debt, as well as the proceeds from liquidations of REO. If the principal and interest payments were insufficient to repay the debt, the shortfall was allocated first to the residual interest holders (generally owned by the Company) then, if necessary, to the certificate holders (e.g. third party investors in the securitized mortgage borrowings) in accordance with the specific terms of the various respective indentures. Securitized mortgage borrowings typically were structured as one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) “floaters” and fixed rate securities with interest payable to certificate holders monthly. The maturity of each class of securitized mortgage borrowing was directly affected by the amount of net interest spread, overcollateralization and the rate of principal prepayments and defaults on the related securitized mortgage collateral. The actual maturity of any class of a securitized mortgage borrowing could occur later than the stated maturities of the underlying mortgages.

When the Company issued securitized mortgage borrowings, the Company generally sought an investment grade rating for the Company’s securitized mortgages by nationally recognized rating agencies. To secure such ratings, it was often necessary to incorporate certain structural features that provided for credit enhancement. This generally included the pledge of collateral in excess of the principal amount of the securities to be issued, a bond guaranty insurance policy for some or all of the issued securities, or additional forms of mortgage insurance. These securitization transactions were non-recourse to the Company and the total loss exposure was limited to the Company’s initial net economic investment in each trust, which was referred to as a residual interest.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors. Interest expense on securitized mortgage borrowings was recorded quarterly using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value.

Leases

The Company has two operating leases for office space expiring at various dates through 2025 and one financing lease which concludes in 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a lease termination agreement for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices.  For a description of the lease termination agreement, see Note 13.– Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Commitments.  The Company determines if a contract is a lease at the inception of the arrangement and reviews all options to extend, terminate, or purchase its right of use (ROU) assets at the inception of the lease and accounts for these options when they are reasonably certain of being exercised.  Regarding the discount rate, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. When the Company cannot readily determine the rate implicit in the lease, the Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by using the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. As a practical expedient permitted under ASC 842, the Company elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases of which it is the lessee.  Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  

Derivative Instruments

In accordance with FASB ASC 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overview, the Company records all derivative instruments at fair value. The Company has accounted for all its derivatives as non-designated hedge instruments or free-standing derivatives.

The mortgage lending operation enters into IRLCs with consumers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate. These IRLCs are accounted for as derivative instruments and reported at fair value. The concept of fair value relating to IRLCs is no different than fair value for any other financial asset or liability: fair value is the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions.  Because IRLCs do not trade in the market, the Company determines the estimated fair value based on expectations of what an investor would pay to acquire the Company’s IRLCs, which utilizes current market information for secondary market prices for underlying loans and estimated servicing value with similar coupons, maturities and credit quality, subject to the anticipated loan funding probability (pull-through rate).  This value is adjusted for other costs that would be required by a market participant acquiring the IRLCs.  The fair value of

IRLCs is subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates and the estimated pull-through rate. The Company reports IRLCs within other assets and other liabilities at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The Company hedges the changes in fair value associated with changes in interest rates related to IRLCs and uncommitted LHFS by using forward delivery commitments on mortgage-backed securities (MBS), including Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae or FNMA), Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae or GNMA) MBS known as to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA MBS), interest rate swap futures (swap futures) and forward delivery commitments on whole loans. The TBA MBS, forward loan commitments and swap futures (collectively the Hedging Instruments) are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized upon the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary market and are accounted for as derivative instruments. The fair value of these Hedging Instruments are subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates. The Company reports Hedging Instruments within other assets and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The fair value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments are represented as derivative assets, lending, net and derivative liabilities, lending, net in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Long-term Debt

Long-term debt (junior subordinated notes) is reported at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considers the Company’s own credit risk and expected cash flow analysis in 2022 and discounted cash flow analysis in 2021. With the adoption of FASB ASU 2016-01 in 2018, which applies when the Company elects the fair value election on its own debt, the Company effectively bifurcates the market and instrument specific credit risk components of changes in long-term debt.  The market portion continues to be a component of net loss as the change in fair value of long-term debt, but the instrument specific credit risk portion is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Repurchase Reserve

The Company sells mortgage loans in the secondary market, including U.S. GSEs, and issues MBS through Ginnie Mae and Fannie Mae. When the Company sells or issues securities, it makes customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about various characteristics of each loan such as the origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws. In the event of a breach of its representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the mortgage loans with the identified defects or indemnify the investor or insurer for any loss.  In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale.  The Company’s loss may be reduced by proceeds from the sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan. Also, the Company’s loss may be reduced by any recourse it has to correspondent lenders that, in turn, had sold such mortgage loans to the Company and breached similar or other representations and warranties. In such event, the Company has the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that correspondent lender.

The Company records a provision for losses relating to such representations and warranties as part of its loan sale transactions. The method used to estimate the liability for representations and warranties is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults including any loss on sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually updates its estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. The level of mortgage loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, investor demands for loan repurchases and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans.

Revenue Recognition for Fees from Services

The Company follows FASB ASC 606, Revenue Recognition, which provides guidance on the application of GAAP to selected revenue recognition issues related to the Company’s real estate services fees. Under FASB ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from financial instruments that are not within the scope of FASB ASC 606.  The Company has evaluated the nature of its contracts with customers and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond what is presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, was not necessary. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, the Company has made no significant judgments in applying the revenue guidance prescribed in ASC 606 that affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.  The revenues from these services are recognized in income in the period when services are rendered and collectability is reasonably certain.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in business promotion expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, business promotion expense was $4.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. The Company uses the grant-date fair value of equity awards to determine the compensation cost associated with each award. Grant-date fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes pricing model and assumptions noted in Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans, adjusted for unique characteristics of the specific awards. Compensation cost for service-based equity awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

FASB ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and prospectively revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, such that the expense was recorded only for those stock-based awards that were expected to vest during such periods. The cost of equity-based compensation is recorded to personnel expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Refer to Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans.

Income Taxes

In accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company records income tax expense as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Current income tax expense or benefit approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period, respectively, and includes income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and recognizes enacted changes in tax rates and laws in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is “more likely than not.” Uncertain tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement.

The Company is subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return on qualifying subsidiaries. The Company files federal and various states income tax returns in the U.S.

The Company adopted FASB ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2020 (See Note 11.—Income Taxes). The most significant impact to the Company included the removal of the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive income). The changes also add a requirement for an entity to reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Loss Per Common Share

Basic loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year. Diluted loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year, unless anti-dilutive. Refer to Note 10.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” (ASU 2016-13), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that will replace today’s “incurred loss” model and generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except that the losses will be recognized as an allowance. Subsequent to issuing ASU 2016-13, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, for the purpose of clarifying certain aspects of ASU 2016-13. ASU 2018-19 has the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2016-13. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging,” and “Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASU 2019-04),” which is effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)”, which is also effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In October 2019, the FASB voted to delay the implementation date for smaller reporting companies until January 1, 2023. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2023 and the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020 and January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”.  Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates.  This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. FASB ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. Limiting the accounting models will result in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (1) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (2) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective January 1, 2024, for the Company. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than January 1, 2021, including interim periods within that year. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Note 2.—Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

A summary of the UPB of mortgage LHFS by type is presented below:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government (1)	$	—	$	6,886
Conventional (2)		2,506		62,759
Jumbo & Non-qualified mortgages (NonQM)		11,658		231,142
Fair value adjustment (3)		(1,112)		7,690
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	13,052	$	308,477

(1) Includes all government-insured loans including Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

(2) Includes loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac or FHLMC).

(3) Changes in fair value are included in gain on sale of loans, net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2022, there was one mortgage LHFS with a UPB of $326 thousand that was in nonaccrual status as the loan was in foreclosure. The carrying value of this nonaccrual loan as of December 31, 2022 was $270 thousand. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no mortgage LHFS that were 90 days or more delinquent.

Gain on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	$	18,825	$	81,362
Premium from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Unrealized loss from derivative financial instruments		(3,003)		(4,076)
Gain from derivative financial instruments		6,221		1,934
Mark to market (loss) gain on LHFS		(8,802)		3,395
Direct origination expenses, net		(4,553)		(17,746)
Provision for repurchases		(2,417)		(111)
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294

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Mortgage Servicing Rights

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Note 3.—Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company selectively retains MSRs from its sales and securitization of certain mortgage loans or as a result of purchase transactions. MSRs are reported at fair value based on the expected income derived from the net projected cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. The Company receives servicing fees, less subservicing costs, on the UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. The servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by the mortgagors, or if delinquent, when the underlying real estate is foreclosed upon and liquidated. The Company may receive other remuneration from rights to various mortgagor-contracted fees, such as late charges, collateral reconveyance charges and nonsufficient fund fees, and the Company is generally entitled to retain the interest earned on funds held pending remittance (or float) related to its collection of mortgagor principal, interest, tax and insurance payments.

In December 2022, the Company sold $68.1 million in UPB of its government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand, receiving $508 thousand in proceeds upon sale, with the remaining proceeds received in 2023 upon transfer of the servicing all trailing documents.

The following table summarizes the activity of MSRs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of year	$	749	$	339
Additions from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Reductions from bulk sales		(725)		—
Changes in fair value (1)		(70)		(126)
Fair value of MSRs at end of period	$	—	$	749

(1) Changes in fair value are included within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the UPB of the mortgage servicing portfolio was comprised of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government insured	$	—	$	71,841
Conventional		—		—
Total loans serviced	$	—	$	71,841

The table below illustrates hypothetical changes in the fair value of MSRs, caused by assumed immediate changes to key assumptions that are used to determine fair value. See Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments for a description of the key assumptions used to determine the fair value of MSRs.

	December 31,		December 31,
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis	2022		2021
Fair value of MSRs	$	—	$	749
Prepayment Speed:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(24)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(48)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(70)
Discount Rate:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(31)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(59)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(85)

Sensitivities are hypothetical changes in fair value and cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of changes in assumptions to changes in fair value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption is calculated without changing any other assumption, whereas a change in one factor may result in changes to another. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of these estimates. As a result, actual future changes in MSR values may differ significantly from those displayed above.

Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	(70)	$	(126)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		264		160
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	194	$	34

Servicing fees (expense), net is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Contractual servicing fees	$	251	$	193
Subservicing and other costs		(188)		(625)
Servicing fees (expense), net	$	63	$	(432)

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Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Assets

Other Assets

Note 4.—Other Assets    

Other assets consisted of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13)	$	11,619	$	10,788
Prepaid expenses		2,410		3,460
Right of use asset (See Note 13)		1,248		10,209
Accounts receivable, net		916		4,770
Servicing advances		735		565
Premises and equipment, net		220		636
Accrued interest receivable		75		625
Derivative assets – lending (See Note 7)		52		3,111
Other		—		1,102
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae		—		337
Total other assets	$	17,275	$	35,603

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable are primarily loan sales that have not settled, and fees earned for real estate services rendered, generally collected one month in arrears.  Accounts receivable are stated at their carrying value as of December 31, 2022, and net of $50 thousand reserve for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2021.

Servicing Advances

The Company is required to advance certain amounts to meet its contractual loan servicing requirements. The Company advances principal, interest, property taxes and insurance for borrowers that have insufficient escrow accounts, plus any other costs to preserve the properties. Also, the Company will advance funds to maintain, repair and market foreclosed real estate properties. The Company is entitled to recover advances from the borrowers for reinstated and performing loans or from proceeds of liquidated properties.

Loans Eligible for Repurchase from Ginnie Mae

The Company sells loans in Ginnie Mae guaranteed MBS by pooling eligible loans through a pool custodian and assigning rights to the loans to Ginnie Mae. When these Ginnie Mae loans are initially pooled and securitized, the Company meets the criteria for sale treatment and de-recognizes the loans. The terms of the Ginnie Mae MBS program allow, but do not require, the Company to repurchase mortgage loans when the borrower has made no payments for three consecutive months. When the Company has the unconditional right, as servicer, to repurchase Ginnie Mae pool loans it has previously sold and are more than 90 days past due, and the repurchase will provide a “more than trivial benefit”, the Company then re-recognizes the loans on its consolidated balance sheets in other assets, at their UPB and records a corresponding liability in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.  At December 31, 2022, there were no loans eligible for repurchase while there were $337 thousand in UPB of loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae at December 31, 2021. As part of the Company’s repurchase reserve, the Company records a repurchase provision to provide for estimated losses from the sale or securitization of all mortgage loans, including these loans.  In conjunction with the sale of the government insured MSRs in December 2022, loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae are no longer included on the consolidated balance sheets for 2022.

Premises and Equipment, net

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Premises and equipment	$	6,209	$	6,391
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(5,989)		(5,755)
Total premises and equipment, net	$	220	$	636

The Company recognized $317 thousand and $493 thousand of depreciation expense within general, administrative and other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt

Debt

Note 5.—Debt

The following table shows contractual future debt maturities as of December 31, 2022:

	Payments Due by Period
			Less Than		One to		Three to		More Than
	Total		One Year		Three Years		Five Years		Five Years
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	3,622	$	—	$	—	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		5,000		10,000		—		—
Long-term debt		62,000		—		—		—		62,000
Total debt obligations	$	80,622	$	8,622	$	10,000	$	—	$	62,000

Warehouse Borrowings

The Company, through its subsidiaries, enters into Master Repurchase Agreements with lenders providing warehouse facilities. The warehouse facilities are used to fund, and are secured by, residential mortgage loans that are held for sale. The warehouse and revolving lines of credit are repaid using proceeds from the sale of loans. The base interest rates on the Company’s warehouse lines bear interest at 1-month LIBOR plus a margin or note rate minus a margin. Some of the lines carry additional fees in the form of annual facility fees charged on the total line amount, commitment fees charged on the committed portion of the line and non-usage fees charged when monthly usage falls below a certain utilization percentage.  The Company’s warehouse line is scheduled to expire October 20, 2023 under a one year term and the line is subject to renewal based on an annual credit review conducted by the lender.

The base interest rates for all warehouse lines of credit are subject to increase based upon the characteristics of the underlying loans collateralizing the lines of credit, including, but not limited to product type and number of days held for sale. Certain warehouse line lenders require the Company, at all times, to maintain cash accounts with minimum required balances. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was none and $1.3 million, respectively, held in these accounts which are recorded as a component of restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets.

Under the terms of these warehouse lines, the Company is required to maintain various financial and other covenants. At December 31, 2022, the Company was not in compliance with certain financial covenants from its lenders and received the necessary waivers.

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	Maximum		Balance Outstanding at				Allowable
	Borrowing		December 31,		December 31,		Advance	Rate
	Capacity		2022		2021		Rates (%)	Range	Maturity Date
Short-term borrowings:
Repurchase agreement 1 (1)	$	—	$	—	$	30,009	90 - 98	1ML + 2.00 - 2.25%	May 24, 2022
Repurchase agreement 2 (2)		—		—		153,006	100	1ML + 1.75%	September 13, 2022
Repurchase agreement 3 (3)		16,000		98		56,794	100	Note Rate - 0.375%	October 20, 2023
Repurchase agreement 4 (4)		25,000		3,524		45,730	99	Note Rate - 0.50 - 0.75%	December 31, 2022
Total warehouse borrowings	$	41,000	$	3,622	$	285,539

_________________________

(1) Repurchase agreement 1 was not renewed.

(2) Repurchase agreement 2 was not renewed.

(3) In October 2022, the Company entered into an agreement for a $1.0 million committed line in addition to the uncommitted line. In November 2022, the uncommitted portion of the line was renewed and reduced to $15.0 million for a total line size of $16.0 million.

(4) At December 31, 2022, the line expired, was not renewed and paid off with the loan sales in January 2023.

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022			2021
Maximum outstanding balance during the year	$	269,950		$	336,648
Average balance outstanding for the year		74,435			191,794
UPB of underlying collateral (mortgage loans)		4,577			296,841
Weighted average interest rate for period		4.19	%		3.41	%

Convertible Notes

In May 2015, the Company issued $25.0 million Convertible Promissory Notes (Notes) to purchasers, some of which are related parties. The Notes were originally due to mature on or before May 9, 2020 and accrued interest at a rate of 7.5% per annum, to be paid quarterly.

Noteholders may convert all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock (Conversion Shares) at a rate of $21.50 per share, subject to adjustment for stock splits and dividends (Conversion Price). The Company has the right to convert the entire outstanding principal of the Notes into Conversion Shares at the Conversion Price if the market price per share of the common stock, as measured by the average volume-weighted closing stock price per share of the common stock on the NYSE AMERICAN (or any other U.S. national securities exchange then serving as the principal such exchange on which the shares of common stock are listed), reaches the level of $30.10 for any twenty (20) trading days in any period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days after the Closing Date (as defined in the Notes). Upon conversion of the Notes by the Company, the entire amount of accrued and unpaid interest (and all other amounts owing) under the Notes are immediately due and payable. To the extent the Company pays any cash dividends on its shares of common stock prior to conversion of the Notes, upon conversion of the Notes, the noteholders will also receive such dividends on an as-converted basis of the Notes less the amount of interest paid by the Company prior to such dividend.  

On April 15, 2020, the Company and the noteholders agreed to extend the outstanding Notes in the principal amount of $25.0 million originally issued in May 2015, at the conclusion of the original note term (First Amendment). The new Notes were issued with a six month term (November 9, 2020) and reduced the interest rate on such Notes to 7.0% per annum.  In connection with the issuance of the First Amendment, the Company issued to the noteholders of the Notes, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 212,649 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cash exercise price of $2.97 per share. The relative fair value of the warrants were $242 thousand and recorded as debt discounts, which are accreted over the term of the warrants (October 2020), using an effective interest rate of 8.9%.  The warrants are exercisable

commencing on October 16, 2020 and expire on April 15, 2025. The First Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

On October 28, 2020, the Company and certain holders of its Notes due November 9, 2020 in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on November 9, 2020.  The new notes have an 18-month term due May 9, 2022 and the Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to $20.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on November 9, 2020 (Second Amendment).  The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum. The Second Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

On April 29, 2022, the Company and holders of its Notes agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on May 9, 2022.  The Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the new Notes to $15.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on May 9, 2022 (Third Amendment).  The new Notes are due and payable in three equal installments of $5.0 million on each of May 9, 2023, May 9, 2024 and the stated maturity date of May 9, 2025. The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum.

Long-term Debt

The Company carries its Junior Subordinated Notes at estimated fair value as more fully described in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The following table shows the remaining principal balance and fair value of Junior Subordinated Notes issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Junior Subordinated Notes (1)	$	62,000	$	62,000
Fair value adjustment (2)		(34,247)		(15,464)
Total Junior Subordinated Notes	$	27,753	$	46,536

(1) Stated maturity of March 2034; requires quarterly interest payments at a variable rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum. In June 2023, with the cessation of LIBOR, the calculation agent will use the “Board-selected benchmark replacement” as the benchmark replacement for LIBOR, which, per the Federal LIBOR Act, will be a rate identified by the Federal Reserve Board that is (a) based on SOFR and (b) adjusted based on tenor spread adjustments. At December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 8.52%.

(2) For further detail on the determination of estimated fair value see Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Securitized Mortgage Trusts

Securitized Mortgage Trusts

Note 6.—Securitized Mortgage Trusts

In March 2022, the Company and its subsidiaries (the Sellers), entered into a Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement (Sale Agreement) pursuant to which the Sellers sold certain residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights, owned by the Sellers relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007 (the Securitizations).  Pursuant to the terms of the Sale Agreement, the purchaser paid the Company an aggregate cash purchase price of $37.5 million, $20.0 million of which was paid on March 16, 2022, and the remaining balance of the purchase price was paid on March 25, 2022, upon the Company’s satisfaction of certain closing and payment release provisions, including delivery of certain residual interest certificates, set forth in the Sale Agreement.  For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $9.2 million increase in fair value, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer.  

As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets totaling approximately $1.6 billion and trust liabilities of $1.6 billion as of the sale date as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.   The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff.

Securitized Mortgage Trust Assets

Securitized mortgage trust assets are comprised of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		—		3,479
Total securitized mortgage trust assets	$	—	$	1,642,730

Securitized Mortgage Collateral

Securitized mortgage collateral consisted of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Mortgages secured by residential real estate	$	—	$	1,653,749
Mortgages secured by commercial real estate		—		89,801
Fair value adjustment		—		(104,299)
Total securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251

As of December 31, 2022, the Company was also a master servicer of mortgages for others of approximately $138.3 million in UPB that were primarily collateralizing REMIC securitizations, compared to $164.6 million at December 31, 2021. Related fiduciary funds are held in trust for investors in non-interest bearing accounts and are not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company may also be required to advance funds or cause loan servicers to advance funds to cover principal and interest payments not received from borrowers depending on the status of their mortgages.

Real Estate Owned

The Company’s REO consisted of the following:

		December 31,	December 31,
	2022		2021
REO	$	—	$	10,335
Impairment (1)		—		(6,856)
Ending balance	$	—	$	3,479
REO inside trusts	$	—	$	3,479
REO outside trusts		—		—
Total	$	—	$	3,479

(1) Impairment represents the cumulative write-downs of net realizable value subsequent to foreclosure.

Securitized Mortgage Trust Liabilities

Securitized mortgage trust liabilities, which are recorded at estimated fair market value as more fully described in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments, are comprised of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	1,614,862

Securitized Mortgage Borrowings – Non-recourse

Selected information on securitized mortgage borrowings for the periods indicated consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

			Securitized
			mortgage
			borrowings
			outstanding as of
			December 31,				Range of Interest Rates (%)
								Interest	Interest
								Rate	Rate
	Original						Fixed	Margins over	Margins after
	Issuance						Interest	One-Month	Contractual
Year of Issuance	Amount		2022		2021		Rates	LIBOR (1)	Call Date (2)
2002	$	3,876.1	$	—	$	2.7	5.25 - 12.00	0.27 - 2.75	0.54 - 3.68
2003		5,966.1		—		12.9	4.34 - 12.75	0.27 - 3.00	0.54 - 4.50
2004		17,710.7		—		210.9	3.58 - 5.56	0.25 - 2.50	0.50 - 3.75
2005		13,387.7		—		1,198.2	—	0.24 - 2.90	0.48 - 4.35
2006		5,971.4		—		1,626.0	6.25	0.10 - 2.75	0.20 - 4.13
2007		3,860.5		—		882.5	—	0.06 - 2.00	0.12 - 3.00
Subtotal contractual principal balance (3)				—		3,933.2
Fair value adjustment (4)				—		(2,318.3)
Total securitized mortgage borrowings			$	—	$	1,614.9

(1) One-month LIBOR was 0.10 % as of December 31, 2021.

(2) Interest rate margins are generally adjusted when the unpaid principal balance is reduced to less than 10-20% of the original issuance amount, or if certain other triggers are met.

(3) Represents the outstanding balance in accordance with trustee reporting.

(4) Fair value adjustment was inclusive of $0 and $2.2 billion in bond losses at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets, including Trust REO Gains

Changes in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains are comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	9,248	$	6,471
Gains from trust REO		—		111
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	9,248	$	6,582

Call Rights

The Company held cleanup call options (call rights) with respect to its securitized trusts whereby, when the UPB of the underlying residential mortgage loans fell below a pre-determined threshold, the Company could purchase the underlying residential mortgage loans at par, plus unreimbursed servicer advances, resulting in the repayment of all of the outstanding securitization financing at par. The Company’s ability to exercise its call rights was limited based on available capital and liquidity, and/or in situations where the related securitization trustee does not permit the exercise of such rights.

The Company held the cleanup call options through either its economically owned residuals interests or its master servicing rights, which potential economic benefits were evaluated within its fair value estimation process.  

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Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Note 7.—Derivative Instruments

The mortgage lending operation enters into IRLCs with prospective borrowers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate and Hedging Instruments to hedge the fair value changes associated with changes in interest rates relating to its mortgage loan origination operations. The fair value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments related to mortgage loan origination are included in other assets or other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of

December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of IRLCs was an asset of $5 thousand while Hedging Instruments were an asset of $47 thousand.  As of December 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of IRLCs was an asset of $3.1 million while Hedging Instruments were a liability of $55 thousand. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no forward delivery commitments as the forward delivery commitments had no pair-off mechanism.

The following table includes information for the derivative assets and liabilities, lending for the periods presented:

					Total Gains (Losses)
	Notional Amount				For the Year Ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Derivative – IRLC's (1)	$	493	$	255,150	$	(3,106)	$	(4,164)
Derivative – TBA MBS (1)		7,000		102,000		5,020		2,022
Derivative – Swap Futures (1)		8,800		—		1,304		—

(1) Amounts included in gain on sale of loans, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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Redeemable Preferred Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Redeemable Preferred Stock

Redeemable Preferred Stock

Note 8.—Redeemable Preferred Stock

As disclosed within Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies, on July 15, 2021, the Maryland Court of Appeals issued its decision affirming the decisions of the Maryland Circuit Court (the Circuit Court) and the Court of Special Appeals granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights language interpretation. Accordingly, the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary were not validly adopted and the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary remained in effect.

As a result, as of September 30, 2022, the Company had cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, thereby increasing the liquidation value to approximately $55.47 per share. Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears increased by $0.5859 per Series B Preferred share, or approximately $390 thousand. The accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred stock were payable only upon declaration by the Board of Directors, and the liquidation preference, inclusive of Series B Preferred cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, was only payable upon voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.  In addition, the Company was required to pay an amount equal to three quarters of dividends on the Series B Preferred stock under the 2004 Series B Preferred Articles Supplementary (approximately $1.2 million, which had been previously accrued for [such amount, the 2009 Dividend Amount]) to Series B Preferred shareholders as of August 15, 2022, into the registry of the Circuit Court no later than August 19, 2022, to be held pending final resolution of all issues and final determination by the Circuit Court of the appropriate distribution of those funds. The Company deposited the 2009 Dividend Amount on August 18, 2022.

At September 30, 2022, the Company had $72.0 million in outstanding liquidation preference of series B Preferred and Series C Preferred stock (including cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock). The holders of each series of Preferred Stock, which carried limited voting rights and were redeemable at the option of the Company, retained the right to a $25.00 per share liquidation preference (plus cumulative unpaid dividends in the case of the Series B Preferred stock) in the event of a liquidation of the Company and the right to receive dividends on the Preferred Stock if any such dividends were declared (and, in the case of the Series B Preferred stock, before any dividends or other distributions are made to holders of junior stock, including the Company’s common stock). However as further discussed below, holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Preferred Stock, other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

Common and preferred dividends were included in the reconciliation of earnings per share beginning July 15, 2021, which was the date the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the decision in granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights.  Cumulative preferred dividends, whether or not declared, were reflected in basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10-45-11, despite not being accrued

for on the consolidated balance sheets.

On September 14, 2022, the Company commenced exchange offers (the Exchange Offers) and a consent solicitation for its outstanding shares of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock. On October 20, 2022 (the Expiration Date), the Exchange Offers and consent solicitation expired with approximately 69% of the Series B Preferred stock and approximately 67% of the Series C Preferred stock tendering their shares and voting in favor of certain amendments to the Company’s charter as discussed in further detail below. Holders of Series B Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series B Consideration), for each share of Series B Preferred stock tendered, (i) 13.33 shares of newly issued common stock and (ii) thirty (30) shares of newly issued 8.25% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series D Preferred stock).  Holders of Series C Preferred stock were entitled to receive (the Series C Consideration), for each share of Series C Preferred stock tendered, (i) 1.25 shares of newly issued common stock, (ii) 1.5 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and (iii) one (1) share of Series D Preferred stock. In connection with the closing of the Exchange Offers, the Company issued on October 26, 2022, a total of 7,330,319 shares of newly issued common stock, 14,773,811 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 1,425,695 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

Concurrently with the Exchange Offers, the Company received consent from the requisite holders of each of its outstanding Series B Preferred stock and its outstanding Series C Preferred stock to amend its charter to (i) make all shares of Series B Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series B Consideration and (ii) make all shares of Series C Preferred stock that remain outstanding after the closing of the Exchange Offers redeemable for the same consideration as the Series C Consideration. On October 27, 2022, the Company provided notice to holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock that such shares would be redeemed (the Redemption) on November 15, 2022 upon which holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock will only be entitled to receive the Series B Consideration and the Series C Consideration, as the case may be.  In connection with the Redemption, the Company issued approximately 3,298,439 shares of newly issued common stock, 6,599,035 shares of Series D Preferred stock and 681,923 warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of common stock.

All holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock in connection with the Exchange Offers and the Redemption only received the applicable consideration payable therein and were not entitled to any other payment with respect to the liquidation preference of, or any accrued and unpaid dividends on, any shares of Series B Preferred stock or Series C Preferred stock (whether or not such dividends have accumulated and whether or not such dividends accrued before or after completion of the Exchange Offers), other than the rights of holders of Series B Preferred stock to receive the 2009 Dividend Amount, based upon final determinations as to entitlement to such amounts by the Circuit Court.

In addition, on August 25, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Order to Segregate Funds and/or Stock (Segregation Order), directing the Company, if the Exchange Offer for the Series B Preferred stock is completed prior to December 5, 2022, to deposit 13,311,840 shares of Series D Preferred stock, plus, in either event, 4,437,280 shares of newly issued common stock (collectively, the Series B Common Fund) in the custody of a third party custodian or escrow agent approved by class counsel. The Exchange Offer was approved and closed with respect to tendered shares on October 26, 2022, and the Company deposited the required stock with a third party pursuant to the Segregation Order.  On August 29, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an order approving the form and substance of the notice by which the Company and the class notice administrator are required to give notice to the Series B Preferred stock class of the final hearing date of December 5, 2022, and the opportunity to file objections to the proposed final injunctive relief and to the applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives. Between September 7 through September 19, the Company and the notice administrator provided the notice required by the August 29, 2022 order.

On December 5, 2022, the Circuit Court held a final hearing on all outstanding matters identified in the notice. On December 16, 2022, the Circuit Court issued its Final Judgment Order which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment, granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses.  In February 2023, pursuant to the Final Judgement Order, (i) the 2009 Dividend Amount was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion going to pay attorney’s fees, litigation costs and incentive payments and (ii) the Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock that was held in escrow was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion of the Series D Preferred Stock going to pay attorney’s fees to Class Counsel.

The Series D Preferred stock (w) ranks senior to the Common stock as to dividends and upon liquidation; (x) is

non-participating, and bears a cumulative cash dividend from and including the original issue date at a fixed rate equal to 8.25% per annum (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $.00825 per share of the Series D Preferred stock); (y) bears an initial liquidation preference of $0.10 per share and (z) is mandatorily redeemable by the Company for cash at a redemption price of $0.10 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) on (A) the 60th day, or such earlier date as the Company may fix, after the date of any public announcement by the Company of annual or quarterly financial statements that indicate that payment of the redemption price would not cause the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL unless, before such redemption date, the Company’s Board of Directors determines in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and for any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption and which have become redeemable as of the applicable redemption date would cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions, as defined below, or (B) any date the Company fixes not more than sixty (60) days after any determination by the Board of Directors (which the Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, is obligated to undertake after the release of annual and quarterly financial statements and upon any capital raise) in good faith that the payment by the Company of the redemption price for the Series D Preferred stock and any stock ranking on parity with the Series D Preferred stock with respect to redemption rights that have become redeemable as of such redemption date would not cause the Company to violate the Cash Consideration Restrictions. A violation of the “Cash Consideration Restrictions” will occur if the occurrence of an action would cause (i) the Company to violate the restrictions on payment of distributions to stockholders under section 2-311 of the MGCL, (ii) any material breach of or default under the terms and conditions of any obligation of the Company, including any agreement relating to its indebtedness, or (iii) the Company to violate any restriction or prohibition of any law rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any order, judgment or decree of any court or administrative agency.

As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the Redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock due to the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred stock from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per share of Series D Preferred stock, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference. Cumulative preferred dividends, whether or not declared, are reflected in basic and diluted loss per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10-45-11, despite not being accrued for on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The use of fair value to measure the Company’s financial instruments is fundamental to its consolidated financial statements and is a critical accounting estimate because a substantial portion of its assets and liabilities are recorded at estimated fair value.

FASB ASC 825 requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments and the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate such fair values. The Company uses exit price notion when measuring the

fair values of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The following table presents the estimated fair value of financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Carrying		Estimated Fair Value						Carrying		Estimated Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,864	$	25,864	$	—	$	—	$	29,555	$	29,555	$	—	$	—
Restricted cash		4,140		4,140		—		—		5,657		5,657		—		—
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		13,052		—		308,477		—		308,477		—
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		749		—		—		749
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		52		—		47		5		3,111		—		—		3,111
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		1,639,251		—		—		1,639,251
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	—	$	3,622	$	—	$	285,539	$	—	$	285,539	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		—		—		15,000		20,000		—		—		20,000
Long-term debt		27,753		—		—		27,753		46,536		—		—		46,536
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		—		—		—		1,614,862		—		—		1,614,862
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—		55		—

(1) Represents IRLCs and Hedging Instruments and are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Represents Hedging Instruments and are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The fair value amounts above have been estimated by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value in both inactive and orderly markets. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

For the consolidated non-recourse securitizations, the fair value of the financial liabilities of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage borrowings) was more observable than the fair value of the financial assets of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage collateral). In accordance with FASB ASU 2014-13, the financial liabilities of the consolidated non-recourse securitizations were the more observable input and measured at fair value and the financial assets were being measured in consolidation as: (1) the sum of the fair value of the securitized mortgage borrowings and the fair value of the beneficial interests retained by the Company less (2) the carrying value of any REO. The resulting amount was allocated to securitized mortgage collateral.

For securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings, the underlying bonds were collateralized by Alt-A (non-conforming) residential and commercial loans and had limited or no market activity. The Company’s methodology to estimate fair value of these assets and liabilities included the use of internal pricing techniques such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable market participant assumptions, where available) discounted at a rate of return based on the Company’s estimates of market participant requirements. The significant assumptions utilized in these internal pricing techniques, which were based on the characteristics of the underlying collateral, include estimated credit losses, estimated prepayment speeds and appropriate discount rates.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The application of fair value measurements may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability or whether management has elected to carry the item at its estimated fair value.

FASB ASC 820-10-35 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

● Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical instruments or liabilities that an entity has the ability to assess at measurement date.

● Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for an asset or liability, including interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and market-corroborated inputs.

● Level 3—Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when estimating fair value.

As a result of the lack of observable market data resulting from inactive markets, the Company has classified its securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings (prior to the sale in 2022), derivative assets (IRLCs) and long-term debt as Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were approximately 0% and 62% and 83% and 84%, respectively, of total assets and total liabilities measured at estimated fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company assesses its financial instruments on a quarterly basis to determine the appropriate classification within the fair value hierarchy, as defined by FASB ASC Topic 810. Transfers between fair value classifications occur when there are changes in pricing observability levels. Transfers of financial instruments among the levels occur at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no material transfers into Level 3 classified instruments during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, including financial instruments for which the Company has elected the fair value option at December 31, 2022 and 2021, based on the fair value hierarchy:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	—	$	13,052	$	—	$	—	$	308,477	$	—
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		—		47		5		—		—		3,111
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—		749
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		—		1,639,251
Total assets at fair value	$	—	$	13,099	$	5	$	—	$	308,477	$	1,643,111
Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,614,862
Long-term debt		—		—		27,753		—		—		46,536
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	27,753	$	—	$	55	$	1,661,398

(1) At December 31, 2022, derivative assets, lending, net included $5 thousand in IRLCs and $47 thousand in Hedging Instruments included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, derivative assets, lending, net included $3.1 million in IRLCs and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, derivative liabilities, lending, net are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The following tables present a reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		2,019		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(7,564)		—		—		(1,187)
Change in fair value		9,248		—		(70)		(3,106)		2,757
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		17,213	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		11,267		(7,564)		(70)		(3,106)		18,783
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		46		—		—
Settlements		(1,650,518)		1,622,426		(725)		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2022	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(27,753)
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (3)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(34,247)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2022.

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2020	$	2,100,175	$	(2,086,557)	$	339	$	7,275	$	(44,413)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		(12,162)		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(37,090)		—		—		(1,499)
Change in fair value		151,759		(145,288)		(126)		(4,164)		2,098
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		(2,722)	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		139,597		(182,378)		(126)		(4,164)		(2,123)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		536		—		—
Settlements		(600,521)		654,073		—		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3)	$	(104,299)	$	2,318,296	$	749	$	3,111	$	15,464

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that were still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2021.

The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Unobservable	Range of		Weighted		Range of		Weighted
Financial Instrument	Input	Inputs		Average		Inputs		Average
Assets and liabilities backed by real estate
Securitized mortgage collateral, and	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	2.9 - 46.3	%	10.7	%
Securitized mortgage borrowings	Default rates	-	%	-	%	0.06 - 4.3	%	1.7	%
	Loss severities	-	%	-	%	0.01 - 97.6	%	70.1	%
	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	2.1 - 13.0	%	3.6	%
Other assets and liabilities
Mortgage servicing rights	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	12.5 - 15.0	%	12.8	%
	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	8.01 - 29.1	%	10.3	%
Derivative assets - IRLCs, net	Pull-through rates	70.0 - 78.0	%	72.3	%	50.0 - 98.0	%	79.0	%
Long-term debt	See (1) below	N/A	%	N/A	%	8.6	%	8.6	%

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2022, the company used the expected cash flow valuation methodology and the unobservable input was the expected proceeds.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company used a discounted cash flow model and the unobservable input was the discount rate.

For assets and liabilities backed by real estate, a significant increase in discount rates, default rates or loss severities would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value. The effect of changes in prepayment speeds would have differing effects depending on the seniority or other characteristics of the instrument. For other assets and liabilities, a significant increase in discount rates would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value. A significant increase or decrease in pull-through rate assumptions would result in a significant increase or decrease, respectively, in the fair value of IRLCs. The Company believes that the imprecision of an estimate could be significant.

The following tables present the changes in recurring fair value measurements included in net losses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	2,019	$	—	$	9,248		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,267
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(7,564)		—			—		—		—		(7,564)
Long-term debt		—		(1,187)		—			2,757		—		—		1,570
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(70)		—		(70)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		(8,802)		(8,802)
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(3,106)		(3,106)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		103		103
Total	$	2,019	$	(8,751)	$	9,248	(3)	$	2,757	$	(70)	$	(11,805)	$	(6,602)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2022, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $9.2 million.

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	(12,162)	$	—		151,759		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	139,597
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(37,090)		(145,288)			—		—		—		(182,378)
Long-term debt		—		(1,499)		—			2,098		—		—		599
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(126)		—		(126)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		3,395		3,395
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(4,164)		(4,164)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		88		88
Total	$	(12,162)	$	(38,589)	$	6,471	(3)	$	2,098	$	(126)	$	(681)	$	(42,989)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2021, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $6.5 million.

The following is a description of the measurement techniques for items recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage servicing rights—The Company elected to carry its mortgage servicing rights arising from its mortgage loan origination operation at fair value. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is based upon a discounted cash flow model. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating the fair value of servicing. These assumptions include estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, prepayment and late fees, among other considerations. As discussed in Note 3.— Mortgage Servicing Rights, the Company sold its government insured MSRs for approximately $725 thousand in December 31, 2022.  Mortgage servicing rights were considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

Mortgage loans held-for-sale—The Company elected to carry its mortgage LHFS originated or acquired from its mortgage lending operation at fair value. Fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available, prices for other traded mortgage loans with similar characteristics, and purchase commitments and bid information received from market participants. Given the meaningful level of secondary market activity for mortgage loans, active pricing is available for similar assets and accordingly, the Company classifies its mortgage LHFS as a Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Securitized mortgage collateral—The Company carried its securitized mortgage collateral at fair value. These assets consist primarily of non-conforming mortgage loans securitized between 2002 and 2007. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s internal models used to compute the net present value of future expected cash flows, with observable market participant assumptions, where available. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use in pricing these assets. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As discussed in Note 6.— Securitized Mortgage Trusts, in March 2022, the Company sold certain certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights associated with the consolidated securitization trusts for $37.5 million and deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities, recording a $9.2 million fair value increase, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer. Securitized mortgage collateral was considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

Securitized mortgage borrowings—The Company carried its securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value. These borrowings consisted of individual tranches of bonds issued by securitization trusts and are primarily backed by non-conforming mortgage loans. Fair value measurements included the Company’s judgments about the underlying collateral and assumptions such as prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As discussed in Note 6.— Securitized Mortgage Trusts, in March 2022, the Company sold certain certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights associated with the consolidated securitization trusts for $37.5 million and deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities, recording a $9.2 million fair value increase, net of $277 thousand in transaction costs related to the transfer. Securitized mortgage borrowings were considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2021.

Long-term debt—The Company elected to carry its remaining long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considers the Company’s own credit risk, including settlements with trust preferred debt holders, if any, and a cash flow analysis.  In 2022, the Company used an expected cash flow valuation methodology to estimate the cash flows based on the expected proceeds that the asset would receive. In 2021, the Company used a discounted cash flow analysis. As of December 31, 2022, long-term debt had an unpaid principal balance of $62.0 million compared to an estimated fair value of $27.8 million. The aggregate unpaid principal balance exceeds the fair value by $34.2 million at December 31, 2022. The long-term debt is considered a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Derivative assets and liabilities, Lending— Derivative assets and liabilities are carried at fair value and are accounted for as free standing derivatives. All derivative financial instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in the fair values being reported in current period earnings.  The derivatives include IRLCs with prospective residential mortgage borrowers whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the borrowers have locked in that interest rate. These commitments are determined to be derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. The derivatives also include Hedging Instruments used to hedge the fair value changes associated with changes in interest rates relating to its mortgage lending originations. The Company hedges the period from the interest rate lock (assuming a fall-out factor) to the date of the loan sale. The estimated fair value of IRLCs are based on underlying loan types with similar characteristics using the TBA MBS market, which is actively quoted and validated through external sources. The data inputs used in this valuation include, but are not limited to, loan type, underlying loan amount, note rate, loan program and expected sale date of the loan, adjusted for current market conditions. These valuations are adjusted at the loan level to consider the servicing release premium and loan pricing adjustments specific to each loan. For all IRLCs, the base value is then adjusted for the anticipated Pull-through Rate. The anticipated Pull-through Rate is an unobservable input based on historical experience, which results in classification of IRLCs as a Level 3 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.  The fair value of the TBA MBS and forward delivery commitments is based on the actively quoted TBA MBS market using observable inputs related to characteristics of the underlying MBS stratified by product, coupon and settlement date. Therefore, the TBA MBS and forward delivery commitment, if any, are classified as a Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022 and 2021.  The Company also utilizes interest rate swap futures to hedge interest rate risk. These instruments are actively traded in a liquid market and classified as Level 2 measurement at December 31, 2022.  The Company did not enter into any interest rate swap futures as of December 31, 2021.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company is required to measure certain assets and liabilities at estimated fair value from time to time. These fair value measurements typically result from the application of specific accounting pronouncements under GAAP. The fair value measurements are considered nonrecurring fair value measurements under FASB ASC 820-10.

The following table presents financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
REO (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,479	$	—
ROU asset		—		—		1,248		—		—		10,209

(1) Balance represents REO at December 31, 2021 which has been impaired subsequent to foreclosure.

The following table presents total gains on financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Total Gains (Losses) (1)
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
REO (2)	$	—	$	111
ROU asset impairment		(123)		—

(1) Total gains reflect gains from all nonrecurring measurements during the year.

(2) For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded none and $111 thousand, respectively, of gains related to changes in the NRV of REO.  Gains represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV.  

Real estate owned—REO consists of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans. Upon foreclosure, REO is adjusted to the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs, offset by expected contractual mortgage insurance proceeds to be received, if any. Subsequently, REO is recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell. REO balance representing REOs which have been impaired subsequent to foreclosure are subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement and included in the nonrecurring fair value measurements tables. Fair values of REO are generally based on observable market inputs, and considered Level 2 measurements at December 31, 2021.

ROU asset impairment—The Company performs reviews of its ROU assets for impairment when evidence exists that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a $123 thousand ROU asset impairment charge related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within the Company’s corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value. The impairment charge is included in general, administrative and other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  ROU asset was considered a Level 3 fair value measurement at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

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Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

Note 10.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted loss per common share, including the dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock awards (RSAs), restricted stock units (RSUs), deferred stock units (DSUs), Notes and cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding for the periods indicated, when dilutive:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Numerator for basic loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Less: cumulative non-declared dividends on preferred stock (1)		(52)		(780)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Numerator for diluted loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Interest expense attributable to convertible notes (2)		—		—
Net loss plus interest expense attributable to convertible notes	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Denominator for basic loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Denominator for diluted loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Net effect of dilutive convertible notes and warrants (2)		—		—
Net effect of dilutive stock options, DSU’s, RSA's and RSU's (2)		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares		23,918		21,332
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)
Diluted	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)

(1) Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series B Preferred stock are included in 2021 and excluded in 2022 as a result of the aforementioned Exchange Offers.  Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series D Preferred stock are included in 2022 as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the Cash Consideration Restrictions of the new preferred stock.  (See Note 8.– Redeemable Preferred Stock and Note 13.– Commitments and Contingincies).

(2) Adjustments to diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were excluded from the calculation, as they were anti-dilutive.

(3) Share amounts presented in thousands.

The anti-dilutive stock options, RSAs, RSUs and DSUs outstanding for the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 772 thousand and 1.0 million shares in the aggregate, respectively.  For the years ended December 2022 and 2021, there were 698 thousand and 930 thousand shares attributable to the Notes that were anti-dilutive.  Additionally, for the years ended December 2022 and 2021, there were 2.3 million and 202 thousand warrants that were anti-dilutive.

Common and preferred dividends are included in the reconciliation of earnings (loss) per share beginning July 15, 2021, which was the date the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the decision in granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred stock voting rights.  As a result of receiving the requisite stockholder consents on the Exchange Offers on October 20, 2022 and completion of the redemption, the aggregate cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of approximately $20.3 million, or approximately $30.47 per outstanding share of Series B Preferred stock, were exchanged and are no longer considered in the earnings per share calculation.  However, as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the new dividend payment on the 8.25% dividend on the Series D Preferred stock as a result of the aforementioned Cash Consideration Restrictions, the Company has approximately $52 thousand in cumulative dividends in arrears on the new Series D Preferred stock from the date of issuance through December 31, 2022.  Every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will accumulate by approximately $0.0021 per Series D Preferred share, or approximately $72 thousand, increasing the new Series D Preferred stock liquidation preference.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 11.—Income Taxes

The Company is subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return.

Income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	—	$	—
State		38		71
Total current income tax expense		38		71
Deferred income taxes:
Federal		—		—
State		—		—
Total deferred income tax expense		—		—
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

The Company recorded income tax expense of $38 thousand and $71 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, was primarily the result of state minimum taxes and franchise taxes.

Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management's judgment that realization is "more likely than not". A valuation allowance is recognized for a deferred tax asset if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. As of each reporting date, the Company considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact management's view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. Significant judgment is required in assessing future earnings trends, the availability of tax planning strategies, recent pretax losses and the timing of reversals of temporary differences. The Company's evaluation is based on current tax laws as well as management's expectation of future performance.

The Company's deferred tax assets are primarily the result of net operating losses and basis differences on mortgage securities and goodwill. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance is based on management's assessment that it is more likely than not that certain deferred tax assets, primarily net operating loss carryforwards, may not be realized in the foreseeable future due to objective negative evidence.

Deferred tax assets are comprised of the following temporary differences between the financial statement carrying value and the tax basis of assets:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state net operating losses	$	248,559	$	178,194
Mortgage securities		—		55,283
Depreciation and amortization		21,655		24,355
Capital loss carryover		172		172
Compensation and other accruals		1,563		3,058
Repurchase reserve		1,839		1,493
Total gross deferred tax assets		273,788		262,555
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fair value adjustments on long-term debt		(9,516)		(3,980)
Mortgage servicing rights		—		(236)
Corporate-owned life insurance		(1,272)		(1,017)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(10,788)		(5,233)
Valuation allowance		(263,000)		(257,322)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes to the expected statutory federal corporate income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Expected income tax expense	$	(8,273)	$	(799)
State tax expense, net of federal benefit		30		56
State rate change		345		(640)
Change in valuation allowance		7,532		1,218
Corporate-owned life insurance interest and premiums		121		96
Other		283		140
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

At December 31, 2022, the Company had accumulated other comprehensive earnings of $39.3 million, which was net of tax of $11.3 million.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had estimated NOL carryforwards of approximately $850.1 million. Federal NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2027.  Included in the estimated NOL carryforward is $292.5 million of NOLs with an indefinite carryover period.  As of December 31, 2022, the Company had estimated California NOL carryforwards of approximately $624.8 million, which begin to expire in 2028.  The Company may not be able to realize the maximum benefit due to the nature and tax entities that hold the NOL.

On October 23, 2019, the Company adopted a Tax Benefits Preservation Rights Agreement (Rights Plan) to help preserve the value of certain deferred tax benefits, including those generated by net operating losses (collectively, Tax Benefits). In general, the Company may “carry forward” net operating losses in certain circumstances to offset current and future taxable income, which will reduce federal and state income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. The Company’s ability to use these Tax Benefits would be substantially limited and impaired if it were to experience an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. Generally, the Company will experience an “ownership change” if the percentage of the shares of Common Stock owned by one or more “five-percent shareholders” increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of shares of Common Stock owned by such stockholder at any time during the prior three year on a rolling basis. As such, the Rights Plan has a 4.99% “trigger” threshold that is intended to act as a deterrent to any person or entity seeking to acquire 4.99% or more of the outstanding Common Stock without the prior approval of the board of directors. The Rights Plan also has certain ancillary anti-takeover effects. The rights accompany each share of common stock of the Company and are evidenced by ownership of common stock. The rights are not exercisable except upon the occurrence of certain change of control events. Once triggered, the rights would entitle

the stockholders, other than a person qualifying as an “Acquiring Person” pursuant to the rights plan, to certain “flip in”, “flip over” and exchange rights. The rights issued under the Rights Plan may be redeemed by the board of directors at a nominal redemption price of $0.001 per right, and the board of directors may amend the rights in any respect until the rights are triggered.   The Rights Plan was approved at the Company’s 2020 annual meeting of stockholders and will expire on the three-year anniversary of its adoption.

The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2020. The most significant impact to the Company included the removal of the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive earnings). The changes also add a requirement for an entity to reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company files numerous tax returns in various jurisdictions. While the Company is subject to examination by various taxing authorities, the Company believes there are no unresolved issues or claims likely to be material to its financial position. The Company classifies interest and penalties on taxes as provision for income taxes. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no material uncertain tax positions.    The Company has state alternative minimum tax (AMT) credits in the amount of $404 thousand as of December 31, 2022.

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Segment Reporting

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

Note 12.—Segment Reporting

The Company has three primary reporting segments which include mortgage lending, real estate services and long-term mortgage portfolio. Unallocated corporate and other administrative costs, including the costs associated with being a public company, are presented in corporate and other.

The following table presents selected balance sheet data by reporting segment as of the dates indicated:

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	24,923	$	500	$	—		441	$	25,864
Restricted cash		4,140		—		—		—		4,140
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		—		—		13,052
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—
Other assets (1)		1,586		2		77		15,610		17,275
Total assets	$	43,701	$	502	$	77	$	16,051	$	60,331
Total liabilities	$	10,866	$	—	$	28,180	$	32,888	$	71,934

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	26,239	$	500	$	—	$	2,816	$	29,555
Restricted cash		5,657		—		—		—		5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		308,477		—		—		—		308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749		—		—		—		749
Trust assets		—		—		1,642,730		—		1,642,730
Other assets (1)		10,051		2		141		25,409		35,603
Total assets	$	351,173	$	502	$	1,642,871	$	28,225	$	2,022,771
Total liabilities	$	298,726	$	—	$	1,661,729	$	52,380	$	2,012,835

(1) All segment asset balances exclude intercompany balances.

The following table presents selected statement of operations information by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,317
Servicing income, net		63		—		—		—		63
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		—		—		—		194
Broker fee income		50		—		—		—		50
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,081		—		—		1,081
Other revenue		9		—		24		857		890
Other operating expense		(34,025)		(1,373)		(262)		(20,465)		(56,125)
Other income (expense)		1,368		—		8,511		(1,743)		8,136
Net (loss) earnings before income tax expense	$	(26,024)	$	(292)	$	8,273	$	(21,351)		(39,394)
Income tax expense										38
Net loss									$	(39,432)

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	65,294	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	65,294
Servicing expense, net		(432)		—		—		—		(432)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		34		—		—		—		34
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,144		—		—		1,144
Other revenue		24		—		110		145		279
Other operating expense		(62,605)		(1,409)		(778)		(16,412)		(81,204)
Other income (expense)		98		—		12,840		(1,860)		11,078
Net earnings (loss) before income tax expense	$	2,413	$	(265)	$	12,172	$	(18,127)	$	(3,807)
Income tax expense										71
Net loss									$	(3,878)

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is a defendant in or a party to a number of legal actions or proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. In some of these actions and proceedings, claims for monetary damages are asserted against the Company. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such legal actions and proceedings, the Company generally cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss related to each pending matter may be, if any.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes an accrued liability for litigation when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. In any case, there may be an exposure to losses in excess of any such amounts whether accrued or not. Any estimated loss is subject to significant judgment and is based upon currently available information, a variety of assumptions, and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the estimated loss will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate. Therefore, an estimate of possible loss represents what the Company believes to be an estimate of possible loss only for certain matters meeting these criteria. It does not represent the Company’s maximum loss exposure.

Based on the Company’s current understanding of these pending legal actions and proceedings, management does not believe that judgments or settlements arising from pending or threatened legal matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, operating results or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in these matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to the Company’s results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period.

The legal matter updates summarized below are ongoing and may have an effect on the Company’s business and future financial condition and results of operations:  

Timm, et al v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al.

On December 7, 2011, a purported class action was filed in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City (Circuit Court) entitled Timm, et al v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al. (Maryland Action) on behalf of holders of the Company’s 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred) and 9.125% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series C Preferred) who did not tender their stock in connection with the Company’s 2009 Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation (2009 Offer), including that the Company failed to achieve the requisite number of votes to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, that the consents of the holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary and 2004 Series C Articles Supplementary (together, the 2004 Articles Supplementary) were not effective, and that the Company’s Board of Directors breached their fiduciary duties by recommending and approving the 2009 Offer.  

The Maryland Action sought a judicial declaration that the Article Amendments related to the 2009 Offer (the 2009 Article Amendments) were ineffective, reinstatement of cumulative dividends on the Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock, payment of additional dividends that would have been required if the 2004 Articles Supplementary had remained in effect after June 29, 2009 (due to the Company’s purchase of certain Preferred Stock before year end 2009), the election of two directors by the holders of Series B Preferred stock and Series C Preferred stock, punitive damages and legal expenses.

In 2013, the Company and the individual defendants in the Maryland Action prevailed on a motion to dismiss all claims, except the claim that the Company had failed to receive the requisite number of votes to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary and related remedies. All claims made on behalf of the holders of Series C Preferred stock and all claims against individual defendants were dismissed. The case proceeded to discovery and cross-motions for summary judgment on the remaining primary dispute as to whether the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary required the approval of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred, voting as a separate class, in order to make the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, which was the plaintiff’s position, or required the approval of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series C Preferred and Series C Preferred, voting together as a single class, which was the Company’s position.

The Circuit Court entered a Judgment Order (Judgment Order) on July 16, 2018 (amended on July 24, 2018), whereby it entered a partial final judgment: (1) in favor of the Company and all other defendants on all claims on behalf of the holders of Series C Preferred and all claims against all individual defendants, thereby affirming the validity of the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series C Articles Supplementary; (2) declaring its interpretation of the voting provision language in the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary to mean that consent of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred stock, voting as a separate class, was required to approve and amend the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary, which was not obtained, thus rendering the amendments invalid and leaving the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary continuously in effect; (3) ordering the Company to hold a special election within sixty (60) days for the holders of Series B Preferred stock to elect two directors to the Board of Directors pursuant to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary (who would remain on the Board until all accumulated dividends on the Series B Preferred stock have been paid or set aside for payment); and (4) declaring that the Company is required to pay three quarters of dividends on the Series B Preferred stock under the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary (approximately $1.2 million), but did not order the Company to make any payment at that time (the 2009 Dividend Amount), however the amount was accrued by the Company.  The Circuit Court declined to certify any class pending the outcome of appeals and certified its partial Judgment Order for immediate appeal.

The Company appealed from the Judgment Order and one co-Plaintiff cross-appealed to the Court of Special Appeals (CSA).  After briefing and argument, the CSA issued an opinion on April 1, 2020, affirming the Circuit Court’s judgments. Specifically, the CSA affirmed judgment in favor of the Company and other defendants on all claims involving Series C Preferred stock and affirmed judgment in favor of plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights interpretation, finding that the voting rights language in the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary required consent of the holders of two-thirds (2/3rds) of the Series B Preferred stock, voting as a separate class, to amend the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary in 2009.

The Company filed a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Maryland Court of Appeals (Court of Appeals) seeking review of the voting rights decision, which was granted. Neither of the two co-Plaintiffs sought further review. The Court of Appeals issued its decision on July 15, 2021, affirming the decisions of the Circuit Court and the Court of Special

Appeals granting summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the Series B Preferred voting rights language interpretation. Accordingly, the 2009 Article Amendments to the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary were not validly adopted and the 2004 Series B Articles Supplementary remained in effect.

On August 17, 2021, the Court of Appeals issued its mandate returning the case to the Circuit Court for final proceedings on certain open issues, discussed below.  On October 25, 2021, the case was assigned to a judge of the Circuit Court to oversee final disposition of outstanding issues.

On remand, the Circuit Court directed the parties to submit briefs on any outstanding issues. The two co-Plaintiffs filed motions taking differing positions regarding certification of a Series B Preferred stock (the Class), appointment of a Class representative and Class counsel, notice to the Class regarding payment of the 2009 Dividend Amount and any award of attorney’s fees to Plaintiffs’ counsel from future dividends. After a hearing on February 18, 2022, the Circuit Court took all such matters under submission.

On July 22, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Order Certifying Class and Providing for Class Notice and Final Hearing, accompanied by a Memorandum Opinion explaining the Circuit Court’s rulings on the matters under submission. The Circuit Court denied plaintiff Curtis Timm’s Motion for Class Certification and Other Relief and granted plaintiff Camac Fund LP’s Motion to Certify Class, Appoint Class Representative and Lead Counsel, Preliminarily Determine Right to Receive Dividends, and Set Final Judgment Hearing.  The Circuit Court certified a non-opt out class of owners of Series B Preferred stock from the close of the tender offer on June 29, 2009 to the date of the class certification order, appointed plaintiff Camac Fund as Lead Class Plaintiff and its counsel, Tydings & Rosenberg LLP, as Lead Class Counsel, ordered the co-plaintiffs to file any petitions for award of attorneys’ fees and expenses or other form of monetary award no later than August 12, 2022, and directed Impac to provide shareholder information to the parties’ class notice administrator by August 12, 2022.  

In addition, the Circuit Court made a preliminary determination that the 2009 Dividend Amount should be paid to current Series B Preferred stockholders, as of a record date to be established. The Circuit Court stated that it anticipated entering final injunctive relief, prior to a final class hearing date, directing the Company to declare a record date for payment to then current Series B Preferred stockholders of the dividends previously determined to be due for three quarters in 2009 and to deposit such funds in escrow until after the proper recipients of the funds are determined following the final hearing.

The Circuit Court held a further conference on July 27, 2022, during which the parties discussed proposed revisions to the Class definition to include all Series B Preferred stockholders through the date of finality of final orders to be issued in the case, the method for the establishing a record date for the Company’s satisfaction of its obligations to distribute the adjudicated amount of the 2009 Dividend Amount, the final hearing date and other matters. On August 8, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an Amended Class Certification Order, which amends the definition of the class to include all Series B Preferred stockholders through the date of finality of final orders to be issued in the case, directs the Company to establish a record date of August 15, 2022 for distribution of the 2009 Dividend Amount and to pay that amount into the registry of the Circuit Court no later than August 19, 2022, to be held pending final resolution of all issues and final determination by the Court of the appropriate distribution of those funds. The Company deposited the funds on August 18, 2022. The Amended Class Certification Order states that the Company shall have no further right or obligation with respect to the funds deposited in the registry, except as necessary to effectual the final determination of the Court. The Company can take no action with respect to the 2009 Dividend Amount until the Circuit Court makes further orders.

On August 12, 2022, Class Representative Camac and Lead Class Counsel filed an application for an award of attorney’s fees, expenses and an incentive award, and plaintiff Timm filed an application for an award of incentive award and expenses, in each case to be paid from benefits that members of the Series B Preferred class receive as a result of the Maryland Action, including but not limited to a portion of the 2009 Dividend Amount on deposit in the registry of the Circuit Court, and future dividends or, if the Exchange Offer (as described elsewhere in this document) closes, cash or stock to be received by Series B Preferred stockholders pursuant to the Exchange Offer and subsequent redemption. On August 25, 2022, the Circuit Court issued a further Order directing Impac to segregate cash funds and/or stock that otherwise would be paid to the Series B Preferred stockholders in the Exchange Offer and subsequent redemption within five (5) business days after closing of the Exchange Offer, either by depositing cash to Court’s registry or by transferring stock to the custody of a third party custodian or escrow holder (Stock Escrow), as the case may be. The August 25, 2022 Order provides that upon such deposit or transfer, the Company shall have no further right or obligation with respect to the disposition of such cash or stock, except to pay the costs associated with such deposit or escrow and subsequent

distributions as may be ordered by the Court in its final determination following the December 5, 2022 final class hearing in the Maryland Action.  The Exchange Offer was approved and closed with respect to tendered shares on October 26, 2022, and the Company deposited the required stock with a third party pursuant to the August 25, 2022 Order.

On August 29, 2022, the Circuit Court issued an order approving the form and substance of the notice by which the Company and the class notice administrator are required to give notice to the Series B class of the final hearing date of December 5, 2022, and the opportunity to file objections to the proposed final injunctive relief and to the applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives. On dates between September 7 through September 19, the Company and the notice administrator provided the notice required by the August 29, 2022 order.

No objections were made by any member of the Class to the proposed final injunctive relief.  Both plaintiffs filed objections to each other’s respective applications for awards of attorney’s fees, expenses and incentives.  On December 5, 2022, the Circuit Court held a final hearing on all outstanding matters identified in the notice. No Class Member other than named Plaintiffs appeared at the hearing.  On December 16, 2022, the Circuit issued its Final Judgment Order directing, among other things, that Impac pay the 2009 Dividend Amount to members of the Plaintiff Class who held Series B Preferred stock as of August 15, 2022 no earlier than the 45^th day or later than the 60^th after entry of the Final Judgment Order by the Clerk, which was entered on December 19, 2022. The Final Judgment Order also granted Plaintiff Camac’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Litigation Costs, and Incentive Payment, granted in part and denied in part Plaintiff Timm’s Petition for Incentive Award and Payment of Costs and Expenses, and included implementing orders. No appeal was filed.  In February 2023, pursuant to the Final Judgement Order, (i) the 2009 Dividend Amount was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion going to pay attorney’s fees, litigation costs and incentive payments and (ii) the Common Stock and Series D Preferred Stock that was held in escrow was distributed to certain former Series B Preferred stockholders, with a portion of the Series D Preferred Stock going to pay attorney’s fees to Class Counsel.

McNair v Impac Mortgage Corp.

On September 18, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief. On March 8, 2019, a First Amended Complaint was filed, which added a claim alleging PAGA violations. On March 12, 2019, the parties filed a stipulation with the court stating (1) the plaintiff’s individual claims should be arbitrated pursuant to the parties’ arbitration agreement, (2) the class claims should be struck from the First Amended Complaint, and (3) the plaintiff will proceed solely with regard to her PAGA claims. This case was consolidated with the Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage case discussed below with a rescheduled trial date of  January 18, 2022.  On October 28, 2021, the Company entered into a settlement agreement, which was amended and restated on February 17, 2022.  On March 14, 2022, the court issued an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement. On October 4, 2022, the court issued an order, subsequently revised on October 19, 2022, granting final approval of the class action settlement and entering judgment, which was previously accrued for in the third quarter of 2021. On October 26, 2022, the Company deposited the required settlement amount with the third party administrator pursuant to the October 28, 2021 settlement agreement as amended and restated on February 17, 2022.

Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp.

On December 27, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief.  On March 14, 2019, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging only PAGA violations and seeking penalties, attorneys’ fees, and such other appropriate relief.  This case was consolidated with the McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage discussed above with a rescheduled trial date of January 18, 2022.  On October 28, 2021, the Company entered into a settlement agreement, which was amended and restated on February 17, 2022.   On March 14, 2022, the court issued an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement.  On October 4, 2022, the court issued an order, subsequently revised on October 19, 2022, granting final approval of the class action settlement and entering judgment, which was previously accrued for in the third quarter of 2021.  On October 26, 2022, the Company deposited the required settlement amount with the third party administrator pursuant to the October 28, 2021 settlement agreement as amended and restated on February 17, 2022.

UBS Americas Inc., et al. v. Impac Funding Corporation et al.

On December 17, 2021, a summons with notice was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York (NY Court), initiating a lawsuit entitled UBS Americas Inc., et al. v. Impac Funding Corporation et al.  The plaintiffs contend that the defendants are required to indemnify payments that plaintiffs made to resolve claims asserted by the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco and HSH Nordbank AG related to certain residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS).  Plaintiffs contend that the RMBS included loans that the defendants allegedly sold to certain UBS entities in breach of contractual representations and warranties.  Plaintiffs further contend that they settled the cases for which plaintiffs are demanding indemnification in December 2015 and March 2016. On April 18, 2022, the Company accepted service of the summons with notice on behalf of Impac Funding Corp. and Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.  On June 2, 2022, a complaint was filed with the NY Court related to the summons with notice, however Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. was no longer listed as a defendant in the matter.  On July 25, 2022, Impac Funding Corporation filed a motion to dismiss the complaint.  All parties submitted their briefs and oral arguments on the motion to dismiss were held on March 6, 2023. There is no set timeframe for the court to issue its ruling. The Company believes the claims are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously.

CrossCountry Mortgage, LLC v Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. and Impac Mortgage Corp.

On August 4, 2022, a complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio – Eastern Division by CrossCountry Mortgage, LLC (Plaintiff) against the Company and IMC. The Plaintiff alleges infringement of Plaintiff’s federally-registered trademark, unfair competition and false designation of origin and for substantial and related claims of deceptive trade practice under the statutory and common laws of the State of Ohio. Plaintiff is seeking injunctive and monetary relief.  The Company and IMC were served with the complaint on August 8, 2022, and filed an answer on September 29, 2022.  Discovery is currently ongoing between the parties.  The Company and IMC believe the claims are without merit and the Company intends to defend itself vigorously.

The Company is a party to other litigation and claims which are in the course of the Company’s operations. While the results of such other litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the claims and intends to defend these claims vigorously and as such the Company believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Nevertheless, litigation is uncertain and the Company may not prevail in the lawsuits and can express no opinion as to their ultimate resolution. An adverse judgment in any of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Lease Commitments

The following table presents the operating and finance lease balances within the consolidated balance sheets, weighted average remaining lease term, and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2022:

		December 31,
Lease Assets and Liabilities	Classification	2022
Assets
Lease ROU assets	Other assets	$ 1,248
Liabilities
Lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$ 51
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		0.8
Weighted average discount rate		3.6	%

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:

Year 2023	$	55
Year 2024		—
Year 2025		—
Year 2026		—
Year 2027		—
Total lease commitments	$	55
Less: imputed interest		(4)
Total lease liability	$	51

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, cash paid for operating leases was $5.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.  Total operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $5.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively.  Operating lease expense includes short-term leases and sublease income, both of which are immaterial.  

In December 2022, the Company recorded an additional $970 thousand in occupancy expense related to the modification and early termination of the Company’s corporate office.  On December 15, 2022, IFC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of IMH, and Jacaranda Holdings, LLC (the Landlord), entered into a Lease Termination Agreement (the Termination Agreement) relating to the lease (the Lease) for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices located at 19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California (the Premises). The Lease, as amended, was originally entered into in March 2005, and the Premises currently consists of approximately 120,000 square feet.  

Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, IFC and Landlord agreed to terminate the Lease on January 31, 2023, in lieu of the Lease’s original expiration date of September 30, 2024. In accordance with the terms of the Termination Agreement, on December 16, 2022, IFC paid to the Landlord the termination consideration of $3.0 million, among other required action items. As a result of the Termination Agreement, the Company accounted for the termination as a lease modification, recording an additional $970 thousand of occupancy expense in December 2022 related to the modification, with an additional $1.2 million in occupancy expense occurring in January 2023, when the premises were vacated.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $123 thousand in ROU asset impairment charges related to the sublease of approximately 1,900 square feet of a floor within the Company’s previous corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value. The impairment charges recorded in 2022 are included in general, administrative and other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new sublease agreement for approximately 18,900 per square foot of executive, administrative and operations workspace in Newport Beach, California. The term of the new lease term is through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 per square foot over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges willtotal approximately $800 thousand.

Repurchase Reserve

The provision for repurchases represents an estimate of losses to be incurred on the repurchase of loans or indemnification of purchaser's losses related to loan sales. Certain sale contracts and GSE standards require the Company to repurchase a loan or indemnify the purchaser or insurer for losses if a borrower fails to make initial loan payments or if the accompanying mortgage loan fails to meet certain customary representations and warranties.

In the event of a breach of the representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the loan or indemnify the purchaser for losses it sustains on the loan. In addition, an investor may request that the Company refund a portion of the premium paid on the sale of mortgage loans if a loan is prepaid within a certain amount of time from the date of sale. The Company records a reserve for estimated losses associated with loan repurchases, purchaser indemnification and premium refunds. The provision for repurchase losses is charged against gain on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. A release of repurchase reserves is recorded when the Company's assessment reveals that previously recorded reserves are no longer needed.  

Loans sold to Ginnie Mae are insured by the FHA or are guaranteed by the VA. As servicer, the Company may elect to repurchase delinquent loans in accordance with Ginnie Mae guidelines; however, the loans continue to be insured. The Company may also indemnify the FHA and VA for losses related to loans not originated in accordance with their guidelines.

The Company regularly evaluates the adequacy of repurchase reserves based on trends in repurchase and indemnification requests, actual loss experience, settlement negotiation, estimated future loss exposure and other relevant factors including economic conditions. The Company sold $979 million and $2.8 billion of loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are subject to repurchase representations and warranties. The Company believes its reserve balances as of December 31, 2022 are sufficient to cover loss exposure associated with repurchase contingencies.

The following table summarizes the repurchase reserve activity (included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets) related to previously sold loans for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	4,744	$	7,054
Provision for repurchases (1)		2,417		111
Settlements		(1,286)		(2,421)
Total repurchase reserve	$	5,875	$	4,744

(1) The provision for repurchases is included in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Corporate-owned Life Insurance Trusts

During the first quarter of 2020, there was a triggering event that caused the Company to reevaluate the consolidation of certain corporate-owned life insurance trusts. As a result, the Company has consolidated life insurance trusts for three former executive officers.  The corporate-owned life insurance contracts are recorded at cash surrender value, which is provided by a third party and held within trusts. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the cash surrender value of the policies was $11.6 million and $10.8 million, respectively, and were recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the liability associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts was $13.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, and was recorded within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.  

	At December 31, 2022
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts:	Trust #1		Trust #2		Trust #3		Total
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	$	5,314	$	4,125	$	2,180	$	11,619
Corporate-owned life insurance liability		6,280		4,923		2,398		13,601
Corporate-owned life insurance shortfall (1)	$	(966)	$	(798)	$	(218)	$	(1,982)

(1) $1.3 million of the total shortfall was recorded as a change in retained deficit at the time of the consolidation of the trusts in 2020. The additional shortfall was recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Concentration of Risk

The Company sells mortgage loans to various third-party investors. The largest five investors accounted for 75% of the Company’s loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.  No other investors accounted for more than 5% of the loan sales for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company also has geographic concentration risk because 57% of the Company’s mortgage loan originations during 2022 were for borrowers located in California.

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans

Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans

Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans

The Company maintains an equity-based incentive compensation plan, the terms of which are governed by the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2020 Incentive Plan). The 2020 Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock appreciation rights, RSUs, DSUs, performance shares and other stock and cash-based incentive awards. Employees, directors, consultants or other persons providing services to the Company or its affiliates are eligible to receive awards pursuant to

the 2020 Incentive Plan. In connection with the adoption of the 2020 Incentive Plan, the Company’s 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2010 Plan), which was scheduled to expire in July 2020, was frozen for new grants.  The 2010 Plan will remain in place only for the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to equity compensation awards outstanding under the 2010 Plan, which awards will continue to be governed by the terms of the 2010 Plan.  As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate number of shares reserved under the 2020 Incentive Plan and 2010 Plan, was 2,000,000 and 722,006 shares, respectively, and there were 1,540,490 shares available for grants as stock options, RSUs, DSUs or other stock and cash-based incentive awards under the 2020 Incentive Plan. The Company issues new shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises, RSU vesting, DSU issuances and other stock-based incentive awards.

The fair value of options granted (no options were granted in 2022), which is amortized to expense over the option service period, is estimated on the date of grant with the following weighted average assumptions:

	Granted in 2021
Risk-free interest rate		0.50%
Expected lives (in years)		4.54
Expected volatility		77.55%
Expected dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value per share	$	1.96

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s stock options for the years presented below:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average			Average
	Number of	Exercise		Number of	Exercise
	Shares	Price		Shares	Price
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year	570,228	$	7.89	524,357	$	8.58
Options granted	—		—	85,154		3.29
Options exercised	—		—	—		—
Options forfeited/cancelled	(38,750)		8.33	(39,283)		7.15
Options outstanding at the end of the period	531,478		7.86	570,228		7.89
Options exercisable at the end of the period	496,790	$	8.18	406,361	$	9.65

The aggregate intrinsic value in the following table represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $0.17 and $1.11 per common share as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount of proceeds the option holders would have received had all option holders exercised their options and sold the stock as of that date.

	As of December 31,
	2022			2021
	Weighted-			Weighted-
	Average	Aggregate		Average	Aggregate
	Remaining	Intrinsic		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Life	Value		Life	Value
	(Years)	(in thousands)		(Years)	(in thousands)
Options outstanding at end of year	5.00	$	-	6.77	$	-
Options exercisable at end of year	4.78	$	-	5.96	$	-

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $43 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option compensation arrangements granted, net of estimated forfeitures. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.1 years.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate grant-date fair value of stock options granted was zero and $167 thousand, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, total stock-based compensation expense was $678 thousand and $884 thousand, respectively.

Additional information regarding stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

		Stock Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
			Weighted-
			Average	Weighted-				Weighted-
Exercise			Remaining	Average				Average
Price		Number	Contractual	Exercise		Number		Exercise
Range		Outstanding	Life in Years	Price		Exercisable		Price
$	3.22 - 3.74	126,538	6.23	$	3.47	91,850	$	3.53
	3.75 - 5.38	200,000	6.16		3.75	200,000		3.75
	5.39 - 9.85	27,582	3.01		7.01	27,582		7.01
	9.86 - 17.39	79,608	3.24		11.84	79,608		11.84
	17.40 - 20.49	48,750	3.55		17.40	48,750		17.40
	20.50 - 20.50	49,000	2.56		20.50	49,000		20.50
$	3.22 - 20.50	531,478	5.00	$	7.86	496,790	$	8.18

In addition to the options granted, the Company has granted DSUs, which vest between one and three year periods. The fair value of each DSU was measured on the date of grant using the grant date price of the Company’s stock. In 2022, the Company did not grant any DSUs.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s DSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
DSUs outstanding at the beginning of the year	54,500	$	6.61
DSUs granted	—		—
DSUs issued (converted)	(15,000)		3.75
DSUs forfeited/cancelled	—		—
DSUs outstanding at the end of the period	39,500	$	7.70

As of December 31, 2022, there was no total unrecognized compensation cost related to the DSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s RSUs for the ended December 31, 2022:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
RSUs outstanding at beginning of the year	397,829	$	4.11
RSUs granted	—		—
RSUs issued (converted)	(155,080)		4.31
RSUs forfeited/cancelled	(21,365)		3.83
RSUs outstanding at end of the period	221,384	$	4.00

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $321 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.

401(k) Plan

After meeting certain employment requirements, employees can participate in the Company’s 401(k) plan. Under the 401(k) plan, employees may contribute up to 25% of their salaries, pursuant to certain restrictions. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company matches 50% of the first 6% of employee contributions. Additional contributions may be made at the discretion of the board of directors. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded compensation expense of approximately $402 thousand and $1.0 million for basic matching contributions, respectively. There were no discretionary matching contributions recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

Note 15.—Related Party Transactions

In May 2015, the Company issued the 2015 Convertible Notes to purchasers, some of which are related parties.  See Note 5.—Debt—Convertible Notes.

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Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

Note 16.—Subsequent Events

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new sublease agreement for approximately 18,900 sq. ft. of executive, administrative and operations workspace. The term of the new lease term is through July 31, 2025 with an average rent of $1.35 sq. ft. over the term of the lease, which including CAM charges would total approximately $800 thousand.

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date of this filing.

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Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies

Financial Statement Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of IMH and its subsidiaries (as defined above) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).  All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain immaterial amounts in the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Management has made a number of material estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Additionally, other items affected by such estimates and assumptions include the valuation of trust assets and trust liabilities, contingencies, the estimated obligation of repurchase liabilities related to sold loans, the valuation of long-term debt, mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS) and derivative instruments, including interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs). Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include accounts of IMH and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as variable interest entities (VIEs), through arrangements that do not involve voting interests.

The VIE framework requires a variable interest holder (counterparty to a VIE) to consolidate the VIE if that party has the power to direct activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, will absorb a majority of the expected losses of the VIE, will receive a majority of the residual returns of the VIE, or both, and directs the significant activities of the entity. This party is considered the primary beneficiary of the entity. The determination of whether the Company meets the criteria to be considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE requires an evaluation of all transactions (such as investments, liquidity commitments, derivatives and fee arrangements) with the entity. The assessment of whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE is performed on an ongoing basis.

Fair Value and the Fair Value Option

Fair Value and the Fair Value Option

Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same—to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (that is, an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).

The fair value option permits entities to choose, at specified election dates, to measure eligible financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value. The decision to elect the fair value option is applied on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable unless a new election date occurs, and is applied to an entire instrument.  The Company has elected the fair value option for MSRs, mortgage LHFS, long-term debt and its consolidated non-recourse securitizations (securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings), prior to the sale in the first quarter of 2022. Elections were made to mitigate income statement volatility caused by differences in the measurement basis of elected instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.

Cash balances that have restrictions as to the Company’s ability to withdraw funds are considered restricted cash. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, restricted cash totaled $4.1 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The restricted cash is primarily collateral against letter of credit financing associated with corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13.—Commitments and Contingencies) as well as cash required in conjunction with the terms of the Company’s warehouse borrowing agreements. In accordance with the terms of the Master Repurchase Agreements related to the warehouse borrowings, the Company is required to maintain cash balances with the lender as additional collateral for the borrowings (See Note 5.—Debt).  

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Mortgage LHFS are accounted for using the fair value option, with changes in fair value recorded in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 825, Financial Instruments, loan origination fees and expenses are recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred.

Revenue derived from the Company’s mortgage lending activities includes loan fees collected at the time of origination and gain or loss from the sale of LHFS. Loan fees consist of fee income earned on all loan originations, including loans closed and held-for-sale. Loan fees are recognized as earned and consist of amounts collected for application and underwriting fees, fees on cancelled loans and discount points. The related direct loan origination costs are recognized when incurred and consists of broker fees and commissions. Gain or loss from the sale and mark-to-market adjustments of LHFS includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses and are included in gain on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The valuation of LHFS approximates a whole-loan price, which includes the value of the related MSRs.

The Company primarily sells its LHFS to investors and government sponsored entities (GSEs). The Company evaluates its loan sales for sales treatment. To the extent the transfer of loans qualifies as a sale, the Company derecognizes the loans and records a realized gain or loss on the sale date. In the event the Company determines that the transfer of loans does not qualify as a sale, the transfer would be treated as a secured borrowing. Interest on loans is recorded as income when earned and deemed collectible. LHFS are placed on nonaccrual status when any portion of the principal or interest is 90 days past due or earlier if factors indicate that the ultimate collectability of the principal or interest is not probable. Interest received from loans on nonaccrual status is recorded as income when collected. Loans return to accrual status when the principal and interest become current and it is probable that the amounts are fully collectible.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company accounts for mortgage loan sales in accordance with FASB ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Upon sale of mortgage loans on a servicing-retained basis, the LHFS are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and MSRs are recorded as an asset for servicing rights retained. The Company elects to measure MSRs at fair value as prescribed by FASB ASC 860-50-35, and as such, servicing assets or liabilities are valued using discounted cash flow modeling techniques using assumptions regarding future net servicing cash flow, including prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing cost and other factors. Changes in estimated fair value are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

When the Company sells MSRs, the Company records a gain or loss on such sale based on the selling price of the MSRs less the carrying value and transaction costs.  Gains and losses are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net.

Consolidated Non-recourse Securitizations

Consolidated Non-recourse Securitizations

In March 2022, the Company and its subsidiaries (the Sellers), entered into a Purchase, Sale and Assignment Agreement (Sale Agreement) pursuant to which the Sellers sold certain residual interest certificates, and assigned certain optional termination and loan purchase rights, owned by the Sellers relating to 37 securitizations that closed between 2000 and 2007 (the Securitizations).  As a result of the sale, in accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company deconsolidated the securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities as of the sale date as it was no longer the primary beneficiary of the consolidated securitization trusts.   The Company shall remain the master servicer with respect to all of the securitizations until such time that the deals are collapsed or payoff.  For a description of the sale, see Note 6.– Securitized Mortgage Trusts.

Securitized Mortgage Collateral

The Company’s long-term mortgage portfolio primarily included adjustable rate and, to a lesser extent, fixed rate non-conforming mortgages and commercial mortgages that were acquired and originated by the Company’s mortgage and commercial operations prior to 2008.

Historically, the Company securitized mortgages in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO) or real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs). These securitizations were evaluated for consolidation based on the provisions of FASB ASC 810-10-25. Amounts consolidated were included in trust assets and liabilities as securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned (REO) and securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  The Company also retained the master servicing rights associated with these securitizations which pays the Company approximately 3 basis points on the outstanding unpaid principal balance (UPB) of each securitization trust.  Prior to the sale, the retention of the master servicing rights or the retained economic subordinated residual interests provided the Company with clean up call rights on these securitizations.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage collateral at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors.

Interest income on securitized mortgage collateral was recorded using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value. Securitized mortgage collateral is generally not placed on nonaccrual status as the servicer advances the interest payments to the trust regardless of the delinquency status of the underlying mortgage loan, until it becomes apparent to the servicer that the advance is not collectible.

Real Estate Owned

Real estate owned on the consolidated balance sheets were primarily assets within the securitized trusts but recorded as a separate asset for accounting and reporting purposes and were within the long-term mortgage portfolio. REO, which consisted of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans, was carried at net realizable value, which included the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs. Adjustments to the loan carrying value required at the time of foreclosure affect the carrying amount of REO. Subsequent write-downs in the net realizable value of REO were included in change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Securitized Mortgage Borrowings

The Company recorded securitized mortgage borrowings in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for the consolidated CMO and REMIC securitized trusts within the long-term mortgage portfolio. The debt from each issuance of a securitized mortgage borrowing was payable from the principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages

collateralizing such debt, as well as the proceeds from liquidations of REO. If the principal and interest payments were insufficient to repay the debt, the shortfall was allocated first to the residual interest holders (generally owned by the Company) then, if necessary, to the certificate holders (e.g. third party investors in the securitized mortgage borrowings) in accordance with the specific terms of the various respective indentures. Securitized mortgage borrowings typically were structured as one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) “floaters” and fixed rate securities with interest payable to certificate holders monthly. The maturity of each class of securitized mortgage borrowing was directly affected by the amount of net interest spread, overcollateralization and the rate of principal prepayments and defaults on the related securitized mortgage collateral. The actual maturity of any class of a securitized mortgage borrowing could occur later than the stated maturities of the underlying mortgages.

When the Company issued securitized mortgage borrowings, the Company generally sought an investment grade rating for the Company’s securitized mortgages by nationally recognized rating agencies. To secure such ratings, it was often necessary to incorporate certain structural features that provided for credit enhancement. This generally included the pledge of collateral in excess of the principal amount of the securities to be issued, a bond guaranty insurance policy for some or all of the issued securities, or additional forms of mortgage insurance. These securitization transactions were non-recourse to the Company and the total loss exposure was limited to the Company’s initial net economic investment in each trust, which was referred to as a residual interest.

The Company accounted for securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value, with changes in fair value during the period reflected in earnings. Fair value measurements were based on the Company’s estimated cash flow models, which incorporated assumptions, inputs of other market participants and quoted prices for the underlying bonds. The Company’s assumptions included its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use. These assumptions included judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, credit losses, investor yield requirements, forward interest rates and certain other factors. Interest expense on securitized mortgage borrowings was recorded quarterly using the effective yield for the period based on the previous quarter-end’s estimated fair value.

Leases

Leases

The Company has two operating leases for office space expiring at various dates through 2025 and one financing lease which concludes in 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a lease termination agreement for the Company’s primary executive, administrative and operations offices.  For a description of the lease termination agreement, see Note 13.– Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Commitments.  The Company determines if a contract is a lease at the inception of the arrangement and reviews all options to extend, terminate, or purchase its right of use (ROU) assets at the inception of the lease and accounts for these options when they are reasonably certain of being exercised.  Regarding the discount rate, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. When the Company cannot readily determine the rate implicit in the lease, the Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by using the rate of interest that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. As a practical expedient permitted under ASC 842, the Company elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases of which it is the lessee.  Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

In accordance with FASB ASC 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging—Overview, the Company records all derivative instruments at fair value. The Company has accounted for all its derivatives as non-designated hedge instruments or free-standing derivatives.

The mortgage lending operation enters into IRLCs with consumers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate. These IRLCs are accounted for as derivative instruments and reported at fair value. The concept of fair value relating to IRLCs is no different than fair value for any other financial asset or liability: fair value is the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions.  Because IRLCs do not trade in the market, the Company determines the estimated fair value based on expectations of what an investor would pay to acquire the Company’s IRLCs, which utilizes current market information for secondary market prices for underlying loans and estimated servicing value with similar coupons, maturities and credit quality, subject to the anticipated loan funding probability (pull-through rate).  This value is adjusted for other costs that would be required by a market participant acquiring the IRLCs.  The fair value of

IRLCs is subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates and the estimated pull-through rate. The Company reports IRLCs within other assets and other liabilities at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The Company hedges the changes in fair value associated with changes in interest rates related to IRLCs and uncommitted LHFS by using forward delivery commitments on mortgage-backed securities (MBS), including Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae or FNMA), Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae or GNMA) MBS known as to-be-announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA MBS), interest rate swap futures (swap futures) and forward delivery commitments on whole loans. The TBA MBS, forward loan commitments and swap futures (collectively the Hedging Instruments) are used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized upon the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary market and are accounted for as derivative instruments. The fair value of these Hedging Instruments are subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates. The Company reports Hedging Instruments within other assets and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within gain on sale of loans, net.

The fair value of IRLCs and Hedging Instruments are represented as derivative assets, lending, net and derivative liabilities, lending, net in Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Long-term Debt

Long-term Debt

Long-term debt (junior subordinated notes) is reported at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considers the Company’s own credit risk and expected cash flow analysis in 2022 and discounted cash flow analysis in 2021. With the adoption of FASB ASU 2016-01 in 2018, which applies when the Company elects the fair value election on its own debt, the Company effectively bifurcates the market and instrument specific credit risk components of changes in long-term debt.  The market portion continues to be a component of net loss as the change in fair value of long-term debt, but the instrument specific credit risk portion is a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Repurchase Reserve

Repurchase Reserve

The Company sells mortgage loans in the secondary market, including U.S. GSEs, and issues MBS through Ginnie Mae and Fannie Mae. When the Company sells or issues securities, it makes customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about various characteristics of each loan such as the origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws. In the event of a breach of its representations and warranties, the Company may be required to either repurchase the mortgage loans with the identified defects or indemnify the investor or insurer for any loss.  In addition, the Company may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or if a payment default occurs on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale.  The Company’s loss may be reduced by proceeds from the sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan. Also, the Company’s loss may be reduced by any recourse it has to correspondent lenders that, in turn, had sold such mortgage loans to the Company and breached similar or other representations and warranties. In such event, the Company has the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that correspondent lender.

The Company records a provision for losses relating to such representations and warranties as part of its loan sale transactions. The method used to estimate the liability for representations and warranties is a function of the representations and warranties given and considers a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, estimated future defaults and loan repurchase rates and the potential severity of loss in the event of defaults including any loss on sale or liquidation of the repurchased loan and the probability of reimbursement by the correspondent loan seller. The Company establishes a liability at the time loans are sold and continually updates its estimated repurchase liability. The level of the repurchase liability for representations and warranties is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. The level of mortgage loan repurchase losses is dependent on economic factors, investor demands for loan repurchases and other external conditions that may change over the lives of the underlying loans.

Revenue Recognition for Fees from Services

Revenue Recognition for Fees from Services

The Company follows FASB ASC 606, Revenue Recognition, which provides guidance on the application of GAAP to selected revenue recognition issues related to the Company’s real estate services fees. Under FASB ASC 606, the Company must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are derived from financial instruments that are not within the scope of FASB ASC 606.  The Company has evaluated the nature of its contracts with customers and determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond what is presented in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, was not necessary. The Company generally fully satisfies its performance obligations on its contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed; charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, the Company has made no significant judgments in applying the revenue guidance prescribed in ASC 606 that affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.  The revenues from these services are recognized in income in the period when services are rendered and collectability is reasonably certain.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in business promotion expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, business promotion expense was $4.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

Equity-Based Compensation

Equity-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. The Company uses the grant-date fair value of equity awards to determine the compensation cost associated with each award. Grant-date fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes pricing model and assumptions noted in Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans, adjusted for unique characteristics of the specific awards. Compensation cost for service-based equity awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

FASB ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and prospectively revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, such that the expense was recorded only for those stock-based awards that were expected to vest during such periods. The cost of equity-based compensation is recorded to personnel expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Refer to Note 14.—Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

In accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company records income tax expense as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities. Current income tax expense or benefit approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period, respectively, and includes income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and recognizes enacted changes in tax rates and laws in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is “more likely than not.” Uncertain tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement.

The Company is subject to federal income taxes as a regular (Subchapter C) corporation and files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return on qualifying subsidiaries. The Company files federal and various states income tax returns in the U.S.

The Company adopted FASB ASU 2019-12 on a prospective basis on January 1, 2020 (See Note 11.—Income Taxes). The most significant impact to the Company included the removal of the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive income). The changes also add a requirement for an entity to reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Loss per Common Share

Loss Per Common Share

Basic loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year. Diluted loss per common share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding for the year divided by net loss for the year, unless anti-dilutive. Refer to Note 10.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” (ASU 2016-13), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that will replace today’s “incurred loss” model and generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except that the losses will be recognized as an allowance. Subsequent to issuing ASU 2016-13, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, for the purpose of clarifying certain aspects of ASU 2016-13. ASU 2018-19 has the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2016-13. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging,” and “Topic 825, Financial Instruments (ASU 2019-04),” which is effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)”, which is also effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In October 2019, the FASB voted to delay the implementation date for smaller reporting companies until January 1, 2023. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2023 and the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020 and January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”.  Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates.  This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, which extends the period of time entities can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance under ASU 2020-04 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. FASB ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock. Limiting the accounting models will result in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (1) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (2) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective January 1, 2024, for the Company. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than January 1, 2021, including interim periods within that year. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

Summary of the unpaid principal balance (UPB ) of mortgage loans held-for-sale by type

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government (1)	$	—	$	6,886
Conventional (2)		2,506		62,759
Jumbo & Non-qualified mortgages (NonQM)		11,658		231,142
Fair value adjustment (3)		(1,112)		7,690
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	13,052	$	308,477

(1) Includes all government-insured loans including Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

(2) Includes loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac or FHLMC).

(3) Changes in fair value are included in gain on sale of loans, net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Schedule of gain on sale of loans, net

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	$	18,825	$	81,362
Premium from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Unrealized loss from derivative financial instruments		(3,003)		(4,076)
Gain from derivative financial instruments		6,221		1,934
Mark to market (loss) gain on LHFS		(8,802)		3,395
Direct origination expenses, net		(4,553)		(17,746)
Provision for repurchases		(2,417)		(111)
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	65,294

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Mortgage Servicing Rights (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Schedule of changes in the fair value of MSRs

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of year	$	749	$	339
Additions from servicing retained loan sales		46		536
Reductions from bulk sales		(725)		—
Changes in fair value (1)		(70)		(126)
Fair value of MSRs at end of period	$	—	$	749

(1) Changes in fair value are included within gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Schedule of the outstanding loans serviced by entity

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Government insured	$	—	$	71,841
Conventional		—		—
Total loans serviced	$	—	$	71,841

Schedule of hypothetical changes in the fair values of MSRs

	December 31,		December 31,
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis	2022		2021
Fair value of MSRs	$	—	$	749
Prepayment Speed:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(24)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(48)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(70)
Discount Rate:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		—		(31)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		—		(59)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		—		(85)

Schedule of gain on mortgage servicing rights

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	(70)	$	(126)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		264		160
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	194	$	34

Schedule of components of servicing (expense) fees, net

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Contractual servicing fees	$	251	$	193
Subservicing and other costs		(188)		(625)
Servicing fees (expense), net	$	63	$	(432)

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Other Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Assets

Schedule of other assets

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13)	$	11,619	$	10,788
Prepaid expenses		2,410		3,460
Right of use asset (See Note 13)		1,248		10,209
Accounts receivable, net		916		4,770
Servicing advances		735		565
Premises and equipment, net		220		636
Accrued interest receivable		75		625
Derivative assets – lending (See Note 7)		52		3,111
Other		—		1,102
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae		—		337
Total other assets	$	17,275	$	35,603

Schedule of premises and equipment and accumulated depreciation

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Premises and equipment	$	6,209	$	6,391
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(5,989)		(5,755)
Total premises and equipment, net	$	220	$	636

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt

Schedule of contractual debt maturities

	Payments Due by Period
			Less Than		One to		Three to		More Than
	Total		One Year		Three Years		Five Years		Five Years
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	3,622	$	—	$	—	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		5,000		10,000		—		—
Long-term debt		62,000		—		—		—		62,000
Total debt obligations	$	80,622	$	8,622	$	10,000	$	—	$	62,000

Schedule of information on warehouse borrowings

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	Maximum		Balance Outstanding at				Allowable
	Borrowing		December 31,		December 31,		Advance	Rate
	Capacity		2022		2021		Rates (%)	Range	Maturity Date
Short-term borrowings:
Repurchase agreement 1 (1)	$	—	$	—	$	30,009	90 - 98	1ML + 2.00 - 2.25%	May 24, 2022
Repurchase agreement 2 (2)		—		—		153,006	100	1ML + 1.75%	September 13, 2022
Repurchase agreement 3 (3)		16,000		98		56,794	100	Note Rate - 0.375%	October 20, 2023
Repurchase agreement 4 (4)		25,000		3,524		45,730	99	Note Rate - 0.50 - 0.75%	December 31, 2022
Total warehouse borrowings	$	41,000	$	3,622	$	285,539

_________________________

(1) Repurchase agreement 1 was not renewed.

(2) Repurchase agreement 2 was not renewed.

(3) In October 2022, the Company entered into an agreement for a $1.0 million committed line in addition to the uncommitted line. In November 2022, the uncommitted portion of the line was renewed and reduced to $15.0 million for a total line size of $16.0 million.

(4) At December 31, 2022, the line expired, was not renewed and paid off with the loan sales in January 2023.

The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022			2021
Maximum outstanding balance during the year	$	269,950		$	336,648
Average balance outstanding for the year		74,435			191,794
UPB of underlying collateral (mortgage loans)		4,577			296,841
Weighted average interest rate for period		4.19	%		3.41	%

Schedule of remaining principal balance and fair value

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Junior Subordinated Notes (1)	$	62,000	$	62,000
Fair value adjustment (2)		(34,247)		(15,464)
Total Junior Subordinated Notes	$	27,753	$	46,536

(1) Stated maturity of March 2034; requires quarterly interest payments at a variable rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum. In June 2023, with the cessation of LIBOR, the calculation agent will use the “Board-selected benchmark replacement” as the benchmark replacement for LIBOR, which, per the Federal LIBOR Act, will be a rate identified by the Federal Reserve Board that is (a) based on SOFR and (b) adjusted based on tenor spread adjustments. At December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 8.52%.

(2) For further detail on the determination of estimated fair value see Note 9.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Securitized Mortgage Trusts

Schedule of securitized mortgage trust assets

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		—		3,479
Total securitized mortgage trust assets	$	—	$	1,642,730

Summary of securitized mortgage collateral

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Mortgages secured by residential real estate	$	—	$	1,653,749
Mortgages secured by commercial real estate		—		89,801
Fair value adjustment		—		(104,299)
Total securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	—	$	1,639,251

Schedule of real estate owned

		December 31,	December 31,
	2022		2021
REO	$	—	$	10,335
Impairment (1)		—		(6,856)
Ending balance	$	—	$	3,479
REO inside trusts	$	—	$	3,479
REO outside trusts		—		—
Total	$	—	$	3,479

(1) Impairment represents the cumulative write-downs of net realizable value subsequent to foreclosure.

Schedule of securitized mortgage trust liabilities

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	1,614,862

Schedule of securitized mortgage borrowings

			Securitized
			mortgage
			borrowings
			outstanding as of
			December 31,				Range of Interest Rates (%)
								Interest	Interest
								Rate	Rate
	Original						Fixed	Margins over	Margins after
	Issuance						Interest	One-Month	Contractual
Year of Issuance	Amount		2022		2021		Rates	LIBOR (1)	Call Date (2)
2002	$	3,876.1	$	—	$	2.7	5.25 - 12.00	0.27 - 2.75	0.54 - 3.68
2003		5,966.1		—		12.9	4.34 - 12.75	0.27 - 3.00	0.54 - 4.50
2004		17,710.7		—		210.9	3.58 - 5.56	0.25 - 2.50	0.50 - 3.75
2005		13,387.7		—		1,198.2	—	0.24 - 2.90	0.48 - 4.35
2006		5,971.4		—		1,626.0	6.25	0.10 - 2.75	0.20 - 4.13
2007		3,860.5		—		882.5	—	0.06 - 2.00	0.12 - 3.00
Subtotal contractual principal balance (3)				—		3,933.2
Fair value adjustment (4)				—		(2,318.3)
Total securitized mortgage borrowings			$	—	$	1,614.9

(1) One-month LIBOR was 0.10 % as of December 31, 2021.

(2) Interest rate margins are generally adjusted when the unpaid principal balance is reduced to less than 10-20% of the original issuance amount, or if certain other triggers are met.

(3) Represents the outstanding balance in accordance with trustee reporting.

(4) Fair value adjustment was inclusive of $0 and $2.2 billion in bond losses at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Schedule of changes in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	9,248	$	6,471
Gains from trust REO		—		111
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	9,248	$	6,582

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Derivative Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments

Schedule of information for derivative assets and liabilities - lending

					Total Gains (Losses)
	Notional Amount				For the Year Ended
	December 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Derivative – IRLC's (1)	$	493	$	255,150	$	(3,106)	$	(4,164)
Derivative – TBA MBS (1)		7,000		102,000		5,020		2,022
Derivative – Swap Futures (1)		8,800		—		1,304		—

(1) Amounts included in gain on sale of loans, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Schedule of estimated fair value of financial instruments included in consolidated financial statements

	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Carrying		Estimated Fair Value						Carrying		Estimated Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,864	$	25,864	$	—	$	—	$	29,555	$	29,555	$	—	$	—
Restricted cash		4,140		4,140		—		—		5,657		5,657		—		—
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		13,052		—		308,477		—		308,477		—
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		749		—		—		749
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		52		—		47		5		3,111		—		—		3,111
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		1,639,251		—		—		1,639,251
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	$	3,622	$	—	$	3,622	$	—	$	285,539	$	—	$	285,539	$	—
Convertible notes		15,000		—		—		15,000		20,000		—		—		20,000
Long-term debt		27,753		—		—		27,753		46,536		—		—		46,536
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		—		—		—		1,614,862		—		—		1,614,862
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—		55		—

(1) Represents IRLCs and Hedging Instruments and are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Represents Hedging Instruments and are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Schedule of assets and liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value on recurring basis

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	—	$	13,052	$	—	$	—	$	308,477	$	—
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		—		47		5		—		—		3,111
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—		749
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		—		—		—		1,639,251
Total assets at fair value	$	—	$	13,099	$	5	$	—	$	308,477	$	1,643,111
Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,614,862
Long-term debt		—		—		27,753		—		—		46,536
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		55		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	27,753	$	—	$	55	$	1,661,398

(1) At December 31, 2022, derivative assets, lending, net included $5 thousand in IRLCs and $47 thousand in Hedging Instruments included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, derivative assets, lending, net included $3.1 million in IRLCs and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, derivative liabilities, lending, net are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Schedule of reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		2,019		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(7,564)		—		—		(1,187)
Change in fair value		9,248		—		(70)		(3,106)		2,757
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		17,213	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		11,267		(7,564)		(70)		(3,106)		18,783
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		46		—		—
Settlements		(1,650,518)		1,622,426		(725)		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2022	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(27,753)
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (3)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	(34,247)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized gains (losses) relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2022.

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2020	$	2,100,175	$	(2,086,557)	$	339	$	7,275	$	(44,413)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		(12,162)		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(37,090)		—		—		(1,499)
Change in fair value		151,759		(145,288)		(126)		(4,164)		2,098
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		(2,722)	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		139,597		(182,378)		(126)		(4,164)		(2,123)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		536		—		—
Settlements		(600,521)		654,073		—		—		—
Fair value, December 31, 2021	$	1,639,251	$	(1,614,862)	$	749	$	3,111	$	(46,536)
Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3)	$	(104,299)	$	2,318,296	$	749	$	3,111	$	15,464

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that were still held and reflected in the fair values at December 31, 2021.

Schedule of quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis

The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Unobservable	Range of		Weighted		Range of		Weighted
Financial Instrument	Input	Inputs		Average		Inputs		Average
Assets and liabilities backed by real estate
Securitized mortgage collateral, and	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	2.9 - 46.3	%	10.7	%
Securitized mortgage borrowings	Default rates	-	%	-	%	0.06 - 4.3	%	1.7	%
	Loss severities	-	%	-	%	0.01 - 97.6	%	70.1	%
	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	2.1 - 13.0	%	3.6	%
Other assets and liabilities
Mortgage servicing rights	Discount rates	-	%	-	%	12.5 - 15.0	%	12.8	%
	Prepayment rates	-	%	-	%	8.01 - 29.1	%	10.3	%
Derivative assets - IRLCs, net	Pull-through rates	70.0 - 78.0	%	72.3	%	50.0 - 98.0	%	79.0	%
Long-term debt	See (1) below	N/A	%	N/A	%	8.6	%	8.6	%

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2022, the company used the expected cash flow valuation methodology and the unobservable input was the expected proceeds.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company used a discounted cash flow model and the unobservable input was the discount rate.

Schedule of changes in recurring fair value measurements included in net loss

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	2,019	$	—	$	9,248		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,267
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(7,564)		—			—		—		—		(7,564)
Long-term debt		—		(1,187)		—			2,757		—		—		1,570
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(70)		—		(70)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		(8,802)		(8,802)
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(3,106)		(3,106)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		103		103
Total	$	2,019	$	(8,751)	$	9,248	(3)	$	2,757	$	(70)	$	(11,805)	$	(6,602)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2022, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $9.2 million.

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		(Loss) Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	(12,162)	$	—		151,759		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	139,597
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(37,090)		(145,288)			—		—		—		(182,378)
Long-term debt		—		(1,499)		—			2,098		—		—		599
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(126)		—		(126)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		3,395		3,395
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(4,164)		(4,164)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		88		88
Total	$	(12,162)	$	(38,589)	$	6,471	(3)	$	2,098	$	(126)	$	(681)	$	(42,989)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain on mortgage servicing rights, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2021, change in the fair value of trust assets, excluding REO was $6.5 million.

Schedule of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements

The following table presents financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
REO (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,479	$	—
ROU asset		—		—		1,248		—		—		10,209

(1) Balance represents REO at December 31, 2021 which has been impaired subsequent to foreclosure.

The following table presents total gains on financial and non-financial assets and liabilities measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	Total Gains (Losses) (1)
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
REO (2)	$	—	$	111
ROU asset impairment		(123)		—

(1) Total gains reflect gains from all nonrecurring measurements during the year.

(2) For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded none and $111 thousand, respectively, of gains related to changes in the NRV of REO.  Gains represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV.  

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Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

Schedule of computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share

	For the Year Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Numerator for basic loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,432)	$	(3,878)
Less: cumulative non-declared dividends on preferred stock (1)		(52)		(780)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Numerator for diluted loss per share:
Net loss	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Interest expense attributable to convertible notes (2)		—		—
Net loss plus interest expense attributable to convertible notes	$	(39,484)	$	(4,658)
Denominator for basic loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Denominator for diluted loss per share (3):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period		23,918		21,332
Net effect of dilutive convertible notes and warrants (2)		—		—
Net effect of dilutive stock options, DSU’s, RSA's and RSU's (2)		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares		23,918		21,332
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)
Diluted	$	(1.65)	$	(0.22)

(1) Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series B Preferred stock are included in 2021 and excluded in 2022 as a result of the aforementioned Exchange Offers.  Cumulative non-declared dividends in arrears related to the Series D Preferred stock are included in 2022 as a result of the Company not being able to satisfy the Cash Consideration Restrictions of the new preferred stock.  (See Note 8.– Redeemable Preferred Stock and Note 13.– Commitments and Contingincies).

(2) Adjustments to diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, were excluded from the calculation, as they were anti-dilutive.

(3) Share amounts presented in thousands.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Taxes

Schedule of income taxes

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	—	$	—
State		38		71
Total current income tax expense		38		71
Deferred income taxes:
Federal		—		—
State		—		—
Total deferred income tax expense		—		—
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities temporary differences between the financial statement carrying value and the tax basis of assets

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state net operating losses	$	248,559	$	178,194
Mortgage securities		—		55,283
Depreciation and amortization		21,655		24,355
Capital loss carryover		172		172
Compensation and other accruals		1,563		3,058
Repurchase reserve		1,839		1,493
Total gross deferred tax assets		273,788		262,555
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fair value adjustments on long-term debt		(9,516)		(3,980)
Mortgage servicing rights		—		(236)
Corporate-owned life insurance		(1,272)		(1,017)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(10,788)		(5,233)
Valuation allowance		(263,000)		(257,322)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

Schedule of a reconciliation of income taxes to the statutory federal corporate income tax rates

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Expected income tax expense	$	(8,273)	$	(799)
State tax expense, net of federal benefit		30		56
State rate change		345		(640)
Change in valuation allowance		7,532		1,218
Corporate-owned life insurance interest and premiums		121		96
Other		283		140
Total income tax expense	$	38	$	71

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting

Reconciliation of assets from segment to consolidated

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	24,923	$	500	$	—		441	$	25,864
Restricted cash		4,140		—		—		—		4,140
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		13,052		—		—		—		13,052
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		—		—		—
Other assets (1)		1,586		2		77		15,610		17,275
Total assets	$	43,701	$	502	$	77	$	16,051	$	60,331
Total liabilities	$	10,866	$	—	$	28,180	$	32,888	$	71,934

Balance Sheet Items as of	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Cash and cash equivalents	$	26,239	$	500	$	—	$	2,816	$	29,555
Restricted cash		5,657		—		—		—		5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		308,477		—		—		—		308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749		—		—		—		749
Trust assets		—		—		1,642,730		—		1,642,730
Other assets (1)		10,051		2		141		25,409		35,603
Total assets	$	351,173	$	502	$	1,642,871	$	28,225	$	2,022,771
Total liabilities	$	298,726	$	—	$	1,661,729	$	52,380	$	2,012,835

(1) All segment asset balances exclude intercompany balances.

Reconciliation of earnings from segment to consolidated

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2022:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	6,317	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,317
Servicing income, net		63		—		—		—		63
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194		—		—		—		194
Broker fee income		50		—		—		—		50
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,081		—		—		1,081
Other revenue		9		—		24		857		890
Other operating expense		(34,025)		(1,373)		(262)		(20,465)		(56,125)
Other income (expense)		1,368		—		8,511		(1,743)		8,136
Net (loss) earnings before income tax expense	$	(26,024)	$	(292)	$	8,273	$	(21,351)		(39,394)
Income tax expense										38
Net loss									$	(39,432)

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Year Ended December 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	65,294	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	65,294
Servicing expense, net		(432)		—		—		—		(432)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		34		—		—		—		34
Real estate services fees, net		—		1,144		—		—		1,144
Other revenue		24		—		110		145		279
Other operating expense		(62,605)		(1,409)		(778)		(16,412)		(81,204)
Other income (expense)		98		—		12,840		(1,860)		11,078
Net earnings (loss) before income tax expense	$	2,413	$	(265)	$	12,172	$	(18,127)	$	(3,807)
Income tax expense										71
Net loss									$	(3,878)

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies

Schedule of balance sheets, weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rates

		December 31,
Lease Assets and Liabilities	Classification	2022
Assets
Lease ROU assets	Other assets	$ 1,248
Liabilities
Lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$ 51
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		0.8
Weighted average discount rate		3.6	%

Schedule of maturities of operating leases

Year 2023	$	55
Year 2024		—
Year 2025		—
Year 2026		—
Year 2027		—
Total lease commitments	$	55
Less: imputed interest		(4)
Total lease liability	$	51

Schedule of the activity related to the repurchase reserve for previously sold loans

	December 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	4,744	$	7,054
Provision for repurchases (1)		2,417		111
Settlements		(1,286)		(2,421)
Total repurchase reserve	$	5,875	$	4,744

Schedule of corporate-owned life insurance trusts

	At December 31, 2022
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts:	Trust #1		Trust #2		Trust #3		Total
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	$	5,314	$	4,125	$	2,180	$	11,619
Corporate-owned life insurance liability		6,280		4,923		2,398		13,601
Corporate-owned life insurance shortfall (1)	$	(966)	$	(798)	$	(218)	$	(1,982)

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Schedule of weighted average assumptions used in estimation of the fair value of options granted

	Granted in 2021
Risk-free interest rate		0.50%
Expected lives (in years)		4.54
Expected volatility		77.55%
Expected dividend yield		0.00%
Fair value per share	$	1.96

Summary of activity, pricing and other information for the Company's stock options

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
		Weighted-			Weighted-
		Average			Average
	Number of	Exercise		Number of	Exercise
	Shares	Price		Shares	Price
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year	570,228	$	7.89	524,357	$	8.58
Options granted	—		—	85,154		3.29
Options exercised	—		—	—		—
Options forfeited/cancelled	(38,750)		8.33	(39,283)		7.15
Options outstanding at the end of the period	531,478		7.86	570,228		7.89
Options exercisable at the end of the period	496,790	$	8.18	406,361	$	9.65

Schedule of aggregate intrinsic value

	As of December 31,
	2022			2021
	Weighted-			Weighted-
	Average	Aggregate		Average	Aggregate
	Remaining	Intrinsic		Remaining	Intrinsic
	Life	Value		Life	Value
	(Years)	(in thousands)		(Years)	(in thousands)
Options outstanding at end of year	5.00	$	-	6.77	$	-
Options exercisable at end of year	4.78	$	-	5.96	$	-

Schedule of additional information regarding stock options outstanding

		Stock Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
			Weighted-
			Average	Weighted-				Weighted-
Exercise			Remaining	Average				Average
Price		Number	Contractual	Exercise		Number		Exercise
Range		Outstanding	Life in Years	Price		Exercisable		Price
$	3.22 - 3.74	126,538	6.23	$	3.47	91,850	$	3.53
	3.75 - 5.38	200,000	6.16		3.75	200,000		3.75
	5.39 - 9.85	27,582	3.01		7.01	27,582		7.01
	9.86 - 17.39	79,608	3.24		11.84	79,608		11.84
	17.40 - 20.49	48,750	3.55		17.40	48,750		17.40
	20.50 - 20.50	49,000	2.56		20.50	49,000		20.50
$	3.22 - 20.50	531,478	5.00	$	7.86	496,790	$	8.18

Deferred stock units

Summary of activity, pricing and other information for the Company's

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
DSUs outstanding at the beginning of the year	54,500	$	6.61
DSUs granted	—		—
DSUs issued (converted)	(15,000)		3.75
DSUs forfeited/cancelled	—		—
DSUs outstanding at the end of the period	39,500	$	7.70

Restricted stock units (RSU's)

Summary of activity, pricing and other information for the Company's

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
RSUs outstanding at beginning of the year	397,829	$	4.11
RSUs granted	—		—
RSUs issued (converted)	(155,080)		4.31
RSUs forfeited/cancelled	(21,365)		3.83
RSUs outstanding at end of the period	221,384	$	4.00

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Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation including Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 16, 2022 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) lease	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Liquidity
Net loss			$ (39,432)	$ (3,878)
Stockholders deficit			(11,603)	9,936	$ 15,651
Cash and cash equivalents			25,864	29,555
Unencumbered loans			9,400
Uncommitted capacity under warehouse lines			41,000
Borrowing capacity not renewed			25,000
Warehouse borrowings			3,622	285,539
Employee retention credit applied for under the CARES Act.			7,300
Annual repayment of principal of convertible notes			$ 5,000
Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale
Maximum past due period of principal or interest based on LHFS are placed on nonaccrual status			90 days
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Restricted cash			$ 4,140	5,657
Number of operating leases | lease			2
Number of financing leases | lease			1
Business promotion			$ 4,425	$ 7,395
Convertible Notes
Liquidity
Annual repayment of principal of convertible notes			$ 5,000
Remaining term of annual pay downs of convertible notes			3 years
Irvine, CA location
Liquidity
Estimated occupancy costs under original lease			$ 8,800
Remaining lease term under original lease agreement			20 months
Payment to terminate existing lease agreement	$ 3,000		$ 3,000
Subsequent Event | Newport Beach, CA location
Liquidity
Estimated total occupancy costs under new lease		$ 800

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Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) loan	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) loan
Mortgage loans held-for-Sale
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	$ 13,052	$ 308,477
Gain on LHFS
Change in provision for repurchases	(2,417)	(111)
Gain on sale of loans, net	20,539	66,086
Government
Mortgage loans held-for-Sale
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale		6,886
Conventional
Mortgage loans held-for-Sale
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	2,506	62,759
Jumbo & Non-qualified mortgages (NonQM)
Mortgage loans held-for-Sale
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	11,658	231,142
Mortgage loans, held-for-sale
Mortgage loans held-for-Sale
Fair value adjustment	$ (1,112)	$ 7,690
Number of loans on nonaccrual status | loan	1	0
Unpaid principal balance of nonaccrual loans	$ 326
Carrying value of nonaccrual loans	270
Gain on LHFS
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	18,825	$ 81,362
Premium from servicing retained loan sales	46	536
Unrealized loss from derivative financial instruments	(3,003)	(4,076)
Gain from derivative financial instruments	6,221	1,934
Mark to market (loss) gain on LHFS	(8,802)	3,395
Direct origination expenses, net	(4,553)	(17,746)
Change in provision for repurchases	(2,417)	(111)
Gain on sale of loans, net	$ 6,317	$ 65,294

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Mortgage Servicing Rights (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Changes in the fair value of MSRs
Balance at beginning of year		$ 749
Fair value of MSRs at end of period			$ 749
Total loans serviced			71,841
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage servicing rights		725	160
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis
Fair value of MSRs			749
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		(70)	(126)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		264	160
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194	34
Servicing (expense) fees, net:
Contractual servicing fees		251	193
Subservicing and other costs		(188)	(625)
Servicing fees (expense), net		63	(432)
Government
Changes in the fair value of MSRs
Total loans serviced			71,841
Mortgage servicing rights
Changes in the fair value of MSRs
Balance at beginning of year		749	339
Additions from servicing retained loan sales		46	536
Reductions from bulk sales		(725)
Changes in fair value		(70)	(126)
Fair value of MSRs at end of period			749
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis
Prepayment Speed, Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change			(24)
Prepayment Speed, Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change			(48)
Prepayment Speed, Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change			(70)
Discount Rate, Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change			(31)
Discount Rate, Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change			(59)
Discount Rate, Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change			(85)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		(70)	(126)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		264	160
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		194	$ 34
Mortgage servicing rights | Government
Changes in the fair value of MSRs
Unpaid principal balance of MSRs sold	$ 68,100	$ 68,100
Total amount received from sale of MSR	725
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage servicing rights	$ 508

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Other Assets - Summary of Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Assets
Corporate-owned life insurance (See Note 13)	$ 11,619	$ 10,788
Prepaid expenses	2,410	3,460
Right of use asset (See Note 13)	$ 1,248	$ 10,209
Balance sheet classification - ROU assets	Total other assets	Total other assets
Accounts receivable, net	$ 916	$ 4,770
Servicing advances	735	565
Premises and equipment, net	220	636
Accrued interest receivable	75	625
Derivative assets - lending (See Note 7)	52	3,111
Other		1,102
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae	0	337
Total other assets	$ 17,275	35,603
Accounts Receivable, net
Average number of months in arrears for collection of receivables related to hedging instruments and real estate service fees	1 month
Reserve for doubtful accounts		$ 50

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Other Assets - Loans Eligible for Repurchase from Ginnie Mae (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Assets
Loans eligible for repurchase from Ginnie Mae	$ 0	$ 337

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Other Assets - Premises and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Assets
Premises and equipment	$ 6,209	$ 6,391
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(5,989)	(5,755)
Total premises and equipment, net	220	636
Depreciation	$ 317	$ 493

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Debt - Contractual Reductions of Debt (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Contractual reductions of debt
Total	$ 80,622
Less Than One Year	8,622
One to Three Years	10,000
More Than Five Years	62,000
Convertible Notes
Contractual reductions of debt
Total	15,000
Less Than One Year	5,000
One to Three Years	10,000
Long-term debt
Contractual reductions of debt
Total	62,000
More Than Five Years	62,000
Warehouse borrowings
Contractual reductions of debt
Total	3,622
Less Than One Year	$ 3,622

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Debt - Warehouse Borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Nov. 30, 2022	Oct. 31, 2022
Warehouse Borrowings
Balance Outstanding	$ 285,539	$ 3,622	$ 285,539
Maximum borrowing capacity on committed line of credit		41,000
Information on warehouse borrowings
Restricted cash	$ 5,657	4,140	5,657
One Month LIBOR
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)	0.10%
Warehouse borrowings
Warehouse Borrowings
Maximum Borrowing Capacity		41,000
Balance Outstanding	$ 285,539	3,622	285,539
Information on warehouse borrowings
Restricted cash	1,300	$ 0	1,300
Agreement term		1 year
Amount outstanding		$ 269,950	336,648
Average balance outstanding for the year		74,435	191,794
UPB of underlying collateral (mortgage loans)	296,841	$ 4,577	$ 296,841
Weighted average rate for period (as a percent)		4.19%	3.41%
Repurchase agreement 1
Warehouse Borrowings
Balance Outstanding	30,009		$ 30,009
Repurchase agreement 1 | Minimum
Warehouse Borrowings
Allowable Advance Rates (as a percent)			90.00%
Repurchase agreement 1 | Minimum | One Month LIBOR
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)			2.00%
Repurchase agreement 1 | Maximum
Warehouse Borrowings
Allowable Advance Rates (as a percent)			98.00%
Repurchase agreement 1 | Maximum | One Month LIBOR
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)			2.25%
Repurchase agreement 2
Warehouse Borrowings
Balance Outstanding	153,006		$ 153,006
Allowable Advance Rates (as a percent)			100.00%
Repurchase agreement 2 | One Month LIBOR
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)			1.75%
Repurchase agreement 3
Warehouse Borrowings
Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 16,000		$ 16,000
Balance Outstanding	56,794	$ 98	$ 56,794
Maximum borrowing capacity on uncommitted line of credit				$ 15,000
Maximum borrowing capacity on committed line of credit					$ 1,000
Allowable Advance Rates (as a percent)		100.00%	100.00%
Repurchase agreement 3 | Note Rate
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)		(0.375%)	(0.375%)
Repurchase agreement 4
Warehouse Borrowings
Maximum Borrowing Capacity		$ 25,000
Balance Outstanding	$ 45,730	$ 3,524	$ 45,730
Allowable Advance Rates (as a percent)		99.00%	99.00%
Repurchase agreement 4 | Minimum | Note Rate
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)		(0.50%)	(0.50%)
Repurchase agreement 4 | Maximum | Note Rate
Warehouse Borrowings
Interest margin over base rate (as a percent)		(0.75%)	(0.75%)

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Debt - Convertible Notes (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended
	Apr. 29, 2022 USD ($) installment	Oct. 28, 2020 USD ($)	Apr. 15, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	May 31, 2015 USD ($) D $ / shares	Nov. 15, 2022 shares	Oct. 26, 2022 shares
Convertible Notes
Aggregate number of common shares which can be purchased with warrants issued | shares					681,923	1,425,695
Convertible Notes
Convertible Notes
Amount of debt				$ 25,000
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)				7.50%
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares				$ 21.50
Conditional conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares				$ 30.10
Number of trading days for which stock price must exceed specified price | D				20
Number of consecutive trading days during which stock price must exceed specified price | D				30
2015 Convertible Notes - First Amendment
Convertible Notes
Amount of debt			$ 25,000
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)			7.00%
Agreement term			6 months
Warrant cash exercise price | $ / shares			$ 2.97
Relative fair value of warrants recorded as debt discount			$ 242
Effective interest rate			8.90%
2015 Convertible Notes - First Amendment | Maximum
Convertible Notes
Aggregate number of common shares which can be purchased with warrants issued | shares			212,649
2015 Convertible Notes - Second Amendment
Convertible Notes
Amount of debt		$ 25,000
Debt principal after scheduled paydown		20,000
Scheduled decrease in the aggregate principal amount		$ 5,000
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)		7.00%
Agreement term		18 months
2015 Convertible Notes - Third Amendment
Convertible Notes
Debt principal after scheduled paydown	$ 15,000
Scheduled decrease in the aggregate principal amount	$ 5,000
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	7.00%
Number of installments | installment	3
Principal payment	$ 5,000

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Debt - Long-term Debt (Details) - Junior subordinated notes - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Junior Subordinated Notes, Fair Value
Long-term debt	$ 62,000	$ 62,000
Fair value adjustment	(34,247)	(15,464)
Total	$ 27,753	$ 46,536
Effective interest rate	8.52%
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Long-term Debt
Applicable margin (as a percent)	3.75%

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 16, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) item	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Securitized Mortgage Trusts
Number of securitizations | item		37
Aggregate sales price for sale of consolidated securitization trusts		$ 37,500
Payment received on sale of consolidated securitization trusts	$ 20,000
Increase in fair value of securitization trust assets		9,200	$ 9,200	$ 9,248	$ 6,471
Transaction costs related to sale of consolidated securitization trusts		$ 277	277
Securitized mortgage trust assets deconsolidated			1,600,000
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities deconsolidated			$ 1,600,000

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts - Securitized Mortgage Trust Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Trust Assets
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value		$ 1,639,251
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		3,479
Total securitized mortgage trust assets		1,642,730
Mortgages secured by residential real estate
Trust Assets
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value		1,653,749
Mortgages secured by commercial real estate
Trust Assets
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value		89,801
Securitized mortgage collateral
Trust Assets
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value		1,639,251
Fair value adjustment		(104,299)
Mortgages serviced for others
Trust Assets
Other mortgages primarily collateralized by REMIC	$ 138,300	164,600
REO inside trusts
Trust Assets
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		$ 3,479

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts - REO and Securitized Mortgage Trust Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Securitized Mortgage Trusts
REO	$ 10,335
Impairment (1)	(6,856)
Ending balance	3,479
REO inside trust	3,479
Securitized Mortgage Trust Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 1,614,862

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts - Securitized Mortgage Borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 1,614,862		$ 1,614,862
Bond losses		$ 0	$ 2,200,000
Minimum
Range of interest rates
Interest rate margin adjustment trigger, percentage of unpaid principal balance to original issuance amount			10.00%
Maximum
Range of interest rates
Interest rate margin adjustment trigger, percentage of unpaid principal balance to original issuance amount			20.00%
One Month LIBOR
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)	0.10%
Securitized mortgage borrowings
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Subtotal contractual principal balance (3)	$ 3,933,200		$ 3,933,200
Fair value adjustment			(2,318,300)
Securitized mortgage borrowings	1,614,900		1,614,900
2002
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	3,876,100		3,876,100
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 2,700		$ 2,700
2002 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	5.25%		5.25%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.54%		0.54%
2002 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	12.00%		12.00%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	3.68%		3.68%
2002 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.27%
2002 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			2.75%
2003
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	$ 5,966,100		$ 5,966,100
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 12,900		$ 12,900
2003 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	4.34%		4.34%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.54%		0.54%
2003 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	12.75%		12.75%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	4.50%		4.50%
2003 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.27%
2003 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			3.00%
2004
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	$ 17,710,700		$ 17,710,700
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 210,900		$ 210,900
2004 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	3.58%		3.58%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.50%		0.50%
2004 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	5.56%		5.56%
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	3.75%		3.75%
2004 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.25%
2004 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			2.50%
2005
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	$ 13,387,700		$ 13,387,700
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 1,198,200		$ 1,198,200
2005 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.48%		0.48%
2005 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	4.35%		4.35%
2005 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.24%
2005 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			2.90%
2006
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	$ 5,971,400		$ 5,971,400
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 1,626,000		$ 1,626,000
Range of interest rates
Fixed interest rate (as a percent)	6.25%		6.25%
2006 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.20%		0.20%
2006 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	4.13%		4.13%
2006 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.10%
2006 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			2.75%
2007
Securitized Mortgage Borrowings
Original Issuance Amount	$ 3,860,500		$ 3,860,500
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$ 882,500		$ 882,500
2007 | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	0.12%		0.12%
2007 | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Interest Rate Margins after Contractual Call Date (as a percent)	3.00%		3.00%
2007 | One Month LIBOR | Minimum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			0.06%
2007 | One Month LIBOR | Maximum
Range of interest rates
Applicable margin (as a percent)			2.00%

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Securitized Mortgage Trusts - Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains:
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$ 9,200	$ 9,200	$ 9,248	$ 6,471
Gains from trust REO				111
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains			$ 9,248	$ 6,582

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Derivative Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs)
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 493	$ 255,150
Gain (loss) from derivative financial instruments	(3,106)	(4,164)
Hedging Instruments
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	7,000	102,000
Gain (loss) from derivative financial instruments	5,020	2,022
Swap Futures
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	8,800
Gain (loss) from derivative financial instruments	1,304
Forward delivery loan commitment
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	0	0
Mortgage lending operations | Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs)
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Assets fair value	5	3,100
Mortgage lending operations | Hedging Instruments
Derivative assets and liabilities - lending
Assets fair value	$ 47
Liabilities fair value		$ 55

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Redeemable Preferred Stock (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands						2 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Nov. 15, 2022 shares	Oct. 26, 2022 shares	Oct. 20, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Aug. 25, 2022 $ / shares shares	Dec. 07, 2011	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) item $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021
Shares of preferred stock to be issued in conversion			30
Aggregate number of common shares which can be purchased with warrants issued	681,923	1,425,695
Common Stock
New shares issued during the period	3,298,439	7,330,319
Segregation order, number of shares to be held in escrow				4,437,280
Series B and C Preferred Stock
Outstanding liquidation preference | $							$ 72,000
Liquidation preference amount per share | $ / shares							$ 25.00
Series B 9.375% redeemable preferred stock
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears | $			$ 20,300				$ 20,300
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears (per share) | $ / shares			$ 30.47				$ 30.47
Liquidation preference amount per share | $ / shares							55.47
Exchange offer, percent of shares tendered			69.00%
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)					9.375%			9.375%	9.375%
Shares of common stock to be issued in conversion			13.33
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, increase in every quarter (per share) | $ / shares							$ 0.5859
Amount of increase in cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears in each quarter | $							$ 390
Number of quarterly dividends payments granted under judgement for Preferred shareholders | item							3
Dividend amount required to be paid by company in three quarterly payments | $							$ 1,200
Series C 9.125% redeemable preferred stock
Exchange offer, percent of shares tendered			67.00%
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)					9.125%			9.125%	9.125%
Shares of common stock to be issued in conversion			1.25
Shares of preferred stock to be issued in conversion			1
Warrants to be issued n conversion			1.5
Warrant cash exercise price | $ / shares			$ 5.00
Series D 8.25% redeemable preferred stock
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears | $			$ 52			$ 52
Liquidation preference amount per share | $ / shares				$ 0.10
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)			8.25%	8.25%				8.25%	8.25%
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, increase in every quarter (per share) | $ / shares			$ 0.0021					$ 0.0021
Amount of increase in cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears in each quarter | $			$ 72					$ 72
New shares issued during the period	6,599,035	14,773,811
Segregation order, number of shares to be deposited				13,311,840
Preferred stock, redemption price per share | $ / shares				$ 0.10
Preferred stock, fixed annual dividend rate per share | $ / shares				$ 0.00825
Series D 8.25% redeemable preferred stock | Maximum
Preferred stock mandatory redemption period				60 days

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair value of Financial Instruments Included in the Consolidated Financial Statements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Mortgage servicing rights		$ 749
Carrying Amount
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 25,864	29,555
Restricted cash	4,140	5,657
Mortgage loans held for-for-sale	13,052	308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Derivatives assets, lending, net	52	3,111
Securitized mortgage collateral		1,639,251
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	3,622	285,539
Convertible notes	15,000	20,000
Long-term debt	27,753	46,536
Securitized mortgage borrowings		1,614,862
Derivative liabilities, lending, net		55
Estimated Fair Value | Level 1
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	25,864	29,555
Restricted cash	4,140	5,657
Estimated Fair Value | Level 2
Assets
Mortgage loans held for-for-sale	13,052	308,477
Derivatives assets, lending, net	47
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	3,622	285,539
Derivative liabilities, lending, net		55
Estimated Fair Value | Level 3
Assets
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Derivatives assets, lending, net	5	3,111
Securitized mortgage collateral		1,639,251
Liabilities
Convertible notes	15,000	20,000
Long-term debt	$ 27,753	46,536
Securitized mortgage borrowings		$ 1,614,862

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Mortgage servicing rights		$ 749
Level 3
Fair Value Measurements
Percentage of level three assets to total assets measured at fair value	0.00%	83.00%
Percentage of level three liabilities to total liabilities measured at fair value	62.00%	84.00%
Mortgage servicing rights | Government
Fair Value Measurements
Total amount received from sale of MSR	$ 725
Recurring basis | Level 2
Assets
Mortgage loans held for-for-sale	13,052	$ 308,477
Derivatives assets, lending, net	47
Total assets at fair value	13,099	308,477
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities, lending, net		55
Total liabilities at fair value		55
Recurring basis | Level 3
Assets
Derivatives assets, lending, net	5	3,111
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Securitized mortgage collateral		1,639,251
Total assets at fair value	5	1,643,111
Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings		1,614,862
Long-term debt	27,753	46,536
Total liabilities at fair value	27,753	1,661,398
Recurring basis | Derivative assets, lending, net | Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Level 3
Assets
Derivatives assets, lending, net	5	$ 3,100
Recurring basis | Derivative assets, lending, net | Hedging Instruments | Level 2
Assets
Derivatives assets, lending, net	$ 47

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Reconciliation of All Assets and Liabilities Measured Using Level 3 Input (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Net interest income including cash received and paid	$ 1,200	$ 8,100
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings | Level 3
Changes in fair value of liabilities during the period
Fair value in the beginning of the period	(1,614,862)	(2,086,557)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	$ (7,564)	(182,378)
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Interest Expense, amount
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Settlements	$ 1,622,426	654,073
Fair value at the end of the period		(1,614,862)
Unrealized gains (losses) still held		2,318,296
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings | Interest expense | Level 3
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings		(37,090)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings | Change in fair value | Level 3
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings		(145,288)
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Level 3
Changes in fair value of liabilities during the period
Fair value in the beginning of the period	(46,536)	(44,413)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	18,783	(2,123)
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Fair value at the end of the period	(27,753)	(46,536)
Unrealized gains (losses) still held	(34,247)	15,464
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Interest expense | Level 3
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	(1,187)	(1,499)
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Change in fair value | Level 3
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	2,757	2,098
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Change in instrument specific credit risk | Level 3
Total gains (losses) included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	17,213	(2,722)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral | Level 3
Changes in fair value of assets during the period
Fair value at the beginning of the period	1,639,251	2,100,175
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	11,267	139,597
Purchases, issuances and settlements
Settlements	(1,650,518)	(600,521)
Fair value at the end of the period		1,639,251
Unrealized gains (losses) still held		(104,299)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral | Interest income | Level 3
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	2,019	(12,162)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral | Change in fair value | Level 3
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	9,248	151,759
Recurring basis | Mortgage servicing rights | Level 3
Changes in fair value of assets during the period
Fair value at the beginning of the period	749	339
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	$ (70)	$ (126)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Trust Assets, Net Change in Fair Value Including Real Estate Owned, Gain (Loss)	Trust Assets, Net Change in Fair Value Including Real Estate Owned, Gain (Loss)
Purchases, issuances and settlements
Issuances	$ 46	$ 536
Settlements	(725)
Fair value at the end of the period		749
Unrealized gains (losses) still held		749
Recurring basis | Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Level 3
Changes in fair value of assets during the period
Fair value at the beginning of the period	3,111	7,275
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Total (losses) gains included in earnings	$ (3,106)	$ (4,164)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Trust Assets, Net Change in Fair Value Including Real Estate Owned, Gain (Loss)	Trust Assets, Net Change in Fair Value Including Real Estate Owned, Gain (Loss)
Purchases, issuances and settlements
Fair value at the end of the period	$ 5	$ 3,111
Unrealized gains (losses) still held	$ 5	$ 3,111

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Valuation Techniques And Unobservable Inputs Applied (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Default Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.0006
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Default Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.043
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Default Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.017
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Loss Severity | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.0001
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Loss Severity | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.976
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Loss Severity | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.701
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.021
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.130
Securitized mortgage borrowings | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage borrowings		0.036
Long-term debt | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3
Unobservable input
Measurement input, long-term debt		0.086
Long-term debt | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, long-term debt		0.086
Securitized mortgage collateral | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage collateral		0.029
Securitized mortgage collateral | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage collateral		0.463
Securitized mortgage collateral | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, securitized mortgage collateral		0.107
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.0801
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.291
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.103
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.125
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.150
Mortgage servicing rights | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | DCF | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, mortgage servicing rights		0.128
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net	0.700
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net	0.780
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net	0.723
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Market pricing | Level 3 | Minimum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net		0.500
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Market pricing | Level 3 | Maximum
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net		0.980
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) | Measurement Input, Pull-through Rate | Market pricing | Level 3 | Weighted Average
Unobservable input
Measurement input, derivative assets - IRLCs, net		0.790

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Changes in Recurring Fair Value Measurements Included in Earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO	$ (9,248)	$ (6,471)
Recurring basis
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	(6,602)	(42,989)
Recurring basis | Interest income
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	2,019	(12,162)
Recurring basis | Interest expense
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	(8,751)	(38,589)
Recurring basis | Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	9,248	6,471
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO	9,200	6,500
Recurring basis | Change in Fair Value of Long-term Debt
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	2,757	2,098
Recurring basis | Other Income and Expense
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	(70)	(126)
Recurring basis | Gain on sale of loans, net
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Total	(11,805)	(681)
Recurring basis | Hedging Instruments
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	103	88
Recurring basis | Hedging Instruments | Gain on sale of loans, net
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	103	88
Recurring basis | Level 3
Long-term debt
Estimated fair value of long-term debt	27,753	46,536
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	(7,564)	(182,378)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings | Interest expense
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	(7,564)	(37,090)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage borrowings | Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities		(145,288)
Recurring basis | Long-term debt
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	1,570	599
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Interest expense
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	(1,187)	(1,499)
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Change in Fair Value of Long-term Debt
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of liabilities	2,757	2,098
Recurring basis | Long-term debt | Level 3
Long-term debt
Long-term debt unpaid principal balance	62,000
Estimated fair value of long-term debt	27,800
Difference between aggregate unpaid principal balances and fair value of long-term debt	34,200
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	11,267	139,597
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral | Interest income
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	2,019	(12,162)
Recurring basis | Securitized mortgage collateral | Change in Fair Value of Net Trust Assets
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	9,248	151,759
Recurring basis | Mortgage servicing rights
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	(70)	(126)
Recurring basis | Mortgage servicing rights | Other Income and Expense
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	(70)	(126)
Recurring basis | Derivative assets, net
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	(3,106)	(4,164)
Recurring basis | Derivative assets, net | Gain on sale of loans, net
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	(3,106)	(4,164)
Recurring basis | Mortgage loans held-for-sale
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	(8,802)	3,395
Recurring basis | Mortgage loans held-for-sale | Gain on sale of loans, net
Change in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
Change in fair value of assets	$ (8,802)	$ 3,395

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Securitized mortgage collateral And mortgage borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Aggregate sales price for sale of consolidated securitization trusts	$ 37,500
Increase in fair value of securitization trust assets	9,200	$ 9,200	$ 9,248	$ 6,471
Transaction Costs Related To Transfer of Securitization Trust	$ 277	$ 277

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Total Losses
Impairment of ROU asset	$ 123	$ 123
Sublease square footage | ft²	1,900
Irvine, CA location
Total Losses
Impairment of ROU asset		$ 123
Sublease square footage | ft²		120,000
Square footage of lease subject to ROU asset impairment. | ft²		1,900
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Total Losses
REO		$ 0	$ 111
Impairment of ROU asset		123
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements | Level 2
Fair Value Measurements
REO			3,479
Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements | Level 3
Fair Value Measurements
ROU asset		$ 1,248	$ 10,209

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Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands				2 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 20, 2022	Aug. 25, 2022	Dec. 07, 2011	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Numerator for basic loss per share:
Net loss						$ (39,432)	$ (3,878)
Less: Cumulative non-declared dividends on preferred stock						(52)	(780)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders						(39,484)	(4,658)
Numerator for diluted loss per share:
Net loss						(39,484)	(4,658)
Net loss plus interest expense attributable to convertible notes						$ (39,484)	$ (4,658)
Denominator for basic loss per share:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period						23,918	21,332
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the period						23,918	21,332
Diluted weighted average common shares						23,918	21,332
Basic (in dollars per share)						$ (1.65)	$ (0.22)
Diluted (in dollars per share)						$ (1.65)	$ (0.22)
Series B Preferred Stock
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears	$ 20,300				$ 20,300
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears (per share)	$ 30.47				$ 30.47
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)			9.375%			9.375%	9.375%
Amount of increase in cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears in each quarter					$ 390
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, increase in every quarter (per share)					$ 0.5859
Series D Preferred Stock
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears	$ 52			$ 52
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	8.25%	8.25%				8.25%	8.25%
Amount of increase in cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears in each quarter	$ 72					$ 72
Cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, increase in every quarter (per share)	$ 0.0021					$ 0.0021
Stock options, RSAs, RSUs and DSUs
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Antidilutive securities excluded from weighted average share calculations (in shares)						772	1,000
Convertible Notes
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Antidilutive securities excluded from weighted average share calculations (in shares)						698	930
Warrants
Denominator for diluted loss per share :
Antidilutive securities excluded from weighted average share calculations (in shares)						2,300	202

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Income Taxes - Summary of Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current income taxes:
State	$ 38	$ 71
Total current income tax expense	38	71
Deferred income taxes:
Total income tax expense	$ 38	$ 71

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Income Taxes - Summary of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state net operating losses	$ 248,559	$ 178,194
Mortgage securities		55,283
Depreciation and amortization	21,655	24,355
Capital loss carryover	172	172
Compensation and other accruals	1,563	3,058
Repurchase reserve	1,839	1,493
Total gross deferred tax assets	273,788	262,555
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fair value adjustments on long-term debt	(9,516)	(3,980)
Mortgage servicing rights		(236)
Corporate-owned life insurance	(1,272)	(1,017)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(10,788)	(5,233)
Valuation allowance	(263,000)	(257,322)
Total net deferred tax assets	$ 0	$ 0

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reconciliation of income taxes to the expected statutory federal corporate income tax rates
Expected income tax expense	$ (8,273)	$ (799)
State tax expense, net of federal benefit	30	56
State rate change	345	(640)
Change in valuation allowance	7,532	1,218
Corporate-owned life insurance interest and premiums	121	96
Other	283	140
Total income tax expense	$ 38	$ 71

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Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Oct. 23, 2019 shareholder $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Operating loss carryforwards
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings		$ 39,257	$ 22,044
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, tax		11,300
Number of five-percent stockholders which, in the event of an increase in their ownership percentage by more than fifty percent, could result in the entity experiencing an ownership change | shareholder	1
Rolling time period used for measurement of ownership increase of five-percent shareholders	3 years
Threshold percentage of outstanding stock in an unapproved stock purchase that would trigger activation of rights under the Rights Plan	4.99%
Redemption price of rights issued under Rights Plan | $ / shares	$ 0.001
Term of Rights Plan	3 years
AMT credit		404
Minimum
Operating loss carryforwards
Percentage of ownership increase by five-percent shareholders which could potentially trigger an ownership change	50.00%
Federal
Operating loss carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards		850,100
Net operating loss carryforwards with indefinite carryover period		292,500
California
Operating loss carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards		$ 624,800

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Segment Reporting - Balance Sheet Items (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 25,864	$ 29,555
Restricted cash	4,140	5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	13,052	308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Trust assets		1,642,730
Other assets	17,275	35,603
Total assets	60,331	2,022,771
Total liabilities	71,934	2,012,835
Corporate and other
Segment Reporting
Cash and cash equivalents	441	2,816
Other assets	15,610	25,409
Total assets	16,051	28,225
Total liabilities	32,888	52,380
Mortgage Lending | Operating segments
Segment Reporting
Cash and cash equivalents	24,923	26,239
Restricted cash	4,140	5,657
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	13,052	308,477
Mortgage servicing rights		749
Other assets	1,586	10,051
Total assets	43,701	351,173
Total liabilities	10,866	298,726
Real Estate Services | Operating segments
Segment Reporting
Cash and cash equivalents	500	500
Other assets	2	2
Total assets	502	502
Long-term Mortgage Portfolio | Operating segments
Segment Reporting
Trust assets		1,642,730
Other assets	77	141
Total assets	77	1,642,871
Total liabilities	$ 28,180	$ 1,661,729

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Segment Reporting - Statement of Operations (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Segment Reporting
Number of reportable segments | item	3
Gain on sale of loans, net	$ 6,317	$ 65,294
Servicing income, net	63	(432)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	194	34
Broker fee income	50
Real estate services fees, net	1,081	1,144
Other revenue	890	279
Other operating expense	(56,125)	(81,204)
Other income (expense)	8,136	11,078
Income (loss) before income taxes	(39,394)	(3,807)
Income tax expense	38	71
Net loss	(39,432)	(3,878)
Operating segments | Mortgage Lending
Segment Reporting
Gain on sale of loans, net	6,317	65,294
Servicing income, net	63	(432)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net	194	34
Broker fee income	50
Other revenue	9	24
Other operating expense	(34,025)	(62,605)
Other income (expense)	1,368	98
Income (loss) before income taxes	(26,024)	2,413
Operating segments | Real Estate Services
Segment Reporting
Real estate services fees, net	1,081	1,144
Other operating expense	(1,373)	(1,409)
Income (loss) before income taxes	(292)	(265)
Operating segments | Long-term Mortgage Portfolio
Segment Reporting
Other revenue	24	110
Other operating expense	(262)	(778)
Other income (expense)	8,511	12,840
Income (loss) before income taxes	8,273	12,172
Corporate and other
Segment Reporting
Other revenue	857	145
Other operating expense	(20,465)	(16,412)
Other income (expense)	(1,743)	(1,860)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$ (21,351)	$ (18,127)

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Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Proceedings (Details) $ in Millions					12 Months Ended
	Aug. 12, 2022	Apr. 01, 2020 item	Jul. 16, 2018 USD ($) director item	Dec. 07, 2011	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) item	Jul. 22, 2022 item	Dec. 31, 2013
Series B Preferred Stock
Repurchase reserve
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)				9.375%	9.375%	9.375%
Number of quarterly dividends payments granted under judgement for Preferred shareholders							3
Dividend amount required to be paid by company in three quarterly payments | $							$ 1.2
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Repurchase reserve
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)				9.125%	9.125%	9.125%
Curtis J. Timm | Series B and C Preferred Stock
Repurchase reserve
Number of directors elected by Preferred shareholders				2
Percentage of shareholder approval required									66.67%
Curtis J. Timm | Series B Preferred Stock
Repurchase reserve
Number of additional directors to be elected by Preferred shareholders | director			2
Number of days within which special election for election of directors to be held			60 days
Number of quarterly dividends payments granted under judgement for Preferred shareholders			3					3
Dividend amount required to be paid by company in three quarterly payments | $			$ 1.2
Percentage of shareholder approval required		66.67%	66.67%						66.67%
Number of co-plaintiffs appealing court ruling			1
Number of co-plaintiffs		2
Share redemption period after closing exchange offer	5 days

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Commitments and Contingencies - Operating and Finance Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Lease Assets and Liabilities
Operating lease ROU assets	$ 1,248	$ 10,209
Balance sheet classification - ROU assets	Other assets	Other assets
Operating lease liabilities	$ 51
Balance sheet classification - Operating lease liabilities	Other liabilities
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	9 months 18 days
Weighted average discount rate	3.60%

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Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies
Year 2023		$ 55
Total lease commitments		55
Less: imputed interest		(4)
Total lease liability		51
Cash paid for operating leases		5,200	$ 4,600
Total operating lease expense		5,100	$ 4,000
Impairment of ROU asset	$ 123	$ 123

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Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Commitments (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 16, 2022 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($) ft² $ / ft²	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Lease information
Occupancy cost					$ 5,297	$ 4,236
Sublease square footage | ft²				1,900
Impairment of ROU asset				$ 123	$ 123
Irvine, CA location
Lease information
Occupancy cost		$ 1,200	$ 970
Sublease square footage | ft²			120,000		120,000
Square footage of lease subject to ROU asset impairment. | ft²			1,900		1,900
Payment to terminate existing lease agreement	$ 3,000				$ 3,000
Impairment of ROU asset					$ 123
Subsequent Event | Newport Beach, CA location
Lease information
Sublease square footage | ft²		18,900
Average rent per square foot | $ / ft²		1.35
Estimated total occupancy costs under new lease		$ 800

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Commitments and Contingencies - Repurchase Reserve (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies
Beginning balance	$ 4,744	$ 7,054
Provision for repurchases	2,417	111
Settlements	(1,286)	(2,421)
Total repurchase reserve	5,875	4,744
Loans subject to representations and warranties	$ 979,000	$ 2,800,000

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Commitments and Contingencies - Corporate-owned Life Insurance Trusts (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts
Number of life insurance trusts held for former executive officers | item	3
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	$ 11,619		$ 10,800
Corporate-owned life insurance liability	13,601		$ 13,000
Corporate-owned life insurance short-fall	(1,982)
Accumulated Deficit
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts
Initial shortfall of corporate-owned life insurance trusts at consolidation of trusts		$ 1,300
Trust #1
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	5,314
Corporate-owned life insurance liability	6,280
Corporate-owned life insurance short-fall	(966)
Trust #2
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	4,125
Corporate-owned life insurance liability	4,923
Corporate-owned life insurance short-fall	(798)
Trust #3
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	2,180
Corporate-owned life insurance liability	2,398
Corporate-owned life insurance short-fall	$ (218)

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Commitments and Contingencies - Concentration of Risk (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Concentration of Risk
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans secured by properties | $	$ 13,052	$ 308,477
Mortgage loans | Geographic concentration | California
Concentration of Risk
Percentage of risk	57.00%
Mortgage loans | Investor concentration | Largest investors
Concentration of Risk
Percentage of risk	75.00%
Number of investors | item	5

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans - Incentive Plan and Weighted Average Assumptions Used (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022
2020 Incentive Plan
Equity and Share Based Payments
Number of shares available under the Plan		2,000,000
Shares available for grant as stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock awards		1,540,490
2010 Incentive Plan
Equity and Share Based Payments
Number of shares available under the Plan		722,006
Stock options
Weighted average assumptions used in estimating fair value of options granted
Risk-free interest rate (as a percent)	0.50%
Expected lives (in years)	4 years 6 months 14 days
Expected volatility (as a percent)	77.55%
Expected dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%
Fair value per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.96

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans - Stock Options (Details) - Stock options - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Shares
Options outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	570,228	524,357
Options granted (in shares)	0	85,154
Options forfeited / cancelled (in shares)	(38,750)	(39,283)
Options outstanding at end of year (in shares)	531,478	570,228
Options exercisable at end of year (in shares)	496,790	406,361
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 7.89	$ 8.58
Options granted (in dollars per share)		3.29
Options forfeited / cancelled (in dollars per share)	8.33	7.15
Options outstanding at end of year (in dollars per share)	7.86	7.89
Options exercisable at end of year (in dollars per share)	$ 8.18	$ 9.65
Weighted-Average Remaining Life
Weighted-Average Remaining Life, Options outstanding at end of year	5 years	6 years 9 months 7 days
Weighted-Average Remaining Life, Options exercisable at end of year	4 years 9 months 10 days	5 years 11 months 15 days
Additional disclosure related to options
Market price of common stock	$ 0.17	$ 1.11
Unrecognized compensation cost	$ 43
Weighted-average period over which compensation cost is expected to be recognized	1 year 1 month 6 days
Aggregate grant-date fair value of stock options granted	$ 0	$ 167
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 678	$ 884

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans - Options Exercise Price Range (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
$3.22 - 3.74
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 3.22
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 3.74
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	126,538
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	6 years 2 months 23 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.47
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	91,850
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.53
$3.75 - 5.38
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	3.75
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 5.38
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	200,000
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	6 years 1 month 28 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.75
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	200,000
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.75
$5.39 - 9.85
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	5.39
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 9.85
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	27,582
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	3 years 3 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 7.01
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	27,582
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 7.01
$9.86 - 17.39
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	9.86
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 17.39
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	79,608
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	3 years 2 months 26 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 11.84
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	79,608
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 11.84
$17.40 - 20.49
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	17.40
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 20.49
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	48,750
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	3 years 6 months 18 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.40
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	48,750
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.40
$20.50 - $20.50
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	20.50
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 20.50
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	49,000
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	2 years 6 months 21 days
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 20.50
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	49,000
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 20.50
$3.22 to $20.50
Additional information regarding stock options outstanding
Exercise price range, lower limit (in dollars per share)	3.22
Exercise price range, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 20.50
Stock Options Outstanding, Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	531,478
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	5 years
Stock Options Outstanding, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 7.86
Options Exercisable, Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	496,790
Options Exercisable, Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 8.18

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans - Stock Units And Awards (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Restricted stock units (RSU's)
Number of Shares
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	397,829
Issued (converted) (in shares)	(155,080)
Forfeited / cancelled (in shares)	(21,365)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	221,384
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.11
Issued (converted) (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	4.31
Forfeited / cancelled (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.83
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 4.00
Additional information
Unrecognized compensation cost | $	$ 321,000
Weighted-average period over which compensation cost is expected to be recognized	1 year
Deferred stock units
Number of Shares
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	54,500
Granted (in shares)	0
Issued (converted) (in shares)	(15,000)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	39,500
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 6.61
Issued (converted) (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.75
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 7.70
Additional information
Unrecognized compensation cost | $	$ 0
Deferred stock units | Minimum
stock units
Vesting period	1 year
Deferred stock units | Maximum
stock units
Vesting period	3 years

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Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans - 401(k) Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share Based Payments and Employee Benefit Plans
Maximum employee contribution (as a percent)	25.00%
Percentage of eligible compensation matched by employer	50.00%
Percentage of employer match of eligible employee compensation	6.00%
Basic matching contributions recorded	$ 402	$ 1,000
Employer discretionary contributions	$ 0	$ 0

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Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($) ft² $ / ft²	Mar. 31, 2022 ft²
Subsequent Events
Sublease square footage		1,900
Subsequent Event | Newport Beach, CA location
Subsequent Events
Sublease square footage	18,900
Average rent per square foot | $ / ft²	1.35
Estimated total occupancy costs under new lease | $	$ 800