UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

⌧ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

or

◻ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from               to               

Commission File Number: 1-14100

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	33-0675505
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

19500 Jamboree Road, Irvine, California 92612

(Address of principal executive offices)

(949) 475-3600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	IMH	NYSE American
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights	IMH	NYSE American

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ◻	Accelerated filer ◻
Non-accelerated filer ⌧	Smaller reporting company ⌧
Emerging growth company ◻

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2)  Yes ◻ No ⌧

There were 21,332,684 shares of common stock outstanding as of May 3, 2021.

1

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q QUARTERLY REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2021 (unaudited) and December 31, 2020	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (unaudited)	6
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	7
ITEM 2.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	28
	Forward-Looking Statements	28
	The Mortgage Industry and Discussion of Relevant Fiscal Periods	28
	Selected Financial Results	29
	Status of Operations	29
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	33
	Critical Accounting Policies	34
	Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35
ITEM 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	49
ITEM 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	49
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	49
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	49
ITEM 2.	UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS	49
ITEM 3.	DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES	49
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	50
ITEM 5.	OTHER INFORMATION	50
ITEM 6.	EXHIBITS	50
	SIGNATURES	50
	CERTIFICATIONS

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	53,053	$	54,150
Restricted cash		5,787		5,602
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		209,893		164,422
Mortgage servicing rights		498		339
Securitized mortgage trust assets		2,044,308		2,103,269
Other assets		46,984		41,524
Total assets	$	2,360,523	$	2,369,306
LIABILITIES
Warehouse borrowings	$	204,498	$	151,932
Convertible notes, net		20,000		20,000
Long-term debt		45,361		44,413
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities		2,028,210		2,086,557
Other liabilities		48,934		50,753
Total liabilities		2,347,003		2,353,655
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 11)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Series A-1 junior participating preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 2,500,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding		—		—
Series B 9.375% redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value; liquidation value $34,580; 2,000,000 shares authorized, 665,592 noncumulative shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (See Note 12)		7		7
Series C 9.125% redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value; liquidation value $35,127; 5,500,000 shares authorized; 1,405,086 noncumulative shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (See Note 12)		14		14
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 21,332,684 and 21,238,191 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		213		212
Additional paid-in capital		1,237,320		1,237,102
Accumulated other comprehensive earnings, net of tax		23,099		24,766
Total accumulated deficit:
Cumulative dividends declared		(822,520)		(822,520)
Accumulated deficit		(424,613)		(423,930)
Total accumulated deficit		(1,247,133)		(1,246,450)
Total stockholders’ equity		13,520		15,651
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,360,523	$	2,369,306

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements

3

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Revenues
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	(28,162)
Servicing (expense) fees, net		(119)		2,507
Real estate services fees, net		210		393
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net		38		(18,310)
Other		324		63
Total revenues, net		20,584		(43,509)
Expenses
Personnel		14,924		20,664
General, administrative and other		5,181		6,975
Business promotion		1,193		3,128
Total expenses		21,298		30,767
Operating loss		(714)		(74,276)
Other income
Interest income		16,525		36,095
Interest expense		(15,865)		(33,167)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		1,025		9,036
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		(1,673)		(2,383)
Total other income, net		12		9,581
Loss before income taxes		(702)		(64,695)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(19)		36
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(64,731)
Other comprehensive loss
Change in fair value of instrument specific credit risk of long-term debt		(1,667)		(3,073)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(2,350)	$	(67,804)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)
Diluted	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financialstatements

4

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Preferred			Common			Additional		Cumulative				Accumulated Other		Total
	Shares	Preferred		Shares	Common		Paid-In		Dividends		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Outstanding	Stock		Outstanding	Stock		Capital		Declared		Deficit		Earnings, net of tax		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2020	2,070,678	$	21	21,238,191	$	212	$	1,237,102	$	(822,520)	$	(423,930)	$	24,766	$	15,651
Stock based compensation	—		—	—		—		218		—		—		—		218
Issuance of restricted stock units	—		—	94,493		1		—		—		—		—		1
Other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(1,667)		(1,667)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(683)		—		(683)
Balance, March 31, 2021	2,070,678	$	21	21,332,684	$	213	$	1,237,320	$	(822,520)	$	(424,613)	$	23,099	$	13,520

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Preferred			Common			Additional		Cumulative				Accumulated Other		Total
	Shares	Preferred		Shares	Common		Paid-In		Dividends		Accumulated		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Outstanding	Stock		Outstanding	Stock		Capital		Declared		Deficit		Earnings, net of tax		Equity
Balance, December 31, 2019	2,070,678	$	21	21,255,426	$	212	$	1,236,237	$	(822,520)	$	(334,499)	$	24,786	$	104,237
Proceeds and tax benefit from exercise of stock options	—		—	9,500		1		46		—		—		—		47
Stock based compensation	—		—	—		—		238		—		—		—		238
Other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		(3,073)		(3,073)
Consolidation of corporate-owned life insurance trusts	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,281)		—		(1,281)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(64,731)		—		(64,731)
Balance, March 31, 2020	2,070,678	$	21	21,264,926	$	213	$	1,236,521	$	(822,520)	$	(400,511)	$	21,713	$	35,437

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements

5

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(64,731)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		—		(521)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		(38)		18,831
Gain on sale of mortgage loans		(20,412)		(29,003)
Change in fair value of mortgage loans held-for-sale		868		45,493
Change in fair value of derivatives lending, net		215		6,277
Change in provision for repurchases		(802)		5,395
Origination of mortgage loans held-for-sale		(849,898)		(1,516,315)
Sale and principal reduction on mortgage loans held-for-sale		823,850		1,782,674
Gain from trust REO		(1,871)		(1,713)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding trust REO		3,544		4,096
Change in fair value of long-term debt		(1,025)		(9,036)
Accretion of interest income and expense		14,173		14,894
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount on note payable		—		3
Stock-based compensation		218		238
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment		102		—
Net change in other assets		(7,509)		796
Net change in other liabilities		854		143
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		(38,414)		257,521
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net change in securitized mortgage collateral		136,953		121,173
Investment in corporate-owned life insurance		(270)		—
Purchase of premises and equipment		—		(385)
Proceeds on disposal of premises and equipment		20		—
Proceeds from the sale of trust REO		1,529		7,775
Net cash provided by investing activities		138,232		128,563
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Borrowings under MSR financing		—		15,000
Repayment of warehouse borrowings		(783,142)		(1,651,513)
Borrowings under warehouse agreements		835,708		1,451,036
Repayment of securitized mortgage borrowings		(153,408)		(145,644)
Net change in liabilities related to corporate owned life insurance		111		—
Issuance of restricted stock		1		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—		47
Net cash used in financing activities		(100,730)		(331,074)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(912)		55,010
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		59,752		37,132
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	58,840	$	92,142
NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS
Transfer of securitized mortgage collateral to trust REO	$	2,327	$	3,891
Mortgage servicing rights retained from issuance of mortgage backed securities and loan sales		121		1,689
Recognition of corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value (included in Other assets)		—		9,476
Recognition of corporate-owned life insurance trusts (included in Other liabilities)		—		10,757

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements

6

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data or as otherwise indicated)

Note 1.—Summary of Business and Financial Statement Presentation

Business Summary

Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company or IMH) is a financial services company incorporated in Maryland with the following direct and indirect wholly-owned operating subsidiaries: Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (IRES), Impac Mortgage Corp. (IMC), IMH Assets Corp. (IMH Assets), Impac Funding Corporation (IFC) and Copperfield Capital Corporation (CCC).  The Company’s operations include the mortgage lending operations and real estate services conducted by IRES, IMC and CCC and the long-term mortgage portfolio (residual interests in securitizations reflected as securitized mortgage trust assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets) conducted by IMH.  IMC’s mortgage lending operations include the activities of its division, CashCall Mortgage.

Financial Statement Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of IMH and its subsidiaries (as defined above) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021. These interim period condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain amounts in the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Management has made a number of material estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP.  Additionally, other items affected by such estimates and assumptions include the valuation of trust assets and trust liabilities, contingencies, the estimated obligation of repurchase reserves related to sold loans, the valuation of long-term debt, mortgage servicing rights (MSR), mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS) and derivative instruments, including interest rate lock commitments (IRLC). Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Risks and Uncertainties

The U.S. economy partially rebounded during the second half of 2020 and first quarter of 2021 after deteriorating rapidly into recession earlier in the year driven by the COVID‐19 pandemic which resulted in disruption to business and economic activity as well as to the capital markets. COVID‐19’s effects in the U.S. and globally have been extreme, and the duration of the pandemic and its ultimate repercussions continue to remain unclear. Unprecedented government economic intervention has likely dampened the pandemic’s effects, but at uncertain long-term cost, and additional government support beyond what was enacted in 2020 is currently being considered. The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on economic conditions both in the United States and abroad during 2020 has created global uncertainty about the future economic environment including the length and depth of a global recession. The uneven effects on businesses, sectors and regions will continue to endure as a challenge well beyond 2021. Concerns over interest rate levels, energy prices, domestic and global policy issues, including civil unrest in the U.S., trade policy in the U.S. and geopolitical events as well as the implications of those events on the markets in general further add to this global uncertainty. It is possible that estimates made in the consolidated financial statements might be impacted in the near term as a result of these conditions.

7

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

There have been no developments to recently issued accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and footnote disclosures, from those disclosed in the 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, except for the following:

In March 2020 and January 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU would have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 2.—Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale

A summary of the unpaid principal balance (UPB) of mortgage LHFS by type is presented below:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Government (1)	$	6,300	$	7,924
Conventional (2)		167,273		141,139
Jumbo & Non-qualified mortgages (NonQM)		32,893		11,064
Fair value adjustment (3)		3,427		4,295
Total mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	209,893	$	164,422

(1) Includes all government-insured loans including Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

(2) Includes loans eligible for sale to Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae or FNMA) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac or FHLMC).

(3) Changes in fair value are included in gain (loss) on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had $1.8 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in UPB of mortgage LHFS that were in nonaccrual status as the loans were 90 days or more delinquent.  The carrying value of these nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively.  

Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, is comprised of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	$	21,263	$	47,491
Premium from servicing retained loan sales		121		1,689
Unrealized loss from derivative financial instruments		(215)		(6,277)
Gains (losses) from derivative financial instruments		3,229		(10,922)
Mark to market loss on LHFS		(868)		(45,493)
Direct origination expenses, net		(4,201)		(9,255)
Change in provision for repurchases		802		(5,395)
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	(28,162)

8

Note 3.—Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company selectively retains MSRs from its sales and securitization of certain mortgage loans or as a result of purchase transactions. MSRs are reported at fair value based on the expected income derived from the net projected cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. The Company receives servicing fees, less subservicing costs, on the UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. The servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by the mortgagors, or if delinquent, when the underlying real estate is foreclosed upon and liquidated. The Company may receive other remuneration from rights to various mortgagor-contracted fees, such as late charges, collateral reconveyance charges and nonsufficient fund fees, and the Company is generally entitled to retain the interest earned on funds held pending remittance (or float) related to its collection of mortgagor principal, interest, tax and insurance payments.

The following table summarizes the activity of MSRs for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and year ended December 31, 2020:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	339	$	41,470
Additions from servicing retained loan sales		121		2,094
Reductions from bulk sales		—		(21,263)
Changes in fair value (1)		38		(21,962)
Fair value of MSRs at end of period	$	498	$	339

(1) Changes in fair value are included within gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the UPB of the mortgage servicing portfolio was comprised of the following:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Government insured	$	40,650	$	30,524
Conventional		—		—
Total loans serviced	$	40,650	$	30,524

The table below illustrates hypothetical changes in fair values of MSRs caused by assumed immediate changes to key assumptions that are used to determine fair value. See Note 7.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments for a description of the key assumptions used to determine the fair value of MSRs.

	March 31,		December 31,
Mortgage Servicing Rights Sensitivity Analysis	2021		2020
Fair value of MSRs	$	498	$	339
Prepayment Speed:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		(16)		(13)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		(32)		(26)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		(47)		(38)
Discount Rate:
Decrease in fair value from 10% adverse change		(21)		(13)
Decrease in fair value from 20% adverse change		(40)		(25)
Decrease in fair value from 30% adverse change		(58)		(37)

Sensitivities are hypothetical changes in fair value and cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of changes in assumptions to changes in fair value may not be linear.  Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption is calculated without changing any other assumption, whereas a change in one factor may result in changes to another.  

9

Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of these estimates.  As a result, actual future changes in MSR values may differ significantly from those displayed above.

Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net is comprised of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights	$	38	$	(18,831)
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights		—		521
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	38	$	(18,310)

Servicing (expense) fees, net is comprised of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Contractual servicing fees	$	32	$	3,049
Late and ancillary fees		—		39
Subservicing and other costs		(151)		(581)
Servicing (expense) fees, net	$	(119)	$	2,507

Loans Eligible for Repurchase from Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA or Ginnie Mae)

The Company sells loans in Ginnie Mae guaranteed MBS by pooling eligible loans through a pool custodian and assigning rights to the loans to Ginnie Mae. When these Ginnie Mae loans are initially pooled and securitized, the Company meets the criteria for sale treatment and de-recognizes the loans. The terms of the Ginnie Mae MBS program allow, but do not require, the Company to repurchase mortgage loans when the borrower has made no payments for three consecutive months. When the Company has the unconditional right, as servicer, to repurchase Ginnie Mae pool loans it has previously sold and are more than 90 days past due, and the repurchase will provide a “more than trivial benefit”, the Company then re-recognizes the loans on its consolidated balance sheets in other assets, at their UPB and records a corresponding liability in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.  At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, loans eligible for repurchase from GNMA totaled $114 thousand in UPB.  As part of the Company’s repurchase reserve, the Company records a repurchase provision to provide for estimated losses from the sale or securitization of all mortgage loans, including these loans.

Note 4.—Leases

The Company has three operating leases for office space expiring at various dates through 2024 and one financing lease which concludes in 2023.  During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, cash paid for operating leases was $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, while total operating lease expense was $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively.  Operating lease expense includes short-term leases and sublease income, both of which are immaterial.  During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized right of use (ROU) asset impairment of $393 thousand related to the consolidation of one floor of our corporate office, reducing the carrying value of the lease asset to its estimated fair value.  The impairment charge is included in general, administrative and other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  

The following table presents the operating lease balances within the consolidated balance sheets, weighted average remaining lease term, and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s operating leases as of March 31, 2021:

10

		March 31,
Lease Assets and Liabilities	Classification	2021
Assets
Operating lease ROU assets	Other assets	$ 12,680
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$ 15,484
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		3.5
Weighted average discount rate		4.8	%

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2021:

Year remaining 2021	$	3,479
Year 2022		4,767
Year 2023		4,905
Year 2024		3,729
Total lease commitments	$	16,880
Less: imputed interest		(1,396)
Total lease liability	$	15,484

Note 5.—Debt

Warehouse Borrowings

The Company, through its subsidiaries, enters into Master Repurchase Agreements with lenders providing warehouse facilities. The warehouse facilities are used to fund, and are secured by, residential mortgage loans that are held for sale. The warehouse and revolving lines of credit are repaid using proceeds from the sale of loans. The base interest rates on the Company’s warehouse lines bear interest at 1-month LIBOR plus a margin or Note rate minus a margin. Some of the lines carry additional fees in the form of annual facility fees charged on the total line amount, commitment fees charged on the committed portion of the line and non-usage fees charged when monthly usage falls below a certain utilization percentage.  The Company’s warehouse lines are scheduled to expire in 2021 under one year terms and all lines are subject to renewal based on an annual credit review conducted by the lender.

The base interest rates for all warehouse lines of credit are subject to increase based upon the characteristics of the underlying loans collateralizing the lines of credit, including, but not limited to product type and number of days held for sale. Certain of the warehouse line lenders require the Company, at all times, to maintain cash accounts with minimum required balances.

Under the terms of these warehouse lines, the Company is required to maintain various financial and other covenants. At March 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants from its lenders. The following table presents certain information on warehouse borrowings for the periods indicated:

	Maximum		Balance Outstanding at
	Borrowing		March 31,		December 31,
	Capacity		2021		2020		Maturity Date
Short-term borrowings:
Repurchase agreement 1	$	50,000	$	33,490	$	49,963	November 24, 2021
Repurchase agreement 2		200,000		108,604		51,310	August 27, 2021
Repurchase agreement 3		300,000		62,404		50,659	June 22, 2021
Total warehouse borrowings	$	550,000	$	204,498	$	151,932

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Convertible Notes

In May 2015, the Company issued $25.0 million Convertible Promissory Notes (Notes) to purchasers, some of which are related parties. The Notes were originally due to mature on or before May 9, 2020 and accrued interest at a rate of 7.5% per annum, to be paid quarterly.

Noteholders may convert all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock (Conversion Shares) at a rate of $21.50 per share, subject to adjustment for stock splits and dividends (Conversion Price). The Company has the right to convert the entire outstanding principal of the Notes into Conversion Shares at the Conversion Price if the market price per share of the common stock, as measured by the average volume-weighted closing stock price per share of the common stock on the NYSE AMERICAN (or any other U.S. national securities exchange then serving as the principal such exchange on which the shares of common stock are listed), reaches the level of $30.10 for any twenty (20) trading days in any period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days after the Closing Date (as defined in the Notes). Upon conversion of the Notes by the Company, the entire amount of accrued and unpaid interest (and all other amounts owing) under the Notes are immediately due and payable. To the extent the Company pays any cash dividends on its shares of common stock prior to conversion of the Notes, upon conversion of the Notes, the noteholders will also receive such dividends on an as-converted basis of the Notes less the amount of interest paid by the Company prior to such dividend.  

On April 15, 2020, the Company and the noteholders agreed to extend the outstanding Notes in the principal amount of $25.0 million originally issued in May 2015, at the conclusion of the original note term (First Amendment). The new Notes were issued with a six month term (November 9, 2020) and reduced the interest rate on such Notes to 7.0% per annum.  In connection with the issuance of the First Amendment, the Company issued to the noteholders of the Notes, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 212,649 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cash exercise price of $2.97 per share. The relative fair value of the warrants was $242 thousand and recorded as debt discounts, which was accreted over the term of the warrants (October 2020), using an effective interest rate of 8.9%.  The warrants are exercisable commencing on October 16, 2020 and expire on April 15, 2025. The First Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

On October 28, 2020, the Company and certain holders of its Notes due November 9, 2020 in the aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million agreed to extend the maturity date of the Notes upon conclusion of the term on November 9, 2020.  The new notes have an 18-month term due May 9, 2022 and the Company decreased the aggregate principal amount of the Notes to $20.0 million, following the pay-down of $5.0 million in principal of the Notes on November 9, 2020 (Second Amendment).  The interest rate on the Notes remains at 7.0% per annum. The Second Amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment.

Long-term Debt

The Company carries its Junior Subordinated Notes at estimated fair value as more fully described in Note 7.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The following table shows the remaining principal balance and fair value of Junior Subordinated Notes issued as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Junior Subordinated Notes (1)	$	62,000	$	62,000
Fair value adjustment		(16,639)		(17,587)
Total Junior Subordinated Notes	$	45,361	$	44,413

(1) Stated maturity of March 2034; requires quarterly interest payments at a variable rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 3.75% per annum.

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Note 6.—Securitized Mortgage Trusts

Securitized Mortgage Trust Assets

Securitized mortgage trust assets, which are recorded at their estimated fair value, are comprised of the following at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Securitized mortgage collateral, at fair value	$	2,038,545	$	2,100,175
REO, at net realizable value (NRV)		5,763		3,094
Total securitized mortgage trust assets	$	2,044,308	$	2,103,269

Securitized Mortgage Trust Liabilities

Securitized mortgage trust liabilities, which are recorded at their estimated fair value, are comprised of the following at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	2,028,210	$	2,086,557

Changes in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains, are comprised of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	(3,544)	$	(4,096)
Gains from REO		1,871		1,713
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	(1,673)	$	(2,383)

Note 7.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The use of fair value to measure the Company’s financial instruments is fundamental to its consolidated financial statements and is a critical accounting estimate because a substantial portion of its assets and liabilities are recorded at estimated fair value.

The following table presents the estimated fair value of financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements as of the dates indicated:

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	March 31, 2021								December 31, 2020
	Carrying		Estimated Fair Value						Carrying		Estimated Fair Value
	Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	53,053	$	53,053	$	—	$	—	$	54,150	$	54,150	$	—	$	—
Restricted cash		5,787		5,787		—		—		5,602		5,602		—		—
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		209,893		—		209,893		—		164,422		—		164,422		—
Mortgage servicing rights		498		—		—		498		339		—		—		339
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		6,918		—		1,840		5,078		7,275		—		—		7,275
Securitized mortgage collateral		2,038,545		—		—		2,038,545		2,100,175		—		—		2,100,175
Liabilities
Warehouse borrowings	$	204,498	$	—	$	204,498	$	—	$	151,932	$	—	$	151,932	$	—
Convertible notes		20,000		—		—		20,000		20,000		—		—		20,000
Long-term debt		45,361		—		—		45,361		44,413		—		—		44,413
Securitized mortgage borrowings		2,028,210		—		—		2,028,210		2,086,557		—		—		2,086,557
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		143		—		143		—

(1) Represents IRLCs and Hedging Instruments and are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Represents Hedging Instruments and are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The fair value amounts above have been estimated by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value in both inactive and orderly markets. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

For securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings, the underlying bonds are collateralized by Alt-A (non-conforming) residential and commercial loans and have limited or no market activity. The Company’s methodology to estimate fair value of these assets and liabilities include the use of internal pricing techniques such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable market participant assumptions, where available) discounted at a rate of return based on the Company’s estimates of market participant requirements. The significant assumptions utilized in these internal pricing techniques, which are based on the characteristics of the underlying collateral, include estimated credit losses, estimated prepayment speeds and appropriate discount rates.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The application of fair value measurements may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability or whether management has elected to carry the item at its estimated fair value.

FASB ASC 820-10-35 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

●Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical instruments or liabilities that an entity has the ability to assess at measurement date.

●Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for an asset or liability, including interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and market-corroborated inputs.

●Level 3—Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers is unobservable.

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This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when estimating fair value.

As a result of the lack of observable market data resulting from inactive markets, the Company has classified its MSRs, securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings, derivative assets and liabilities (IRLCs), Notes and long-term debt as Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were approximately 88% and 90% and 90% and 93%, respectively, of total assets and total liabilities measured at estimated fair value at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company assesses its financial instruments on a quarterly basis to determine the appropriate classification within the fair value hierarchy, as defined by ASC Topic 810. Transfers between fair value classifications occur when there are changes in pricing observability levels. Transfers of financial instruments among the levels occur at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no material transfers into Level 3 classified instruments during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, including financial instruments for which the Company has elected the fair value option at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, based on the fair value hierarchy:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	March 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Mortgage loans held-for-sale	$	—	$	209,893	$	—	$	—	$	164,422	$	—
Derivative assets, lending, net (1)		—		1,840		5,078		—		—		7,275
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		498		—		—		339
Securitized mortgage collateral		—		—		2,038,545		—		—		2,100,175
Total assets at fair value	$	—	$	211,733	$	2,044,121	$	—	$	164,422	$	2,107,789
Liabilities
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	2,028,210	$	—	$	—	$	2,086,557
Long-term debt		—		—		45,361		—		—		44,413
Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2)		—		—		—		—		143		—
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	2,073,571	$	—	$	143	$	2,130,970

(1) At March 31, 2021, derivative assets, lending, net included $5.1 million in IRLCs and $1.8 million in Hedging Instruments and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2020, derivative assets, lending, net included $7.3 million in IRLCs and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(2) At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, derivative liabilities, lending, net are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

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The following tables present reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2020	$	2,100,175	$	(2,086,557)	$	339	$	7,275	$	(44,413)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		(4,757)		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(9,110)		—		—		(306)
Change in fair value		82,407		(85,951)		38		(2,197)		1,025
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		(1,667)	(2)
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		77,650		(95,061)		38		(2,197)		(948)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		121		—		—
Settlements		(139,280)		153,408		—		—		—
Fair value, March 31, 2021	$	2,038,545	$	(2,028,210)	$	498	$	5,078	$	(45,361)
Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3)	$	(189,589)	$	2,405,613	$	498	$	5,078	$	16,639

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at March 31, 2021.

	Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
							Interest
	Securitized		Securitized		Mortgage		rate lock		Long-
	mortgage		mortgage		servicing		commitments,		term
	collateral		borrowings		rights		net		debt
Fair value, December 31, 2019	$	2,628,064	$	(2,619,210)	$	41,470	$	7,791	$	(45,434)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings:
Interest income (1)		(4,807)		—		—		—		—
Interest expense (1)		—		(9,926)		—		—		(161)
Change in fair value		(249,380)		245,284		(18,831)		(6,928)		9,036
Change in instrument specific credit risk		—		—		—		—		(3,073)	(2)
Total (losses) gains included in earnings		(254,187)		235,358		(18,831)		(6,928)		5,802
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements:
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		1,689		—		—
Settlements		(125,064)		145,644		—		—		—
Fair value, March 31, 2020	$	2,248,813	$	(2,238,208)	$	24,328	$	863	$	(39,632)
Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3)	$	(468,323)	$	2,721,973	$	24,328	$	863	$	22,368

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(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings.

(2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

(3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at March 31, 2020.

The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2021:

	Estimated		Valuation	Unobservable	Range of		Weighted
Financial Instrument	Fair Value		Technique	Input	Inputs		Average
Assets and liabilities backed by real estate
Securitized mortgage collateral, and	$	2,038,545	Discounted Cash Flow	Prepayment rates	2.0 - 25.6	%	10.2	%
Securitized mortgage borrowings		(2,028,210)		Default rates	0.07 - 24.1	%	3.3	%
				Loss severities	0.01 - 96.1	%	62.2	%
				Discount rates	1.1 - 25.0	%	2.5	%
Other assets and liabilities
Mortgage servicing rights	$	498	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount rates	12.5 - 15.0	%	12.8	%
				Prepayment rates	8.1 - 20.2	%	10.3	%
Derivative assets - IRLCs, net		5,078	Market pricing	Pull-through rates	50.0 - 98.0	%	79.7	%
Long-term debt		(45,361)	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount rates	9.0	%	9.0	%

For assets and liabilities backed by real estate, a significant increase in discount rates, default rates or loss severities would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value.  The effect of changes in prepayment speeds would have differing effects depending on the seniority or other characteristics of the instrument.  For other assets and liabilities, a significant increase in discount rates would result in a significantly lower estimated fair value.  A significant increase or decrease in pull-through rate assumptions would result in a significant increase or decrease, respectively, in the fair value of IRLCs.  The Company believes that the imprecision of an estimate could be significant.

The following tables present the changes in recurring fair value measurements included in net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	(4,757)	$	—	$	82,407		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	77,650
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(9,110)		(85,951)			—		—		—		(95,061)
Long-term debt		—		(306)		—			1,025		—		—		719
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		38		—		38
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		(868)		(868)
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(2,197)		(2,197)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		1,982		1,982
Total	$	(4,757)	$	(9,416)	$	(3,544)	(3)	$	1,025	$	38	$	(1,083)	$	(17,737)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2021, change in the fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was $3.5 million.

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	Recurring Fair Value Measurements
	Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
					Change in Fair Value of
	Interest		Interest		Net Trust			Long-term		Other Income		Gain on Sale
	Income (1)		Expense (1)		Assets			Debt		and Expense		of Loans, net		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	(4,807)	$	—	$	(249,380)		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(254,187)
Securitized mortgage borrowings		—		(9,926)		245,284			—		—		—		235,358
Long-term debt		—		(161)		—			9,036		—		—		8,875
Mortgage servicing rights (2)		—		—		—			—		(18,831)		—		(18,831)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		—		—		—			—		—		(45,493)		(45,493)
Derivative assets — IRLCs		—		—		—			—		—		(6,928)		(6,928)
Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments		—		—		—			—		—		651		651
Total	$	(4,807)	$	(10,087)	$	(4,096)	(3)	$	9,036	$	(18,831)	$	(51,770)	$	(80,555)

(1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities.

(2) Included in Gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2020, change in the fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was $4.1 million.

 The following is a description of the measurement techniques for items recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis.

Mortgage servicing rights—The Company elected to carry its MSRs arising from its mortgage loan origination operations at estimated fair value. The fair value of MSRs is based upon a discounted cash flow model. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating the fair value of servicing. These assumptions include estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, cost to service, escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, prepayment and late fees, among other considerations. MSRs are considered a Level 3 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Mortgage loans held-for-sale—The Company elected to carry its mortgage LHFS originated or acquired at estimated fair value. Fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available, prices for other traded mortgage loans with similar characteristics, and purchase commitments and bid information received from market participants. Given the meaningful level of secondary market activity for mortgage loans, active pricing is available for similar assets and accordingly, the Company classifies its mortgage LHFS as a Level 2 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Securitized mortgage collateral—The Company elected to carry its securitized mortgage collateral at fair value. These assets consist primarily of non-conforming mortgage loans securitized between 2002 and 2007. Fair value measurements are based on the Company’s internal models used to compute the net present value of future expected cash flows with observable market participant assumptions, where available. The Company’s assumptions include its expectations of inputs that other market participants would use in pricing these assets. These assumptions include judgments about the underlying collateral, prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As of March 31, 2021, securitized mortgage collateral had UPB of $2.2 billion, compared to an estimated fair value on the Company’s balance sheet of $2.0 billion. The aggregate UPB exceeded the fair value by $0.2 billion at March 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2021, the UPB of loans 90 days or more past due was $0.4 billion compared to an estimated fair value of $0.1 billion. The aggregate UPB of loans 90 days or more past due exceeded the fair value by $0.3 billion at March 31, 2021. Securitized mortgage collateral is considered a Level 3 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Securitized mortgage borrowings—The Company elected to carry its securitized mortgage borrowings at fair value. These borrowings consist of individual tranches of bonds issued by securitization trusts and are primarily backed by non-conforming mortgage loans. Fair value measurements include the Company’s judgments about the underlying collateral and assumptions such as prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. As of March 31, 2021, securitized mortgage borrowings had an outstanding principal balance of $2.2 billion, net of $2.2 billion in bond losses, compared to an estimated fair value of $2.0 billion.

18

The aggregate outstanding principal balance exceeded the fair value by $0.2 billion at March 31, 2021. Securitized mortgage borrowings are considered a Level 3 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Long-term debt—The Company elected to carry its remaining long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) at fair value. These securities are measured based upon an analysis prepared by management, which considered the Company’s own credit risk, including previous settlements with trust preferred debt holders and discounted cash flow analysis. As of March 31, 2021, long-term debt had UPB of $62.0 million compared to an estimated fair value of $45.4 million. The aggregate UPB exceeded the fair value by $16.6 million at March 31, 2021. The long-term debt is considered a Level 3 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Derivative assets and liabilities, lending—The Company’s derivative assets and liabilities are carried at fair value as required by GAAP and are accounted for as free standing derivatives. The derivatives include IRLCs with prospective residential mortgage borrowers whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding and the borrowers have locked in that interest rate. These commitments are determined to be derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. The derivatives also include hedging instruments (typically TBA MBS and forward loan commitments) used to hedge the fair value changes associated with changes in interest rates relating to its mortgage lending originations. The Company hedges the period from the interest rate lock (assuming a fall-out factor) to the date of the loan sale. The estimated fair value of IRLCs are based on underlying loan types with similar characteristics using the TBA MBS market, which is actively quoted and validated through external sources. The data inputs used in this valuation include, but are not limited to, loan type, underlying loan amount, note rate, loan program and expected sale date of the loan, adjusted for current market conditions. These valuations are adjusted at the loan level to consider the servicing release premium and loan pricing adjustments specific to each loan. For all IRLCs, the base value is then adjusted for the anticipated Pull-through Rate. The anticipated Pull-through Rate is an unobservable input based on historical experience, which results in classification of IRLCs as a Level 3 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The fair value of the Hedging Instruments is based on the actively quoted TBA MBS market using observable inputs related to characteristics of the underlying MBS stratified by product, coupon and settlement date. Therefore, the Hedging Instruments are classified as a Level 2 measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The following table includes information for the derivative assets and liabilities related to lending for the periods presented:

					Total Gains (Losses)
	Notional Amount				For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Derivative – IRLC's (1)	$	449,035	$	450,913	$	(2,197)	$	(6,928)
Derivative – TBA MBS (2)		123,300		45,000		5,211		(10,271)
Derivative – Forward delivery loan commitment (3)		—		20,000		—		—

(1) Amounts included in gain (loss) on sale of loans, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(2) Amounts included in gain (loss) on sale of loans, net and loss on mortgage servicing rights, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(3) As of December 31, 2020, $20.0 million of forward loan commitments remained unallocated and recorded at fair value in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company is required to measure certain assets and liabilities at estimated fair value from time to time. These fair value measurements typically result from the application of specific accounting pronouncements under GAAP. The fair value measurements are considered nonrecurring fair value measurements under FASB ASC 820-10.

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The following tables present financial and non-financial assets measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

	Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements						Total Gains (1)
	March 31, 2021						For the Three Months Ended
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		March 31, 2021
REO (2)	$	—	$	5,842	$	—	$	1,871

(1) Total gains reflect gains from all nonrecurring measurements during the period.

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded $1.9 million in gains, which represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV.  

	Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements						Total Gains (losses) (1)
	March 31, 2020						For the Three Months Ended
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		March 31, 2020
REO (2)	$	—	$	4,662	$	—	$	1,713
ROU asset impairment		—		—		15,803		(393)

(1) Total gains (losses) reflect gains (losses) from all nonrecurring measurements during the period.

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company recorded $1.7 million in gains, which represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV.  

Real estate owned—REO consists of residential real estate (within securitized mortgage trust assets) acquired in satisfaction of loans. Upon foreclosure, REO is adjusted to the estimated fair value of the residential real estate less estimated selling and holding costs, offset by expected contractual mortgage insurance proceeds to be received, if any. Subsequently, REO is recorded at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell. REO balance representing REOs which have been impaired subsequent to foreclosure are subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement and are included in the nonrecurring fair value measurements tables. Fair values of REO are generally based on observable market inputs, and are considered Level 2 measurements at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

ROU asset—The Company performs reviews of its ROU assets for impairment when evidence exists that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company recorded a $393 thousand ROU asset impairment charge related to the consolidation of one floor of our corporate office. The impairment charge is included in general, administrative and other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.  ROU asset was considered a Level 3 fair value measurement at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Note 8.—Income Taxes

The Company calculates its quarterly tax provision pursuant to the guidelines in ASC 740 Income Taxes.  ASC 740 requires companies to estimate the annual effective tax rate for current year ordinary income. In calculating the effective tax rate, permanent differences between financial reporting and taxable income are factored into the calculation, and temporary differences are not. The estimated annual effective tax rate represents the Company’s estimate of the tax provision in relation to the best estimate of pre-tax ordinary income or loss. The estimated annual effective tax rate is then applied to year-to-date ordinary income or loss to calculate the year-to-date interim tax provision.

The Company recorded income tax (benefit) expense of $(19) thousand and $36 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.  Tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2021, was the result of applying the calculated annual effective income tax rate against the year to date net loss.  The annual effective tax rate calculated as of March 31, 2021 is primarily driven by state income taxes from states where the Company does not have net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or state minimum taxes.  Tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020, is primarily the

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result of state income taxes from states where the Company does not have net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or state minimum taxes.  

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had estimated NOL carryforwards of approximately $609.3 million. Federal NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2027.  As of December 31, 2020, the Company had estimated California NOL carryforwards of approximately $420.3 million, which begin to expire in 2028.  The Company may not be able to realize the maximum benefit due to the nature and tax entities that hold the NOL.

Note 9.—Reconciliation of Loss Per Common Share

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted loss per common share, including the dilutive

effect of stock options, restricted stock awards (RSA’s), restricted stock units (RSU’s), deferred stock units (DSU’s),

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Numerator for basic loss per share:
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(64,731)
Numerator for diluted loss per share:
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(64,731)
Interest expense attributable to convertible notes (1)		—		—
Net loss plus interest expense attributable to convertible notes	$	(683)	$	(64,731)
Denominator for basic loss per share (2):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the year		21,294		21,228
Denominator for diluted loss per share (2):
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding during the year		21,294		21,228
Net effect of dilutive convertible notes and warrants (1)		—		—
Net effect of dilutive stock options, DSU’s, RSA's and RSU's (1)		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares		21,294		21,228
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)
Diluted	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)

(1) Adjustments to diluted loss per share for the Notes for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were excluded from the calculation, as they were anti-dilutive.

(2) Number of shares presented in thousands.

At March 31, 2021 and 2020, there were 1.1 million and 1.3 million shares, respectively, of stock options, RSU’s and DSU’s outstanding in the aggregate.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, there were 930 thousand and 1.2 million shares, respectively, attributable to the Notes that were anti-dilutive.  Additionally, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were 213 thousand warrants that were anti-dilutive.

In addition to the potential dilutive effects of stock options, RSA’s, RSU’s, DSU’s and Notes listed above, see Note 12.—Equity and Share Based Payments, Redeemable Preferred Stock, for a description of cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears which would also become dilutive in the event the Company is not successful in its appeal of the original court ruling.

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Note 10.—Segment Reporting

The Company has three primary reporting segments which include mortgage lending, real estate services and long-term mortgage portfolio. Unallocated corporate and other administrative costs, including the costs associated with being a public company, are presented in Corporate and other.

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Three Months Ended March 31, 2021:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Gain on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20,131
Servicing (expense) fees, net		(119)		—		—		—		(119)
Gain on mortgage servicing rights, net		38		—		—		—		38
Real estate services fees, net		—		210		—		—		210
Other revenue		23		—		27		274		324
Other operating expense		(16,228)		(368)		(122)		(4,580)		(21,298)
Other (expense) income		(183)		—		656		(461)		12
Net earnings (loss) before income tax expense	$	3,662	$	(158)	$	561	$	(4,767)		(702)
Income tax benefit										(19)
Net loss									$	(683)

Statement of Operations Items for the	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Loss on sale of loans, net	$	(28,162)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(28,162)
Servicing fees, net		2,507		—		—		—		2,507
Loss on mortgage servicing rights, net		(18,310)		—		—		—		(18,310)
Real estate services fees, net		—		393		—		—		393
Other revenue		—		—		42		21		63
Other operating expense		(24,944)		(361)		(171)		(5,291)		(30,767)
Other income (expense)		2,100		—		7,940		(459)		9,581
Net (loss) earnings before income tax expense	$	(66,809)	$	32	$	7,811	$	(5,729)	$	(64,695)
Income tax expense										36
Net loss									$	(64,731)

	Mortgage		Real Estate		Long-term		Corporate
Balance Sheet Items as of:	Lending		Services		Portfolio		and other		Consolidated
Total Assets at March 31, 2021 (1)	$	284,114	$	503	$	2,044,398	$	31,508	$	2,360,523
Total Assets at December 31, 2020 (1)	$	233,841	$	503	$	2,103,399	$	31,563	$	2,369,306

(1) All segment asset balances exclude intercompany balances.

Note 11.—Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings  

The Company is a defendant in or a party to a number of legal actions or proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. In some of these actions and proceedings, claims for monetary damages are asserted against the Company. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such legal actions and proceedings, the Company generally cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss related to each pending matter may be, if any.

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In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes an accrued liability for litigation when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. In any case, there may be an exposure to losses in excess of any such amounts whether accrued or not. Any estimated loss is subject to significant judgment and is based upon currently available information, a variety of assumptions, and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the estimated loss will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate. Therefore, an estimate of possible loss represents what the Company believes to be an estimate of possible loss only for certain matters meeting these criteria. It does not represent the Company’s maximum loss exposure.

Based on the Company’s current understanding of these pending legal actions and proceedings, management does not believe that judgments or settlements arising from pending or threatened legal matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, operating results or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in these matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to the Company’s results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period.

The legal matter updates summarized below are ongoing and may have an effect on the Company’s business and future financial condition and results of operations:  

On December 7, 2011, a purported class action was filed in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City entitled Timm v. Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc., et al. alleging on behalf of holders of the Company’s 9.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Preferred B) and 9.125% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Preferred C) who did not tender their stock in connection with the Company’s 2009 completion of its Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation that the Company failed to achieve the required consent of the Preferred B and C holders, the consents to amend the Preferred stock were not effective because they were given on unissued stock (after redemption), the Company tied the tender offer with a consent requirement that constituted an improper “vote buying” scheme, and that the tender offer was a breach of a fiduciary duty. The action seeks the payment of two quarterly dividends for the Preferred B and C holders, the unwinding of the consents and reinstatement of the cumulative dividend on the Preferred B and C stock, and the election of two directors by the Preferred B and C holders. The action also seeks punitive damages and legal expenses. On July 16, 2018, the Circuit Court entered a Judgement Order whereby it (1) declared and entered judgment in favor of all defendants on all claims related to the Preferred C holders and all claims against all individual defendants thereby affirming the validity of the 2009 amendments to the Preferred C Articles Supplementary; (2) declared its interpretation of the voting provision language in the Preferred B Articles Supplementary to mean that consent of two-thirds of the Preferred B stockholders was required to approve the 2009 amendments to the Preferred B Articles Supplementary, which consent was not obtained, thus rendering the amendments invalid and leaving the 2004 Preferred B Articles Supplementary in effect; (3) ordered the Company to hold a special election within sixty days for the Preferred B stockholders to elect two directors to the Board of Directors pursuant to the 2004 Preferred B Articles Supplementary (which Directors will remain on the Company’s Board of Directors until such time as all accumulated dividends on the Preferred B have been paid or set aside for payment); and (4) declared that the Company is required to pay three quarters of dividends on the Preferred B stock under the 2004 Preferred B Articles Supplementary (approximately, $1.2 million, but did not order the Company to make any payment at this time). The Circuit Court declined to certify any class pending the outcome of appeals and certified its Judgment Order for immediate appeal. On October 2, 2019, the Court of Special Appeals held oral argument for all appeals in the matter. On February 5, 2020, the Court of Special Appeals requested that the parties provide a supplemental memorandum explaining the appealability of the original Circuit Court opinion which the Company responded to on February 21, 2020. On April 1, 2020, the Court of Special Appeals issued an opinion affirming the judgment in favor of plaintiffs on the Series B voting rights arguing that the voting rights provision was not ambiguous.  In response, the Company filed a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Maryland Court of Appeals appealing the Court of Special Appeals opinion. The Maryland Court of Appeals granted the writ of certiorari on July 13, 2020, agreeing to hear the Company’s appeal. All parties submitted their briefs and oral argument was held on December 4, 2020. Although there is no set timeframe for the court to issue its ruling, it has been the practice of the Maryland Court of Appeals to issue all rulings by the end of the current term, which would mean by August 31, 2021.

On April 20, 2017, a purported class action was filed in the United States District Court, Central District of California, entitled Nguyen v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage et al. The plaintiffs contend the defendants did not pay purported class members overtime compensation or provide meal and rest breaks, as required by law. The action seeks to invalidate any waiver signed by a purported class member of their right to bring a class action and seeks damages, restitution, penalties, attorney’s fees, interest, and an injunction against unfair, deceptive, and unlawful activities.  

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On August 23, 2018, the court (1) granted the defendants motion to compel arbitration as to all claims, except for the plaintiffs’ claims under California’s Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA); (2) ordered the plaintiffs to submit their claims (other than PAGA claims) to arbitration on an individual, non-class, non-collective, and non-representative basis; (3) dismissed all class and collective claims with prejudice to the plaintiffs and without prejudice to putative class members; and (4) stayed all claims that were compelled to arbitration, as well as the PAGA claims. Plaintiffs Jason Nguyen and Tam Nguyen each submitted their respective demands for individual arbitration to the American Arbitration Association. An arbitration hearing has not yet been set in the Jason Nguyen case.  An arbitration hearing has been scheduled for October 25, 2021 in the Tam Nguyen case.  

On September 18, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief. On March 8, 2019, a First Amended Complaint was filed, which added a claim alleging PAGA violations. On March 12, 2019, the parties filed a stipulation with the court stating (1) the plaintiff’s individual claims should be arbitrated pursuant to the parties’ arbitration agreement, (2) the class claims should be struck from the First Amended Complaint, and (3) the plaintiff will proceed solely with regard to her PAGA claims. This case was consolidated with the Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage case discussed below with a rescheduled trial date of July 12, 2021.  

On December 27, 2018, a purported class action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled Batres v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay the plaintiff and purported class members overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements. The action seeks damages, restitution, penalties, interest, attorney’s fees, and all other appropriate injunctive, declaratory, and equitable relief.  On March 14, 2019, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint alleging only PAGA violations and seeking penalties, attorneys’ fees, and such other appropriate relief.  This case was consolidated with the McNair v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage discussed above with a rescheduled trial date of July 12, 2021.  

On July 3, 2019, a representative action was filed in the Superior Court of California, Orange County, entitled Law v. Impac Mortgage Corp. dba CashCall Mortgage under PAGA. The plaintiff contends the defendant did not pay its employees overtime compensation, provide required meal and rest breaks, or provide accurate wage statements as required by law. The action seeks penalties, attorneys’ fees, and such other appropriate relief. The Law action was deemed related to the McNair action on August 19, 2019. On January 13, 2020, the Law action was stayed pending resolution of the McNair action.

The Company is a party to other litigation and claims which are normal in the course of the Company’s operations. While the results of such other litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the claims and intends to defend these claims vigorously and as such the Company believes the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Nevertheless, litigation is uncertain and the Company may not prevail in the lawsuits and can express no opinion as to their ultimate resolution. An adverse judgment in any of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Please refer to IMH’s report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 for a full description of litigation and claims.

Repurchase Reserve

When the Company sells mortgage loans, it makes customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about various characteristics of each loan such as the origination and underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to the validity of the lien securing the loan, property eligibility, borrower credit, income and asset requirements, and compliance with applicable federal, state and local law. The Company’s whole loan sale agreements generally require it

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to repurchase loans if the Company breached a representation or warranty given to the loan purchaser as well as refunds of premiums to investors for early payoffs on loans sold.

The following table summarizes the repurchase reserve activity, within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, related to previously sold loans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and year ended December 31, 2020:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Beginning balance	$	7,054	$	8,969
(Reversal of) provision for repurchases (1)		(802)		5,227
Settlements		(774)		(7,142)
Total repurchase reserve	$	5,478	$	7,054

(1) The (reversal of) provision for repurchases is included in gain (loss) on sale of loans, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Corporate-owned Life Insurance Trusts

During the first quarter of 2020, there was a triggering event that caused the Company to reevaluate the consolidation of certain corporate-owned life insurance trusts. As a result, the Company has consolidated life insurance trusts for three former executive officers. The corporate-owned life insurance contracts are recorded at cash surrender value, which is provided by a third party and held within trusts.  At March 31, 2021, the cash surrender value of the policies was $10.9 million and were recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.  At March 31, 2021, the liability associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts was $12.7 million.  

	At March 31, 2021
Corporate-owned life insurance trusts:	Trust #1		Trust #2		Trust #3		Total
Corporate-owned life insurance cash surrender value	$	5,036	$	3,878	$	2,015	$	10,929
Corporate-owned life insurance liability		5,854		4,590		2,236		12,680
Corporate-owned life insurance shortfall (1)	$	(818)	$	(712)	$	(221)	$	(1,751)

(1) $1.3 million of the total shortfall was recorded as a change in retained deficit at the time of the consolidation of the trusts.  The additional shortfall was recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Commitments to Extend Credit

The Company enters into IRLCs with prospective borrowers whereby the Company commits to lend a certain loan amount under specific terms and interest rates to the borrower. These loan commitments are treated as derivatives and are carried at fair value. See Note 7. — Fair Value of Financial Instruments for more information.

Note 12.—Equity and Share Based Payments

Redeemable Preferred Stock

At March 31, 2021, the Company had $69.7 million in outstanding liquidation preference of Series B and Series C Preferred Stock, inclusive of cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears. The holders of each series of Preferred Stock, which are non-voting and redeemable at the option of the Company, retain the right to a $25.00 per share liquidation preference in the event of a liquidation of the Company and the right to receive dividends on the Preferred Stock if any such dividends are declared.

As discussed within Note 11.—Commitments and Contingencies, all rights of the Preferred B holders under the 2004 Articles were deemed reinstated. Subject to an appeal, the Company has cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears

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of approximately $17.9 million, or approximately $26.95 per outstanding share of Preferred B, increasing the liquidation value to approximately $51.95 per share. Additionally, every quarter the cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears will increase by $0.5859 per share, or approximately $390 thousand.  The liquidation preference, inclusive of Preferred B cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears, is only payable upon voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.  

Share Based Payments

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Exercise
	Shares	Price
Options outstanding at the beginning of the year	524,357	$	8.58
Options granted	85,154		3.29
Options exercised	—		—
Options forfeited/cancelled	(8,614)		3.46
Options outstanding at the end of the period	600,897		7.91
Options exercisable at the end of the period	421,695	$	9.72

As of March 31, 2021, there was approximately $254 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option compensation arrangements granted under the plan, net of estimated forfeitures. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.7 years.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s RSU’s for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
RSU’s outstanding at beginning of the year	267,221	$	5.04
RSU’s granted	245,332		3.29
RSU’s issued	(94,493)		4.78
RSU’s forfeited/cancelled	(7,225)		3.29
RSU’s outstanding at end of the period	410,835	$	4.09

As of March 31, 2021, there was approximately $1.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 2.3 years.

The following table summarizes activity, pricing and other information for the Company’s DSU’s for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
DSU’s outstanding at the beginning of the year	54,500	$	6.61
DSU’s granted	—		—
DSU’s issued	—		—
DSU’s forfeited/cancelled	—		—
DSU’s outstanding at the end of the period	54,500	$	6.61

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As of March 31, 2021, there was approximately $34thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the DSU compensation arrangements granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 0.9 years.

Note 13.—Subsequent Events

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date of this filing.

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ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(dollars in thousands, except per share data or as otherwise indicated)

Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc. (the Company or IMH), a Maryland corporation incorporated in August 1995, and its direct and indirect wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, Integrated Real Estate Service Corporation (IRES), Impac Mortgage Corp. (IMC), IMH Assets Corp. (IMH Assets), Copperfield Capital Corporation (CCC) and Impac Funding Corporation (IFC).

Forward-Looking Statements

This report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements, some of which are based on various assumptions and events that are beyond our control, may be identified by reference to a future period or periods or by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “may,” “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “likely,” “projected,” “should,” “could,” “seem to,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “project,” “assume,” or similar terms or variations on those terms or the negative of those terms. The forward-looking statements are based on current management expectations. Actual results may differ materially as a result of several factors, including, but not limited to the following: ongoing impact on the U.S. economy and financial markets due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, and any adverse impact or disruption to the Company’s operations; unemployment rates; successful development, marketing, sale and financing of new and existing financial products, ability to successfully re-engage in lending activities; inability to successfully reduce prepayment on our mortgage loans; ability to successfully diversify our loan products; decrease in our mortgage servicing portfolio or its market value; ability to increase our market share and geographic footprint in the various residential mortgage businesses; ability to manage and sell MSRs as needed; ability to successfully sell loans to third-party investors; volatility in the mortgage industry; unexpected interest rate fluctuations and margin compression; our ability to manage personnel expenses in relation to mortgage production levels; our ability to successfully use warehousing capacity and satisfy financial covenants; increased competition in the mortgage lending industry by larger or more efficient companies; issues and system risks related to our technology including cyber risk and data security risk; ability to successfully create cost and product efficiencies through new technology; more than expected increases in default rates or loss severities and mortgage related losses; ability to obtain additional financing, through lending and repurchase facilities, debt or equity funding, strategic relationships or otherwise; the terms of any financing, whether debt or equity, that we do obtain and our expected use of proceeds from any financing; increase in loan repurchase requests and ability to adequately settle repurchase obligations; failure to create brand awareness; the outcome, including any settlements, of litigation or regulatory actions pending against us or other legal contingencies; and our compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations and other general market and economic conditions.

For a discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2020, and other subsequent reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This document speaks only as of its date and we do not undertake, and specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.

The Mortgage Industry and Discussion of Relevant Fiscal Periods

The mortgage industry is subject to current events that occur in the financial services industry including changes to regulations and compliance requirements that result in uncertainty surrounding the actions of states, municipalities and government agencies, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA). These events can also include changes in economic indicators, interest rates, price competition, geographic shifts, disposable income, housing prices, market liquidity, market anticipation, environmental conditions, such as hurricanes, fires and floods, and customer perception, as well as others. The factors that affect the industry change rapidly and can be unforeseeable making it difficult to predict and manage an operation in the financial services industry.

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Current events can diminish the relevance of “quarter over quarter” and “year-to-date over year-to-date” comparisons of financial information. In such instances, we attempt to present financial information in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations that is the most relevant to our financial information.

Selected Financial Results

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2021		2020		2020
Revenues:
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	21,455	$	(28,162)
Servicing (expense) fees, net		(119)		(131)		2,507
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net		38		(1,624)		(18,310)
Real estate services fees, net		210		294		393
Other		324		3		63
Total revenues (losses)		20,584		19,997		(43,509)
Expenses:
Personnel expense		14,924		13,255		20,664
Business promotion		1,193		552		3,128
General, administrative and other		5,181		6,116		6,975
Total expenses		21,298		19,923		30,767
Operating (loss) earnings:		(714)		74		(74,276)
Other income (expense):
Net interest income		660		708		2,928
Change in fair value of long-term debt		1,025		(1,802)		9,036
Change in fair value of net trust assets		(1,673)		(1,092)		(2,383)
Total other income (expense)		12		(2,186)		9,581
Loss before income taxes		(702)		(2,112)		(64,695)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(19)		78		36
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(2,190)	$	(64,731)
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in fair value of instrument specific credit risk		(1,667)		505		(3,073)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(2,350)	$	(1,685)	$	(67,804)
Diluted weighted average common shares		21,294		21,255		21,228
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.03)	$	(0.10)	$	(3.05)

Status of Operations

Key Metrics – First quarter 2021

● At March 31, 2021, unrestricted cash was $53.1 million as compared to $54.2 million at December 31, 2020.

● For the three months ended March 31, 2021, total originations were $849.9 million as compared to $810.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

● For the three months ended March 31, 2021, non-qualified mortgage (NonQM) origination volumes were $14.7 million as compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and $261.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

● Net loss of $683 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to net loss of $2.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and net loss of $64.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

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● Gain on sale of loans, net was $20.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $21.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and a net loss of $28.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

● Operating expenses (personnel, business promotion and general, administrative and other) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased to $21.3 million from $19.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and decreased from $30.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we reported net loss of $683 thousand, or $0.03 per diluted common share, as compared to net loss of $64.7 million, or $3.05 per diluted common share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, core loss before tax (as defined below in Non-GAAP Financial Measures) was $262 thousand, or $0.01 per diluted common share, as compared to core loss before tax of $56.1 million, or $2.64 per diluted common share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021 decreased to $683 thousand as compared to $64.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.  The quarter over quarter decrease in net loss was the result of a number of factors including: the previously disclosed pause in lending as a result of the global pandemic during 2020, which resulted in the Company booking a substantial loss in the first and second quarters of 2020; the remarking of the NQM position as well as mark-to-market decreases in fair value of our MSRs; and the significant decline in interest rates.  Consequently, gain on sale of loans, net increased $48.3 million to $20.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to a loss of $28.2 million during the same period in 2020.

The quarter over quarter reduction in net loss was also a result of a reduction in operating expenses offset by a reduction in other income.  During the three months ended March 31, 2021, operating expenses (personnel, business promotion and general, administrative and other) decreased to $21.3 million from $30.8 million for the same period in 2020, as a result of our temporary pause in lending activities during 2020 and subsequent reduction in headcount.  Additionally, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, other income decreased primarily due to fair value gains on our long-term debt in the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the substantial decrease in forward LIBOR as well as a decrease in net interest spread as a result of the decline interest rates.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we use the following non-GAAP financial measures: core (loss) earnings before tax and core (loss) earnings per share before tax.  Core (loss) earnings and diluted core (loss) earnings per share are financial measurements calculated by adjusting GAAP earnings before tax to exclude certain non-cash items, such as fair value adjustments and mark-to-market of mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), and legacy non-recurring expenses.  The fair value adjustments are non-cash items which management believes should be excluded when discussing our ongoing and future operations.  We use core (loss) earnings as we believe that it more accurately reflects our current business operations of mortgage originations and further aids our investors in understanding and analyzing our core operating results and comparing them among periods. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net loss before income taxes, net loss or diluted loss per share (EPS) prepared in accordance with GAAP.  The tables below provide a reconciliation of net loss before tax and diluted loss per share to non-GAAP core (loss) earnings before tax and per share non-GAAP core (loss) earnings before tax:

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	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2021		2020		2020
Net loss before tax:	$	(702)	$	(2,112)	$	(64,695)
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		(50)		1,621		15,294
Change in fair value of long-term debt		(1,025)		1,802		(9,036)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		1,673		1,092		2,383
Legal settlements and professional fees, for legacy matters		—		750		—
Legacy corporate-owned life insurance		(158)		150		—
Core (loss) earnings before tax	$	(262)	$	3,303	$	(56,054)
Diluted weighted average common shares		21,294		21,255		21,228
Diluted core (loss) earnings per common share before tax	$	(0.01)	$	0.16	$	(2.64)
Diluted loss per common share	$	(0.03)	$	(0.10)	$	(3.05)
Adjustments:
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights		—		0.08		0.72
Change in fair value of long-term debt		(0.05)		0.08		(0.42)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		0.08		0.05		0.11
Legal settlements and professional fees, for legacy matters		—		0.04		—
Legacy corporate-owned life insurance		(0.01)		0.01		—
Diluted core (loss) earnings per common share before tax	$	(0.01)	$	0.16	$	(2.64)

Originations by Channel:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	March 31,		December 31,		%		March 31,		%
(in millions)	2021		2020		Change		2020		Change
Retail	$	773.1	$	753.3	3	%	$	1,310.0	(41)	%
Wholesale		76.8		56.7	35			152.1	(50)
Correspondent		—		—	-			54.2	(100)
Total originations	$	849.9	$	810.0	5	%	$	1,516.3	(44)	%

During the first quarter of 2021, total originations were $849.9 million as compared to $810.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2020 and $1.5 billion in the first quarter of 2020.  The overall reduction in originations as compared to the first quarter of 2020, was the result of our temporary suspension of lending activities during 2020, due to uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model.

Our loan products primarily include conventional loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, NonQM mortgages and loans eligible for government insurance (government loans) by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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Originations by Loan Type:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2021		2020		% Change
Conventional	$	779.0	$	1,221.2	(36)	%
Jumbo		47.4		—	n/a
NonQM		14.7		261.6	(94)
Government (1)		8.8		33.5	(74)
Total originations	$	849.9	$	1,516.3	(44)	%

(1) Includes all government-insured loans including FHA, VA and USDA.

We continue to believe there is an underserved mortgage market for borrowers with good credit who may not meet the qualified mortgage (QM) guidelines set out by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.  During the first quarter of 2020, prior to the disruption caused by the pandemic, we originated $261.6 million in NonQM loans and were on pace to exceed our fourth quarter 2019 NonQM originations.  As financial markets became dislocated in March 2020, spreads widened substantially on credit assets due to potential COVID-19 pandemic related payment delinquencies and forbearances, causing a severe decline in the values assigned by investors and counterparties for NonQM assets. As a result, we ceased originating NonQM loans in the beginning of April 2020 as the decline in value increased the cost and liquidity to finance the product, reduced the ability to finance additional NonQM loans with lenders as well as diminished stable capital markets distribution exits.  

The third quarter of 2020 saw the re-emergence of the NonQM market including capital markets distribution exits for the product. We re-engaged lending in the NonQM market during the fourth quarter of 2020, and have continued throughout the first quarter of 2021 to rebuild our TPO NonQM origination team in anticipation of increasing mortgage interest rates and declining conventional margins in the second half of 2021. With the recent increase in mortgage interest rates and margin compression seen in conventional originations in February 2021 and March 2021, we have accelerated our pivot to NonQM in our TPO.  During March 2021, we saw a significant increase in NonQM locks, which we anticipate will drive April NonQM funding’s to be in excess of first quarter 2021 NonQM fundings.

The re-emergence of the NonQM market has been defined by products that fit within a much tighter credit box, which is where our NonQM originations have been historically. In the first quarter of 2021, our NonQM originations had a weighted average Fair Isaac Company credit score (FICO) of 755 and a weighted average LTV ratio of 60%.  For the year ended December 31, 2020, our NonQM originations had a weighted average FICO of 730 and a weighted average LTV of 68%.

Originations by Purpose:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)	2021		%		2020		%
Refinance	$	825.9	97	%	$	1,401.4	92	%
Purchase		24.0	3			114.9	8
Total originations	$	849.9	100	%	$	1,516.3	100	%

During the first quarter of 2021, refinance volume decreased to $849.9 million as compared to $1.5 billion in the first quarter of 2020. The decrease in originations was the result of our temporary suspension of lending activities during the second quarter of 2020 due to the uncertainty caused by the pandemic.  We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model.

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Mortgage Servicing Portfolio:

	March 31,		December 31,		%
(Unpaid principal balance (UPB), in millions)	2021		2020		Change
Mortgage servicing portfolio	$	40.7	$	30.5	33.3	%

The mortgage servicing portfolio increased to $40.7 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to $30.5 million at December 31, 2020 and $4.7 billion at March 31, 2020.  The slight increase in the mortgage servicing portfolio at March 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020, was in part due to our continued whole loan sales on a servicing released basis to investors as well as selectively retaining GNMA mortgage servicing. The decrease in the mortgage servicing portfolio was primarily due to the sale of $4.2 billion in UPB of Freddie Mac and GNMA MSRs in the second and third quarters of 2020. The servicing portfolio generated net servicing expense of $119 thousand in the first quarter of 2021, as compared to net servicing fees of $2.5 million in the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the aforementioned servicing sales as well as a portfolio runoff caused by the decrease in mortgage interest rates.  The sale of MSRs during 2020, have and will result in net servicing expense going forward as a result of a small balance servicing portfolio as well as interim servicing costs.

The following table includes information about our mortgage servicing portfolio:

	At March 31,		% 60+ days		At December 31,		% 60+ days
(in millions)	2021		delinquent (1)		2020		delinquent (1)
Ginnie Mae	$	40.7	1.00	%	$	30.5	2.00	%
Freddie Mac		—	0.00			—	0.00
Fannie Mae		—	0.00			—	0.00
Total servicing portfolio	$	40.7	1.00	%	$	30.5	2.00	%

(1) Based on loan count.

For the first quarter of 2021, real estate services fees were $210 thousand as compared to $294 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2020 and $393 thousand in the first quarter of 2020.  The majority of our real estate services business is generated from our long-term mortgage portfolio, and as the long-term mortgage portfolio continues to decline, we expect real estate services and the related revenues to decline.

In our long-term mortgage portfolio, the residual interests generated cash flows of $1.2 million in the first quarter of 2021 as compared to $669 thousand in the fourth quarter of 2020 and $354 thousand in the first quarter of 2020.  The estimated fair value of the net residual interests decreased $614 thousand in the first quarter of 2021 to $16.1 million at March 31, 2021, was the result of a decrease in fair value of certain trusts as a result of cash received in excess of projections during the quarter and an increase in forward LIBOR partially offset by a decrease in loss assumptions for certain trusts.

For additional information regarding the long-term mortgage portfolio, refer to Financial Condition and Results of Operations below.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we funded our operations primarily from mortgage lending revenues and, to a lesser extent, real estate services fees and cash flows from our residual interests in securitizations.  Mortgage lending revenues include gain (loss) on sale of loans, net and other mortgage related income.  We funded mortgage loan originations using warehouse facilities, which are repaid once the loan is sold.  We may also seek to raise capital by issuing debt or equity.

Our results of operations and liquidity are materially affected by conditions in the markets for mortgages and mortgage-related assets, as well as the pandemic and the broader financial markets and the general economy. Concerns over economic recession, geopolitical issues, unemployment, the availability and cost of financing, the mortgage market and real estate market conditions contribute to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets. Volatility and uncertainty in the marketplace may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing or raise capital on favorable terms or at all. We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline, capacity and liquidity to balance the risks

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inherent in an aggregation execution model. Our operations and profitability may be adversely affected if we are unable to obtain cost-effective financing and profitable and stable capital market distribution exits.

We originate loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, (together, the GSEs), government insured or guaranteed loans, such as FHA, VA and USDA loans, and loans eligible for Ginnie Mae securities issuance (collectively, the Agencies), in addition to other investors and counterparties (collectively, the Counterparties). It is important for us to sell or securitize the loans we originate and, when doing so, maintain the option to also sell the related MSRs associated with these loans.  Prepayment speeds on loans generated through our retail direct channel have been a concern for some investors dating back to 2016 which has resulted and could further result in adverse pricing or delays in our ability to sell or securitize loans and related MSRs on a timely and profitable basis. During the fourth quarter of 2017, Fannie Mae sufficiently limited the manner and volume for our deliveries of eligible loans such that we elected to cease deliveries to them and we expanded our whole loan investor base for these loans.  In 2019, with the creation of the uniform mortgage-backed securities (UMBS) market, which was intended to improve liquidity and align prepayment speeds across Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac securities, Freddie Mac raised concerns about the high prepayment speeds of our loans generated through our retail direct channel. During 2020, we further expanded our investor base and completed servicing released loan sales to non-GSE whole loan investors and expect to continue to utilize these alternative exit strategies for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac eligible loans.  In July 2020, we received notification from Freddie Mac that our eligibility to sell whole loans to Freddie Mac was suspended, without cause.  While we believe that the overall volume delivered under purchase commitments to the GSE’s was immaterial for 2019 and 2020, we are committed to operating actively and in good standing with our broad range of capital markets counterparties. We continue to take steps to manage our prepayment speeds to be more consistent with our industry peers and to reestablish the full confidence and delivery mechanisms to our investor base. We seek to satisfy the requirements as outlined by Freddie Mac to achieve reinstatement, while we continue to satisfy our obligations on a timely basis to our other counterparties, as we have done without exception.  Despite being in a suspended status with Freddie Mac, we remain in good standing as an approved originator and/or seller/servicer with our GSE’s, Agencies and Counterparties for agency, non-agency, and government insured or guaranteed loan programs.

We believe that current cash balances, cash flows from our mortgage lending operations, real estate services fees generated from our long-term mortgage portfolio, availability on our warehouse lines of credit and residual interest cash flows from our long-term mortgage portfolio are adequate for our current operating needs based on the current operating environment. We believe the mortgage and real estate services market is volatile, highly competitive and subject to increased regulation. Competition in mortgage lending comes primarily from mortgage bankers, commercial banks, credit unions and other finance companies which operate in our market area as well as throughout the United States. We compete for loans principally on the basis of the interest rates and loan fees we charge, the types of loans we originate and the quality of services we provide to borrowers, brokers and sellers.  Additionally, performance of the long-term mortgage portfolio is subject to the current real estate market and economic conditions. Cash flows from our residual interests in securitizations are sensitive to delinquencies, defaults and credit losses associated with the securitized loans. Losses in excess of current estimates will reduce the residual interest cash receipts from our long-term mortgage portfolio.

While we continue to pay our obligations as they become due, the ability to continue to meet our current and long-term obligations is dependent upon many factors, particularly our ability to successfully operate our mortgage lending and real estate services segment and realize cash flows from the long-term mortgage portfolio. Our future financial performance and profitability are dependent in large part upon the ability to expand our mortgage lending platform successfully.

Critical Accounting Policies

We define critical accounting policies as those that are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. Our critical accounting policies require management to make difficult and complex judgments that rely on estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain due to the effect of changing market conditions and/or consumer behavior. In determining which accounting policies meet this definition, we considered our policies with respect to the valuation of our assets and liabilities and estimates and assumptions used in determining those valuations. We believe the most critical accounting issues that require the most complex and difficult judgments and that are particularly susceptible to significant change to our financial condition and results of operations include those issues included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations in IMH’s report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Financial Condition

As of March 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020

The following table shows the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the following periods:

(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		December 31,		$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
ASSETS
Cash	$	53,053	$	54,150	$	(1,097)	(2)	%
Restricted cash		5,787		5,602		185	3
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		209,893		164,422		45,471	28
Mortgage servicing rights		498		339		159	47
Securitized mortgage trust assets		2,044,308		2,103,269		(58,961)	(3)
Other assets		46,984		41,524		5,460	13
Total assets	$	2,360,523	$	2,369,306	$	(8,783)	0	%
LIABILITIES & EQUITY
Warehouse borrowings	$	204,498	$	151,932	$	52,566	35	%
Convertible notes		20,000		20,000		—	0
Long-term debt (Par value; $62,000)		45,361		44,413		948	2
Securitized mortgage trust liabilities		2,028,210		2,086,557		(58,347)	(3)
Repurchase reserve		5,478		7,054		(1,576)	(22)
Other liabilities		43,456		43,699		(243)	(1)
Total liabilities		2,347,003		2,353,655		(6,652)	(0)
Total equity		13,520		15,651		(2,131)	(14)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,360,523	$	2,369,306	$	(8,783)	(0)	%
Book and tangile book value per share	$	0.63	$	0.74	$	(0.11)	(15)	%

At March 31, 2021, cash decreased $1.1 million to $53.1 million from $54.2 million at December 31, 2020.  Cash balances decreased primarily due to payment of operating expenses.  

LHFS increased $45.5 million to $209.9 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to $164.4 million at December 31, 2020.  The increase primarily relates to the increase in jumbo originations in the first quarter of 2021, which have longer turn times to settlement as compared to conventional originations.  During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we had originations of $849.9 million offset by $799.8 million in loan sales. As a normal course of our origination and sales cycle, loans held-for-sale at the end of any period are generally sold within one or two subsequent months.

Mortgage servicing rights increased to $498 thousand at March 31, 2021 as compared to $339 thousand at December 31, 2020. The increase was due to additions of $121 thousand from servicing retained loan sales of $10.4 million in UPB as well as mark-to-market increases in fair value of $38 thousand.  At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we serviced $40.7 million and $30.5 million, respectively, in UPB for others.  

Warehouse borrowings increased $52.6 million to $204.5 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to $151.9 million at December 31, 2020. The increase was due to a $45.5 million increase in LHFS at March 31, 2021. Our warehouse lending capacity remains at $550.0 million spread amongst three warehouse counterparties.

Repurchase reserve decreased $1.6 million to $5.5 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to $7.1 million at December 31, 2020.  The decrease was due to an $802 thousand reversal of provision for repurchases as a result of a

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decrease in expected early payoffs and future losses as well as $774 thousand in settlements primarily related to repurchased loans as well as refunds of premiums to investors for early payoffs on loans sold.  

Book value per share decreased 15%, or $0.11, to $0.63 at March 31, 2021 as compared to $0.74 at December 31, 2020. Book value per common share decreased 5% to ($1.79) as of March 31, 2021, as compared to ($1.70) as of December 31, 2020 (inclusive of the remaining $51.8 million of liquidation preference on our preferred stock).  In the event we are not successful in appealing the Preferred B litigation (as discussed further in Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements”), inclusive of the Preferred B stock cumulative undeclared dividends in arrears of $17.9 million, book value per common share was ($2.63) at March 31, 2021.

The changes in in our trust assets and trust liabilities as summarized below.

	March 31,		December 31,		$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	2,038,545	$	2,100,175	$	(61,630)	(3)	%
Real estate owned (REO)		5,763		3,094		2,669	86
Total trust assets (1)		2,044,308		2,103,269		(58,961)	(3)
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	2,028,210	$	2,086,557	$	(58,347)	(3)	%
Total trust liabilities (1)		2,028,210		2,086,557		(58,347)	(3)
Residual interests in securitizations	$	16,098	$	16,712	$	(614)	(4)	%

(1) At March 31, 2021, the UPB of trust assets and trust liabilities was approximately $2.3 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the UPB of trust assets and trust liabilities was approximately $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively.

We receive cash flows from our residual interests in securitizations to the extent they are available after required distributions to bondholders and maintaining specified overcollateralization levels and other specified parameters (such as maximum delinquency and cumulative default) within the trusts. The estimated fair value of the residual interests, represented by the difference in the fair value of total trust assets and total trust liabilities, was $16.1 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to $16.7 million at December 31, 2020.

We updated our collateral assumptions quarterly based on recent delinquency, default, prepayment and loss experience. Additionally, we updated the forward interest rates and investor yield (discount rate) assumptions based on information derived from market participants. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, actual losses declined slightly as compared to forecasted losses for the majority of trusts, including those with residual value.  Principal payments, prepayments and liquidations of securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings also contributed to the reduction in trust assets and liabilities.  The decrease in residual fair value at March 31, 2021 was the result of a decrease in fair value of certain trusts as a result of cash received in excess of projections during the quarter and an increase in forward LIBOR partially offset by a decrease in loss assumptions for certain trusts.

● The estimated fair value of securitized mortgage collateral decreased $61.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily due to reductions in principal from borrower payments and transfers of loans to REO for single-family and multi-family collateral. Additionally, other trust assets increased $2.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily due to a $2.3 million in REO from foreclosures as well as $1.9 million increase in the net realizable value (NRV) of REO.  Partially offsetting the increase was a decrease in REO from liquidations of $1.5 million.  

● The estimated fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings decreased $58.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily due to reductions in principal balances from principal payments during the period for single-family and multi-family.

To estimate fair value of the assets and liabilities within the securitization trusts each reporting period, management uses an industry standard valuation and analytical model that is updated monthly with current collateral, real estate, derivative, bond and cost (servicer, trustee, etc.) information for each securitization trust. We employ an internal

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process to validate the accuracy of the model as well as the data within this model. We use the valuation model to generate the expected cash flows to be collected from the trust assets and the expected required bondholder distribution (trust liabilities). To the extent that the trusts are over collateralized, we may receive the excess interest as the holder of the residual interest. The information above provides us with the future expected cash flows for the securitized mortgage collateral, real estate owned, securitized mortgage borrowings and the residual interests.

To determine the discount rates to apply to these cash flows, we gather information from the bond pricing services and other market participants regarding estimated investor required yields for each bond tranche. Based on that information and the collateral type and vintage, we determine an acceptable range of expected yields an investor would require including an appropriate risk premium for each bond tranche. We use the blended yield of the bond tranches together with the residual interests to determine an appropriate yield for the securitized mortgage collateral in each securitization.

The following table presents changes in the trust assets and trust liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2021:

	TRUST ASSETS						TRUST LIABILITIES
	Level 3 Recurring Fair
	Value Measurement						Level 3 Recurring Fair
			NRV				Value Measurement
	Securitized		Real				Securitized		Net
	mortgage		estate		Total trust		mortgage		trust
	collateral		owned		assets		borrowings		assets
Recorded fair value at December 31, 2020	$	2,100,175	$	3,094	$	2,103,269	$	(2,086,557)	$	16,712
Total gains/(losses) included in earnings:
Interest income		(4,757)		—		(4,757)		—		(4,757)
Interest expense		—		—		—		(9,110)		(9,110)
Change in FV of net trust assets, excluding REO (1)		82,407		—		82,407		(85,951)		(3,544)
Gains from REO – not at FV but at NRV (2)		—		1,871		1,871		—		1,871
Total gains (losses) included in earnings		77,650		1,871		79,521		(95,061)		(15,540)
Transfers in and/or out of level 3		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases, issuances and settlements		(139,280)		798		(138,482)		153,408		14,926
Recorded fair value at March 31, 2021	$	2,038,545	$	5,763	$	2,044,308	$	(2,028,210)	$	16,098

(1) Represents change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

(2) Accounted for at net realizable value.

Inclusive of gains from REO, total trust assets above reflect a net gain of $84.3 million as a result of an increase in fair value from securitized mortgage collateral of $82.4 million and gains from REO of $1.9 million. Net losses on trust liabilities were $86.0 million as a result of the increase in fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings. As a result, other income—change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains decreased by $614 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The table below reflects the net trust assets as a percentage of total trust assets (residual interests in securitizations):

	March 31,			December 31,
	2021			2020
Net trust assets	$	16,098		$	16,712
Total trust assets		2,044,308			2,103,269
Net trust assets as a percentage of total trust assets		0.79	%		0.79	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of the net trust assets was flat as a percentage of total trust assets as the aforementioned reduction in fair value was commensurate with the runoff of the portfolio.

Since the consolidated and unconsolidated securitization trusts are nonrecourse to us, our economic risk is limited to our residual interests in these securitization trusts. Therefore, in the following table we have netted trust assets and trust liabilities to present these residual interests more simply. Our residual interests in securitizations are segregated between

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our single-family (SF) residential and multi-family (MF) residential portfolios and are represented by the difference between trust assets and trust liabilities.

The following tables present the estimated fair value of our residual interests, by securitization vintage year, and other related assumptions used to derive these values at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	Estimated Fair Value of Residual									Estimated Fair Value of Residual
	Interests by Vintage Year at									Interests by Vintage Year at
	March 31, 2021									December 31, 2020
Origination Year	SF			MF			Total			SF			MF			Total
2002-2003 (1)	$	8,485		$	569		$	9,054		$	8,575		$	524		$	9,099
2004		2,589			782			3,371			2,654			775			3,429
2005		42			46			88			58			68			126
2006		—			3,585			3,585			—			4,058			4,058
Total	$	11,116		$	4,982		$	16,098		$	11,287		$	5,425		$	16,712
Weighted avg. prepayment rate		10.0	%		13.3	%		10.3	%		10.1	%		13.3	%		10.3	%
Weighted avg. discount rate		17.4	%		17.8	%		17.5	%		17.4	%		18.0	%		17.6	%

(1) 2002-2003 vintage year includes CMO 2007-A, since the majority of the mortgages collateralized in this securitization were originated during this period.

We utilize a number of assumptions to value securitized mortgage collateral, securitized mortgage borrowings and residual interests. These assumptions include estimated collateral default rates and loss severities (credit losses), collateral prepayment rates, forward interest rates and investor yields (discount rates). We use the same collateral assumptions for securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings as the collateral assumptions determine collateral cash flows which are used to pay interest and principal for securitized mortgage borrowings and excess spread, if any, to the residual interests. However, we use different investor yield (discount rate) assumptions for securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings and the discount rate used for residual interests based on underlying collateral characteristics, vintage year, assumed risk and market participant assumptions.  

The table below reflects the estimated future credit losses and investor yield requirements for trust assets by product (SF and MF) and securitization vintage at March 31, 2021:

	Estimated Future				Investor Yield
	Losses (1)				Requirement (2)
	SF		MF		SF		MF
2002-2003	8	%	*	% (3)	5	%	10	%
2004	13		*	(3)	4		5
2005	19		4		1		3
2006	10		*	(3)	3		5
2007	18		*	(3)	4		3

(1) Estimated future losses derived by dividing future projected losses by UPB at March 31, 2021.

(2) Investor yield requirements represent our estimate of the yield third-party market participants would require to price our trust assets and liabilities given our prepayment, credit loss and forward interest rate assumptions.

(3) Represents less than 1%.

Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio Credit Quality

We use the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) method to define delinquency as a contractually required payment being 30 or more days past due. We measure delinquencies from the date of the last payment due date in which a payment was received. Delinquencies for loans 60 days delinquent or greater, foreclosures and delinquent bankruptcies were $464.7 million, or 20.1%, of the long-term mortgage portfolio, at March 31, 2021 as compared to $514.0 million or 20.9% at December 31, 2020.

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The following table summarizes the gross UPB of loans in our mortgage portfolio, included in securitized mortgage collateral and REO, that were 60 or more days delinquent (utilizing the MBA method) as of the periods indicated:

	March 31,		Total		December 31,		Total
Securitized mortgage collateral	2021		Collateral		2020		Collateral
60 - 89 days delinquent	$	39,010	1.7	%	$	47,483	1.9	%
90 or more days delinquent		240,198	10.4			290,621	11.8
Foreclosures (1)		136,219	5.9			126,802	5.2
Delinquent bankruptcies (2)		49,265	2.1			49,069	2.0
Total 60 or more days delinquent	$	464,692	20.1	%	$	513,975	20.9	%
Total collateral	$	2,307,261	100.0	%	$	2,454,657	100.0	%

(1) Represents properties in the process of foreclosure.

(2) Represents bankruptcies that are 30 days or more delinquent.

At March 31, 2021, mortgage loans 60 or more days delinquent (whether or not subject to forbearance) decreased 9.6% as compared to December 31, 2020.  Delinquency and forbearance are taken into account as part of our credit loss assumptions when determining the estimated fair value of our residual interests.  At March 31, 2021, residential loss assumptions for certain trusts decreased as compared to December 31, 2020.  To the extent delinquencies and loans in forbearance increase in deals with residual fair value, the estimated fair value of our residual interests may decrease due to a reduction or delay in the timing of estimated cash flows.

The following table summarizes the gross securitized mortgage collateral and REO at NRV, that were non-performing as of the dates indicated (excludes 60-89 days delinquent):

			Total				Total
	March 31,		Collateral		December 31,		Collateral
	2021		%		2020		%
90 or more days delinquent (including forbearances), foreclosures and delinquent bankruptcies	$	425,682	18.4	%	$	466,492	19.0	%
Real estate owned inside and outside trusts		5,842	0.3			3,173	0.1
Total non-performing assets	$	431,524	18.7	%	$	469,665	19.1	%

Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans (mortgages that are 90 or more days delinquent, including loans in foreclosure and delinquent bankruptcies plus REO). It is our policy to place a mortgage on nonaccrual status when it becomes 90 days delinquent and to reverse from revenue any accrued interest, except for interest income on securitized mortgage collateral when the scheduled payment is received from the servicer. The servicers are required to advance principal and interest on loans within the securitization trusts to the extent the advances are considered recoverable. IFC, a subsidiary of IMH and master servicer, may be required to advance funds, or in most cases cause the loan servicers to advance funds, to cover principal and interest payments not received from borrowers depending on the status of their mortgages. As of March 31, 2021, non-performing assets as a percentage of the total collateral was 18.7%.  At December 31, 2020, non-performing assets to total collateral was 19.1%. Non-performing assets decreased by approximately $38.1 million at March 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020. At March 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of non-performing assets was $130.5 million, or 5.5% of total assets. At December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of non-performing assets was $135.0 million, or 5.7% of total assets.

REO, which consists of residential real estate acquired in satisfaction of loans, is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value less estimated selling costs. Adjustments to the loan carrying value required at the time of foreclosure are included in the change in the fair value of net trust assets. Changes in our estimates of net realizable value subsequent to the time of foreclosure and through the time of ultimate disposition are recorded as change in fair value of net trust assets including trust REO gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an increase of $1.9 million and $1.7 million in net realizable value of REO, respectively.  Increases and decrease of the net realizable value reflect the change in value of the REO subsequent to foreclosure date, but prior to the date of sale.

The following table presents the balances of REO:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2021		2020
REO	$	10,859	$	10,140
Impairment (1)		(5,096)		(6,967)
Ending balance	$	5,763	$	3,173
REO inside trusts	$	5,763	$	3,094
REO outside trusts		79		79
Total	$	5,842	$	3,173

(1) Impairment represents the cumulative write-downs of net realizable value subsequent to foreclosure.

In calculating the cash flows to assess the fair value of the securitized mortgage collateral, we estimate the future losses embedded in our loan portfolio. In evaluating the adequacy of these losses, management takes many factors into consideration. For instance, a detailed analysis of historical loan performance data is accumulated and reviewed. This data is analyzed for loss performance and prepayment performance by product type, origination year and securitization issuance. The data is also broken down by collection status. Our estimate of losses for these loans is developed by estimating both the rate of default of the loans and the amount of loss severity in the event of default. The rate of default is assigned to the loans based on their attributes (e.g., original loan-to-value, borrower credit score, documentation type, geographic location, etc.) and collection status. The rate of default is based on analysis of migration of loans from each aging category. The loss severity is determined by estimating the net proceeds from the ultimate sale of the foreclosed property. The results of that analysis are then applied to the current mortgage portfolio and an estimate is created. We believe that pooling of mortgages with similar characteristics is an appropriate methodology in which to evaluate the future loan losses.

Management recognizes that there are qualitative factors that must be taken into consideration when evaluating and measuring losses in the loan portfolios. These items include, but are not limited to, economic indicators that may affect the borrower’s ability to pay, changes in value of collateral, political factors, employment and market conditions, competitor’s performance, market perception, historical losses, and industry statistics. The assessment for losses is based on delinquency trends and prior loss experience and management’s judgment and assumptions regarding various matters, including general economic conditions and loan portfolio composition. Management continually evaluates these assumptions and various relevant factors affecting credit quality and inherent losses.

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Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Revenues	$	20,584	$	(43,509)	$	64,093	147	%
Expenses		(21,298)		(30,767)		9,469	31
Net interest income		660		2,928		(2,268)	(77)
Change in fair value of long-term debt		1,025		9,036		(8,011)	(89)
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO losses		(1,673)		(2,383)		710	30
Income tax benefit (expense)		19		(36)		55	153
Net loss	$	(683)	$	(64,731)	$	64,048	99	%
Loss per share available to common stockholders—basic	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)	$	3.02	99	%
Loss per share available to common stockholders—diluted	$	(0.03)	$	(3.05)	$	3.02	99	%

Revenues

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	(28,162)	$	48,293	(171)	%
Servicing (expenses) fees, net		(119)		2,507		(2,626)	(105)
Real estate services fees, net		210		393		(183)	(47)
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net		38		(18,310)		18,348	100
Other revenues		324		63		261	414
Total revenues	$	20,584	$	(43,509)	$	64,093	(147)	%

Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, gain (loss) on sale of loans, net was a gain of $20.1 million compared to a loss of $ (28.2) million in the comparable 2020 period. The increase in gain on sale of loans, net was most notably due to a $44.6 million increase in mark-to-market gains on LHFS, a $20.2 million increase in realized and unrealized net losses on derivative financial instruments, a $6.2 million decrease in provision for repurchases and a $5.1 million decrease in direct origination expenses.  Partially offsetting the increase in gain on sale of loans, net was a $26.2 million decrease in gain on sale of loans and $1.6 million in premiums from servicing retained loan sales.  

As previously discussed, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, the substantial remarking of our NonQM loan portfolio held-for-sale as a result of spreads widening substantially on credit assets due to potential pandemic related payment delinquencies and forbearances, causing a severe decline in the values assigned by counterparties for NonQM assets, which resulted in a significant loss on sale of loans, net.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the increase in gain on sale of loans, net was offset by a reduction in loans originated and sold, which totaled $849.9 million and $799.8 million, respectively, as compared to $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion of loans originated and sold, respectively, during the same period in 2020.  During the first quarter of 2021, margins were 237 bps as compared to the negative margins in the first quarter of 2020 resulting in the aforementioned loss on sale of loans, but decreased from 265 bps in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Servicing (expenses) fees, net.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, servicing (expenses) fees, net were an expense of $119 thousand compared to income of $2.5 million in the comparable 2020 period.  The decrease in servicing (expense) fees, net was the result of the sale of $4.2 billion in UPB of Freddie Mac and GNMA MSRs in the second and third quarters of 2020.  In addition, the substantial decrease in mortgage interest rates during 2020 caused a significant increase in runoff of our mortgage servicing portfolio which combined with the servicing sale decreased the servicing portfolio average balance 99% to $38.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to an average

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balance of $4.7 billion for the comparable period in 2020.  As a result of the servicing sales in 2020, we will continue to see a reduction in servicing fees, net and recognize a servicing expense related to interim subservicing and other servicing costs related to the small UPB of remaining servicing portfolio.    During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we had $10.4 million in servicing retained loan sales.

Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net  

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Gain on sale of mortgage servicing rights	$	—	$	521	$	(521)	(100)	%
Changes in fair value:
Due to changes in valuation market rates, inputs or assumptions		50		(15,815)		15,865	100
Other changes in fair value:
Scheduled principal prepayments		(12)		(394)		382	97
Voluntary prepayments		—		(2,622)		2,622	100
Total changes in fair value	$	38	$	(18,831)	$	18,869	100
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net	$	38	$	(18,310)	$	18,348	100	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, gain (loss) on MSRs, net was $38 thousand compared to a loss of $18.3 million in the comparable 2020 period.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recorded a $38 thousand gain from a change in fair value of MSRs primarily due to changes in fair value associated with changes in market rates, inputs and assumptions partially offset by scheduled prepayments.  For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recorded a $18.8 million loss from a change in fair value of MSRs primarily due to changes in fair value associated with changes in market rates, inputs and assumptions as well as voluntary and scheduled prepayments.  As a result of the aforementioned decrease in interest rates during the first quarter of 2020, $18.4 million of the $18.8 million change in fair value of MSRs was due to prepayments, with $15.8 million primarily due to an increase in prepayment speed assumptions and $2.6 million due to voluntary prepayments.

Real estate services fees, net.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, real estate services fees, net were $210 thousand as compared to $393 thousand in the comparable 2020 period. The $183 thousand decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in transactions related to the decline in the number of loans and the UPB of the long-term mortgage portfolio.

Other revenues. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other revenues were $324 thousand as compared to $63 thousand in the comparable 2020 period. The $261 thousand increase was the result of the increase in the cash surrender value associated with the corporate-owned life insurance trusts.

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Personnel expense	$	14,924	$	20,664	$	(5,740)	(28)	%
General, administrative and other		5,181		6,975		(1,794)	(26)
Business promotion		1,193		3,128		(1,935)	(62)
Total expenses	$	21,298	$	30,767	$	(9,469)	(31)	%

Total expenses decreased by $9.5 million, or 31%, to $21.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $30.8 million for the comparable period in 2020.  Personnel expense decreased $5.7 million to $14.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020.  The decrease is primarily related to the temporary pause in lending during 2020, which resulted in the furlough and subsequent reduction in headcount. We

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continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model. As a result, average headcount decreased 37% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020. Although personnel expense decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2021, it increased to 176 bps of funding’s as compared to 137 bps for the comparable 2020 period. The increase is the result of an industry wide escalation in the cost of production and operational talent, as well as the continued rebuild of our NonQM platform, which began in the fourth quarter of 2020.

General, administrative and other expenses decreased to $5.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $7.0 million for the same period in 2020.  The decrease in general, administrative and other expenses was partially due to a $682 thousand decrease in occupancy expense partially due to right of use (ROU) asset impairment during the first quarter of 2020 as well as a reduction in occupancy expense associated with the impaired space.  During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the pandemic and subsequent reduction in lending activities, we consolidated one floor of our corporate office and recognized ROU asset impairment of $393 thousand in addition to a $198 thousand reduction in occupancy expense for the impaired space. The decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2021was also related to a $523 thousand decrease in legal and professional fees as a result of exploring alternative exit strategies for our NonQM loan portfolio held-for-sale, which occurred during the first quarter of 2020. Additionally, all other general, administrative and other expenses decreased quarter over quarter as a result of the reduction in origination volume as compared to the same period in 2020.

Business promotion expense decreased $1.9 million to $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $3.1 million for the same period in the prior year.  Business promotion has remained low as compared to prior periods as a result of the current interest rate environment which requires significantly less business promotion to source leads.  We intend to continue to source leads through digital campaigns, which allow for a more cost effective approach, increasing the ability to be more price and product competitive to more specific target geographies.

Net Interest Income

We earn net interest income primarily from mortgage assets, which include securitized mortgage collateral and loans held-for-sale, or collectively, “mortgage assets,” and, to a lesser extent, interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense is primarily interest paid on borrowings secured by mortgage assets, which include securitized mortgage borrowings and warehouse borrowings and to a lesser extent, interest expense paid on long-term debt, Convertible Notes, MSR financing and corporate owned life insurance trusts. Interest income and interest expense during the period primarily represents the effective yield, based on the fair value of the trust assets and liabilities.

The following table summarizes average balance, interest and weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, for the periods indicated.

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	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021						2020
	Average						Average
	Balance		Interest		Yield		Balance		Interest		Yield
ASSETS
Securitized mortgage collateral	$	2,069,360	$	15,184	2.94	%	$	2,438,439	$	27,714	4.55	%
Mortgage loans held-for-sale		191,301		1,338	2.80			715,715		8,320	4.65
Other		54,105		3	0.02			36,713		61	0.66
Total interest-earning assets	$	2,314,766	$	16,525	2.86	%	$	3,190,867	$	36,095	4.52	%
LIABILITIES
Securitized mortgage borrowings	$	2,057,384	$	12,955	2.52	%	$	2,428,709	$	25,386	4.18	%
Warehouse borrowings		185,225		1,523	3.29			668,938		6,244	3.73
MSR financing facilities		—		—	—			2,308		24	4.16
Long-term debt		44,887		925	8.24			42,533		1,041	9.79
Convertible notes		20,000		350	7.00			24,997		472	7.55
Other		12,607		112	3.55			4		—	—
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	2,320,103	$	15,865	2.74	%	$	3,167,489	$	33,167	4.19	%
Net interest spread (1)			$	660	0.12	%			$	2,928	0.34	%
Net interest margin (2)					0.11	%					0.37	%

(1) Net interest spread is calculated by subtracting the weighted average yield on interest-bearing liabilities from the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets.

(2) Net interest margin is calculated by dividing net interest spread by total average interest-earning assets.

Net interest spread income decreased $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 primarily attributable to a decrease in the net interest spread between loans held-for-sale and their related warehouse borrowings, an increase in interest expense on the corporate owned life insurance trusts (within other liabilities) and a decrease in the net interest spread on the securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings.  Offsetting the decrease in net interest spread income was a decrease in interest expense on the convertible notes, long-term debt MSR financing.  As a result, the net interest margin decreased to 0.12% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from 0.34% for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the yield on interest-earning assets decreased to 2.86% from 4.52% in the comparable 2020 period. The yield on interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 2.74% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from 4.19% for the comparable 2020 period.  In connection with the fair value accounting for securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings and long-term debt, interest income and interest expense are recognized using effective yields based on estimated fair values for these instruments. The decrease in yield for securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings is primarily related to an increase in prices on mortgage-backed bonds which resulted in a decrease in yield as compared to the previous period.

Change in the fair value of long-term debt.

Long-term debt (consisting of junior subordinated notes) is measured based upon an internal analysis, which considers our own credit risk and discounted cash flow analyses. Improvements in our financial results and financial condition in the future could result in additional increases in the estimated fair value of the long-term debt, while deterioration in financial results and financial condition could result in a decrease in the estimated fair value of the long-term debt.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the fair value of long-term debt increased by $948 thousand to $45.4 million from $44.4 million at December 31, 2020.  The increase in estimated fair value was the result of a $1.7 million change in the instrument specific credit risk and a $306 thousand increase due to accretion, partially offset by a $1.0 million change in the market specific credit risk as a result of an increase in the forward LIBOR curve as compared to the fourth quarter of 2020.  

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the fair value of the long-term debt decreased $5.8 million.  The decrease in estimated fair value was the result of a $9.0 million change in the market specific credit risk during the quarter

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partially offset by a reduction of $3.1 million change in the instrument specific credit risk and a $161 thousand increase due to accretion.  

Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO losses

	For the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2021		2020
Change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO	$	(3,544)	$	(4,096)
Gains from REO		1,871		1,713
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains	$	(1,673)	$	(2,383)

The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a loss of $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.  The change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was due to $3.5 million in losses from changes in fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings and securitized mortgage collateral as a result of cash received during the quarter and an increase in forward LIBOR offset by a decrease in loss assumptions for certain trusts. These losses were partially offset by an increase in the NRV of REO of $1.9 million during the period attributed to lower expected loss severities on properties within certain states held in the long-term mortgage portfolio during the period.

The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a loss of $2.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.  The change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was due to $4.1 million in losses from changes in fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings and securitized mortgage collateral as a result of increases in loss assumptions on certain trusts during the period partially offset by a decrease in forward LIBOR. Additionally, the NRV of REO increased $1.7 million during the period attributed to lower expected loss severities on properties within certain states held in the long-term mortgage portfolio during the period.

Income Taxes

We recorded income tax (benefit) expense of ($19) thousand and $36 thousand for the three ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2021, was the result of net loss during the period partially offset by state income taxes from states where the Company does not have net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or state minimum taxes.  Tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020, is primarily the result of state income taxes from states where the Company does not have net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards or state minimum taxes.  

As of December 31, 2020, we had estimated NOL carryforwards of approximately $609.3 million. Federal NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2027.  As of December 31, 2020, we had estimated California NOL carryforwards of approximately $420.3 million, which begin to expire in 2028.  We may not be able to realize the maximum benefit due to the nature and tax entities that hold the NOL.

Results of Operations by Business Segment

We have three primary operating segments: Mortgage Lending, Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio and Real Estate Services. Unallocated corporate and other administrative costs, including the cost associated with being a public company, are presented in Corporate. Segment operating results are as follows:

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Mortgage Lending

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Gain (loss) on sale of loans, net	$	20,131	$	(28,162)	$	48,293	171	%
Servicing (expenses) fees, net		(119)		2,507		(2,626)	(105)
Gain (loss) on mortgage servicing rights, net		38		(18,310)		18,348	100
Other		24		—		24	n/a
Total revenues		20,074		(43,965)		64,039	146
Other (expense) income		(183)		2,100		(2,283)	(109)
Personnel expense		(13,050)		(17,980)		4,930	27
Business promotion		(1,191)		(3,123)		1,932	62
General, administrative and other		(1,988)		(3,841)		1,853	48
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	$	3,662	$	(66,809)	$	70,471	105	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, gain (loss) on sale of loans, net was a gain of $20.1 million compared to a loss of $ (28.2) million in the comparable 2020 period. The increase in gain on sale of loans, net was most notably due to a $44.6 million increase in mark-to-market gains on LHFS, a $20.2 million increase in realized and unrealized net losses on derivative financial instruments, a $6.2 million decrease in provision for repurchases and a $5.1 million decrease in direct origination expenses.  Partially offsetting the increase in gain on sale of loans, net was a $26.2 million decrease in gain on sale of loans and $1.6 million in premiums from servicing retained loan sales.  

As previously discussed, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, the quarter over quarter increases are predominantly due to the substantial remarking of our NonQM loan portfolio held-for-sale during 2020.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the increase in gain on sale of loans, net was offset by a reduction in loans originated and sold, which totaled $849.9 million and $799.8 million, respectively, as compared to $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion of loans originated and sold, respectively, during the same period in 2020.  During the first quarter of 2021, margins were 237 bps as compared to the negative margins in the first quarter of 2020 resulting in the aforementioned loss on sale of loans, but decreased from 265 bps in the fourth quarter of 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, servicing (expenses) fees, net were an expense of $119 thousand compared to income of $2.5 million in the comparable 2020 period.  The decrease in servicing (expense) fees, net was the result of the sale of $4.2 billion in UPB of Freddie Mac and GNMA MSRs in the second and third quarters of 2020.  In addition, the substantial decrease in mortgage interest rates during 2020 caused a significant increase in runoff of our mortgage servicing portfolio which combined with the servicing sale decreased the servicing portfolio average balance 99% to $38.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to an average balance of $4.7 billion for the comparable period in 2020.  As a result of the servicing sales in 2020, we will continue to see a reduction in servicing fees, net and recognize a servicing expense related to interim subservicing and other servicing costs related to the small UPB of remaining servicing portfolio.    During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we had $10.4 million in servicing retained loan sales.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, gain (loss) on MSRs, net was a gain of $38 thousand compared to a loss of $18.3 million in the comparable 2020 period.  For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recorded a $38 thousand gain from a change in fair value of MSRs primarily due to changes in fair value associated with changes in market rates, inputs and assumptions partially offset by scheduled prepayments.  For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recorded a $18.8 million loss from a change in fair value of MSRs primarily due to changes in fair value associated with changes in market rates, inputs and assumptions as well as voluntary and scheduled prepayments.  As a result of the aforementioned decrease in interest rates during the first quarter of 2020, $18.4 million of the $18.8 million change in fair value of MSRs was due to prepayments, with $15.8 million primarily due to an increase in prepayment speed assumptions and $2.6 million due to voluntary prepayments.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other income decreased to an expense of $183 thousand as compared to income of $2.1 million in the comparable 2020 period. The $2.3 million decrease in other income was primarily due to a $2.3 million decrease net interest spread between loans held-for-sale and their related warehouse borrowings during the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the comparable period in 2020.  As a result of the low interest rate environment which began in the first quarter of 2020, the base interest rates for our warehouse lines of credit have all hit their floor, which is greater than the note rate on the underlying mortgage loan financed, resulting in negative spread on our financing.

Personnel expense decreased $4.9 million to $13.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020.  The decrease is primarily related to the temporary pause in lending during 2020, which resulted in the furlough and subsequent reduction in headcount. We continue to manage our headcount, pipeline and capacity to balance the risks inherent in an aggregation execution model. As a result, average headcount decreased 39% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020. Although personnel expense decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2021, it increased to 154 bps of funding’s as compared to 119 bps for the comparable 2020 period. The increase is the result of an industry wide escalation in the cost of production and operational talent, as well as the continued rebuild of our NonQM platform, which began in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Business promotion expense decreased $1.9 million to $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $3.1 million for the same period in the prior year.  Business promotion has remained low as compared to prior periods as a result of the current interest rate environment which requires significantly less business promotion to source leads.  We intend to continue to source leads through digital campaigns, which allow for a more cost effective approach, increasing the ability to be more price and product competitive to more specific target geographies.

General, administrative and other expenses decreased to $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $3.8 million for the same period in 2020.  The decrease in general, administrative and other expenses was partially due to a $942 thousand decrease in occupancy expense partially due to right of use (ROU) asset impairment during the first quarter of 2020 as well as a reduction in occupancy expense associated with the impaired space.  During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the pandemic and subsequent reduction in lending activities, we consolidated one floor of our corporate office and recognized ROU asset impairment of $393 thousand in addition to a $198 thousand reduction in occupancy expense for the impaired space. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the decrease was also related to a $260 thousand decrease in legal and professional fees as a result of exploring alternative exit strategies for our NonQM loan portfolio held-for-sale during the first quarter of 2020. Additionally, all other general, administrative and other expenses decreased quarter over quarter as a result of the reduction in origination volume as compared to the same period in 2020.

Long-Term Mortgage Portfolio

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Other revenue	$	27	$	42	$	(15)	(36)	%
Personnel expense		(28)		(34)		6	18
General, administrative and other		(94)		(137)		43	31
Total expenses		(122)		(171)		49	29
Net interest income		1,304		1,287		17	1
Change in fair value of long-term debt		1,025		9,036		(8,011)	89
Change in fair value of net trust assets, including trust REO gains		(1,673)		(2,383)		710	30
Total other income		656		7,940		(7,284)	92
Earnings before income taxes	$	561	$	7,811	$	(7,250)	93	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, net interest income was flat at $1.3 million. Net interest income increased $17 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 primarily attributable to a $116 thousand

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decrease in interest expense on the long-term debt associated with a decrease in three-month LIBOR partially offset by a $99 thousand decrease in net interest spread on the long-term mortgage portfolio.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the fair value of long-term debt increased by $948 thousand to $45.4 million from $44.4 million at December 31, 2020.  The increase in estimated fair value was the result of a $1.7 million change in the instrument specific credit risk and a $306 thousand increase due to accretion, partially offset by a $1.0 million change in the market specific credit risk as a result of an increase in the forward LIBOR curve as compared to the fourth quarter of 2020.  

The change in fair value related to our net trust assets (residual interests in securitizations) was a loss of $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.  The change in fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was due to $3.5 million in losses from changes in fair value of securitized mortgage borrowings and securitized mortgage collateral as a result of cash received during the quarter and an increase in forward LIBOR offset by a decrease in loss assumptions for certain trusts. These losses were partially offset by an increase in the NRV of REO of $1.9 million during the period attributed to lower expected loss severities on properties within certain states held in the long-term mortgage portfolio during the period.

Real Estate Services

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Real estate services fees, net	$	210	$	393	$	(183)	(47)	%
Personnel expense		(304)		(289)		(15)	(5)
General, administrative and other		(64)		(72)		8	11
(Loss) earnings before income taxes	$	(158)	$	32	$	(190)	(594)	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, real estate services fees, net were $210 thousand compared to $393 thousand in the comparable 2020 period. The $183 thousand decrease in real estate services fees, net was primarily the result of a $183 thousand decrease in real estate service fees.  The $183 thousand decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in transactions related to the decline in the number of loans and the UPB of the long-term mortgage portfolio.  

Corporate

The corporate segment includes all compensation applicable to the corporate services groups, public company costs as well as debt expense related to the Convertible Notes and capital leases. This corporate services group supports all operating segments. A portion of the corporate services costs is allocated to the operating segments. The costs associated with being a public company as well as the interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and capital leases are not allocated to our other segments and remain in this segment.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
					$		%
	2021		2020		Change		Change
Interest expense	$	(461)	$	(459)	$	(2)	(0)	%
Other expenses		(4,306)		(5,270)		964	18
Net loss before income taxes	$	(4,767)	$	(5,729)	$	962	17	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other expenses decreased to $4.3 million as compared to $5.3 million for the comparable 2020 period. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the primary decrease in other expenses was an $820 thousand decrease in personnel expense, partially offset by a $270 thousand increase in the cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance trusts and a $234 thousand decrease in legal and professional fees as a result of exploring alternative exit strategies for our NonQM position during the first quarter of 2020.  Partially offsetting the

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decrease in other expenses was a $261 thousand increase in occupancy expense in the corporate segment due to the aforementioned reduction in personnel in the mortgage lending segment as a result of the temporary pause in lending, which reduced allocated rent to the mortgage lending division and increased the rent in corporate.  General, administrative and other expenses increased $88 thousand as a result of an increase in insurance premiums.  

ITEM 3:  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, the Company is not required to provide the information required by this Item.

ITEM 4:  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) designed at a reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in its reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, in connection with the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and interim principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e). Based on that evaluation, the Company’s chief executive officer and interim principal financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2021, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s quarter ended March 31, 2021, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1:  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Legal Proceedings

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the “Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A:  RISK FACTORS

None.

ITEM 2:  UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3:  DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

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ITEM 4:  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5:  OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6: EXHIBITS

(a)	Exhibits:
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Interim Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Item 601(b)(31) of Regulation S-K, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Interim Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following materials from Impac Mortgage Holdings, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (1) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (2) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, (3) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (4) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.

*     This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

IMPAC MORTGAGE HOLDINGS, INC.

/s/ GEORGE MANGIARACINA

George Mangiaracina

Chief Executive Officer

May 7, 2021

/s/ JON GLOECKNER

Jon Gloeckner

SVP, Treasury & Financial Reporting

(Interim Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

May 7, 2021

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