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Restructuring (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Restructuring  
Schedule of Restructuring Expenses

€ millions

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Employee-related restructuring expenses

 

-222

 

-85

-25

Onerous contract-related restructuring expenses and restructuring-related impairment losses

 

8

 

-52

 

-132

 Restructuring expenses

 

-215

 

-138

 

-157

Schedule of Restructuring Expenses by Functional Area

€ millions

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

Cost of cloud

7

20

-127

Cost of software licenses and support

 

-8

 

-9

 

-6

Cost of services

 

-31

 

-70

 

-13

Research and development

 

-42

 

-16

 

-12

Sales and marketing

 

-121

 

-58

 

3

General and administration

-19

-4

-2

 Restructuring expenses

-215

-138

-157