10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on September 30, 2023, was approximately $34.8 million.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of June 28, 2024 was approximately 12.7 million shares, $0.01 par value per share (of which approximately 5.4 million shares were held by the Registrant’s principal operating subsidiary and pursuant to applicable law, not entitled to vote and approximately 7.3 million shares were entitled to vote).

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report” or “Annual Report”) contains various forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such statements are based on management’s current beliefs and assumptions, as well as information currently available to management. When used in this document, the words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “plan,” “believe,” “intend” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Although Nicholas Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) believes that the expectations reflected or implied in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. As a result, actual results could differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may include, without limitation: (1) projections of revenue, income, and other items relating to our financial position and results of operations, (2) statements of our capital allocation plans, particularly alternatives for future use of excess equity capital, (3) statements of other plans, objectives, strategies, goals and intentions, (4) statements regarding the capabilities, capacities, market position and expected development of our business operations, and (5) statements of expected industry and general economic trends. These statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements, including without limitation:

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or expected. All forward-looking statements included in this Report are based on information available to the Company as the date of filing of this Annual Report, and the Company assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statement. Prospective investors should also consult the risk factors described from time to time in the Company’s other filings made with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including its reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K and its annual reports to shareholders.

Nicholas Financial, Inc. (“Nicholas Financial Parent”) started as a Canadian holding company incorporated under the laws of British Columbia in 1986. The business activities of Nicholas Financial Parent are currently conducted exclusively through its wholly-owned indirect subsidiary, Nicholas Financial, Inc., a Florida corporation (“Nicholas Financial”). Nicholas Financial has been a specialized consumer finance company engaged primarily in acquiring and servicing automobile finance installment contracts (“Contracts”) for purchases of used and new automobiles and light trucks. Additionally, Nicholas Financial, prior to the end of the third fiscal quarter of the fiscal year 2024, sold consumer-finance related products and, prior to the end of the third fiscal quarter of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, Nicholas Financial originated direct consumer loans (“Direct Loans”). Nicholas Data Services, Inc. (“NDS”), is a second Florida subsidiary of Nicholas Financial Parent and it serves as the intermediate holding company for Nicholas Financial. NF Funding I, LLC (“NF Funding I”), was a wholly-owned, special purpose financing subsidiary of Nicholas Financial, but that subsidiary no longer served any purpose and, as a result, it was dissolved prior to the end of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Nicholas Financial Parent, Nicholas Financial, and NDS are hereafter collectively referred to as the “Company”.

On April 18, 2024, Nicholas Financial Parent filed its Certificate of Corporate Domestication and Certificate of Incorporation in the State of Delaware in order to complete its continuation and domestication from a company incorporated under the laws of British Columbia to a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, as further described and set forth in its Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-275704), as amended, filed with the SEC on January 29, 2024, and its Proxy Circular/Prospectus (File No. 333-275704) filed with the SEC on March 19,2024.

On April 26, 2024, Nicholas Financial Parent closed upon the sale of substantially of the assets of Nicholas Financial Parent and Nicholas Financial to Westlake Services, LLC dba Westlake Financial, a California limited liability company (“Westlake Services”), as further described and set forth in its Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 1, 2024 (collectively, the “Loan Portfolio Sale”).

On June 15, 2024, Nicholas Financial Parent closed upon the acquisition of approximately 56.5% of the issued and outstanding securities of Amplex Electric, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“Amplex”) that is a broadband service provider serving northwestern Ohio with fiber and fixed wireless broadband solutions, as further described and set forth in its Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 21, 2024 (collectively, the “Amplex Acquisition”).

As a result of the Loan Portfolio Sale and the recent Amplex Acquisition, the Company’s business is expected to consist primarily of the operations conducted through Amplex, which includes the business of providing broadband and related services.

All financial information herein is designated in United States dollars. References to “fiscal 2024” are to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 and references to “fiscal 2023” are to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 26133 US HWY 19 North, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33763, and its telephone number is (727) 726-0763.

The Company’s filings with the SEC, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, definitive proxy statements on Schedule 14A, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Sections 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are made available free of charge through the Investor Center section of the Company’s Internet website at http://www.nicholasfinancial.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company is not including the information contained on or available through its website as a part of, or incorporating such information by reference into, this Report. Copies of any materials the Company files with the SEC can also be obtained free of charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

The Company announced on its Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 3, 2022 a change in its operating strategy and restructuring plan with the goal of reducing operating expenses and freeing up capital. As part of this plan, the Company entered into a loan servicing agreement (the “Servicing Agreement”) on November 3, 2022 with Westlake Portfolio Management, LLC, a California limited liability company (“WPM”, and, collectively with its affiliate, Westlake Capital Finance, LLC, “Westlake”). Also an affiliate of Westlake, Westlake Services, is the beneficial owner of approximately 6.8% of the common stock of Nicholas Financial Parent.

The Company does not intend to continue any Contract purchase and origination activities, and its servicing, collections and recovery operations have been outsourced to Westlake. The Company has also ceased all originations of Direct Loans.

The Company anticipates that execution of its evolving restructuring plan will free up capital and permit the Company to allocate excess capital to increase shareholder returns, whether by acquiring loan portfolios or businesses or by investing outside of the Company’s traditional business, such as the Company’s investment in the Amplex Acquisition. The overall timeframe and structure of the Company’s restructuring remains uncertain.

The Company no longer employs the branch-based model, and its business remained focused on servicing its core product of financing primary transportation to and from work for the subprime borrower during fiscal 2024, which historically had been conducted through the local independent automobile dealership. The Company's strategy prior to the Loan Portfolio Sale included risk-based pricing (rate, yield, advance, term, collateral value) and a commitment to the underwriting discipline required for optimal portfolio performance. The Company’s principal goals are to increase its profitability and its long-term shareholder value through identifying new business opportunities for the Company to evaluate and pursue.

In fiscal 2023, the Company also restructured and consolidated its operations by closing all of its brick-and-mortar branch locations in 18 states — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. As a result, as of December 31, 2023, the Company only had two offices in two states – its headquarters in Florida and its central business operations hub in South Carolina.

Although the Company had been licensed to provide Direct Loans in 14 states — Alabama, Florida, Georgia (over $3,000), Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee — during fiscal 2024 the Company cancelled, did not renew, or otherwise terminated all of such Direct Loan licenses.

Consequently, the Company has not originated any new Direct Loans since the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2023 through all of fiscal 2024, and the Company does not intend to originate any new Direct Loans going forward.

On November 13, 2023, Nicholas Financial Parent and Nicholas Financial entered into a Master Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Westlake Services pursuant to which Nicholas Financial Parent and Nicholas Financial agreed to sell, and Westlake Services agreed to purchase from Nicholas Financial Parent and Nicholas Financial, substantially all of the assets of Nicholas Financial Parent and Nicholas Financial, consisting of Nicholas Financial’s motor vehicle retail installment sale contracts and unsecured consumer loan contracts (collectively, the “Contracts”) and the accounts receivable related to such Contracts (collectively, the “Receivables”). Nicholas Financial Parent sought and obtained shareholder approval for the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Purchase Agreement.

Westlake Services is an affiliate of WPM, and Nicholas Financial entered into the Servicing Agreement with WPM on November 3, 2022, pursuant to which WPM commenced servicing of the Receivables under the Contracts in December 2022 and has continued such servicing to date. In connection with entering into the Purchase Agreement, the Company has ceased new loans originations, and WPM continued to service such Receivables for Nicholas Financial until the closing of the transaction under the Purchase Agreement. In addition to other customary closing conditions, the closing under the Purchase Agreement was subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company. After the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, the Company intends to explore strategic alternatives for the use of the remaining net proceeds of the Loan Portfolio Sale, in addition to the Amplex Acquisition, and to seek to maximize the value of deferred tax assets available to the Company.

During fiscal 2024, the Company did not have any completed bulk portfolio purchases.

The Company also has cancelled, not renewed, or otherwise terminated all of its Contract purchasing and Direct Loan licenses. Consequently, the Company has not purchased Contracts and has not originated any new Direct Loans since the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the Company does not intend to originate any new Contracts and Direct Loans going forward.

Following the restructuring and consolidation of the Company’s operations, the Company does not expect to expand its consumer finance business in either its current markets or any new markets.

Prior to the Loan Portfolio Sale and the Amplex Acquisition, the Company has been engaged in the business of providing financing programs, primarily to purchasers of used cars and light trucks who met the Company’s credit standards but who did not meet the credit standards of traditional lenders, such as banks and credit unions, because of the customer’s credit history, job instability, the age of the vehicle being financed, or some other factor(s). Unlike lenders that look primarily to the credit history of the borrower in making lending decisions, typically financing new automobiles, the Company was willing to purchase Contracts for purchases made by borrowers who did not have a good credit history and for older model and high-mileage automobiles. In making decisions regarding the purchase of a particular Contract, the Company considered the following factors related to the borrower: current income; credit history; history in making installment payments for automobiles; current and prior job status; and place and length of residence. In addition, the Company examined its prior experience with Contracts purchased from the dealer from which the Company was purchasing the Contract, and the value of the automobile in relation to the purchase price and the term of the Contract.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the number of states in which the Company’s automobile finance programs have been conducted has been reduced to none from 19 states during fiscal 2023 - Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin - to just six of such states continuing - Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. The Company acquired Contracts in these states through its originators who worked from home in the states of Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio and South Carolina. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no agreements with any dealers that were active for the purchase of individual Contracts that met the Company’s financing criteria. The Company considers a dealer agreement to be active if a loan contract is complete and executed. Each dealer agreement had required the dealer to originate Contracts in accordance with the Company’s guidelines. Once a Contract was purchased by the Company, the dealer was no longer involved in the relationship between the Company and the borrower, other than through the existence of limited representations and warranties of the dealer in favor of the Company.

A customer under a Contract typically made a down payment, in the form of cash and/or trade-in, ranging from 5% to 35% of the sale price of the vehicle financed. The balance of the purchase price of the vehicle plus taxes, title fees and, if applicable, premiums for extended service contracts, GAP waiver coverage, roadside assistance plans, credit disability insurance and/or credit life insurance were generally financed over a period of 12 to 60 months. At approximately the time of origination, the Company purchased a Contract from an automobile dealer at a negotiated price that is less than the original principal amount being financed by the purchaser of the automobile. The Company refers to the difference between the negotiated price and the original principal amount being financed as the dealer discount. The amount of the dealer discount depended upon factors such as the age and value of the automobile and the creditworthiness of the customer. The Company had been committed to maintaining pricing discipline and therefore placed less emphasis on competition when pricing the discount. Generally, the Company would pay more (i.e., purchase the Contract at a smaller discount from the original principal amount) for Contracts as the credit risk of the customer improves. To date, the Contracts purchased by the Company have been purchased at discounts that range from 1% to 15% of the original principal amount of each Contract, with the typical average discount being between 6% and 8%. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s indirect loan portfolio consisted of Contracts purchased from a dealer or acquired through a bulk acquisition. Such Contracts are purchased without recourse to the dealer, however each dealer remains potentially liable to the Company for breaches of certain representations and warranties made by the dealer with respect to compliance with applicable federal and state laws and valid title to the vehicle. The Company’s policy was to only purchase a Contract after the dealer had provided the Company with the requisite proof that (a) the Company had a first priority lien on the financed vehicle (or the Company had, in fact, perfected such first priority lien), (b) the customer had obtained the required collision insurance naming the Company as loss payee with a deductible of not more than $1,000 and (c) the Contract had been fully and accurately completed and validly executed. Once the Company received and approved all required documents, it paid the dealer for the Contract and servicing of the Contract commenced.

The Company purchased Contracts in the states listed in the table below during the periods indicated. The Contracts purchased by the Company are predominantly for used vehicles; for the periods shown below, less than 1% were for new vehicles. The average model year collateralizing the portfolio as of March 31, 2024 was a 2012 vehicle. The dollar amounts shown in the table below represent the Company’s finance receivables on Contracts purchased within the respective fiscal year:

The following table presents selected information on Contracts purchased by the Company:

Effective during the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company no longer originates any Direct Loans. Previous to that time, the Company originated Direct Loans in Alabama, Florida, Georgia (over $3,000), Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Direct Loans were loans originated directly between the Company and the consumer. These loans were typically for amounts ranging from $500 to $11,000 and are generally secured by a lien on an automobile, watercraft or other permissible tangible personal property. The average loan made during fiscal 2023 by the Company had an initial principal balance of approximately $4,300. Most of the Direct Loans were originated with current or former customers under the Company’s automobile financing program. The typical Direct Loan represented a better credit risk than our typical Contract due to the customer’s payment history with the Company, as well as their established relationship with the local branch staff. The size of the loan and maximum interest rate that may be (and is) charged varies from state to state. The Company considered the individual’s income, credit history, job stability, and the value of the collateral offered by the borrower to secure the loan as the primary factors in determining whether an applicant would receive an approval for such loan. Additionally, because most of the Direct Loans made by the Company have been made to borrowers under Contracts previously purchased by the Company, the collection experience of the borrower under the Contract was a significant factor in making the underwriting decision. The Company’s Direct Loan program was implemented in April 1995 and accounted for approximately 13% and 16% of the Company’s annual consolidated revenues during fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

In connection with its Direct Loan program, the Company also made available credit disability insurance, credit life insurance, and involuntary unemployment insurance coverage to customers through unaffiliated third-party insurance carriers. Approximately 60% of the Direct Loans outstanding as of March 31, 2024 elected to purchase third-party insurance coverage made available by the Company. The cost of this insurance to the customer, which included a commission for the Company, was included in the amount financed by the customer.

The following table presents selected information on Direct Loans originated by the Company:

The Company’s typical customer in its consumer finance business has a credit history that fails to meet the lending standards of most banks and credit unions. Some of the credit problems experienced by the Company’s customers that resulted in a poor credit history include but are not limited to: prior automobile account repossessions, unpaid revolving credit card obligations, unpaid medical bills, unpaid student loans, prior bankruptcy, and evictions for nonpayment of rent. The Company believes that its customer profile is similar to that of its direct competitors.

The Company’s process to approve the purchase of a Contract began with the Company receiving a standardized credit application completed by the consumer which contained information relating to the consumer’s background, employment, and credit history. The Company also obtained credit reports from Equifax and/or TransUnion, which are independent credit reporting services. The Company verified the consumer’s employment history, income, and residence. In most cases, consumers were interviewed via telephone by a Company application processor (usually the Branch Manager or Assistant Branch Manager when the Company employed its branch-based model, and the originators in the Company's regionalized business model after the branches were closed). The Company also considered the customer’s prior payment history with the Company, if any, as well as the collateral value of the vehicle being financed.

The Company had established internal underwriting guidelines that were used by its Branch Managers and internal underwriters when Contracts were purchased by the Company prior to the restructuring of its operations. The Company had adopted updated guidelines consistent with its post-restructuring operations, which guidelines were to be used by the Company’s originators and internal underwriters when purchasing Contracts in the Company’s

regionalized business model. Any Contract that did not meet these guidelines were to be approved by the senior management of the Company. In addition to a variety of administrative duties, the Company's management was responsible for monitoring compliance with the Company’s underwriting guidelines as well as approving underwriting exceptions.

When the Company was originating Direct Loans, the Company used similar criteria in analyzing a Direct Loan as it did in analyzing the purchase of a Contract. Lending decisions regarding Direct Loans were made based upon a review of the customer’s loan application, income, credit history, job stability, and the value of the collateral offered by the borrower to secure the loan. Since the majority of the Company’s Direct Loans have been made to individuals whose automobiles have been financed by the Company, the customer’s payment history under his or her existing or past Contract was a significant factor in the lending decision.

After reviewing the information included in the Contract or, when applicable, Direct Loan application and taking the other factors into account, the Company’s loan origination system categorized the customer using internally developed credit classifications from “1,” indicating higher creditworthiness, through “4,” indicating lower creditworthiness. Contracts were financed for individuals who fell within all four acceptable rating categories utilized, “1” through “4”. Usually a customer who fell within the two highest categories (i.e., “1” or “2”) was purchasing a two to five-year old, lower mileage used automobile, while a customer in any of the two lowest categories (i.e., “3,” or “4”) usually was purchasing an older, higher mileage automobile from an independent used automobile dealer.

Prior to the closure of the Company’s branches, the Company performed audits of its branches’ compliance with Company underwriting guidelines. The Company audited branches on a schedule that was variable depending on the size of the branch, length of time a branch had been open, then current tenure of the Branch Manager, previous branch audit score, and then current and historical branch profitability. Additionally, field supervisions and audits were conducted by District Managers, Divisional Vice Presidents and Divisional Administrative Assistants to try to ensure operational and underwriting compliance throughout the former branch network.

On November 3, 2022, the Company entered into the Servicing Agreement with Westlake. Under the Servicing Agreement, the Company originated and acquired receivables and Westlake performs the servicing duties with respect to such receivables, including without limitation that Westlake manages, services, administers and makes collections on the receivables, including with respect to any repossession of any financed vehicle securing a receivable under which it is determined that payments thereunder are not likely to be resumed. Unless earlier terminated in accordance with its provisions, the Servicing Agreement shall expire upon the earliest to occur of (i) the date on which the Company sells, transfers or assigns all outstanding receivables to a third party (including Westlake), (ii) the date on which the last receivable is repaid or otherwise terminated, or (iii) three years from the closing date of the Servicing Agreement.

The Company required each customer under a Contract to obtain and maintain collision insurance covering damage to the vehicle. Failure to maintain such insurance constitutes a default under the Contract that would permit the repossession of the vehicle. To reduce potential loss due to insurance lapse, the Company had the contractual right to obtain collateral protection insurance through a third-party, which covered loss due to physical damage to a vehicle not covered by any insurance policy of the customer.

The servicer monitors compliance by the Company's customers with their obligations under Contracts and Direct Loans made by the Company and the servicer provided reports to the Company on such activity. These reports may be accessed throughout the Company by management personnel at computer terminals that were located in the Company’s offices. These reports included delinquency reports, customer promise reports, vehicle information reports, purchase reports, dealer analysis reports, static pool reports, and repossession reports.

A delinquency report is an aging report that provided basic information regarding each customer account and indicated accounts that were past due. The report included information such as the account number, address of the customer, phone numbers of the customer, original term of the Contract, number of remaining payments, outstanding balance, due dates, date of last payment, number of days past due, scheduled payment amount, amount of last payment, total past due, and special payment arrangements or agreements.

When an account became delinquent, the customer was promptly contacted to determine the reason for the delinquency and to determine if appropriate arrangements for payment could be made. If acceptable payment arrangements could be made, the information was entered into a database and was used to generate a customer promises report, which was utilized for account follow up.

The servicer prepared a repossession report that provided information regarding repossessed vehicles and aided in disposing of repossessed vehicles. In addition to information regarding the customer, this report provided information regarding the date of repossession, date the vehicle was sold, number of days it was held in inventory prior to sale, year, make and model of the vehicle, mileage, payoff amount on the Contract, NADA book value, Black Book value, suggested sale price, location of the vehicle, original dealer and condition of the vehicle, as well as notes and other information that could have been helpful.

If an account was 121 days delinquent and the related vehicle had not yet been repossessed, the account was charged-off and transferred to the servicer's loss prevention and recovery department. Once a vehicle had been repossessed, the related loan balance no longer appeared on the delinquency report. Instead, the vehicle appeared on the servicer's repossession report and was generally sold at auction.

The servicer also prepared a dealer report that provided information regarding each dealer from which the Company purchased Contracts. This report allowed the Company to analyze the volume of business done with each dealer, the terms on which it had purchased Contracts from such dealer, as well as the overall portfolio performance of Contracts purchased from the dealer.

The Company was subject to seasonal variations within the subprime marketplace. While the APR, discount, and term remained consistent across quarters, write-offs and delinquencies tended to be lower while purchases tended to be higher in the fourth and first quarters of the fiscal year. The second and third quarters of the fiscal year tended to have higher write-offs and delinquencies, and a lower level of purchases.

The Company’s Contract marketing efforts were directed primarily toward automobile dealers. The Company attempted to meet dealers’ needs by offering highly responsive, cost-competitive, and service-oriented financing programs. The Company relied on its staff of originators to solicit agreements for the purchase of Contracts with automobile dealers based within the regions located in the seven states in which the Company then conducted operations. The Company provided dealers with information regarding itself and the general terms upon which the Company was willing to purchase Contracts. The Company used web advertising, social media and print ads in dealer association publications for marketing purposes. The Company was a member and corporate sponsor of the National Independent Auto Dealers Association, which also gave it access to state-level associations. Its representatives attended conferences and events for both state and national associations to market its products directly to dealers in attendance.

When the Company was originating Direct Loans, the Company solicited customers under its Direct Loan program primarily through direct mailings, followed by telephone calls to individuals who had a good credit history with the Company in connection with Contracts purchased by the Company. It also relied on other forms of electronic messaging and in-store advertising.

All Company personnel are provided with real-time access to information. The Company has purchased or otherwise has access through its servicer to the specialized programs to monitor the Contracts and Direct Loans from inception. The Company’s computer network encompasses its corporate headquarters. See “Monitoring and Enforcement of Contracts” above for a summary of the different reports available to the Company.

The consumer finance industry is highly fragmented and highly competitive. Due to various factors, the competitiveness of the industry continues to increase as new competitors continue to enter the market and certain existing competitors continue to expand their operations. There are numerous financial service companies that provide consumer credit in the markets that were served by the Company, including banks, credit unions, other

consumer finance companies, and captive finance companies owned by automobile manufacturers and retailers. Increased competition for the purchase of Contracts enables automobile dealers to shop for the best price, which can result in an erosion in the dealer discounts from the initial principal amounts at which the Company was willing to purchase Contracts and higher advance rates. However, the Company instead focused on purchasing Contracts that were priced to reflect the inherent risk level of the Contract, and sacrificed loan volume, if necessary, to maintain that pricing discipline. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s average dealer discount on Contracts purchased decreased to 6.3%, compared to 6.5% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The table below shows the number and principal amount of Contracts purchased, average amount financed, average term, and average APR and discount for the periods presented:

The Company’s ability to compete effectively with other companies offering similar financing arrangements depended in part upon the Company maintaining close business relationships with dealers of used and new vehicles. No single dealer with which the Company had active contractual relationships represented a significant amount of the Company’s business volume for either of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

As we enter the broadband business following the recently completed Amplex Acquisition, many but not all of Amplex’s services and networks will be regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”) and by state and local governments. Whether Amplex’s networks or services are regulated or unregulated depends on numerous factors, including but not limited to whether Amplex offers telecommunications service, as defined in state and federal laws, or cable service. The construction and maintenance of Amplex’s fiber optic networks may face local regulation that can adversely impact the timing or deployment of services. Certain of Amplex’s services that are provided via wireless transmission require FCC licenses and local video and other services often require local government franchises. The local government franchises often impose certain obligations to build out the network and require payment of fees to the local government, which fees are often are based on a percentage of gross revenues. In private communities and mobile home parks, Amplex may be required to obtain the consent of the homeowners’ association or other property owners to provide services, and Amplex may have to pay a fee to obtain access to the property and provide its services. Finally, to deploy Amplex’s networks, it frequently must obtain agreements from local power utilities to use their poles and in some cases easements from landowners. Our historical consumer finance business is subject to numerous federal and state consumer protection laws and related regulations that impose substantial requirements upon creditors and servicers involved in consumer finance. These laws include the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, state adaptations of the National Consumer Act and of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code and state lending acts, motor vehicle retail installment acts and other similar laws. Also, the laws of certain states impose finance charge ceilings and other restrictions on consumer transactions and require contract disclosures in addition to those required under federal law. These requirements impose specific statutory liabilities upon creditors who fail to comply with their provisions. In some cases, this liability could affect the ability of an assignee such as the Company to enforce consumer finance contracts such as the Contracts.

The Company’s financing operations are subject to regulation, supervision and licensing under many federal, state and local statutes, regulations and ordinances. In addition, the Company and its service providers must comply with certain federal and state requirements in connection with the servicing and collection on Direct Loans and Contracts, and the repossession of vehicles securing Direct Loans and Contracts in the states in which the Company does business. The Company and its third-party service providers must comply with federal, state and local regulatory regimes, including those applicable to consumer credit transactions. In particular, the Company may be subject to laws such as:

Failure to comply with these laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company by, among other things, limiting the jurisdictions in which the Company may operate, restricting the Company’s or its service provider’s ability to realize the value of the collateral securing the Contracts, and making it more costly or burdensome to do business or resulting in potential liability. The volume of new or modified laws and regulations and the activity of agencies enforcing such law have increased in recent years in response to issues arising with respect to consumer lending. From time to time, legislation and regulations are enacted which increase the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among financial services providers. Proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the operations and taxation of financial institutions and financial services providers are frequently made in the U.S. Congress, in the state legislatures and by various regulatory agencies. This legislation may change the Company’s operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways and may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

In addition to the CFPB, other state and federal agencies have the ability to regulate aspects of the Company’s business. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act provides a mechanism for state Attorneys General to investigate the Company. Additionally, the FTC has jurisdiction to investigate aspects of the Company’s business. The Company expects that regulatory investigation by both state and federal agencies will continue and that the results of these investigations could have a material adverse impact on the Company.

The Holder Rule of the FTC has the effect of subjecting a seller, and certain related lenders and their assignees, in a consumer credit transaction to all claims and defenses which the obligor in the transaction could assert against the seller of the goods. Liability under the Holder Rule is limited to the amounts paid by the obligor under the contract, and the holder of the contract may also be unable to collect any balance remaining due thereunder from the obligor. The Holder Rule is generally duplicated by the Uniform Consumer Credit Code, other state statutes or the common law in certain states. Most of the Contracts will be subject to the requirements of the Holder Rule. Accordingly, the Company, as holder of the Contracts, will be subject to any claims or defenses that the purchaser of a financed vehicle may assert against the seller of the financed vehicle. Such claims are limited to a maximum liability equal to the amounts paid by the obligor on the Contract.

Dealers with which the Company does business must also comply with credit and trade practice statutes and regulations. Failure of these dealers to comply with such statutes and regulations could result in customers having rights of rescission and other remedies that could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

The sale of vehicle service contracts and other ancillary products by dealers in connection with Contracts assigned to the Company from dealers is also subject to state laws and regulations. Although these laws and regulations may not significantly affect the Company’s business, there can be no assurance that insurance or other regulatory authorities

in the jurisdictions in which these products are offered by dealers will not seek to regulate or restrict the operation of the Company’s business in these jurisdictions. Any regulation or restriction of the Company’s business in these jurisdictions could materially adversely affect the income received from these products.

The Company’s management believes that the Company maintains all requisite licenses and permits and is in material compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations. The Company periodically reviews its practices in an effort to ensure such compliance. Although compliance with existing laws and regulations has not had a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations to date, given the increasingly complex regulatory environment, the increasing costs of complying with such laws and regulations, and the increasing risk of penalties, fines or other liabilities associated therewith, no assurances can be given that the Company is in material compliance with all of such laws or regulations or that the costs of such compliance, or the failure to be in such compliance, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

For more information, please refer to the risk factors titled “Federal or state regulatory reform could have an adverse impact on the Company”, “On October 5, 2017, the CFPB released the final rule Payday, Vehicle Title and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans under the Dodd Frank Act, which as adopted could potentially have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial performance”, “The CFPB has broad authority to pursue administrative proceedings and litigation for violations of federal consumer financing laws”, “Pursuant to the authority granted to it under the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB adopted rules that subject larger nonbank automobile finance companies to supervision and examination by the CFPB. Any such examination by the CFPB likely would have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial performance”, “Our use of vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships is subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention”, and “We are subject to many other laws and governmental regulations, and any material violations of or changes in these laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business operations”, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The Company’s management and various support functions are centralized at the Company’s corporate headquarters in Clearwater, Florida. In connection with the closure of all of the Company’s brick-and-mortar branch locations in 18 states, the Company’s staff was significantly downsized during fiscal 2023 and 2024, both as a result of layoffs and other voluntary and involuntary terminations. As a result, as of March 31, 2024, the Company employed a total of seven persons, of which five persons were employed at the Company’s Clearwater Corporate office. None of the Company’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company considers its relations with its employees generally to be good.

We are also committed to fostering, cultivating, and preserving a culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DE&I”). We believe that the collective sum of the individual differences, life experiences, knowledge, inventiveness, self-expression, unique capabilities, and talent that our employees invest in their work represent a significant part of our culture, reputation, and achievement. We believe that an emphasis on DE&I drives value for our employees, customers, and shareholders, and that our DE&I commitment enables us to better serve our communities.

We also offer our employees a variety of training and development opportunities. Employees complete a comprehensive training curriculum that focuses on the Company- and position-specific competencies needed to be successful. The training includes a blended approach utilizing eLearning modules, hands-on exercises, webinars, and assessments. Training content is focused on our operating policies and procedures, as well as several key compliance areas.

The following factors, as well as other factors not set forth below, may adversely affect the business, operations, financial condition or results of operations of the Company (sometimes referred to in this section as “we” “us” or “our”).

The net proceeds of the closing of the Loan Portfolio Sale may not be used successfully to fully implement our proposed restructuring plan.

We intend to use net proceeds from the Loan Portfolio Sale to either acquire or invest in businesses outside of the Company’s traditional business, such as Amplex. The board of directors intends to explore acquisitions of businesses in industries with respect to which they have familiarity based on their other business and investment activities; however, the board does not intend to limit its acquisition and investment activities to those businesses and industries. The overall timeframe for potential acquisitions and investments beyond the Amplex Acquisition remains uncertain. Even though the Loan Portfolio Sale has closed, the restructuring plan may not be implemented at all or, if implemented, may not be successful in achieving its intended goals. We may not be successful in identifying other businesses beyond Amplex to acquire or invest in and, if we do, we may not be able to make such acquisitions or investments on terms favorable to us, if at all. There can be no assurance that if such acquisitions or investments are made that the value to shareholders over time will exceed the amount, if any, they would receive in a liquidation. There can be no assurance that the restructuring plan will result in greater shareholder value than the liquidation and dissolution of the Company.

We may not be able to use our net operating loss carryforwards as a result of the Loan Portfolio Sale or otherwise, which could adversely affect our restructuring plan.

Our ability to preserve and use our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and certain other tax attributes as part of our restructuring plan, or otherwise, may be limited or may not be available for use at all. As of March 31, 2024, we maintained a deferred income tax valuation allowance of $14.0 million, the remaining state gross NOL was $59.4 million, and the remaining U.S. gross NOL amounted to $38.8 million. The U.S. NOL generated beginning in 2022 and later will carry forward indefinitely, while some state NOLs begin to expire March 31, 2039. Realization of these NOL carryforwards depends on future income and if we do not generate future income our existing carryforwards would be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a rolling three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. We do not believe that we will experience an ownership change as a result of the domestication or the Loan Portfolio Sale. However, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of future transactions in, or issuances of, our stock, some of which may be outside our control. If a “change in ownership” occurs and if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOL carryforwards, or other pre-change tax attributes, to offset U.S. and state taxable income may be subject to significant limitations or may not be available at all. Limitations on the use of our pre-change NOL carryforwards or other pre-change tax attributes or our inability to use them could adversely affect our restructuring plan by delaying or preventing its implementation.

We may be deemed to be a shell company as a result of the Loan Portfolio Sale or otherwise, which could adversely affect your ability to sell your shares of Company stock.

If we become a shell company as defined in Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act and Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, your ability to resell your common shares could be limited. A shell company is a company that has: (a) no or nominal operations and (b) either no or nominal assets, assets consisting solely of cash and cash equivalents or assets consisting of any amount of cash and cash equivalents and nominal other assets. Your common shares may only be sold pursuant to an effective registration statement or an exemption from registration, if available, such as Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act or another exemption. Currently, there is no effective registration statement for you to resell your common shares. Rule 144 provides a potential registration exemption for resales of your common shares if all of the requirements of the rule are met. The registration exemption provided by Rule 144 is not available for resales of securities issued by a company that has been at any

time a shell company, with an exception. Under this exemption, Rule 144 may be available for a company that is at any time a shell company if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the issuer of the securities that was formerly a shell company has ceased to be a shell company; (ii) the issuer of the securities is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; (iii) the issuer of the securities has filed all Exchange Act reports and material required to be filed, as applicable, during the preceding twelve months (or such shorter period that the issuer was required to file such reports and materials), other than Current Reports on Form 8-K; and (iv) at least one year has elapsed from the time that the issuer filed current Form 10 type information with the SEC reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company. At the present time, the Company is not classified as a “shell company” under Rule 405 of the Securities Act or Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. To the extent the Company is designated a shell company you would be unable to resell your common shares under Rule 144, unless the conditions of the exemption in Rule 144 are satisfied.

We face intense competition, including competition from companies with significantly greater resources than us, and if we are unable to compete effectively with these companies, our market share may decline and our business could be harmed.

The broadband services to be offered through Amplex will compete with other technologies, including traditional cable services as well as satellite services. These markets are highly competitive, and many traditional providers of cable and wireless services have greater financial, marketing, and human resources than we do and may be able to offer additional products and services to our customers. In addition, new technologies may be developed which would provide an alternative to our fiber-to-the-home services we currently provide. As we seek to expand our broadband services, we may face incumbent service providers which would be able to retain a significant customer base in the communities in which we may seek to enter, making it difficult to achieve a share of the market needed to provide our services profitably. Our inability to compete effectively or expand our customer base could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity and results of operations.

Our success has been dependent on our ability to forecast the performance of our remaining Contracts and remaining Direct Loans.

We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience high delinquency and loss rates in our portfolios. This has in the past reduced and may continue to reduce our profitability. In addition, our inability to accurately forecast and estimate the amount and timing of future collections could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity and results of operations.

Our consolidated net loss for the year ended March 31, 2024 was $20.8 million as compared to net loss of $34.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2023. Although our significant net loss during fiscal 2023 was largely attributable to our previously announced change in operating strategy and restructuring plan, our profitability usually depends, to a material extent, on the performance of Contracts that we purchase. Historically, we have experienced higher delinquency rates than traditional financial institutions because substantially all of our Contracts and remaining Direct Loans are to non-prime borrowers, who are unable to obtain financing from traditional sources due primarily to their credit history. Contracts and Direct Loans made to these individuals generally entail a higher risk of delinquency, default, repossession, and higher losses than loans made to consumers with better credit.

Our underwriting standards and collection procedures may not offer adequate protection against the risk of default, especially in periods of economic uncertainty. In the event of a default, the collateral value of the financed vehicle usually would not cover the outstanding Contract or Direct Loan balance and costs of recovery.

Our ability to accurately forecast performance and determine an appropriate provision and allowance for credit losses was critical to our business and financial results. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the portfolio, the composition of the portfolio, specific impaired Contracts and Direct Loans, and current economic conditions. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Estimates” in Item 7 of this Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

materially greater than our allowance for credit losses, or more generally, if our forecasts are not accurate, our financial position, liquidity and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The non-prime consumer-finance industry has been highly competitive, and the competitiveness of the market has continued to increase as new competitors continue to enter the market and certain existing competitors continue to expand their operations and become more aggressive in offering competitive terms. There are numerous financial service companies that provide consumer credit in the markets we have served, including banks, credit unions, other consumer finance companies and captive finance companies owned by automobile manufacturers and retailers. Many of these competitors have substantially greater financial resources than us. In addition, some of these competitors often provided financing on terms more favorable to automobile purchasers or dealers than we were able to offer. Many of these competitors also have long-standing relationships with automobile dealerships and may have offered dealerships, or their customers, other forms of financing including dealer floor-plan financing and leasing, which we were not able to provide. Providers of non-prime consumer financing have traditionally competed primarily on the basis of:

We depend heavily on the efforts and services of our executive officers and other members of our management team to manage our operations. The unexpected loss or unavailability of key members of management may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects. Although our executive officers devote most of their business time to us and are highly active in our management, they may expend part of their time on other business ventures. If any key executive officers are unable to dedicate adequate time to our businesses and operations, we could experience an adverse effect on our operations due to the demands placed on our management team by other professional obligations.

The extent to which COVID-19 and measures taken in response thereto impact our business, results of operations and financial condition will continue to depend on factors outside of our control. COVID-19 has had and is likely to continue to have a material impact on our results of operations and financial condition and heightens many of our known risks.

The outbreak of the global pandemic of COVID-19 and resultant economic effects of preventative measures taken across the United States and worldwide have been weighing on the macroeconomic environment, negatively impacting consumer confidence, employment rates and other economic indicators that contribute to consumer spending behavior and demand for credit. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will continue to depend on factors outside of our control, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak in light of different levels of vaccination across the globe and new variants of the virus or additional waves of cases, its severity, actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and whether the recently observable resumption of pre-pandemic economic and operating conditions in the United States can continue in light of inflationary pressure and higher insurance costs. For more information, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

In addition, the spread of COVID-19 has caused us to modify our business practices (including restricting employee travel, developing social distancing plans for our employees and cancelling physical participation in meetings,

events and conferences), and we may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or as we determine is in the best interests of our employees, partners and customers. The outbreak has adversely impacted and may further adversely impact our workforce and operations and the operations of our partners, customers, suppliers and third-party vendors, throughout the time period during which the spread of COVID-19 continues and related restrictions remain in place, and even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided.

Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided and despite the formal declaration of the end of the COVID-19 global health emergency by the World Health Organization in May 2023, our business may continue to experience materially adverse impacts as a result of the virus’s economic impact, including the availability and cost of funding and any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. There are no comparable recent events that provide guidance as to the effect COVID-19 as a global pandemic may have, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the outbreak is highly uncertain and subject to change.

Additionally, many of the other risk factors described below are heightened by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic conditions, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, access to financing and liquidity.

Our success has dependent on our ability to forecast the performance of our Contracts and remaining Direct Loans.

Our consolidated net loss for the year ended March 31, 2024 was $20.8 million as compared to net income of $34.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2023. Although our significant net loss during fiscal 2023 was largely attributable to our previously announced change in operating strategy and restructuring plan, our profitability usually depends, to a material extent, on the performance of Contracts that we purchase. Historically, we have experienced higher delinquency rates than traditional financial institutions because substantially all of our Contracts and remaining Direct Loans are to non-prime borrowers, who are unable to obtain financing from traditional sources due primarily to their credit history. Contracts and Direct Loans made to these individuals generally entail a higher risk of delinquency, default, repossession, and higher losses than loans made to consumers with better credit.

Our underwriting standards and collection procedures may not offer adequate protection against the risk of default, especially in periods of economic uncertainty. In the event of a default, the collateral value of the financed vehicle usually does not cover the outstanding Contract or Direct Loan balance and costs of recovery.

Our ability to accurately forecast performance and determine an appropriate provision and allowance for credit losses is critical to our business and financial results. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the portfolio, the composition of the portfolio, specific impaired Contracts and Direct Loans, and current economic conditions. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Estimates” in Item 7 of this Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

There can be no assurance that our performance forecasts will be accurate. In periods with changing economic conditions, such as is the case currently, accurately forecasting the performance of Contract and Direct Loans is more difficult. Our allowance for credit losses is an estimate, and if actual Contract and Direct Loan losses are materially greater than our allowance for credit losses, or more generally, if our forecasts are not accurate, our financial position, liquidity and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. For example, uncertainty surrounding the continuing economic impact of COVID-19 and the indirect effects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, whether through increases in the price of gasoline and other consumer goods or otherwise, on our customers has made historical information on credit losses slightly less reliable in the current environment, and there can be no assurances that we have accurately estimated loan losses.

Other than limited representations and warranties made by dealers in favor of the Company, Contracts are purchased from the dealers without recourse, and we are therefore only able to look to the borrowers for repayment.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health, ability to obtain financing in the future, ability to react to changes in our business and ability to fulfill our obligations under such indebtedness.

As of March 31, 2024, we had no outstanding indebtedness under our Credit Facility compared to $29.1 million under our predecessor facility as of March 31, 2023. Any material increase in our level of indebtedness could:

Any of the foregoing impacts of our level of indebtedness then in effect could have a material adverse effect on us.

As a consumer finance company, we are subject to various consumer claims and litigation seeking damages and statutory penalties, based upon, among other things:

Some litigation against us could take the form of class action complaints by consumers. As the assignee of Contracts originated by dealers, we may also be named as a co-defendant in lawsuits filed by consumers principally against dealers. The damages and penalties claimed by consumers in these types of actions can be substantial. The relief requested by the plaintiffs varies but may include requests for compensatory, statutory, and punitive damages. We also are periodically subject to other kinds of litigation typically experienced by businesses such as ours, including employment disputes and breach of contract claims. No assurances can be given that we will not experience material financial losses in the future as a result of litigation or other legal proceedings.

We have been subject to changes in general economic conditions that are beyond our control. During periods of economic uncertainty, such as has existed for much of the past years, delinquencies, defaults, repossessions, and losses generally increase, absent offsetting factors. These periods also may be accompanied by decreased consumer demand for automobiles and declining values of automobiles securing outstanding loans, which weakens collateral coverage on our loans and increases the amount of a loss we would experience in the event of default. Because we focused on non-prime borrowers, the actual rates of delinquencies, defaults, repossessions, and losses on these loans were higher than those experienced in the general automobile finance industry and could be more dramatically affected by a general economic downturn. In addition, during an economic slowdown or recession, our servicing costs may have increased without a corresponding increase in our servicing income. No assurances can be given that our underwriting criteria and collection methods to manage the higher risk inherent in loans made to non-prime borrowers have afforded adequate protection against these risks. Any sustained period of increased delinquencies, defaults, repossessions, or losses, or increased servicing costs could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The auction proceeds received from the sale of repossessed vehicles and other recoveries are subject to fluctuation due to economic and other factors beyond our control.

If a vehicle securing a Contract, is repossessed, it will typically be transported to an automobile auction for sale. Auction proceeds from the sale of repossessed vehicles and other recoveries are usually not sufficient to cover the outstanding balance of the Contract, and the resulting deficiency is charged off. In addition, there is, on average, approximately a 30-day lapse between the time of repossession of a vehicle and the time it is sold. The proceeds received from such sales under our servicing agreement depend upon various factors, including the supply of, and demand for, used vehicles at the time of sale. Such supply and demand are dependent on many factors. For example, during periods of economic uncertainty, the demand for used cars may soften, resulting in decreased auction proceeds from the sale of repossessed automobiles. Furthermore, depressed wholesale prices for used automobiles may result from significant liquidations of rental or fleet inventories, and from increased volume of trade-ins due to promotional financing programs offered by new vehicle manufacturers. Newer, more expensive vehicles securing larger dollar loans are more susceptible to wholesale pricing fluctuations than are older vehicles and also experience depreciation at a much greater rate. Ultimately, softer auction activity and reduced vehicle values could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We partially rely on third parties to deliver services, and failure by those parties to provide these services or meet contractual requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have depended on third-party service providers for many aspects of our business operations, including loan origination, loan servicing, title processing, and online payments, which increased our operational complexity and decreased our control. We relied on these service providers to provide a high level of service and support, which subjected us to risks associated with inadequate or untimely service. If a service provider failed to provide the services that we required or expected, or failed to meet contractual requirements, such as service levels or compliance with applicable laws, a failure could negatively impact our business by adversely affecting our ability to process customers’ transactions in a timely and accurate manner, otherwise hampering our ability to service our customers, or subjecting us to litigation or regulatory risk for poor vendor oversight. We may be unable to replace or be delayed in replacing these sources and there is a risk that we would be unable to enter into a similar agreement with an alternate provider on terms that we consider favorable or in a timely manner. Such a failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The success of our business depends upon our ability to retain and attract a sufficient number of qualified employees.

Although we believe that we can attract and retain qualified and experienced personnel needed to conduct our business operations, no assurance can be given that we will be successful in doing so. Competition to hire personnel possessing the skills and experience required by us could contribute to an increase in our employee turnover rate. High turnover or an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could have an adverse effect on our, financial condition and results of operations.

Natural disasters, acts of war, terrorist attacks and threats, or the escalation of military activity in response to these attacks or otherwise may negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Natural disasters (such as hurricanes), acts of war, terrorist attacks and the escalation of military activity in response to these attacks or otherwise may have negative and significant effects, such as disruptions in our operations, imposition of increased security measures, changes in applicable laws, market disruptions and job losses. Our headquarters are located in Clearwater, Florida and much of our revenue is generated in Florida. Florida is particularly susceptible to hurricanes. These events may have an adverse effect on the economy in general. Moreover, the potential for future terrorist attacks and the national and international responses to these threats could affect the business in ways that cannot be predicted. The effect of any of these events or threats could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Federal or state regulatory reform could have an adverse impact on the Company. The Dodd-Frank Act is extensive legislation that impacts financial institutions and other non-bank financial companies, such as the Company. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act impacts the offering, marketing and regulation of consumer financial products and services. Many of the implementing regulations have been finalized, but in some cases, additional rulemaking has not yet been finalized. Until all of the implementing regulations have been issued, there can be no assurance that any new requirements will not have an adverse impact on the servicing of the Direct Loans and the Contracts or on the regulation and supervision of the Company.

The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB with broad authority over federal consumer financial laws and regulations (“Consumer Financial Laws”). In December 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule governing the activities of third-party debt collectors. The final rule was effective on November 30, 2021. While the final rule did not address first-party debt collectors, the CFPB has previously indicated that it would address this activity in a later rulemaking. It is unclear what effect, if any, the final rule or any subsequent changes may have on Direct Loans and Contracts or the servicer’s practices, procedures and other servicing activities relating to Direct Loans and Contracts in ways that could reduce the associated recoveries.

The CFPB also issued a Compliance Bulletin in February 2022 stating its position that automobile loan holders and servicers are responsible for ensuring that their repossession-related practices, and the practices of their service providers do not violate applicable law, and the CFPB also described its intention to hold loan holders and servicers liable for unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices related to the repossession of automobiles. In its Supervisory Highlights for Spring and Fall of 2022, the CFPB also identified certain auto loan servicing concerns, including the failure to ensure customers received add-on product refunds after events such as repossession or early payoff of the account. It is possible that the CFPB may bring enforcement actions against holders of automobile loans, such as the Company, and servicers, such as Westlake, in the future.

In addition, the FTC and state attorneys general have recently increased their scrutiny of motor vehicle dealers and auto lending, particularly with respect to antidiscrimination and deception concerns related to the prices of and fees charged in connection with automobile financing, including add-on products such as GAP insurance and extended warranties. Also, on June 23, 2022 the FTC issued a proposed rule that would (i) prohibit motor vehicle dealers from making certain misrepresentations in the course of selling, leasing, or arranging financing for motor vehicles, (ii) require accurate pricing disclosures in dealers’ advertising and sales discussions, (iii) require dealers to obtain consumers’ express, informed consent for charges, (iv) prohibit the sale of any add-on product or service that confers no benefit to the consumer, and (v) require dealers to keep records of advertisements and customer

transactions. At this stage, it is unknown whether a final rule will be issued, the exact requirements of any final rule if issued or if any final rule would have a broader potential impact on auto lending practices See “Item 1. Business – Regulation” for additional information.

The CFPB has broad authority to pursue administrative proceedings and litigation for violations of federal consumer financing laws.

The CFPB has the authority to obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other kinds of affirmative relief) and monetary penalties ranging from over $6,300 per day for minor violations of Consumer Financial Laws (including the CFPB’s own rules) to more than $31,600 per day for reckless violations and more than $1,264,600 per day for knowing violations. If we are subject to such administrative proceedings, litigation, orders or monetary penalties in the future, this could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial performance. Also, where a company has violated Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act or CFPB regulations under Title X, the Dodd-Frank Act empowers state attorneys general and state regulators to bring civil actions for the kind of cease-and-desist orders available to the CFPB (but not for civil penalties). If the CFPB or one or more state officials believe we have violated the foregoing laws, they could exercise their enforcement powers in ways that would have a material adverse effect on us. See “Item 1. Business – Regulation” for additional information.

Our use of vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships are subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention.

We have regularly used vendors and subcontractors as part of our business. We also depended on our substantial ongoing business relationships with our dealers, merchants, and other third parties. These types of third-party relationships, particularly with our dealer partners and our third-party servicing and collection vendors, are subject to increasingly demanding regulatory requirements and oversight by regulators. Regulators may expect certain non-bank entities to maintain an effective process for managing risks associated with vendor relationships, including compliance-related risks. In connection with this vendor risk management process, we may be expected to perform due diligence reviews of potential vendors, review their policies and procedures and internal training materials to confirm compliance-related focus, include enforceable consequences in contracts with vendors regarding failure to comply with consumer protection requirements, and take prompt action, including terminating the relationship, in the event that any vendor fails to meet our expectations.

Regulators may hold us responsible for deficiencies in our oversight and control of third-party relationships and in the performance of the parties with which we have these relationships. As a result, if our regulators conclude that we have not exercised adequate oversight and control over vendors and subcontractors or other ongoing third-party business relationships or that such third parties have not performed appropriately, we could be subject to enforcement actions, including civil money penalties or other administrative or judicial penalties or fines, as well as requirements for consumer remediation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to many other laws and governmental regulations, and any material violations of or changes in these laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business operations.

As a provider of consumer financial services, the Company has operated in a highly regulated environment. The Company is subject to state licensing requirements and state and federal laws and regulations. In addition, the Company may be subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, and investigations from time to time at the state and federal levels. Compliance with applicable law is costly and can affect the Company’s results of operations. Compliance requires forms, processes, procedures, controls and the infrastructure to support these requirements. Compliance may create operational constraints and place limits on pricing, as the laws and regulations in the financial services industry are designed primarily for the protection of consumers. Changes in laws and regulations could restrict the Company’s ability to operate its business as currently operated, could impose substantial additional costs or require it to implement new processes, which could adversely affect the Company’s business, prospects, financial performance or financial condition. The failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in significant statutory civil and criminal fines, penalties, monetary damages, attorney or legal fees and costs, restrictions on the Company’s ability to operate its business, possible revocation of licenses and damage to the Company’s reputation, brand and valued customer relationships. Any such costs, restrictions, revocations or damage could adversely affect the Company’s business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition. See “Item 1. Business – Regulation” for additional information.

The CFPB and the FTC may investigate the products, services and operations of credit providers, including banks and other finance companies engaged in auto finance activities. As a result of such investigations, the CFPB and the FTC have announced various enforcement actions against lenders in the past few years involving significant penalties, consent orders, cease and desist orders and similar remedies that, if applicable to the Company or the products, services and operations the Company has offered, may require the Company to cease or alter certain business practices, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Supervision and investigations by these agencies may result in monetary penalties, increase the Company’s compliance costs, require changes in its business practices, affect its competitiveness, impair its profitability, harm its reputation or otherwise adversely affect its business.

Our financing operations are subject to regulation, supervision, and licensing under various other federal, state and local statutes and ordinances. In addition, the Company and its service providers must comply with certain federal and state requirements in connection with the servicing and collection on Direct Loans and Contracts, and the repossession of vehicles securing Direct Loans and Contracts in the states in which the Company has done business. The various federal, state and local statutes, regulations, and ordinances applicable to our business govern, among other things:

We believe that we have maintained all material licenses and permits required to conduct our consumer financial services and are in substantial compliance with all applicable local, state and federal regulations. Our failure, or the failure by dealers who originate the Contracts we have purchased, or the failure by our service providers, to maintain all requisite licenses and permits, and to comply with other regulatory requirements, could result in consumers

having rights of rescission and other remedies that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Furthermore, any changes in applicable laws, rules and regulations, such as the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act and the creation of the CFPB, may make our compliance therewith more difficult or expensive or otherwise materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Some litigation against us could take the form of class action complaints by consumers. As the assignee of contracts originated by dealers, we may also be named as a co-defendant in lawsuits filed by consumers principally against dealers. The damages and penalties claimed by consumers in these types of actions can be substantial. The relief requested by the plaintiffs varies but may include requests for compensatory, statutory, and punitive damages. We also are periodically subject to other kinds of litigation typically experienced by businesses such as ours, including employment disputes and breach of contract claims. No assurances can be given that we will not experience material financial losses in the future as a result of litigation or other legal proceedings.

Failure to properly safeguard confidential customer information could subject us to liability, decrease our profitability, and damage our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our customers, on our computer networks, and share such data with third parties, including our service providers. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy.

Any failure, interruption, or breach in our cybersecurity, including through employee misconduct or any failure of our back-up systems or failure to maintain adequate security surrounding customer information, could result in reputational harm, disruption in the management of our customer relationships, or the inability to originate, process and service our products. Further, any of these cybersecurity and operational risks could result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to lawsuits by customers for identity theft or other damages resulting from the misuse of their personal information and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition, regulators may impose penalties or require remedial action if they identify weaknesses in our security systems, and we may be required to incur significant costs to increase our cybersecurity to address any vulnerabilities that may be discovered or to remediate the harm caused by any security breaches. As part of our business, we may share confidential customer information and proprietary information with clients, vendors, service providers, and business partners. The information systems of these third parties may be vulnerable to security breaches and we may not be able to ensure that these third parties have appropriate security controls in place to protect the information we share with them. If our confidential information is intercepted, stolen, misused, or mishandled while in possession of a third party, it could result in reputational harm to us, loss of customer business, and additional regulatory scrutiny, and it could expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If any vendor fails to provide the services we require, fails to meet contractual requirements (including compliance with applicable laws and regulations), fails to maintain adequate data privacy controls and electronic security systems, or suffers a cyber-attack or other security breach, we could be subject to CFPB, FTC and other regulatory enforcement actions, claims from third parties, including our consumers, and suffer economic and reputational harm that could have an adverse effect on our business. Further, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service, which could adversely affect our business.

Providers of consumer financial services are subject to specific requirements to protect consumer data. In 2021, the FTC updated its Safeguards Rule implementing Section 501(b) of GLBA, to set forth specific criteria relating to the safeguards that certain nonbank financial institutions must implement as a part of their information security programs. These safeguards, among other things, limit who can access customer information, require the use of encryption to secure such information, and require the designation of a single qualified individual to oversee an institution’s information security program and report at least annually to the institution’s board of directors or equivalent governing body. The CFPB recently issued Consumer Financial Protection Circular 2022-04, which warned that data security shortcomings could subject financial services companies to unfairness claims under the Consumer Financial Protection Act—even if those firms comply with the GLBA Safeguards Rule, the primary data security regulation for non-bank financial institutions.

We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to provide the security and authentication necessary to secure online transmission of confidential customer information. Advances in computer

capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments may result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms that we use to protect sensitive customer data. A party who is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions in our operations. We may be required to expend capital and other resources to protect against, or alleviate problems caused by, security breaches or other cybersecurity incidents. Although we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents to dates, there can be no assurance that a cyber-attack, security breach or other cybersecurity incident will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations in the future. Our security measures are designed to protect against security breaches, but our failure to prevent security breaches could subject us to liability, decrease our profitability and damage our reputation.

The average daily trading volume of our common shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 was approximately 7,573 shares, which makes ours a thinly traded stock. Thinly traded stocks pose several risks for investors because they have wider spreads and less displayed size than other stocks that trade in higher volumes or an active trading market. Other risks posed by thinly traded stocks include difficulty selling the stock, challenges attracting market makers to make markets in the stock, and difficulty with financings. Our financial results, the introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors, and various factors affecting the industries in which we operate generally may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common shares. In recent years, the stock market has experienced a high level of price and volume volatility, and market prices for the stocks of many companies, including ours, have experienced wide price fluctuations that have not necessarily been related to their operating performance. These risks could affect a shareholder’s ability to sell their shares at the volumes, prices, or times that they desire.

We currently do not have any analysts covering our stock which could negatively impact both the stock price and trading volume of our stock.

The trading market for our common stock will likely be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not currently have, and may never obtain, research coverage by financial analysts. If no or few analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price of our stock may not increase. Even if we do obtain analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluation of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. Furthermore, if our operating results fail to meet analysts’ expectations our stock price would likely decline.

Some provisions of our Articles may deter third parties from acquiring us and diminish the value of our common stock.

These provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our Company that is in the best interest of our shareholders. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging future takeover attempts. These provisions could also make it more difficult for shareholders to nominate directors for election to our board of directors and take other corporate actions.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in SEC regulations, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined under SEC regulations and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies including, among other things, reduced financial disclosure requirements, including being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. We could remain a smaller reporting company indefinitely. As a smaller reporting company, investors may deem our stock less attractive and, as a result, there may be less active trading of our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile.

Our common shares may be delisted from the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which could adversely affect the price of such common shares and your ability to sell or purchase shares.

Our failure to meet NASDAQ’s continued listing requirements could result in a delisting of our common shares from the NASDAQ Global Select Market. If we fail to satisfy NASDAQ’s continued listing requirements NASDAQ may take steps to delist our common shares. A delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common shares and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our securities when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our securities to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities or prevent future non-compliance with NASDAQ’s listing requirements. At the present time, the Company meets NASDAQ’s continued listing requirements.

Epidemics, pandemics, and other outbreaks (including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic) can disrupt the Company’s operations and adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Epidemics, pandemics, and other outbreaks of an illness, disease, or virus, including novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”), have adversely affected, and could adversely affect in the future, workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally, potentially leading to economic downturns. The significance of the impact on the Company’s operations of an epidemic, pandemic, or other outbreak depends on numerous factors that the Company may not be able to accurately predict or effectively respond to, including without limitation: the duration and scope of the outbreak (including the extent of surges, mutations, or strains of the outbreak and the efficacy of vaccination and other efforts to contain the outbreak or treat its effects); actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the outbreak; the effect on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on customers and their demand for the Company’s products and services; the effect on the health, wellness, and productivity of the Company’s employees; and the Company’s ability to sell, and service its products, including without limitation as a result of supply chain challenges, facility closures, social distancing, restrictions on travel, fear or anxiety by the populace, and shelter in place orders. These and other factors relating to or arising from an epidemic, pandemic or other outbreak could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as well as the trading price of the Company’s securities. Additionally, many of the other risk factors described herein may be exacerbated by the effects of an epidemic, pandemic, or other outbreak and related economic conditions, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, access to financing and liquidity.

We have in the past had material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could lead to a loss of investor confidence in our financial statements and have an adverse effect on our stock price.

We may in the future discover areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, regardless of how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no

evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could lead to a decline in the market price of our common stock and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Additionally, the existence of any material weakness could require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weakness and management may not be able to remediate any such material weakness in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause the holders of our common stock to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially adversely affect our business and share price.

We are committed to maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems and data. As part of this commitment, we have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity program to protect against unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction of our information assets. We are committed to ensuring the security and protection of our Company’s information assets and the personal information of our employees, customers, and stakeholders.

We recognize that cybersecurity threats are constantly evolving and have the potential to cause significant harm to our Company and our stakeholders. In order to address these risks, we have established a cybersecurity risk management framework that is aligned with industry best practices and regulatory requirements.

Our program includes regular risk assessments, vulnerability management, access controls, incident response planning, and employee training and awareness programs. We also work closely with third-party service providers to ensure that they are meeting our cybersecurity standards.

There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity program will prevent all incidents. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have established procedures for prompt investigation, containment, and remediation to minimize the impact on our operations and stakeholders. We believe that our cybersecurity program is robust and effective, and we will continue to invest in and improve our capabilities to address evolving threats. We are committed to transparency and will provide updates on any material cybersecurity incidents that may impact our Company or our stakeholders.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced undetected cybersecurity incidents. For additional information about these risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our board of directors addresses the Company’s cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The board of directors’ audit committee is responsible for overseeing Company’s cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain Company personnel. Our IT staff has over 30 years of experience in roles that include oversight of cybersecurity risk management programs. In addition, the IT staff is consulted by an external agency with long term expertise in cybersecurity.

Our IT staff is responsible for helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the Company’s overall risk management strategy, communicating key priorities to relevant personnel, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Our cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of management depending on the circumstances, including the CEO, who help the Company mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. In addition, the Company’s incident response processes include reporting to the audit committee for certain cybersecurity incidents.

The audit committee will receive periodic reports from our management concerning cybersecurity issues, including certain threats and risks and the processes the Company has implemented to address them, as applicable. The audit committee also has access to various reports, summaries or presentations related to cybersecurity threats, risk, and mitigation.

The Company leases its corporate headquarters and branch office facilities. The Company’s headquarters, located at 26133 US HWY 19 North, Suite 300, in Clearwater, Florida, consist of approximately 1,769 square feet of office space leased at an annual rate of approximately $18.50 per square foot. The current lease relating to this space was entered into effective February 1, 2023 and expires on January 31, 2026. The Company’s central business operations hub, which was located at 452 Lakeshore Parkway, Suite 115, Rock Hill, South Carolina, consisted of approximately 1,990 square feet of office space leased at an annual rate of approximately $16.08 per square foot. The lease relating to this space was terminated effective January 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company has closed each of its 47 branch offices located in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. The Company previously acquired Contracts in Idaho and Texas through its virtual expansion office operations based in the Charlotte, North Carolina corporate location.

In the ordinary course of its business operations, the Company is involved, from time to time, in ordinary routine litigation and other legal proceedings incidental to its business. No such current litigation or proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, are expected to have a material effect on the business or financial condition of the Company, other than the specific litigation involving Jeremiah Gross, which is disclosed as part of Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s common shares are traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “NICK.”

As of June 28, 2024, there were approximately 108 holders of record of the Company’s common shares.

The Company has not declared and paid cash dividends on its common shares in the recent past and has no current plans to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. During the Company’s time as a corporation incorporated under the laws of British Columbia, Canada, there were no Canadian foreign exchange controls or laws that would affect the remittance of dividends or other payments to the Company’s non-Canadian resident shareholders. There are no Canadian laws that restrict the export or import of capital, other than the Investment Canada Act (Canada), which requires the notification or review of certain investments by non-Canadians to establish or acquire control of a Canadian business. The Company is not a Canadian business as defined under the Investment Canada Act because it has no place of business in Canada, has no individuals employed in Canada in connection with its business, and has no assets in Canada used in carrying on its business.

Canada and the United States of America are signatories to the Convention Between the United States of America and Canada With Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital (the “Tax Treaty”). The Tax Treaty contains provisions governing the tax treatment of interest, dividends, gains, and royalties paid to or received by a person residing in the United States. The Tax Treaty also contains provisions to prevent the occurrence of double taxation, essentially by permitting the taxpayer to claim a tax credit for taxes paid in the foreign jurisdiction.

Earnings from U.S. subsidiaries are permanently invested in the U.S. The Company has not provided any Canadian income tax or U.S. withholding tax on unremitted earnings. If a dividend had been paid to the Company as a British Columbia corporation from the current or accumulated earnings and profits of the U.S. subsidiary, the dividend would have been subject to a U.S. withholding tax of 5%. The gross dividend (i.e., before payment of the withholding tax) would generally have been included in the Company's Canadian taxable income. However, under certain circumstances, the Company may have been allowed to deduct the dividends in the calculation of its Canadian taxable income. If the Company had no other foreign (i.e., non-Canadian) non-business income, no relief would have been available in that case to recover the withholding taxes previously paid.

A 15% Canadian withholding tax would have applied to dividends paid by the Company as a British Columbia corporation to a U.S. shareholder (including those that own less than 10% of the Company’s voting shares) that is an individual. The U.S. shareholder would have had to include the gross amount of the dividends in the shareholder’s net income to be taxed at the regular rates. In general, a U.S. shareholder can obtain a foreign tax credit for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to the Canadian withholding tax on such dividends, but the amount of such credit is subject to a limitation that depends, in part, on the amount of the shareholder’s income and losses from other sources. A U.S. shareholder that is an individual also can elect to claim a deduction (rather than a foreign tax credit) for all non-U.S. income taxes paid by the shareholder during the particular year. The benefit of any deduction for foreign taxes may be negatively impacted by the overall limitation on deducting income and other taxes. U.S. shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any Canadian withholding tax imposed on dividends from the Company.

In May 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) authorized a stock repurchase program allowing for the repurchase of up to $8.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or through other structures in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The authorization was effective immediately.

The timing and actual number of sharers will depend on a variety of factors, including stock price, corporate and regulatory requirements and other market and economic conditions. The Company’s stock repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

In August 2019, the Company’s Board authorized additional repurchase of up to $1.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares.

There were no shares of our Common Stock repurchased by or on behalf of the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act) during the final three months of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Nicholas Financial Parent started as a Canadian holding company incorporated under the laws of British Columbia in 1986. Nicholas Financial Parent conducted its business activities exclusively through a wholly-owned indirect Florida subsidiary, Nicholas Financial, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. Nicholas Financial has been a specialized consumer finance company engaged primarily in servicing automobile finance installment contracts (“Contracts”) for purchases of used and new automobiles and light trucks. To a lesser extent, prior to the end of the third fiscal quarter of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, Nicholas Financial also originated Contracts, and prior to the end of the third fiscal quarter of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, direct consumer loans (“Direct Loans”) and sold consumer-finance related products. Nicholas Financial’s financing activities represent a primary source of consolidated revenue for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. A second Florida subsidiary, NDS, serves as an intermediate holding company for Nicholas Financial.

Nicholas Financial Parent, Nicholas Financial, and NDS are collectively referred to herein as the “Company”.

The Company’s consolidated revenues decreased from $44.3 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 to $22.2 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. The Company’s net loss per share decreased from $4.65 per share for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 to a net loss of $2.86 per share for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. The Company’s loss before income tax decreased from $32.7 million for the year ended March 31, 2023 to a loss before income tax of $20.8 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in profitability was primarily driven by a decrease in average finance receivables from $165.4 million to $88.2 million for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

The Company’s consolidated net loss decreased from $34.1 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 to a net loss of $20.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

The gross portfolio yield of the portfolio for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 33.6% and 26.8%, respectively. For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2024, the average dealer discount decreased from 6.5% to 6.3%, primarily as a result of market conditions in the 2024 fiscal year. The APR (and therefore overall yield) on new purchases declined in fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 to 22.1% from 22.5%, which was primarily driven by the Company’s continuing commitment to its core principles of disciplined underwriting and risk-based pricing.

Operating expenses as presented include restructuring costs of $1.2 million for the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and $4.8 million for the twelve months ended March 31, 2023.

A critical accounting estimate is an estimate that: (i) is made in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, (ii) involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and (iii) has had or is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

The Company’s critical accounting estimates (i.e., that involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and has or is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations) relates to the determination of the fair value of finance receivables held for sale which determines the held for sale valuation allowance necessary to carry finance receivables held for sale at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.

There have been changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K related to the following:

Finance receivables held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost basis or fair value which generally established a new held for sale valuation allowance through earnings in the same reporting period. The Company compared the fair value and amortized cost of finance receivables held for sale and recorded a held for sale valuation allowance through earnings to reduce the amortized cost basis to fair value as of March 31, 2024. The Company estimates the fair value of finance receivables held for sale utilizing a discounted cash flow approach which includes an evaluation of the collateral and underlying loan characteristics, as well as assumptions to determine the discount rate such as credit loss and prepayment forecasts. In determining the appropriate discount rate, prepayment and credit assumptions, the Company monitors other capital markets activity for similar collateral being traded and /or

interest rates currently being offered for similar products. Significant increases (decreases) in assumptions in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Changes in the held for sale valuation allowance are recorded through earnings along with charge offs and recoveries as "Fair value and other adjustments, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Interest and fee income on finance receivables, predominantly finance charge income, decreased to $22.2 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to $44.3 million in fiscal 2023. The average finance receivables totaled $88.3 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of 46.6% from $165.4 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Specifically, origination of direct loans decreased to $0 in fiscal year 2024 compared to $15.8 million in fiscal year end 2023, and Contract purchases decreased to $5.5 million in fiscal year 2024 compared to $47.5 million in fiscal year 2023.Purchasing volume decreased to $5.5 million in fiscal 2024 from $47.5 million in fiscal 2023. Purchasing volume decreased from fiscal 2023 primarily as a result of implementation of our restructuring strategy.

Competition continued to affect the Company’s ability to acquire Contracts at desired yields. The average APR on new Contract purchases was 22.1% for fiscal 2024 and 22.5% for fiscal 2023. Concurrently, the dealer discount on new Contract purchases decreased from 6.5% for fiscal 2023 to 6.3% for fiscal 2024, primarily as a result of competitive pressures. Overall, the Company maintains its strategy focused on risk-based pricing (rate, yield, advance, term, etc.) and a commitment to the underwriting discipline required for optimal portfolio performance.

The gross portfolio yield decreased to 25.19% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 26.76% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The gross portfolio yield decreased primarily as a result of the decrease in average finance receivables.

Our operating expenses consisted primarily of servicing expenses, payroll and employee benefits, administrative expenses, and other miscellaneous expenses. Operating expenses decreased to $15.5 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 compared to $32.4 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 as a result of restructuring initiatives undertaken by the Company.

Interest expense decreased to $0.9 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $3.9 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, due to a decrease in average outstanding debt, which was partially offset by a higher interest rate. The average outstanding debt during the year ended March 31, 2024 decreased to $8.0 million from $54.2 million during the year ended March 31, 2023. The following table summarizes the Company’s average cost of borrowed funds for the fiscal years ended March 31:

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the changes in the allowance for credit losses on Contracts and Direct Loans under ASC 326 and the impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13 for the fiscal years ended March 31. 2024 and a reconciliation of the changes in the allowance for credit losses on Contracts and Direct Loans under the incurred loss model for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023:

(1) Provision for credit losses and reversal of allowance for credit losses is presented net as "Provision for credit losses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2) Amounts shown represents charge-off and recoveries through October 31, 2023. Since November 1, 2023 charge-offs and recoveries are included in "Fair value and other adjustment, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

On April 1, 2023 the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, as further described in "Significant Accounting Policies" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Upon implementation of ASU 2016-13, the Company recognized a decrease to its opening retained earnings balance of approximately $0.2 million, which reflects an increase to the allowance for credit losses (ACL) of approximately $0.2 million.

ASU 2016-13 introduced a new accounting model to measure credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized costs. In contrast to the previous incurred loss model, ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost to be determined based on the total current expected credit losses over the life of those financial assets or group of assets.

For the period from April 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023, preceding the decision to sell the portfolio, our process for determining the ACL considered a customer's willingness and ability to pay along with other risk characteristics, including loan size, effective interest rate, loan term, geographic location, expected loss patterns, loan modification programs and other macroeconomic factors. In addition to our quantitative ACL, we also incorporated qualitative adjustments that may relate to risks and changes in current economic conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results.

On November 1, 2023, concurrent with the decision to sell the portfolio, the Company reclassified its finance receivables to held for sale, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. As a result of this reclassification, the Company eliminated the allowance for credit losses under ASC 326, which resulted in a reversal of previously recorded provisions for credit losses for the period from April 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023. The Company compared the fair value and amortized cost of finance receivables to held for sale and recorded a held for sale valuation allowance through earnings to reduce the amortized cost basis to fair value as of March 31, 2024.

Beginning on November 1, 2023, the Company estimates the fair value of these finance receivables held for sale utilizing a discounted cash flow approach which includes an evaluation of the collateral and underlying loan characteristics, as well as assumptions to determine the discount rate such as credit loss and prepayment forecasts. In determining the appropriate discount rate, prepayment and credit assumptions, the Company monitors other capital markets activity for similar collateral being traded and/or interest rates currently being offered for similar products. Discussions related to the fair value of these finance receivables held for sale are held between Company management and external valuation specialists to review the key assumptions used in arriving at the final estimates. As such, these finance receivables are therefore classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-13 the Company used a trailing twelve-month charge-off analysis to calculate the allowance for credit losses and took into consideration the composition of the portfolio, current economic conditions, estimated net realizable value of the underlying collateral, historical loan loss experience, delinquency, non-performing assets, and bankrupt accounts when determining management’s estimate of probable credit losses and adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. By including recent trends such as delinquency, non-performing assets, and bankruptcy in its determination, management believed that the allowance for credit losses reflected the current trends of incurred losses within the portfolio and was aligned with the portfolio’s performance indicators.

If the allowance for credit losses was determined to be inadequate, then an additional charge to the provision was recorded to maintain adequate reserves based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio. Conversely, the Company could identify abnormalities in the composition of the portfolio, which would indicate the calculation is overstated and management's judgment may be required to determine the allowance of credit losses for both Contracts and Direct Loans.

Non-performing assets are defined as accounts that are contractually delinquent for 61 or more days past due or Chapter 13 bankruptcy accounts. For these accounts, the accrual of interest income is suspended, and any previously accrued interest is reversed. Upon notification of a bankruptcy, an account is monitored for collection with other Chapter 13 accounts. In the event the debtors’ balance is reduced by the bankruptcy court, the Company will record a loss equal to the amount of principal balance reduction. The remaining balance will be reduced as payments are received by the bankruptcy court. In the event an account is dismissed from bankruptcy, the Company will decide based on several factors, whether to begin repossession proceedings or allow the customer to begin making regularly scheduled payments.

Beginning March 31, 2018, the Company allocated a specific reserve for the Chapter 13 bankruptcy accounts using a look back method to calculate the estimated losses. Based on this look back, management calculated a specific reserve of approximately $381 thousand for these accounts as of October 31, 2023.

Prior to April 1, 2023, the Company recorded losses based on the trailing twelve-month charge-offs and applied this calculated percentage to ending finance receivables to calculate estimated probable credit losses for purposes of determining the allowance for credit losses. Upon adoption of ASC 326 on April 1, 2023, expected credit losses were determined by comparing the amortized cost of finance receivables with the present value of the estimated future principal and interest cash flows. The current period provision reflects the change in the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the expected cash flows of finance receivables.

The net charge-off percentage increased to 30.6% for the year ended March 31, 2024, from 15.9% for year ended March 31, 2023. (See the Portfolio Summary table in the “Introduction” above for the definition of net charge-off percentage.) Management attributes these increased delinquencies and loan defaults primarily to the fact that the beneficial impact of the government’s prior COVID-19-related assistance to the Company’s customers had subsided at a time when those customers began facing increased inflationary pressures affecting their cost of living, and expects that the net charge-off percentage will remain, for the foreseeable future, at levels higher than those experienced in prior years for the same reasons.

The delinquency percentage for Contracts more than 29 days past due, excluding Chapter 13 bankruptcy accounts, as of March 31, 2024 was 16.9%, an increase from 15.7% as of March 31, 2023. The delinquency percentage for Direct Loans more than 29 days past due, excluding Chapter 13 bankruptcy accounts, as of March 31, 2024 was 16.1%, a decrease from 17.0% as of March 31, 2023. While delinquency percentage declined for Direct Loans, the customers continue experiencing market and economic pressure and its adverse impact on the consumers.

In accordance with our policies and procedures, certain borrowers qualify for, and the Company offers, one-month principal payment deferrals on Contracts and Direct Loans.

The Company recorded a tax expense of approximately $0 during fiscal 2024 compared to a tax expense of approximately $1.4 million during fiscal 2023. The Company’s effective tax rate in fiscal 2024 was 0.0% compared to (4.3)% in fiscal 2023. For further discussion regarding income taxes see “Note 7 – Income Taxes”.

Our major source of liquidity and capital is cash generated from our operations and our subsequent disposition of substantially all of our finance receivables and repossessed assets in April 2024.

We believe that our current cash balance, together with the future cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to satisfy our requirements and plans for cash for the next 12 months. We also believe that future cash generated from operations and our subsequent disposition of substantially all of our finance receivables and repossessed assets in April 2024 will be sufficient to satisfy our requirements and plans for cash beyond the next 12 months. Our access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms in the future will be affected by many factors including overall liquidity in the capital or credit markets, the state of the economy and our credit strength as viewed by potential lenders. We cannot provide assurances that we will have future access to the capital or credit markets on acceptable terms.

On January 26, 2024 the Company terminated the Credit Facility. The Company did not incur any termination fees or penalties in connection with the termination of the Credit Facility.

The Company is currently evaluating its capital allocation goals and may in the future decide to change its mix of capital resources in an effort to achieve a higher dollar value of receivables for every dollar of equity capital invested. To do so, the Company may, distribute future excess profits generated at its subsidiaries to the Company, or reinvest excess equity capital into its subsidiaries when opportunities warrant. In addition, the Company may determine to continue its share repurchases at a higher volume than previously and/or acquire businesses or assets that are related or unrelated to its current business, including securities in publicly-held companies. However, the Company is not limited to these alternatives. In addition, the Company may determine not to pursue these or any other alternatives to change its capital allocation.

The Company is affected by inflation primarily through increased operating costs and expenses including increases in interest rates. Inflationary pressures on operating costs and expenses historically have been largely offset by the Company’s continued emphasis on stringent operating and cost controls, although no assurances can be given regarding the Company’s ability to offset the effects of inflation in the future. Management believes the rise in inflation can impact the subprime borrower due to rising cost of housing, consumer goods, gas prices, etc. and believes it could have an impact on the performance and collectability of the portfolio.

On April 18, 2024, the Company completed its continuation and domestication from British Columbia to the State of Delaware by filing its Certificate of Corporate Domestication and Certificate of Incorporation in the State of Delaware. The Company has estimated a potential tax liability due to Canada ranging between $1.7 million and $2.6 million. In June 2024, the Company made an estimated payment of $1.7 million to Canada and the Company expects to file for the stub period created from the domestication in October 2024.

On April 26, 2024, the Company completed the closing under the master asset purchase agreement with Westlake Services, LLC dba Westlake Financial, a California limited liability company (“Westlake”), to sell substantially all of the Company’s assets, consisting of the Company’s motor vehicle retail installment sale contracts and unsecured consumer loan contracts (collectively, the “Contracts”) and the accounts receivable related to such Contracts (collectively, the “Receivables”). The transaction closed with an aggregate purchase price of $65.6 million pursuant to the terms of the master asset purchase agreement. After adjustments to the gross aggregate purchase price, the Company received net cash proceeds of $40.6 million and retained $25.9 million in principal and interest cash payments collected by the Company prior to the closing that otherwise would have been paid to Westlake.

Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, Westlake was due to make additional payments to the Company based on a percentage of cash collections received over a predetermined threshold on the loan portfolio from September 30, 2023 through the closing of the disposition. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, Westlake made a $40.6 million payment to the Company at the closing of the disposition on April 26, 2024. The Company and Westlake subsequently determined that Westlake overpaid the Company approximately $2.6 million at the closing. The final determination of the amount to be repaid to Westlake is still being negotiated and has not been finalized as of the date of this filing. As such, the Company is not able to finalize the accounting related to the disposition at this time. The Company expects the ongoing negotiations with Westlake will be finalized in the second quarter of this fiscal year at which time the amount to be repaid and the calculation of the gain or loss from the disposition will be determined.

On June 15, 2024, the Company completed the closing under the Share Purchase Agreement to acquire Amplex Electric, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“Amplex”), from the sellers (the “Sellers”), pursuant to which the Sellers have agreed to sell, and the Company has agreed to purchase 51% of the issued and outstanding common shares, no par value per share, of Amplex and the Company has agreed to make payment to holders of options for Amplex’s common shares in consideration of cancellation of such options for preliminary purchase consideration of $11.6 million, which was paid in cash on the date of closing. The acquisition will be accounted for using the acquisition method and the results of the acquired business will be included in the Company’s results of operations from the acquisition date. Based on the timing of the acquisition and lack of available information, the Company determined it was impractical to disclose a preliminary purchase price allocation at this time. The Company is currently in the process of completing the accounting for the transaction and expect to have our preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the first quarter of the current fiscal year.

As of March 31,2024, the Company has extended $300 thousand in Term Loan Advances to Amplex. Between April 1, 2024 and June 1, 2024, the Company made Term Loan Advances to Amplex in the aggregate amount of $450 thousand. The Term Loan Advances were to be repaid at the earlier of a) the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement and b) the first anniversary of the initial term loan advance date if the negotiations of the Share Purchase Agreement are terminated. In conjunction with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Term Loan Advances with a total outstanding principal and accrued interest of $754 thousand was converted into 421 shares of Amplex common stock at the share purchase price of $1,792.55 per share.

In conjunction with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Company purchased 1,674 shares of Amplex common stock at the share purchase price of $1,792.55 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $3 million. Upon the completion of all of the foregoing transactions with Amplex, the Company acquired an aggregate of 56.5% of the issued and outstanding shares of Amplex.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nicholas Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended March 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended March 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, subsequent to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instrument, on November 1, 2023, the Company decided to sell its finance receivable portfolio which resulted in a reclassification of finance receivables from held for investment, at amortized cost, to held for sale, at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. As discussed in Note 14 to the financial statements, subsequent to March 31, 2024, the Company sold substantially all of its finance receivables.

As discussed in Note 14 to the financial statements, subsequent to March 31, 2024, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire a majority ownership interest in Amplex Electric, Inc.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters

below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

On November 1, 2023, concurrent with the decision to sell the finance receivable portfolio, the Company reclassified its finance receivables to held for sale, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. As further described in Notes 2 and 6 to the financial statements, the Company estimates the fair value of the finance receivable portfolio, which is $38.8 million at March 31, 2024 and is less than the amortized cost basis of the finance receivables held for sale, by utilizing a discounted cash flow approach which includes an evaluation of the collateral and underlying loan characteristics, as well as assumptions to determine the discount rate such as credit loss and prepayment forecasts.

We identified the Company’s fair value estimate of finance receivables held for sale as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for that determination were the degree of subjectivity required to audit management’s estimate of fair value including the selection of assumptions, such as the discount rate, and our use of an auditor’s specialist. This required a higher degree of auditor effort and judgment.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following:

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Nicholas Financial – Canada and its wholly owned subsidiaries, NDS, and NFI, collectively referred to as the “Company”. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Segment Reporting

The Company reports operating segments in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 280, Segment Reporting. Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assesses performance. FASB ASC Topic 280 requires that a public enterprise report a measure of segment profit or loss, certain specific revenue and expense items, segment assets, information about the way the operating segments where determined and other items.

The Company has one reportable segment, which is the consumer finance company.

Cash Equivalents

Short-term highly liquid investments with a maturity date that was 3 months or less at the time of purchase are treated as cash equivalents. Amounts earned from cash equivalents are presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising cost were $0.1 million and $1.2 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the fair value of finance receivables held for sale.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 for measurement of current expected credit losses on April 1, 2023. An impairment model required by ASU 2016-13 is not prescriptive in the methodology used to determine the expected credit loss estimate. Therefore, management has flexibility in selecting the methodology. However, the expected credit losses must be estimated over a financial asset's remaining expected life, adjusted for prepayments, utilizing quantitative and qualitative factors. The estimate of current expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. Adjustments are made to historical loss experience to reflect differences in asset-specific risk characteristics, such as underwriting standards, portfolio mix or asset terms, and differences in economic conditions - both current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. When the Company is not able to make or obtain reasonable and supportable forecasts for the entire life of the financial asset, it has estimated expected credit losses for the remaining life after the forecasted period using an approach that reverts to historical credit loss information.

If the allowance for credit losses was determined to be inadequate, then an additional charge to the provision was recorded to maintain adequate reserves based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio. Conversely, the Company could identify abnormalities in the composition of the portfolio, which would indicate the calculation is overstated and management judgment may be required to determine the allowance of credit losses for both Contracts and Direct Loans.

On November 1, 2023, concurrent with the decision to sell the portfolio, the Company reclassified its finance

receivables to held for sale, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, and this resulted in the

Company reversing the allowance for credit losses as of November 1, 2023 through the provision for credit losses in

the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Finance Receivables

Finance Receivables are reclassified to held for sale at the point the criteria for changing classification is met (when the Company decides to sell finance receivables that were originally classified as held for investment). The previously recorded allowance for credit losses, under Topic 326, associated with the reclassified finance receivables (after applying the write off policy) is released and an offsetting entry recorded to the provision for credit losses. This has had the effect of reversing the pre-transfer held for investment allowance for credit losses through the provision. Finance receivables held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost basis or fair value which generally established a new held for sale valuation allowance through earnings in the same reporting period. Changes in the held for sale valuation allowance are recorded through earnings along with charge offs and recoveries as "Fair value and other adjustments net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company estimates the fair value of these finance receivables held for sale utilizing a discounted cash flow approach which includes an evaluation of the collateral and underlying loan characteristics, as well as assumptions to determine the discount rate such as credit loss and prepayment forecasts. In determining the appropriate discount rate, prepayment and credit assumptions, the Company monitors other capital markets activity for similar collateral being traded and/or interest rates currently being offered for similar products. Discussions related to the fair value of these finance receivables held for sale are held between Company management and external valuation specialists to review the key assumptions used in arriving at the final estimates. As such these finance receivables are therefore classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Prior to November 1, 2023, finance receivables were carried at amortized cost, net of unearned dealer discounts, unearned insurance and commissions (see “Revenue Recognition”), and the allowance for credit losses (see Note 3).

Repossessed Assets

Repossessed assets are measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. When the fair value less cost to sell of the repossessed assets is less than the carrying value, the Company records a valuation allowance which is a non-recurring fair value measurement.

Repossessed assets consist primarily of automobiles that have been repossessed by the Company and are awaiting final disposition. Costs associated with repossession, transport, and auction preparation expenses are reported as expenses in the period in which they are incurred.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:




Equipment	5 years
Furniture and fixtures	7 years
Software	7 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of lease term or useful life (generally 6 - 7 years)

Investments in Debt Securities

The Company and Amplex Electric, Inc. (“Amplex” or the “Borrower”) entered into a Term Loan Agreement (the “Term Loan Agreement”) entered into on February 15, 2024, as amended by the First Amendment dated April 26, 2024 and later amended by the Second Amendment dated June 15, 2024, pursuant to which the Company agreed to make one or more term loan advances (“Term Loan Advances” or “Term Loans”) to Amplex in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $900 thousand. The Borrower agrees to make monthly payments of interest on each Term Loan Advance, commencing on March 1, 2024 and on the first day of each month thereafter. No payments of principal are due until the earlier of a) closing of a share purchase agreement (the “Transaction Closing Date”) or b) in the event of terminating the negotiation of a share purchase agreement (“Triggering Event”), the first anniversary of the date of initial Term Loan Advance (the “Term Loan Maturity Date”). All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest on the Term Loan Advances is due and payable in cash on the Term Loan Maturity Date. Amounts may be prepaid

without penalty by giving five days written notice to the Lender. Interest is accrued on Term Loan Advances at an interest rate of 12.5% per annum.

Per the amended terms of the Term Loan Agreement, at the Transaction Closing Date, the outstanding debt from the Term Loan Advances relating to MR Seller shall automatically be converted into the number of common shares of Amplex determined by dividing the outstanding debt from the Term Loan Advances by the Share Purchase Price (the “Converted Shares”). The Term Loans were converted upon the Transaction Closing Date of June 15, 2024 at the share purchase price of $1,792.55 per share into 421 shares of Amplex common stock.

The Term Loan Advance receivable is accounted for as an available-for-sale debt security and fair valued using “Level 3” inputs, which consist of unobservable inputs and reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset. The Company subsequently remeasures the Term Loan Advances at each reporting period with any unrealized gains and losses on these available-for-sale securities included in other comprehensive income. The Company’s Term Loan Advances were determined to be an available-for-sale debt securities under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments - Debt Securities. The Company estimates the fair value of the Term Loan Advances using a probability-weighted scenario-based model, which uses as inputs the estimated fair value of the Borrower’s common stock, the estimated volatility of the Borrower’s common stock, the time to expiration of the Term Loan Advances, the discount rate, the stated interest rate compared to the current market rate, and the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the time to expiration. The estimated fair value of the Borrower’s common stock is based on the estimated closing price of the Amplex shares to the Company at the time of issuance. The estimated volatility of the Borrower’s common stock is based on the observed volatility range of comparable publicly traded companies. The time to expiration is based on the probability of conversion prior to the contractual maturity date. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement for time periods approximately equal to the time to expiration.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company recognized the Term Loan Advances based on its fair value on the issuance date of $300 thousand and is included within prepaid expenses and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ending March 31, 2024, the Company did not recognize a gain or loss given there was only an immaterial change in fair value of the Term Loan Advance receivable during the reporting period.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases along with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes tax benefits from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from any such position would be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. It is the Company’s policy to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any uncertain tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. There were no uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2024 or 2023.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions, and Canada.

The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date.

Revenue Recognition

Interest income on finance receivables is recognized using the interest method. Accrual of interest income on finance receivables is suspended when a loan is contractually delinquent for 61 days or more, or the collateral is repossessed, whichever is earlier. The Company reverses the accrual of interest income when the loan is contractually delinquent 61 days or more.

The Company defines a non-performing asset as one that is 60 or more days past due, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy account, or a Chapter 13 bankruptcy account that has not been confirmed by the courts, for which the accrual of interest income is suspended. Upon receiving notice that a Chapter 13 bankruptcy trustee’s plan (BK13) was not confirmed, the account is immediately charged-off. Upon notification of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, an account is monitored for collectability. In the event the debtors’ balance is reduced by the bankruptcy court, the Company records a loss equal to the amount of principal balance reduction. The remaining balance is reduced as payments are received. In the event an account is dismissed from bankruptcy, the Company will decide whether to begin repossession proceedings or to allow the customer to make regularly scheduled payments (see Note 3).

A dealer discount represents the difference between the finance receivable of a Contract, and the amount of money the Company actually pays for the Contract. The discount negotiated by the Company is a function of the lender, the wholesale value of the vehicle, and competition in any given market. In making decisions regarding the purchase of a particular Contract, the Company considers the following factors related to the borrower: place and length of residence; current and prior job status; history in making installment payments for automobiles; current income; and credit history. In addition, the Company examines its prior experience with Contracts purchased from the dealer from which the Company is purchasing the Contract, and the value of the automobile in relation to the purchase price and the term of the Contract. The dealer discount is amortized as an adjustment to yield using the interest method over the life of the loan. The average dealer discount, as a percent of the amount financed, associated with new volume for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, were 6.3% and 6.5%, respectively.

Unearned insurance and fee commissions consist primarily of commissions received from the sale of ancillary products. These products include automobile warranties, roadside assistance programs, accident and health insurance, credit life insurance, involuntary unemployment insurance, and forced placed automobile insurance. These commissions are amortized over the life of the Contract using the interest method.

Origination and processing fees are an upfront fee charged by the Company to process a new loan application. These are recognized over the life of the loan using the interest method.

Non-sufficient funds fees and late fees are recognized when collected.

Earnings Per Share

The Company has granted stock compensation awards with nonforfeitable dividend rights which are considered participating securities. Earnings per share is calculated using the two-class method, as such awards are more dilutive under this method than the treasury stock method. Ordinarily, basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, which excludes the participating securities. The Company's participating securities are non-vested restricted shares which are not required to share losses, and accordingly, are not allocated losses in periods of net loss. Dilutive earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period which includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares from stock compensation awards. For the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company experienced net loss. In a period of loss, the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding excludes common stock equivalents, because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. For the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculation because they would be anti-dilutive comprise 10,000 shares from options to purchase common shares. Loss and income per share has been computed based on the following weighted average number of common shares outstanding:


	Fiscal Year ended March 31, (In thousands, except earnings per share numbers)
	2024			2023
Numerator:
Net loss per consolidated statements of operations	$	(20,801	)	$	(34,119	)
Percentage allocated to shareholders *		100.0	%		100.0	%
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share		(20,801	)		(34,119	)

Denominator:
Denominator for basic loss per share - weighted-average shares outstanding		7,283			7,330
Dilutive effect of stock options		—			—
Denominator for diluted loss per share		7,283			7,330

Per share loss from continuing operations
Basic	$	(2.86	)	$	(4.65	)
Diluted	$	(2.86	)	$	(4.65	)

*Basic weighted-average shares outstanding		7,283			7,330
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding and unvested restricted stock units expected to vest		7,283			7,330
Percentage allocated to shareholders		100.0	%		100.0	%

Share-Based Payments

The grant date fair value of share awards is recognized in earnings over the requisite service period (presumptively, the vesting period). The Company estimates the fair value of option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The risk-free interest rate is based upon a U.S. Treasury instrument with a life that is similar to the expected term of the options. Expected volatility is based upon the historical volatility for the previous period equal to the expected term of the options. The expected term is based upon the average life of previously issued options. The expected dividend yield is based upon the yield expected on the date of grant to occur over the term of the option.

The fair value of non-vested restricted shares and performance units are measured at the market price of a share on a grant date. Restricted shares have a three-year service period. Performance units include a performance period (generally ending at the end of the fiscal year in which the units were granted) followed by a two-year service period. At the end of the performance period, these units effectively become restricted shares for the remaining two-year service period at which time they become vested.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures specific assets and liabilities at fair value, which is an exit price, representing the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When applicable, the Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability under a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs about which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions (see Note 6).

Financial Instruments and Concentrations

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, Term loan to Amplex, finance receivables (accrued interest receivable is a part of finance receivables), and a Credit Facility. Financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk are primarily finance receivables, cash, and cash equivalents

During the year ended, March 31, 2024, the Company operated in four states through its virtual outreach. Of the aggregate finance receivables as of March 31, 2024, Ohio represented 53%, Kentucky represented 13%, Florida represented 19%, and South Carolina represented 8%. The Company provided credit during the normal course of business and performed ongoing credit evaluations of its customers.

The combined account balances that the Company maintains at financial institutions typically exceed federally insured limits, and there is a concentration of credit risk related to accounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes this risk of loss is not significant.

Reclassifications

Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net loss or shareholders’ equity.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) issued the Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.

Among other things, the amendments in this ASU require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU also requires additional disclosures related to estimates and judgments used to measure all expected credit losses.

The Company adopted this standard effective April 1, 2023. The initial impact of adoption was a $0.2 million decrease to retained earnings ($0.2 million increase to the allowance for credit losses (ACL)). As of April 1, 2023, there is a full valuation allowance recorded against the deferred tax assets (DTA). Therefore, a net increase of $0.1 million recorded to the DTA was offset by an increase of the same amount to the valuation allowance. The ACL reflects the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the expected cash flows.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which removes the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings and requires entities to evaluate whether a modification provided to a customer results in a new loan or continuation of an existing loan. The amendments enhance existing disclosures and require new disclosures for receivables when there has been a modification in contractual cash flows due to a customer experiencing financial difficulties.

Additionally, the amendments require public business entities to disclose gross charge-off information by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. This ASU became effective for us on April 1, 2023. We adopted this guidance

in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 using the modified retrospective method. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 and subsequent interim periods. The amendments will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the amendments will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information to provide more transparency by requiring (i) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table and (ii) income taxes paid, net of refunds, to be disaggregated by jurisdiction based on an established threshold. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company on April 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the amendments will have the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

The Company does not believe there are any other recently issued accounting standards that have not yet been adopted that will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

3. Finance Receivables

Finance receivables consist of Contracts and Direct Loans, each of which comprise a portfolio segment.

The Company purchased individual Contracts from used and new automobile dealers in its markets. There is no relationship between the Company and the dealer with respect to a given Contract once the assignment of that Contract is complete. The dealer has no vested interest in the performance of any Contract the Company purchases. The Company’s charge off policy is 121 days past due. In addition, Chapter 13 Bankruptcies, once the Company is notified of such, is notated on the customer's account of the bankruptcy status. When the Company receives notice that a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy plan is not confirmed by the courts or the loan is 121 days past due, the loan is charged off. This policy is in line with industry standards, considering the sub-prime nature of our customers. In the event of repossession, the charge-off will occur after standard collection practices by the Company, as determined by the residency state of a customer. This practice is consistent with the sub-prime industry.

Contracts and Direct Loans included in finance receivables are detailed as follows as of fiscal years ended March 31:


	(In thousands)
	2024		2023
Finance receivables	$	-	$	128,170
Accrued interest receivable		-		1,932
Unearned dealer discounts		-		(4,286	)
Unearned purchase price discounts		-		(82	)
Unearned insurance and fee commissions		-		(1,419	)
Finance receivables, net of unearned		-		124,315
Allowance for credit losses		-		(17,396	)
Finance receivables, net	$	-	$	106,919

Finance receivables held for sale consist of Contracts and Direct Loans and are detailed as follows:


	(In thousands)
	March 31,			March 31,
	2024			2023
Finance receivables held for sale at amortized cost	$	56,108			-
Held for sale allowance		(17,335	)		-
Finance receivables held for sale at fair value	$	38,773		$	-

Contracts

The Company purchases Contracts from automobile dealers at a negotiated price that is less than the original principal amount being financed by the purchaser of the automobile. The Contracts are predominantly for used vehicles. As of March 31, 2024, the average model year of vehicles collateralizing the portfolio was a 2012 vehicle. The terms of the Contracts range from 12 to 84 months and bear an average contractual interest rate of 22.1% and 22.2% as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In connection with the decision to sell the portfolio, the Company has cancelled, not renewed, or otherwise terminated all of its Contracts loan licenses, except in Florida, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. Consequently, the Company has not originated any new Contracts since the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2024 and the Company does not intend to originate any new Contracts going forward. However, the Company expects its third-party service provider to continue to service the Company’s existing portfolio through the date of sale. The Company expects its total Contracts portfolio to be reduced over time as such Contracts are paid off or otherwise liquidated until there are no Contracts in the Company’s portfolio, which at the current rate of such activity, is expected to occur sometime during the fiscal year ending March 31, 2027.

Direct Loans

Direct Loans are typically for amounts ranging from $1 thousand to $15 thousand and are generally secured by a lien on an automobile, watercraft or other permissible tangible personal property. The majority of Direct Loans are originated with current or former customers under the Company’s automobile financing program. The typical Direct Loan represents a better credit risk than Contracts due to the customer’s historical payment history with the Company; however, the underlying collateral is less valuable. In deciding whether or not to make a loan, the Company considers the individual’s credit history, job stability, income, and impressions created during a personal interview with a Company loan officer. Additionally, because most of the Direct Loans made by the Company to date have been made to borrowers under Contracts previously purchased by the Company, the payment history of the borrower under the Contract is a significant factor in making the loan decision.

During fiscal 2023, the Company has cancelled, not renewed, or otherwise terminated all of its Direct Loan licenses. Consequently, the Company has not originated any new Direct Loans since the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and the Company does not intend to originate any new Direct Loans going forward. However, the Company expects its third-party service provider to continue to service the Company’s existing Direct Loans through the day of sale. Direct Loans constituted approximately 11% of the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024, and 15% of the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s loan portfolio as of March 31, 2023. The terms of the Direct Loans range from 6 to 72 months and bear an average contractual interest rate of 0.0% and 30.4% originated during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company expects its total Direct Loans portfolio to be reduced over time as such Direct Loans are paid off or otherwise liquidated until there are no Direct Loans in the Company’s portfolio, which at the current rate of such activity, is expected to occur sometime during the fiscal year ending March 31, 2027.

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) and Held for Sale Allowance

The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on April 1, 2023, and consequently utilized the current expected credit losses model through October 31, 2023, by applying a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methodology to its financial assets, measured at amortized cost, over the life of those financial assets. Beginning on November 1, 2023, the Company is carrying its loan portfolio at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.

For the period from April 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023, the ACL reflects the difference between the amortized cost basis and the present value of the expected cash flows of finance receivables. Provisions for credit losses were recorded in amounts sufficient to maintain an ACL at an adequate level to provide for estimated losses over the lives of the finance receivables. Portfolio segments are comprised of homogeneous loans sharing common risk factors. Accordingly, loans are not individually evaluated for collectability. Consistent with the application during prior reporting years, the Company continued charging credit losses against the allowance when the account reached 120 days contractually delinquent and any recoveries on finance receivables previously charged to the ACL were credited to the ACL when collected.

The Company used a DCF model to forecast expected credit losses. Historical information about losses generally provided a basis for the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company has utilized its own historical data as well as its peer group companies' data from FFIEC Call Report filings. This data was used to produce regression analyses designed to quantify the impact of reasonable and supportable forecasts in projective models.

The Company also considered the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which conditions differed from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. These adjustments to historical loss information may be qualitative or quantitative in nature. The Company considered changes in international, national, regional and local conditions, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, portfolio bankruptcy trends, maturity terms extensions, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the effect of other external factors, such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in the quality of the loan review system, changes in the experience, depth, and ability of lending management, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts, which covered the lives of the finance receivables.

The Company discounted expected cash flows at the financial asset’s effective interest rate. The effective interest rate is defined in ASC 326 as the contractual interest rate adjusted for any net deferred fees or costs, premium, or discount existing at the origination or acquisition of the financial assets. For the Company, this was calculated using adjusted contractual cash flows relative to the amortized cost. The Company also considered prepayment and curtailment effects in calculation of its effective interest rate.

According to ASC 326-20-30-9, estimating expected credit losses is highly judgmental and requires management to produce reasonable and supportable forecasts of expected credit losses. The Company elected to forecast the first four quarters of the credit loss estimate and revert to a long-run average of each considered economic factor as permitted in ASC 326-20-30-9. Based on the final values in the forecast and the uncertainty of a post-pandemic recovery, management elected to revert over four quarters. The Company also used information provided by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) to obtain various forecasts for unemployment rate and gross domestic product, as well as other economic factors that were considered as part of its ACL calculations.

The Company elected not to measure an allowance on accrued interest which is included as a component of amortized cost and limited to performing accounts, defined as an account that is less than 61 days past due. Accrual of interest income on finance receivables is suspended when a loan was contractually delinquent for 61 days or more, or the collateral is repossessed, whichever is earlier. Consistent with the application in the prior reporting periods, the Company continued timely reversing of the accrual of interest income when the loan was contractually delinquent 61 days or more. All of these accounts were accounted for in the calculation for allowance for credit losses.

The Company defines a non-performing asset as one that is 61 or more days past due, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy account, or a Chapter 13 bankruptcy account that has not been confirmed by the courts, for which the accrual of interest income is suspended. Upon confirmation of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy account, the account is immediately charged-off. Upon notification of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, an account is monitored for collectability. In the event the debtors’ balance is reduced by the bankruptcy court, the Company records a loss equal to the amount of principal

balance reduction. The remaining balance is reduced as payments are received. In the event an account is dismissed from bankruptcy, the Company will decide whether to begin repossession proceedings or to allow the customer to make regularly scheduled payments.

Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-13 the Company was periodically evaluating the composition of the portfolio, current economic conditions, the estimated net realizable value of the underlying collateral, historical loan loss experience, delinquency, non-performing assets, and bankrupt accounts when determining management’s estimate of probable credit losses and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Management utilized significant judgment in determining probable incurred losses and in identifying and evaluating qualitative factors. This approach aligned with the Company’s lending policies and underwriting standards. If the allowance for credit losses is determined to be inadequate, then an additional charge to the provision is recorded to maintain adequate reserves based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio.

The Company used a trailing twelve-month net charge-off as a percentage of average finance receivables, and applied this percentage to ending finance receivables to estimate probable credit losses. This approach reflected the current trends of incurred losses within the portfolio and closely aligns the allowance for credit losses with the portfolio’s performance indicators. Estimating the allowance for credit losses using the trailing twelve-month charge-off analysis reflected portfolio performance adjusted for seasonality. Management evaluated qualitative factors to support its allowance for credit losses. The Company examined the impact of macro-economic factors, such as year-over-year inflation, as well as portfolio performance characteristics, such as changes in the value of underlying collateral, level of nonperforming accounts, delinquency trends, and accounts with extended terms.

As of November 1, 2023, concurrent with the decision to sell the portfolio, the Company reclassified its finance receivables to held for sale, which are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. As a result of this reclassification, the Company eliminated the allowance for credit losses established under ASC 326 which resulted in a reversal of previously recorded provisions for credit losses for the period from April 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023. The Company compared the fair value and amortized cost of finance receivables held for sale and recorded a held for sale valuation allowance of $17.3 million through earnings to reduce the amortized cost basis to fair value as of March 31, 2024.

The following presents the activity in our allowance for credit losses:


	For the year ended March 31, 2024
	(In thousands)
	Indirect			Direct			Total
Balance at beginning of year, prior to adoption of ASU 2016-13	$	16,265		$	1,131		$	17,396
Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13		(562	)		772			210
Provision for credit losses (1)		12,713			2,110			14,823
Charge-offs(2)		(21,337	)		(3,495	)		(24,832	)
Recoveries(2)		4,210			446			4,656
Reversal of allowance for credit losses (1)		(11,289	)		(964	)		(12,253	)
Balance at end of year	$	—		$	—		$	—

(1)Provision for credit losses and reversal of allowance for credit losses is presented net as "Provision for credit losses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

(2)Amounts shown represents charge-offs and recoveries through October 31, 2023. Since November 1, 2023 charge-offs and recoveries are included in "Fair value and other adjustment, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.


	For the year ended March 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
	Indirect			Direct			Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	1,961		$	988		$	2,949
Provision for credit losses		37,125			3,533			40,658
Charge-offs		(28,391	)		(3,621	)		(32,012	)
Recoveries		5,570			231			5,801
Balance at end of year	$	16,265		$	1,131		$	17,396

The following table presents gross charge-offs and recoveries by receivable origination year for total portfolio:


	(In thousands)
	2024
	Gross Charge-offs		Gross Recoveries		Net Charge-offs
2024	$	113	$	—	$	113
2023		10,061		1,122		8,939
2022		9,448		1,496		7,952
2021		2,776		547		2,229
2020		1,209		506		703
Prior		1,225		985		240
Total	$	24,832	$	4,656	$	20,176

The following table presents gross charge-offs and recoveries by receivable origination year for Contract segment of portfolio:


	(In thousands)
	2024
	Gross Charge-offs		Gross Recoveries		Net Charge-offs
2024	$	113	$	—	$	113
2023		7,950		907		7,043
2022		8,127		1,320		6,807
2021		2,722		521		2,201
2020		1,201		489		712
Prior		1,224		973		251
Total	$	21,337	$	4,210	$	17,127

The following table presents gross charge-offs and recoveries by receivable origination year for Direct segment of portfolio:


	(In thousands)
	2024
	Gross Charge-offs		Gross Recoveries		Net Charge-offs
2024	$	—	$	—	$	—
2023		2,111		215		1,896
2022		1,321		176		1,145
2021		54		26		28
2020		8		17		(9	)
Prior		1		12		(11	)
Total	$	3,495	$	446	$	3,049

A performing account is defined as an account that is less than 60 days past due. The Company defines an automobile contract as delinquent when more than 25% of payments contractually due by a certain date has not been paid by the immediately following due date, which date may have been extended within limits specified in the servicing agreements or as a result of a deferral. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days payments are contractually past due, as extended where applicable.

In certain circumstances, the Company will grant obligors one-month payment extensions. The only modification of terms in those circumstances is to advance the obligor’s next due date by one month and extend the maturity date of the receivable. There are no other concessions, such as a reduction in interest rate, forgiveness of principal or of accrued interest. Accordingly, the Company considers such extensions to be insignificant delays in payments rather than troubled debt restructurings.

A non-performing account is defined as an account that is contractually delinquent for 60 days or more or is a Chapter 13 bankruptcy account, and the accrual of interest income is suspended. The Company’s charge-off policy for contractually delinquent is 121 days. The Company’s charge-off policy aligns with practices within the subprime auto financing segment.

In the event an account is dismissed from bankruptcy, the Company will decide, based on several factors, to begin repossession proceedings or to allow the customer to begin making regularly scheduled payments.

The following table is an assessment of the credit quality by creditworthiness as of March 31:


	(In thousands)
	2024						2023
	Contracts		Direct Loans		Total		Contracts		Direct Loans		Total
Performing accounts		—		—	$	—	$	101,856	$	16,926	$	118,782
Non-performing accounts		—		—		-		6,972		1,728		8,700
Total		—		—		-		108,828		18,654		127,482
Chapter 13 bankruptcy		—		—		-		590		98		688
Finance receivables		—		—	$	-	$	109,418	$	18,752	$	128,170

The following tables present certain information regarding the delinquency rates experienced by the Company with respect to Contracts and Direct Loans, excluding any Chapter 13 bankruptcy accounts:


	(In thousands)
Contracts	Balance Outstanding		30 – 59 days			60 –89 days			90-119 days			120+ days			Total
March 31, 2023	$	108,828	$	10,083		$	3,274		$	3,698		$	-		$	17,055
				9.27	%		3.01	%		3.40	%		0.00	%		15.67	%


Direct Loans	Balance Outstanding		30 – 59 days			60 –89 days			90-119 days			120+ days			Total
March 31, 2023	$	18,654	$	1,448		$	654		$	1,074		$	-		$	3,176
				7.76	%		3.51	%		5.76	%		0.00	%		17.03	%

6. Fair Value Disclosures

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, the Term loan advance to Amplex, finance receivables, and the WL Credit Facility. Finance receivables held for sale are measured at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. When the fair value of the finance receivables is less than the amortized cost basis, the Company records a valuation allowance which is a non-recurring fair value measurement. Repossessed assets are measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. When the fair value less cost to sell of the repossessed assets is less than the carrying value, the Company records a valuation allowance which is a non-recurring fair value measurement.

The Company estimates the fair value of repossessed assets held for sale utilizing auction recoveries statistics, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, as further described below.

The Company estimates the fair value of finance receivables held for sale utilizing a discounted cash flow approach, which includes an evaluation of the underlying loan characteristics, as well as assumptions to determine the discount rate, credit mark, and prepayment forecasts. In determining the appropriate discount rate, prepayment and credit assumptions, the Company utilized its historical defaults and auction recoveries statistics, as well as publicly reported data for selected peers. Given the unobservable nature of these key inputs, these loans are therefore classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, as further described below. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate, in isolation, could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

Fair value is defined in FASB ASC Topic 820-10-20 as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value also assumes that the reporting entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability in the principal or most advantageous

market. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset or liability that have all of the following characteristics: 1) an unrelated party; 2) knowledgeable (having a reasonable understanding about the asset or liability and the transaction based on all available information, including information that might be obtained through due diligence efforts that are usual or customary); 3) able to transact; and 4) willing to transact (motivated but not forced or otherwise compelled to do so).

The FASB states that “valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available shall be used to measure fair value.” The valuation techniques for measuring fair value are consistent with the three traditional approaches to value: the market approach, the income approach, and the cost or asset approach. The application of valuation techniques requires the use of common sense, informed judgment, and reasonableness based on the relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the analysis. There are relevant inputs (both observable and unobservable) that can be used in valuation based on the facts and circumstances. The FASB has defined a fair value hierarchy for these inputs which prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels:

•Level 1 inputs are defined as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are defined as inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 inputs are defined as unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

Unobservable inputs should be used only to the extent that relevant observable inputs are not available; this allows for situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs should reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).

The fair value of the Credit Facility as of March 31, 2024 was zero. The fair value of the Credit Facility, which was entered late in the prior year, was estimated to be equal to the book value at March 31, 2023 as the interest rate was a variable rate based on SOFR pricing options. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.


	Fair Value Measurement Using (In thousands)						Fair		Carrying
Description	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value		Value
Cash:
March 31, 2024	$	994	$	—	$	—	$	994	$	994
March 31, 2023	$	454	$	—	$	—	$	454	$	454
Cash equivalents:
March 31, 2024	$	17,988	$	—	$	—	$	17,988	$	17,988
March 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Term loan advance to Amplex:
March 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	300	$	300	$	300
March 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Finance receivables:
March 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	38,773	$	38,773	$	38,773
March 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	105,971	$	105,971	$	106,919
Repossessed assets:
March 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	668	$	668	$	668
March 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	1,491	$	1,491	$	1,491
Credit facility:
March 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
March 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	29,100	$	29,100	$	29,100

        Level 3 Assets with Significant Unobservable Inputs

        Fair Value

        Valuation Technique

        Significant Unobservable Inputs

        Range

        Weighted Average (1)

        Non-recurring fair value

Finance receivables held for sale

38,773

Discounted Cash Flows

Discount Rate

16.4% - 17.6%

17.3%

Repossessed assets held for sale

668

Discounted Cash Flows

Discount Rate

16.4% - 17.6%

17.3%



(1)	Weighted averages are determined by the relative fair value of the instruments or the relative contribution to the instruments fair value.

7. Income Taxes

Income tax expense consists of the following for the years ended March 31:


	(In thousands)
	2024		2023
Current:
Federal	$	-	$	22
State		-		10
Total current		-		32
Deferred:
Federal		-		708
State		-		677
Total deferred		-		1,385
Income tax expense	$	-	$	1,417

The net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes are reflected in deferred income taxes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets consist of the following as of March 31:


	(In thousands)
Deferred Tax Assets	2024			2023
Allowance for credit losses not currently deductible for tax purposes	$	-		$	4,538
Unrealized fair value adjustment		4,162			-
Share-based compensation		30			20
Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards		9,816			4,812
Right of use liability		15			43
Other items		50			87
Valuation allowance		(14,047	)		(9,457	)
Total deferred tax assets		26			43

Deferred tax liabilities
Right of use asset		15			43
Other items		11			-
Total deferred tax liabilities		26			43
Deferred income taxes	$	-		$	-

Income tax expense reflects an effective U.S. tax rate, which differs from the corporate tax rate for the following reasons:


	(In thousands)
	2024			2023
Income tax benefit at Federal statutory rate	$	(4,355	)	$	(6,838	)
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Change in valuation allowance		4,590			9,457
State income taxes, net of Federal benefit		(770	)		(1,207	)
Other		535			5
Income tax expense	$	-		$	1,417

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative pre-tax loss over the three-year period ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, a full valuation allowance was recorded against the Company’s net deferred tax asset. The federal net operating loss ("NOL") generated for the year ended March 31, 2024 will carryforward indefinitely. Generally, state NOLs begin to expire March 31, 2039.

The Company considers the earnings of the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries to be indefinitely invested outside Canada on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and the Company’s specific plans for reinvestment of those subsidiary earnings. The Company has not recorded a deferred tax liability related to the Canadian income taxes and U.S. withholding taxes on approximately $100.4 million of undistributed earnings of the U.S. subsidiaries indefinitely invested outside Canada. When the Company repatriates the U.S. earnings, it would need to adjust its income tax provision as the earnings will no longer be indefinitely invested outside of Canada. If the Company decided to repatriate the U.S. earnings, it would need to adjust its income tax provision in the period the Company determined that the earnings will no longer be indefinitely invested outside of Canada.

9. Share-Based Payments

The Company has share awards outstanding under two share-based compensation plans (the “Equity Plans”). The Company believes that such awards generally align the interests of its employees with those of its shareholders. Under the shareholder-approved 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) the Board of Directors was authorized to grant option awards for up to approximately 1.1 million common shares. On August 13, 2015, the Company’s shareholders approved the Nicholas Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) for

employees and non-employee directors. Under the 2015 Plan, the Board of Directors is authorized to grant total share awards for up to 750,000 common shares. Awards under the 2006 Plan will continue to be governed by the terms of that plan. The 2015 Plan replaced the 2006 Plan; accordingly, no additional option awards may be granted under the 2006 Plan. In addition to option awards, the 2015 Plan provides for restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, and other equity-based compensation.

Option awards previously granted to employees and directors under the 2006 Plan generally vested ratably based on service over a five- and three-year period, respectively, and generally have a contractual term of ten years. Vesting and contractual terms for option awards under the 2015 Plan are essentially the same as those of the 2006 Plan. Restricted stock awards generally cliff vest over a three-year period based on service conditions. Vesting of performance units generally does not commence until the attainment of Company-wide performance goals including annual revenue growth and operating income targets. There are no post-vesting restrictions for share awards.

The Company funds share awards from authorized but unissued shares and does not purchase shares to fulfill its obligations under the Equity Plans. Cash dividends, if any, are not paid on unvested performance units or unexercised options but are paid on unvested restricted stock awards.

A summary of option activity under the Equity Plans as of March 31, 2024, and changes during the year, is presented below.


	(Shares and Aggregate Intrinsic Value in thousands)
Options	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at March 31, 2022		37		$	11.85		1.45	$	-
Granted		—			—
Exercised		—			—
Forfeited		(27	)		11.54
Outstanding at March 31, 2023		10		$	12.68		0.80	$	-
Granted		—			—
Exercised		—			—
Forfeited		(5	)		12.68
Outstanding at March 31, 2024		5		$	12.68		0.30	$	-
Exercisable at March 31, 2024		5		$	12.68		0.30	$	-

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no unrecognized compensation related to options grants. For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no compensation cost expense related to stock options.

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested, service based, restricted shares under the Equity Plan is presented below


	(Shares and Aggregate Intrinsic Value in thousands)
Restricted Share Awards	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Non-vested at March 31, 2022		37		$	10.26		0.92	$	377
Granted		11			8.84
Vested		(8	)		12.01
Forfeited		(28	)		9.75
Non-vested at March 31, 2023		12		$	8.97		0.51	$	74
Granted		-			-
Vested		(11	)		8.97
Forfeited		-			-
Non-vested at March 31, 2024		1		$	11.10		0.25	$	5

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $2 thousand of unrecognized compensation related to restricted shares.

For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $44 thousand and $(69) thousand, respectively, of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted share awards granted under the Equity Plans.

14. Subsequent Events

Redomestication

On April 18, 2024, the Company completed its continuation and domestication from British Columbia to the State of Delaware by filing its Certificate of Corporate Domestication and Certificate of Incorporation in the State of Delaware. The Company has estimated a potential tax liability due to Canada ranging between $1.7 million and $2.6 million. In June 2024, the Company made an estimated payment of $1.7 million to Canada and the Company expects to file a stub period created from the domestication in October 2024.

Disposition of Assets to Westlake Financial

On November 13, 2023, the Company and Nicholas entered into the Purchase Agreement with Westlake Financial, pursuant to which the Company and Nicholas agreed to sell, and Westlake agreed to purchase substantially all of the Company’s and Nicholas’ assets, consisting of Nicholas’ motor vehicle retail installment sale contracts and unsecured consumer loan contracts (collectively, the “Contracts”) and the accounts receivable related to such Contracts (collectively, the “Receivables”).

As discussed in Note 12, Westlake Financial is an affiliate of WPM, and Nicholas entered into the Servicing Agreement with WPM on November 3, 2022, pursuant to which WPM commenced servicing of the Receivables under the Contracts in December 2022. In connection with entering into the Purchase Agreement, the Company ceased new originations, and WPM continued to service the Receivables for Nicholas until the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement.

On April 26, 2024, the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement closed with an aggregate purchase price of $65.6 million. After adjustments to the gross aggregate purchase price, the Company received net cash proceeds of $40.6 million and retained $25.9 million in principal and interest cash payments collected by the Company prior to the closing that otherwise would have been paid to Westlake.

The following unaudited pro forma consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024, presents the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as if the sale of substantially all finance receivables and repossessed assets occurred on March 31, 2024.


	March 31,			Transaction Accounting				Pro Forma Ending
	2024			Adjustments			Note	Balance
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	18,982		$	40,634		A	$	59,616
Finance receivables held for sale, at a lower of amortized cost or fair value		38,773			(38,650	)	B		123
Repossessed assets held for sale, at lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell		668			(668	)	B		-
Prepaid expenses and other assets		438			-				438
Income taxes receivable		902			-				902
Property and equipment, net		75							75
Total assets	$	59,838		$	1,316			$	61,154
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Contingent liability	$	-		$	2,620		C	$	2,620
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities		996			-				996
Total liabilities		996			2,620				3,616
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 11)
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock		-			-				-
Common stock		35,267			-				35,267
Treasury stock		(76,794	)		-				(76,794	)
Retained earnings		100,369			(1,304	)	D		99,065
Total shareholders’ equity		58,842			(1,304	)			57,538
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	59,838		$	1,316			$	61,154

Notes to the Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information

This adjustment represents the receipt of cash consideration at the closing of the transaction.

These adjustments reflect the elimination of the finance receivables and repossessed assets sold to Westlake.

This adjustment represents the disputed amount of contingent payments that were previously paid from Westlake to the Company that may be required to be repaid to Westlake. The negotiations on this dispute have not yet been finalized.

This adjustment reflects the estimated loss of $1.3 million arising from the sale of net assets to Westlake, as if the sale occurred on March 31, 2024.

Acquisition of Amplex Electric, Inc.

On June 15, 2024, the Company closed the Share Purchase Agreement to acquire Amplex Electric, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“Amplex”), from the sellers (the “Sellers”), pursuant to which the Sellers have agreed to sell, and the Company has agreed to purchase 51% of the issued and outstanding common shares, no par value per share, of Amplex and the Company has agreed to make payment to holders of options for Amplex’s common shares in consideration of cancellation of such options for preliminary purchase consideration of $11.6 million, which was paid in cash on the date of closing. The acquisition will be accounted for using the acquisition method and the results of the acquired business will be included in the Company’s results of operations from the acquisition date. Based on the timing of the

acquisition and lack of available information, the Company determined it was impractical to disclose a preliminary purchase price allocation at this time. The Company is currently in the process of completing the accounting for the transaction and expects to have preliminary allocations of the purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the first quarter of the current fiscal year.

In conjunction with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Company purchased an additional 1,674 shares of Amplex common stock at the share purchase price of $1,792.55 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $3 million.

Issuance and Conversion of Term Loan Advances

Between April 1, 2024 and June 1, 2024, the Company made Term Loan Advances to Amplex in the aggregate amount of $450 thousand. The Term Loan Advances were to be repaid at the earlier of a) the closing of the share purchase agreement and b) the first anniversary of the initial term loan advance date if the negotiations of the share purchase agreement are terminated. In conjunction with the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Term Loan Advances with a total outstanding principal and accrued interest of $754 thousand was converted into 421 shares of Amplex common stock at the share purchase price of $1,792.55 per share.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure information required to be disclosed in its reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls will prevent all possible error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2024. Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.

The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for accounting principles. The Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2024.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

There has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

The relevant information to be set forth in the definitive Proxy Statement and Information Circular for the 2024 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of the Company (the “Proxy Statement”), is incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Ethics - The Company has adopted a written code of ethics applicable to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, principal accounting officer and persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code of ethics is posted on the Company’s web site at www.nicholasfinancial.com. Anyone who wishes to receive a written copy of the code of ethics may receive one without charge by submitting a request in writing to Corporate Secretary, Nicholas Financial, Inc., 26133 US HWY 19 North, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33763. The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to, or waivers from, the code of ethics by posting such information on the Company’s web site at www.nicholasfinancial.com. The Company is not including the information contained on or available through its web site as a part of, or incorporating such information by reference into, this Report.

Item 11. Executive Compensation, Compensation Interlocks and Insider Participation

The relevant information to be set forth in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The following table sets forth certain information, as of March 31, 2024, with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company were authorized for issuance:

The relevant information to be set forth in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, Director Independence and Board of Directors

The relevant information to be set forth in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

All financial schedules are omitted as the required information is not applicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

104.The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2024, has been formatted in Inline XBRL.

* Represents a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement in which a director or named executive officer of the Company participated.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Jeffrey C. Royal and Michael Rost, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, each with full power of substitution and re-substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and any other documents in connection therewith, with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Delaware	59-2506879
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
26133 US Hwy 19 North, Suite 300 Clearwater, Florida	33763
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)


			Page No.

PART I

	Item 1.	Business	1
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	13
	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	25
	Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	25
	Item 2.	Properties	26
	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	26
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	26

PART II

	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	27
	Item 6.	[Reserved]	28
	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	35
	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	36
	Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	68
	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	68
	Item 9B.	Other Information	69
	Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	69

PART III

	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	70
	Item 11.	Executive Compensation	70
	Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	70
	Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	70
	Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	70

PART IV

	Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	71
	Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	73


	Fiscal year ended March 31, (Originations in thousands)
Direct Loans	2024			2023
Originations	$	-		$	15,822
Average APR		0.0	%		30.4	%
Average term (months)		-			26
Average loan	$	-		$	4,277
Number of contracts originated		-			3,662


Key Performance Indicators on Contracts Purchased
(Purchases in thousands)
		Number of				Average
Fiscal Year		Contracts		Principal Amount		Amount		Average			Average			Average
/Quarter		Purchased		Purchased#		Financed*^		APR*			Discount%*			Term*
	2024		448	$	5,515	$	12,396		22.1	%		6.3	%		50
	4		-		-		-		0.0	%		0.0	%		-
	3		20		252		12,600		21.9	%		6.6	%		51
	2		209		2,543		12,167		22.3	%		6.3	%		49
	1		219		2,720		12,420		22.0	%		6.0	%		50
	2023		4,040	$	47,526	$	11,932		22.5	%		6.5	%		48
	4		127		1,579		12,433		22.2	%		6.2	%		49
	3		383		4,511		11,778		22.4	%		6.8	%		48
	2		1,595		19,082		11,964		22.7	%		6.4	%		48
	1		1,935		22,354		11,552		22.9	%		6.6	%		48


Key Performance Indicators on Direct Loans Originated
(Originations in thousands)
		Number of				Average
Fiscal Year		Contracts		Principal Amount		Amount		Average			Average
/Quarter		Originated		Originated#		Financed*^		APR*			Term*
	2024	$	-	$	-	$	-		0.0	%		-
	4		-		-		-		0.0	%		-
	3		-		-		-		0.0	%		-
	2		-		-		-		0.0	%		-
	1		-		-		-		0.0	%		-
	2023		3,662	$	15,822	$	4,277		30.4	%		26
	4		-		-		-		0.0	%		-
	3		245		1,080		4,128		29.6	%		27
	2		1,427		6,527		4,574		30.3	%		25
	1		1,990		8,215		4,128	31.2		%		25
	2022		6,770	$	28,740	$	4,307		30.5	%		26
	4		1,584		7,458		4,708		30.0	%		27
	3		2,282		8,505		3,727		31.8	%		24
	2		1,588		7,040		4,433		30.0	%		26
	1		1,316		5,737		4,359	30.1		%		25
*Each average included in the tables is calculated as a simple average.
^Average amount financed is calculated as a single loan amount.
#Bulk portfolio purchase excluded for period-over-period comparability.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐


	Maximum allowable interest			Number of Branches on		Fiscal year ended March 31, (In thousands)
State	rate (1)			March 31, 2024		2024		2023
Alabama	18-36%(2)				-	$	-	$	2,919
Arizona	(2)				-		-		128
Florida	18-30%(3)				-		1,048		10,410
Georgia	18-30%(3)				-		-		5,103
Idaho		(2	)		-		-		343
Illinois		(2	)		-		-		1,109
Indiana		25	%		-		105		2,363
Kansas		(2	)		-		-		75
Kentucky	18-25%(3)				-		740		2,887
Michigan		25	%		-		-		549
Missouri		(2	)		-		-		2,841
Nevada		(2	)		-		-		1,150
North Carolina	18-29%(3)				-		237		3,989
Ohio		25	%		-		2,929		7,345
Pennsylvania	18-21%(3)				-		-		1,139
South Carolina		(2	)		-		456		2,932
Tennessee		(2	)		-		-		1,203
Texas	18-23%(3)				-		-		594
Utah		(2	)		-		-		102
Wisconsin		(2	)		-		-		344
Total				$	-	$	5,515	$	47,526


	Fiscal year ended March 31, (Purchases in thousands)
Contracts	2024			2023
Purchases	$	5,515		$	47,526
Average APR		22.1	%		22.5	%
Average dealer discount		6.3	%		6.5	%
Average term (months)		50			48
Average loan	$	12,396		$	11,932
Number of Contracts purchased		448			4,040


Portfolio Summary	Fiscal Year ended March 31, (In thousands)
	2024			2023
Average finance receivables (1)	$	88,285		$	165,412
Average indebtedness (2)	$	8,020		$	54,214
Interest and fee income on finance receivables		22,237			44,270
Interest expense		929			3,931
Net interest and fee income on finance receivables	$	21,308		$	40,339
Gross portfolio yield (3)		25.19	%		26.76	%
Net charge-off percentage (4)		30.63	%		15.86	%


	2024			2023
Variable interest under the line of credit and credit facility		5.05	%		2.70	%
Credit spread under the line of credit and credit facility		3.35	%		3.27	%
Average cost of borrowed funds		8.40	%		5.97	%


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Forvis Mazars, LLP, Atlanta, GA, PCAOB Firm No. 686)		37

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets		39
Consolidated Statements of Operations		40
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity		41
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		42
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		43


	Fiscal Year ended March 31,
	2024			2023
Interest and fee income on finance receivables	$	22,237		$	44,270
Expenses:
Operating expenses		15,520			32,449
Provision for credit losses		2,570			40,658
Fair value and other adjustments, net		24,164			-
Interest expense		929			3,931
Total expenses		43,183			77,038
Income from securities:
Net gain on equity investments		-			66
Income from cash equivalents		145			-
Total income from securities		145			66
Loss before income taxes		(20,801	)		(32,702	)
Income tax expense		-			1,417
Net loss	$	(20,801	)	$	(34,119	)
Loss per share:
Basic	$	(2.86	)	$	(4.65	)
Diluted	$	(2.86	)	$	(4.65	)


	(In thousands)
	Cost		Accumulated Depreciation		Net Carrying Value
2024
Equipment		305		232		73
Furniture and fixtures		6		6		-
Leasehold improvements		2		-		2
	$	313	$	238	$	75
2023
Software		113		36		77
Equipment		323		183		140
Furniture and fixtures		9		6		3
Leasehold improvements		2		-		2
	$	447	$	225	$	222


in thousands
2025	$	37
2026		31
Total future minimum lease payments		68
Present value adjustment		(3	)
Operating lease liability	$	65


	2024			2023
Weighted Average Lease Term - Operating Leases	2.0 years			3.0 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate - Operating Leases		6.50	%		6.50	%


	(In thousands)
	Total Cost Estimated		Total Incurred as of March 31, 2024		Remaining cost		Incurred for the Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2024
Branch Closures	$	3,315	$	3,315	$	—	$	112
Severance		598		598		—		28
Cease-use of contractual services		1,047		1,047		—		298
Professional fees		1,239		1,026		213		766
Other		34		34		—		17
Total restructuring cost	$	6,233	$	6,020	$	213	$	1,221


	Twelve months ended March 31, (In thousands)
	2024					2023
	Number of Shares		Amount			Number of Shares		Amount
Treasury shares at the beginning of period		5,368	$	(76,794	)		5,127	$	(74,405	)
Treasury shares purchased		-		-			241		(2,389	)
Treasury shares at the end of period		5,368	$	(76,794	)		5,368	$	(76,794	)


Plan Category	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Weighted – Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
	(a)		(b)		(c)
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders		5	$	12.68		662
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders		-		-		-
TOTAL		5	$	12.68		662


Exhibit No.		Description

2.1		Master Asset Sale Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2023, between Westlake Services, LLC dba Westlake Financial and Nicholas Financial, Inc. (1)

2.2		Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2024, by and among Amplex Electric, Inc., Mark R. Radabaugh, Dale B. Beckman and Nicholas Financial, Inc. (2)

3.1		Certificate of Corporate Domestication of Nicholas Financial, Inc. (3)

3.2		Certificate of Incorporation of Nicholas Financial, Inc. (4)

3.3		Bylaws of Nicholas Financial, Inc. (5)

4.1		Form of Common Stock Certificate

4.2		Description of the Registrant’s Securities

10.1		Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2023, by and between Westlake Capital Finance, LLC, as lender, and Nicholas Financial, Inc. and Nicholas Data Services, Inc., as borrowers (6)

10.2		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated December 11, 2019, by and between Platinum Auto Finance of Tampa Bay, LLC (7)

10.3		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated January 30, 2020, by and between Platinum Auto Finance of Tampa Bay, LLC (8)

10.4		Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated February 20, 2020, by and between Platinum Auto Finance of Tampa Bay, LLC (9)

10.5		Nicholas Financial, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (10) *

10.6		Form of Nicholas Financial, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Stock Option Award (11) *

10.7		Form of Nicholas Financial, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award (12) *

10.8		Form of Nicholas Financial, Inc 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan Performance Share Award (13) *

10.9		Employment Agreement between the Company and Michael Rost, dated as of August 15, 2023 (14) *

10.10		Employment Agreement between the Company and Irina Nashtatik, dated as of July 21, 2022 (15) *

10.11		Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Irina Nashtatik, effective as of May 1, 2024 (16)*


10.12		Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Charles Krebs, dated as of June 11, 2024 (17) *
10.13		Employment Agreement, effective as of June 15, 2024, by and between Amplex Electric, Inc. and Mark Radabaugh (18)*
10.14		Separation and General Release Agreement between the Company and Douglas W. Marohn, dated as of May 9, 2022 (19)*

10.15		Form of Dealer Agreement and Schedule thereto listing dealers that are parties to such agreements (20)

21		Subsidiaries of Nicholas Financial, Inc.

23.1		Consent of Forvis Mazars, LLP

24		Powers of Attorney (included on signature page hereto)

31.1		Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer

32.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350

32.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350

97		Nicholas Recoupment of Incentive Compensation Policy


	NICHOLAS FINANCIAL, INC.

Dated: July 1, 2024	By:	/s/ Michael Rost
		Michael Rost
		Chief Executive Officer


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Michael Rost	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	July 1, 2024
Michael Rost	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	July 1, 2024

/s/ Charles Krebs	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	July 1, 2024
Charles Krebs		July 1, 2024

/s/ Jeffrey C. Royal	Chairman of the Board of Directors	July 1, 2024
Jeffrey C. Royal	Chairman of the Board of Directors	July 1, 2024

/s/ Mark Hutchins	Director	July 1, 2024
Mark Hutchins	Director	July 1, 2024

/s/ Adam K. Peterson	Director	July 1, 2024
Adam K. Peterson	Director	July 1, 2024

/s/ Jeremy Q. Zhu	Director	July 1, 2024
Jeremy Q. Zhu		July 1, 2024

/s/ Brendan Keating	Director	July 1, 2024
Brendan Keating