UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-36663

NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Maryland	47-1881359
(State or other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

300 Crescent Court, Suite 700, Dallas, Texas (Address of Principal Executive Offices)	75201
	(Zip Code)

(214) 276-6300

(Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	NXRT	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 9, 2023, the registrant had 25,674,313 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC.

Form 10-Q

Quarter Ended September 30, 2023

INDEX

			Page
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			ii
	PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.		Financial Statements
		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	1
		Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	2
		Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	3
		Consolidated Unaudited Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	5
		Notes to Consolidated Unaudited Financial Statements	7
Item 2.		Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.		Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	44
Item 4.		Controls and Procedures	45
	PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.		Legal Proceedings	46
Item 1A.		Risk Factors	46
Item 2.		Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Securities	46
Item 3.		Defaults Upon Senior Securities	46
Item 4.		Mine Safety Disclosures	47
Item 5.		Other Information	47
Item 6.		Exhibits	48
Signatures			49

i

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to risks and uncertainties. In particular, statements relating to our liquidity and capital resources, the performance of our properties and results of operations contain forward-looking statements. Furthermore, all of the statements regarding future financial performance (including market conditions and demographics) are forward-looking statements. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements presented in this quarterly report are based on management’s current beliefs and assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “result” and similar expressions that do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions and may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. We caution you therefore against relying on any of these forward-looking statements.

Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, liquidity or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

•unfavorable changes in market and economic conditions in the United States and globally and in the specific markets where our properties are located;

•macroeconomic trends including inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations;

•risks associated with ownership of real estate;

•limited ability to dispose of assets because of the relative illiquidity of real estate investments;

•our multifamily properties are concentrated in certain geographic markets in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States, which makes us more susceptible to adverse developments in those markets;

•increased risks associated with our strategy of acquiring value-enhancement multifamily properties rather than more conservative investment strategies;

•failure to succeed in new markets may have adverse consequences on our performance;

•potential reforms to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”);

•competition could limit our ability to acquire attractive investment opportunities, which could adversely affect our profitability and impede our growth;

•competition and any increased affordability of residential homes could limit our ability to lease our apartments or increase or maintain rents;

•the relatively low residential mortgage rates may result in potential renters purchasing residences rather than leasing them, and as a result, cause a decline in our occupancy rates;

•the risk that we may fail to consummate future property acquisitions;

•failure of acquisitions to yield anticipated results;

•risks associated with increases in interest rates and our ability to issue additional debt or equity securities in the future;

•risks associated with selling apartment communities, which could limit our operational and financial flexibility;

•contingent or unknown liabilities related to properties or businesses that we have acquired or may acquire;

•lack of or insufficient amounts of insurance;

•the risk that our environmental assessments may not identify all potential environmental liabilities and our remediation actions may be insufficient;

•high costs associated with the investigation or remediation of environmental contamination, including asbestos, lead-based paint, chemical vapor, subsurface contamination and mold growth;

•high costs associated with the compliance with various accessibility, environmental, building and health and safety laws and regulations, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Fair Housing Act;

•risks associated with limited warranties we may obtain when purchasing properties;

ii

•exposure to decreases in market rents due to our short-term leases;

•risks associated with operating through joint ventures and funds;

•our dependence on information systems;

•risks associated with breaches of our data security;

•costs associated with being a public company, including compliance with securities laws;

•the risk that our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting;

•risks associated with our substantial current indebtedness and indebtedness we may incur in the future;

•risks associated with derivatives or hedging activity;

•risks associated with representations and warranties made by us in connection with sales of our properties may subject us to liability that could result in losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore, distributions we make to our stockholders;

•loss of key personnel of NexPoint Advisors, L.P. (our “Sponsor”), NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (our “Adviser”) and our property manager;

•the risk that we may not replicate the historical results achieved by other entities managed or sponsored by affiliates of our Adviser, members of our Adviser’s management team or by our Sponsor or its affiliates;

•risks associated with our Adviser’s ability to terminate the Advisory Agreement (as defined below);

•our ability to change our major policies, operations and targeted investments without stockholder consent;

•the substantial fees and expenses we pay to our Adviser and its affiliates;

•risks associated with any potential internalization of our management functions;

•conflicts of interest and competing demands for time faced by our Adviser, our Sponsor and their officers and employees;

•the risk that we may compete with other entities affiliated with our Sponsor or property manager for properties and tenants;

•failure to maintain our status as a REIT;

•failure of our operating partnership to be taxable as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, possibly causing us to fail to qualify for or to maintain REIT status;

•compliance with REIT requirements, which may limit our ability to hedge our liabilities effectively and cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities, liquidate certain of our investments or incur tax liabilities;

•risks associated with our ownership of interests in taxable REIT subsidiaries;

•the recognition of taxable gains from the sale of properties as a result of the inability to complete certain like-kind exchanges in accordance with Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”);

•the risk that the Internal Revenue Service may consider certain sales of properties to be prohibited transactions, resulting in a 100% penalty tax on any taxable gain;

•the ineligibility of dividends payable by REITs for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends;

•risks associated with the stock ownership restrictions of the Code for REITs and the stock ownership limit imposed by our charter;

•the ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval;

•recent and potential legislative or regulatory tax changes or other actions affecting REITs;

•risks associated with the market for our common stock and the general volatility of the capital and credit markets;

•failure to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding indebtedness or pay distributions at expected levels;

•risks associated with limitations of liability for and our indemnification of our directors and officers;

•the risk that legal proceedings we become involved in from time to time could adversely affect our business;

•the risk that acts of violence could decrease the value of our assets and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations;

iii

•risks associated with the Highland Capital Management, L.P. ("Highland") bankruptcy, including related litigation and potential conflicts of interest; and

•any other risks included under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2023 or under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. They are based on estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this quarterly report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes, except as required by law.

iv

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Operating Real Estate Investments
Land	$	359,839		$	378,438
Buildings and improvements		1,711,122			1,760,782
Construction in progress		12,023			10,622
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment		173,564			152,529
Total Gross Operating Real Estate Investments		2,256,548			2,302,371
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(386,869	)		(349,276	)
Total Net Operating Real Estate Investments		1,869,679			1,953,095
Real estate held for sale, net of accumulated depreciation of $40,750 and $22,017, respectively		133,851			89,457
Total Net Real Estate Investments		2,003,530			2,042,552
Cash and cash equivalents		7,531			16,762
Restricted cash		42,302			35,037
Accounts receivable, net		14,739			17,121
Prepaid and other assets		13,303			10,425
Fair value of interest rate swaps		98,621			103,440
TOTAL ASSETS	$	2,180,026		$	2,225,337
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Mortgages payable, net	$	1,453,471		$	1,526,828
Mortgages payable held for sale, net		112,026			68,016
Credit facility, net		39,968			72,644
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities		18,966			12,325
Accrued real estate taxes payable		22,176			7,232
Accrued interest payable		9,465			7,946
Security deposit liability		3,218			3,200
Prepaid rents		1,833			1,849
Total Liabilities		1,661,123			1,700,040
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		5,081			5,631
Stockholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued		—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized; 25,674,313 and 25,549,319 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		256			255
Additional paid-in capital		410,679			405,376
Accumulated earnings less dividends		5,534			11,880
Accumulated other comprehensive income		97,353			102,155
Total Stockholders' Equity		513,822			519,666
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	2,180,026		$	2,225,337

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenues
Rental income	$	67,870		$	66,500		$	203,217		$	189,949
Other income		1,968			1,551			5,417			4,654
Total revenues		69,838			68,051			208,634			194,603
Expenses
Property operating expenses		15,322			12,370			44,080			42,669
Real estate taxes and insurance		8,832			9,419			28,186			27,670
Property management fees (1)		2,031			1,960			6,089			5,629
Advisory and administrative fees (2)		1,966			1,904			5,782			5,615
Corporate general and administrative expenses		4,906			3,818			12,897			11,116
Property general and administrative expenses		2,615			2,387			7,127			6,586
Depreciation and amortization		23,797			25,224			70,935			74,490
Total expenses		59,469			57,082			175,096			173,775
Operating income before gain on sales of real estate		10,369			10,969			33,538			20,828
Gain on sales of real estate		43,090			—			43,090			—
Operating income		53,459			10,969			76,628			20,828
Interest expense		(17,587	)		(11,766	)		(48,850	)		(34,804	)
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and modification costs		(2,215	)		—			(2,093	)		—
Casualty gain (loss)		(100	)		—			(980	)		357
Gain on forfeited deposits		—			—			250			—
Equity in earnings of affiliate		177			—			177			—
Miscellaneous income		144			198			880			526
Net income (loss)		33,878			(599	)		26,012			(13,093	)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		129			(2	)		99			(46	)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	33,749		$	(597	)	$	25,913		$	(13,047	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate derivatives		(744	)		34,938			(4,820	)		106,874
Total comprehensive income		33,134			34,339			21,192			93,781
Comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		126			132			81			319
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders	$	33,008		$	34,207		$	21,111		$	93,462
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		25,674			25,598			25,647			25,630
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		26,302			25,598			26,228			25,630
Earnings (loss) per share - basic	$	1.31		$	(0.02	)	$	1.01		$	(0.51	)
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted	$	1.28		$	(0.02	)	$	0.99		$	(0.51	)

(1)Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of the noncontrolling limited partner of the Company’s Operating Partnership (see Note 8).

(2)Fees incurred to the Adviser (see Note 9).

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Additional		Accumulated Earnings (Loss)			Accumulated Other
Three Months ended September 30, 2023	Number of Shares		Par Value		Number of Shares		Par Value		Paid-in Capital		Less Dividends			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
Balances, June 30, 2023		—	$	—		25,674,313	$	256	$	408,119	$	(18,225	)	$	98,094		$	488,244
Net income attributable to common stockholders		—		—		—		—		—		33,749			—			33,749
Vesting of stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		2,495		—			—			2,495
Common stock dividends declared ($0.42 per share)		—		—		—		—		—		(11,047	)		—			(11,047	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(741	)		(741	)
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		—		—		—		—		65		1,057			—			1,122
Balances, September 30, 2023		—	$	—		25,674,313	$	256	$	410,679	$	5,534		$	97,353		$	513,822

	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				Additional		Accumulated Earnings (Loss)			Accumulated Other
Nine Months ended September 30, 2023	Number of Shares		Par Value		Number of Shares		Par Value		Paid-in Capital		Less Dividends			Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
Balances, December 31, 2022		—	$	—		25,549,319	$	255	$	405,376	$	11,880		$	102,155		$	519,666
Net income attributable to common stockholders		—		—		—		—		—		25,913			—			25,913
Vesting of stock-based compensation		—		—		124,994		1		5,238		—			—			5,239
Common stock dividends declared ($1.26 per share)		—		—		—		—		—		(33,034	)		—			(33,034	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(4,802	)		(4,802	)
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		—		—		—		—		65		775			—			840
Balances, September 30, 2023		—	$	—		25,674,313	$	256	$	410,679	$	5,534		$	97,353		$	513,822

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

(dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Preferred Stock				Common Stock						Additional			Accumulated Earnings (Loss)			Accumulated Other		Common Stock Held in
Three Months ended September 30, 2022	Number of Shares		Par Value		Number of Shares			Par Value			Paid-in Capital			Less Dividends			Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury at Cost			Total
Balances, June 30, 2022		—	$	—		25,647,942		$	256		$	407,436		$	28,120		$	74,283	$	—		$	510,095
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		—		—		—			—			—			(597	)		—		—			(597	)
Repurchases of common stock		—		—		—			—			—			—			—		(5,991	)		(5,991	)
Retirement of common stock held in treasury		—		—		(98,906	)		(1	)		(5,990	)		—			—		5,991			—
Vesting of stock-based compensation		—		—		—			—			2,007			—			—		—			2,007
Issuance of common stock through at-the-market offering, net of offering costs		—		—		—			—			(76	)		—			—		—			(76	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.38 per share)		—		—		—			—			—			(9,907	)		—		—			(9,907	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			—			—			34,804		—			34,804
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		—		—		—			—			—			1,286			—		—			1,286
Balances, September 30, 2022		—	$	—		25,549,036		$	255		$	403,377		$	18,902		$	109,087	$	—		$	531,621

	Preferred Stock				Common Stock						Additional			Accumulated Earnings (Loss)			Accumulated Other		Common Stock Held in
Nine Months ended September 30, 2022	Number of Shares		Par Value		Number of Shares			Par Value			Paid-in Capital			Less Dividends			Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury at Cost			Total
Balances, December 31, 2021		—	$	—		25,500,567		$	255		$	407,803		$	59,209		$	2,578	$	—		$	469,845
Net loss attributable to common stockholders		—		—		—			—			—			(13,047	)		—		—			(13,047	)
Repurchases of common stock		—		—		—			—			—			—			—		(11,127	)		(11,127	)
Retirement of common stock held in treasury		—		—		(168,473	)		(2	)		(11,125	)		—			—		11,127			—
Vesting of stock-based compensation		—		—		164,851			1			2,760			—			—		—			2,761
Issuance of common stock through at-the-market offering, net of offering costs		—		—		52,091			1			3,991			—			—		—			3,992
Common stock dividends declared ($1.14 per share)		—		—		—			—			—			(29,857	)		—		—			(29,857	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			—			—			106,509		—			106,509
Offering costs of the issuance of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		—		—		—			—			(52	)		—			—		—			(52	)
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		—		—		—			—			—			2,597			—		—			2,597
Balances, September 30, 2022		—	$	—		25,549,036		$	255		$	403,377		$	18,902		$	109,087	$	—		$	531,621

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	26,012		$	(13,093	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Gain on sales of real estate		(43,090	)		—
Depreciation and amortization		70,935			74,490
Amortization/write-off of deferred financing costs		4,307			2,033
Change in fair value on derivative instruments included in interest expense		(35,155	)		(2,365	)
Net cash received (paid) on derivative settlements		35,647			(4,849	)
Amortization/write-off of fair value adjustment of assumed debt		(82	)		(150	)
Provision for bad debts, net		7,258			5,619
Vesting of stock-based compensation		6,955			5,874
Insurance proceeds received for business interruption		588			250
Equity in earnings of affiliate		(177	)		—
Gain on forfeited deposits		(250	)		—
Casualty gains		(1,630	)		(518	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of sales and acquisitions:
Accounts receivable		(7,980	)		(7,705	)
Prepaid and other assets		(1,481	)		(1,741	)
Operating liabilities		4,957			2,754
Real estate taxes payable		14,944			8,983
Net cash provided by operating activities		81,758			69,582
Cash flows from investing activities
Net proceeds from sales of real estate		69,431			—
Forfeited deposits		250			—
Self-insurance paid for casualty loss		(1,819	)		(1,819	)
Insurance proceeds received from casualty losses		6,595			4,940
Additions to real estate investments		(56,904	)		(41,619	)
Acquisitions of real estate investments		415			(141,038	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		17,968			(179,536	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Mortgage proceeds received		42,788			78,272
Mortgage payments		(74,409	)		(1,076	)
Credit facilities proceeds received		—			55,000
Credit facilities payments		(33,500	)		—
Deferred financing costs received (paid)		1,001			(3,852	)
Interest rate cap fees paid		(592	)		(239	)
Prepayment penalties on extinguished debt		(2,129	)		—
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock through at-the-market offering, net of offering costs		—			3,992
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of stock-based compensation		(1,716	)		(3,113	)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		(71	)		(76	)
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		(135	)		—
Repurchase of common stock		—			(11,127	)
Dividends paid to common stockholders		(32,929	)		(29,908	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(101,692	)		87,873
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(1,966	)		(22,081	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		51,799			88,696
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	49,833		$	66,615

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	$	80,354		$	31,796
Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Activities
Issuance of operating partnership units for purchase of noncontrolling interests		415			2,444
Capitalized construction costs included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities		7,821			6,005
Change in fair value on derivative instruments designated as hedges		(4,820	)		106,874
Other assets acquired from acquisitions		—			168
Liabilities assumed from acquisitions		—			116
Increase (decrease) in dividends payable upon vesting of restricted stock units		105			(51	)
Write-off of assets due to casualty losses		1,751			4,506
Write-off of fully amortized in-place leases		—			5,179
Write-off of deferred financing costs		409			—

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

6

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Description of Business

NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our”) was incorporated in Maryland on September 19, 2014, and has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and the Company believes the current organization and method of operation will enable it to maintain its status as a REIT. The Company is focused on “value-add” multifamily investments primarily located in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. Substantially all of the Company’s business is conducted through NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “OP”), the Company’s operating partnership. The Company also consolidates certain variable interest entities ("VIEs") in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810 Consolidation. The Company controls and consolidates the OP as a VIE. The Company owns its properties (the “Portfolio”) through the OP and its wholly owned taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”). The OP owns approximately 99.9% of the Portfolio; the TRS owns approximately 0.1% of the Portfolio. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, NexPoint Residential Trust Operating Partnership GP, LLC (the “OP GP”), is the sole general partner of the OP. As of September 30, 2023, there were 26,053,988 common units in the OP (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 25,951,154, or 99.6%, were owned by the Company and 102,834, or 0.4%, were owned by noncontrolling limited partners (see Note 8).

The Company is externally managed by NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (the “Adviser”), through an agreement dated March 16, 2015, as amended, and renewed on February 22, 2023 for a one-year term (the “Advisory Agreement”), by and among the Company, the OP and the Adviser. The Adviser conducts substantially all of the Company’s operations and provides asset management services for its real estate investments. The Company expects it will only have accounting employees while the Advisory Agreement is in effect. All of the Company’s investment decisions are made by the Adviser, subject to general oversight by the Adviser’s investment committee and the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”). The Adviser is wholly owned by NexPoint Advisors, L.P. (the “Sponsor”).

The Company’s investment objectives are to maximize the cash flow and value of properties owned, acquire properties with cash flow growth potential, provide quarterly cash distributions and achieve long-term capital appreciation for its stockholders through targeted management and a value-add program. Consistent with the Company’s policy to acquire assets for both income and capital gain, the Company intends to hold at least majority interests in its properties for long-term appreciation and to engage in the business of directly or indirectly acquiring, owning, and operating well-located multifamily properties with a value-add component in large cities and suburban submarkets of large cities primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States consistent with its investment objectives. Economic and market conditions may influence the Company to hold properties for different periods of time. From time to time, the Company may sell a property if, among other deciding factors, the sale would be in the best interest of its stockholders.

The Company may allocate up to 30% of the Portfolio to investments in real estate-related debt and securities with the potential for high current income or total returns. These allocations may include first and second mortgages and subordinated, bridge, mezzanine, construction and other loans, as well as debt securities related to or secured by multifamily real estate and common and preferred equity securities, which may include securities of other REITs or real estate companies.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Readers of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Quarterly Report") should refer to the audited financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K ("2022 Annual Report"), filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and also available on our website (nxrt.nexpoint.com), since we have omitted from this Quarterly Report certain footnote disclosures which would substantially duplicate those contained in such audited financial statements. You should also refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to consolidated financial statements in our 2022 Annual Report for further discussion of our significant accounting policies and estimates. Information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference into and does not constitute a part of this Quarterly Report or any other report or documents we file or furnish with the SEC.

Reclassification of Prior Year Activity on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

Certain reclassifications have been made within the consolidated statements of cash flows to the changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of sales and acquisitions for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to be comparative to the consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

7

Impairment

Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The key inputs into our impairment analysis include, but are not limited to, the holding period, net operating income, and capitalization rates. In such cases, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and record an impairment loss if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. The Company’s impairment analysis identifies and evaluates events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of a real estate investment may not be recoverable, including determining the period the Company will hold the rental property, net operating income, and the estimated capitalization rate for each respective real estate investment. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has not recorded any impairment on its real estate assets.

Held for Sale

The Company periodically classifies real estate assets as held for sale when certain criteria are met in accordance with GAAP. At that time, the Company presents the net real estate assets and the net debt associated with the real estate held for sale separately in its consolidated balance sheet, and the Company ceases recording depreciation and amortization expense related to that property. Real estate held for sale is reported at the lower of its carrying amount or its estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. As of September 30, 2023, there are four properties classified as held for sale. In addition to the net real estate and mortgages payable held for sale, the consolidated balance sheet also includes approximately $1.9 million of accounts receivable and prepaid and other assets, and approximately $5.1 million of accounts payable, real estate taxes payable, security deposits, prepaid rents, and other accrued liabilities.

The Company had entered into a purchase and sale agreement for Old Farm and Stone Creek at Old Farm, and during the three months ended June 30, 2023 the buyer terminated the purchase and sale agreement and forfeited its deposit. As part of the forfeiture, the Company recognized a gain of approximately $0.3 million for forfeited deposits which is reflected in gain on forfeited deposits and forfeited deposits in cash flows from investing activities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and the consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) (“ASU 2020-04”). ASU 2020-04 contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. The Company has taken the ASC 848 elections needed to allow for the hedged forecasted transactions to transition while not discontinuing the associated hedge accounting designations. Application of these hedged accounting expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of the guidance and may apply other elections as applicable as additional changes in the market occur. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 ("ASU 2022-06") which was issued to defer the sunset date of Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 is effective immediately for all companies.

3. Real Estate Investments

Acquisitions

There were no acquisitions of real estate during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company acquired two properties, as detailed in the table below (dollars in thousands).

Property Name	Location	Date of Acquisition	Purchase Price		Mortgage Debt (1)		# Units		Effective Ownership
The Adair	Sandy Springs, Georgia	April 1, 2022	$	65,500	$	35,115		232		100	%
Estates on Maryland	Phoenix, Arizona	April 1, 2022		77,900		43,157		330		100	%
			$	143,400	$	78,272		562

Dispositions

The Company sold one property during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as detailed in the table below (in thousands). There were no dispositions during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Property Name	Location	Date of Sale	Sales Price		Net Cash Proceeds (1)		Gain on Sale of Real Estate
Silverbrook	Grand Prairie, Texas	September 22, 2023	$	70,000	$	69,431	$	43,090

8

(1) Represents sales price, net of closing costs.

NXRT Captive

On July 6, 2023, NexPoint Captive Insurance Company, Inc. (“NexPoint Captive”) was authorized to transact business in the State of Montana as a captive insurance company. NexPoint Captive began providing rental insurance coverage to NXRT properties and properties managed by affiliates of the Adviser on August 1, 2023. The OP purchased 100% ownership interest and has the power to direct the activities of NexPoint Captive. NexPoint Captive is required to maintain a cash reserve of $250,000 to fund potential claims, which is classified as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company consolidates NexPoint Captive in its consolidated financial statements.

Casualty Losses

The Company experienced certain casualty events during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Certain casualty proceeds from insurance are recorded in casualty gains (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income in relation to these events. Events that are considered to be small, standard and not extraordinary are recorded through property operating expense. Insurance proceeds received from casualty losses are recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows as investing activities. The Company differentiates proceeds received from business interruption and casualty gains (losses) in accounting for the transactions. Business interruption proceeds are specifically insurance proceeds to recoup lost rents due to a qualifying event(s) (i.e., fires, floods, storms, water damage, etc.) as determined by the insurance policy and are reflected as operating cash flows in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. Business interruption that has been accrued by the Company is presented in miscellaneous income in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Casualty gains (losses) are distinctly attributable to damage and subsequent write down of the property (loss), and the recoupment of funds from the insurance policy, as it relates to the damage. Such proceeds received from the damage to the property are accounted for as a gain to the Company, and potentially offset losses attributable to net write off of damaged assets.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, ten of the Company’s properties, Silverbrook, Venue at 8651, Versailles, Arbors of Brentwood, Parc500, Timber Creek, Hollister Place, The Preserve at Terrell Mill, High House at Cary and Six Forks, suffered significant property damage as a result of fires and flooding. As of September 30, 2022, 81 units were excluded from the Portfolio’s total unit count and 74 units were excluded from all same store pools due to reconstruction. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized approximately $0.0 million and $0.4 million in casualty loss and a $0.2 million and $0.5 million gain in business interruption income on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, seven of the Company’s properties, Bella Solara, Parc500, Arbors of Brentwood, Versailles, Versailles II, Rockledge, and Six Forks Station, had suffered significant property damages as a result of fires and water damage and are currently undergoing rehab. As of September 30, 2023, 67 units were excluded from the Portfolio’s total unit count. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million and $1.0 million in casualty loss and $0.1 million and $0.9 million in business interruption income on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income, respectively. Outside of the casualty related asset write downs discussed above, as of September 30, 2023, the Company has not recorded any impairment on its real estate assets

9

4. Debt

Mortgage Debt

The following table contains summary information concerning the mortgage debt of the Company as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Operating Properties		Type	Term (months)		Outstanding Principal				Interest Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Arbors on Forest Ridge		Floating		120	$	19,184			6.87%	12/1/2032
Cutter's Point		Floating		120		21,524			6.87%	12/1/2032
The Summit at Sabal Park		Floating		120		30,826			6.87%	12/1/2032
Courtney Cove		Floating		120		36,146			6.87%	12/1/2032
The Preserve at Terrell Mill		Floating		120		71,098			6.87%	12/1/2032
Versailles		Floating		120		40,247			6.87%	12/1/2032
Seasons 704 Apartments		Floating		120		33,132			6.87%	12/1/2032
Madera Point		Floating		120		34,457			6.87%	12/1/2032
Venue at 8651		Floating		120		18,690			6.87%	12/1/2032
The Venue on Camelback		Floating		120		42,788			7.50%	2/1/2033
Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista		Floating		84		42,100			6.73%	9/1/2025
Cornerstone		Floating		120		46,804			7.41%	12/1/2032
Parc500		Floating		120		29,416			6.87%	12/1/2032
Rockledge Apartments		Floating		120		93,129			6.87%	12/1/2032
Atera Apartments		Floating		120		46,198			6.87%	12/1/2032
Versailles II		Floating		84		12,061			6.61%	10/1/2025
Brandywine I & II		Floating		84		43,835			6.61%	10/1/2025
Bella Vista		Floating		84		29,040			6.75%	2/1/2026
The Enclave		Floating		84		25,322			6.75%	2/1/2026
The Heritage		Floating		84		24,625			6.75%	2/1/2026
Summers Landing	(2)	Floating		84		10,109			6.61%	10/1/2025
Residences at Glenview Reserve	(3)	Floating		84		25,645			6.87%	10/1/2025
Residences at West Place	(3)	Fixed		120		33,817			4.24%	10/1/2028
Avant at Pembroke Pines		Floating		84		177,100			6.86%	9/1/2026
Arbors of Brentwood		Floating		84		34,237			6.86%	10/1/2026
Torreyana Apartments		Floating		120		50,580			6.87%	12/1/2032
Bloom		Floating		120		59,830			6.87%	12/1/2032
Bella Solara		Floating		120		40,328			6.87%	12/1/2032
Fairways at San Marcos		Floating		120		60,228			6.87%	12/1/2032
The Verandas at Lake Norman		Floating		84		34,925			7.17%	7/1/2028
Creekside at Matthews		Floating		120		29,648			6.87%	12/1/2032
Six Forks Station		Floating		120		41,180			7.03%	10/1/2031
High House at Cary		Floating		84		46,625			7.33%	1/1/2029
The Adair		Floating		84		35,115			7.29%	4/1/2029
Estates on Maryland		Floating		84		43,157			7.29%	4/1/2029
					$	1,463,146
Fair market value adjustment						530		(4)
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $3,351						(10,205	)
					$	1,453,471
Held For Sale Properties
Old Farm		Floating		84		52,886			7.11%	7/1/2024
Stone Creek at Old Farm		Floating		84		15,274			7.11%	7/1/2024
Timber Creek		Floating		84		24,100			6.69%	10/1/2025
Radbourne Lake		Floating		84		20,000			6.72%	10/1/2025
					$	112,260
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $1,005						(234	)
					$	112,026

(1)Interest rate is based on a reference rate plus an applicable margin, except for fixed rate mortgage debt. The reference rate used in our Portfolio is 30-Day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). Loans that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR include a 0.11448% adjustment to SOFR for the all-in rate ("fallback LIBOR"). As of September 30, 2023, SOFR was 5.32%.

(2)Debt was assumed upon acquisition of this property and recorded at approximated fair value. It can be pre-paid in the first 12 months of the term in certain circumstances at par plus 5.00%. Starting in the 13th month of the term through the 81st month of the term, the loan can be pre-paid at par plus 1.00% of the unpaid principal balance and at par during the last three months of the term.

(3)Debt was assumed upon acquisition of this property and recorded at approximated fair value. The loan can be prepaid at the greater of par plus 1.00% of the unpaid principal balance or the product obtained by multiplying the present value of the principal being prepaid by the excess of the monthly fixed interest rate of the loan over a daily discount rate. The loan is open to pre-payment in the last three months of the term.

10

(4)The Company reflected a valuation adjustment on its fixed rate debt for Residences at West Place to adjust it to fair market value on their respective dates of acquisition for the difference between the fair value and the assumed principal amount of debt. The difference is amortized into interest expense over the remaining terms of the mortgages.

The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s mortgage indebtedness was 6.87% as of September 30, 2023 and 5.71% as of December 31, 2022. The increase between the periods is primarily related to an increase in 30-Day Average SOFR of approximately 126 basis points to 5.32% as of September 30, 2023 from 4.06% as of December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the Company’s mortgage indebtedness was 3.64% which excludes the effect of interest rate caps. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the outstanding mortgage indebtedness, the Company has included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% for fallback LIBOR on its combined $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements, which effectively fix the interest rate on $1.2 billion of the Company’s floating rate mortgage debt (see Note 5).

Each of the Company’s mortgages is a non-recourse obligation subject to customary provisions. The loan agreements contain customary events of default, including defaults in the payment of principal or interest, defaults in compliance with the covenants contained in the documents evidencing the loan, defaults in payments under any other security instrument covering any part of the property, whether junior or senior to the loan, and bankruptcy or other insolvency events. As of September 30, 2023, the Company believes it is in compliance with all provisions.

Credit Facility

The following table contains summary information concerning the Company’s credit facility as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Type	Term (months)		Outstanding Principal			Interest Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Corporate Credit Facility	Floating		36	$	41,000		7.57%	6/30/2025
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $1,975					(1,032	)
				$	39,968

(1)Interest rate is based on Term SOFR plus an applicable margin. Term SOFR as of September 30, 2023 was 5.32%.

On October 24, 2022, the Company exercised its option to extend the Corporate Credit Facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term resulting in a maturity date of June 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2023, there was $309.0 million available for borrowing under the Corporate Credit Facility. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the commitments under Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $150.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. The Corporate Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2025 with respect to the revolving commitments, unless the Company exercises its option to voluntarily and permanently reduce all of the revolving commitments before the maturity date.

Advances under the Corporate Credit Facility accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either Term SOFR plus a margin of 1.90% to 2.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio and a benchmark replacement adjustment of 0.1%, or a base rate determined according to the highest of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) Term SOFR plus 1.0% or (d) 0.0% plus a margin of 0.90% to 1.40%, depending on the Company’s total leverage ratio. An unused commitment fee at a rate of 0.15% or 0.25%, depending on the outstanding aggregate revolving commitments, applies to unutilized borrowing capacity under the Corporate Credit Facility. Amounts owing under the Corporate Credit Facility may be prepaid at any time without premium or penalty. The Corporate Credit Facility is guaranteed by the Company and the obligations under the Corporate Credit Facility are, subject to some exceptions, secured by a continuing security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company. The Company is in compliance with all of the covenants required in its Corporate Credit Facility.

Deferred Financing Costs

The Company defers costs incurred in obtaining financing and amortizes the costs over the terms of the related loans using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred financing costs, net of amortization, are recorded as a reduction from the related debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Upon repayment of or in conjunction with a material change in the terms of the underlying debt agreement, any unamortized costs are charged to loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs (see “Loss on Extinguishment of Debt and Modification Costs” below). For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amortization of deferred financing costs of approximately $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively, is included in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amortization of deferred financing costs of approximately $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, is included in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

11

Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt and Modification Costs

Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs includes prepayment penalties and defeasance costs incurred on the early repayment of debt, costs incurred in a debt modification that are not capitalized as deferred financing costs and other costs incurred in a debt extinguishment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company completed a refinance of The Venue on Camelback and incurred a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.3 million from a prepayment penalty and deferred financing cost write-off. The Company recognized a gain of approximately $0.4 million for returned fees related to its refinancing activities from 2022. Additionally, the Company incurred a loss on extinguishment of debt of $2.2 million for prepayment penalties and write-off of deferred financing cost relating to the sale and payoff of Silverbook (see Note 3). During the nine months ended September, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $2.1 million and $0.0 million, respectively.

Schedule of Debt Maturities

The aggregate scheduled maturities, including amortizing principal payments, of total debt for the next five calendar years subsequent to September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Properties		Held For Sale Properties		Credit Facility		Total
2023	$	71	$	—	$	—	$	71
2024		301		68,160		—		68,461
2025		133,378		44,100		41,000		218,478
2026		290,324		—		—		290,324
2027		—		—		—		—
Thereafter		1,039,072		—		—		1,039,072
Total	$	1,463,146	$	112,260	$	41,000	$	1,616,406

5. Fair Value of Derivatives and Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to market risks, including the effect of changes in interest rates. We may enter into derivative financial instruments to offset this underlying market risk. There have been no significant changes in our policy and strategy from what was disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

LIBOR ceased publication on June 30, 2023. On July 1, 2023, LIBOR rates were replaced with SOFR as the reference rate for most LIBOR debt and derivative instruments. For debt instruments that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR, the adjustment included an increase of 0.11448% to the all-in rate. For the Company's interest rate swaps, the reference transitioned from one-month LIBOR to fallback LIBOR.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate swaps that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands):

Effective Date	Termination Date	Counterparty	Notional Amount		Fixed Rate (1)
June 1, 2019	June 1, 2024	KeyBank	$	50,000		2.0020	%
June 1, 2019	June 1, 2024	Truist		50,000		2.0020	%
September 1, 2019	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		100,000		1.4620	%
September 1, 2019	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		125,000		1.3020	%
January 3, 2020	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		92,500		1.6090	%
March 4, 2020	June 1, 2026	Truist		100,000		0.8200	%
June 1, 2021	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		200,000		0.8450	%
June 1, 2021	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		200,000		0.9530	%
March 1, 2022	March 1, 2025	Truist		145,000		0.5730	%
March 1, 2022	March 1, 2025	Truist		105,000		0.6140	%
			$	1,167,500		1.0682	%	(2)

(1)The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is fallback LIBOR. As of September 30, 2023, fallback LIBOR was 5.43%.

(2)Represents the weighted average fixed rate of the interest rate swaps.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had the following interest rate swap that was designated as a cash flow hedge of interest rate risk with future effective date (dollars in thousands):

Effective Date	Termination Date	Counterparty	Notional Amount		Fixed Rate (1)
September 1, 2026	January 1, 2027	KeyBank	$	92,500		1.7980	%

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(1)The floating rate option for the interest rate swap is fallback LIBOR. As of September 30, 2023, fallback LIBOR was 5.43%.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements but either do not meet the strict requirements to apply hedge accounting in accordance with FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or the Company has elected not to designate such derivatives as hedges. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in net income (loss) as interest expense.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following interest rate caps outstanding that were not designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands):

Properties	Type	Maturity Date	Notional		Strike Rate
Residences at Glenview Reserve	Floating	10/1/2024		25,977		4.81	%
Timber Creek	Floating	10/1/2024		24,100		4.99	%
Brandywine I & II	Floating	10/1/2024		43,835		6.82	%
Radbourne Lake	Floating	10/1/2024		20,000		6.46	%
Summers Landing	Floating	10/1/2024		10,109		6.07	%
Versailles II	Floating	10/1/2024		12,061		6.82	%
Fairways at San Marcos	Floating	12/1/2023		46,464		3.37	%
The Verandas at Lake Norman	Floating	7/1/2024		34,925		3.40	%
Creekside at Matthews	Floating	7/1/2024		31,900		4.40	%
Six Forks Station	Floating	10/1/2024		41,180		4.00	%
High House at Cary	Floating	1/1/2025		46,625		2.74	%
Estates on Maryland	Floating	4/1/2025		43,157		3.91	%
The Adair	Floating	4/1/2025		35,115		3.91	%
Rockledge Apartments	Floating	12/1/2025		93,129		6.45	%
The Preserve at Terrell Mill	Floating	12/1/2025		71,098		6.45	%
Fairways at San Marcos	Floating	12/1/2025		60,228		6.70	%
Bloom	Floating	12/1/2025		59,830		6.70	%
Atera Apartments	Floating	12/1/2025		46,198		6.45	%
Silverbrook	Floating	12/1/2025		46,088		6.45	%
Torreyana Apartments	Floating	12/1/2025		50,580		6.70	%
Cornerstone	Floating	12/1/2025		46,804		6.66	%
Versailles	Floating	12/1/2025		40,247		6.45	%
Bella Solara	Floating	12/1/2025		40,328		6.70	%
Courtney Cove	Floating	12/1/2025		36,146		6.70	%
Madera Point	Floating	12/1/2025		34,457		6.70	%
Creekside at Matthews	Floating	12/1/2025		29,648		6.45	%
Parc500	Floating	12/1/2025		29,416		6.45	%
Seasons 704 Apartments	Floating	12/1/2025		33,132		6.70	%
The Summit at Sabal Park	Floating	12/1/2025		30,826		6.70	%
Cutter's Point	Floating	12/1/2025		21,524		6.45	%
Venue at 8651	Floating	12/1/2025		18,690		6.45	%
The Heritage	Floating	2/1/2024		24,625		5.18	%
The Enclave	Floating	2/1/2024		25,322		5.18	%
Bella Vista	Floating	2/1/2024		29,040		5.18	%
Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista	Floating	9/1/2024		42,100		6.20	%
Arbors on Forest Ridge	Floating	12/1/2025		19,184		6.70	%
Venue on Camelback	Floating	2/1/2026		42,788		6.07	%
			$	1,386,876		5.82	%

The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

		Asset Derivatives				Liability Derivatives
	Balance Sheet Location	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Fair value of interest rate swaps	$	98,621	$	103,440	$	—	$	—
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate caps	Prepaid and other assets		6,213		7,634		—		—
Total		$	104,834	$	111,074	$	—	$	—

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The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI				Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated	Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into income
	2023		2022		OCI into income	2023		2022
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
For the three months ended September 30,
Interest rate products	$	12,054	$	38,406	Interest expense	$	12,796	$	3,468
For the nine months ended September 30,
Interest rate products	$	29,838	$	105,714	Interest expense	$	34,658	$	(1,160	)

	Location of gain (loss)	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income
	recognized in income	2023		2022
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
For the three months ended September 30,
Interest rate products	Interest expense	$	554	$	2,161
For the nine months ended September 30,
Interest rate products	Interest expense	$	497	$	3,525

Other Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP have a redemption feature and are marked to their redemption value if such value exceeds the carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP (see Note 8). The redemption value is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the redemption date, and therefore, is calculated based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the balance sheet date. Since the valuation is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP are classified as Level 2 if they are adjusted to their redemption value.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaid and other assets, excluding interest rate caps, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities, accrued real estate taxes payable, accrued interest payable, security deposits and prepaid rent approximated their carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair values of other financial instruments were determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair values. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company would realize on the disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

In calculating the fair value of its long-term indebtedness, the Company used interest rate and spread assumptions that reflect current credit worthiness and market conditions available for the issuance of long-term debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. These financial instruments utilize Level 2 inputs. The table below presents the carrying value (outstanding principal balance) and estimated fair value of our debt at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed rate debt	$	33,817	$	30,696	$	33,817	$	31,857
Floating rate debt (1)	$	1,582,589	$	1,361,524	$	1,647,711	$	1,506,741

(1)Includes balances outstanding under our Corporate Credit Facility.

Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In such cases, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and provide for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. There can be no assurance that the estimates discussed herein, using Level 3 inputs, are indicative of the amounts the Company could realize on disposition of the real estate asset. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record any impairment charges related to real estate assets.

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6. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 124,994 shares of common stock pursuant to its long-term incentive plan (see “Long Term Incentive Plan” below).

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 25,674,313 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding.

Share Repurchase Program

On June 15, 2016, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase up to $30.0 million of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, during a two-year period that was set to expire on June 15, 2018 (the “Share Repurchase Program”). On April 30, 2018, the Board increased the Share Repurchase Program from $30.0 million to up to $40.0 million and extended it by an additional two years to June 15, 2020. On March 13, 2020, the Board further increased the Share Repurchase Program from $40.0 million to up to $100.0 million and extended it to March 12, 2023. On October 24, 2022, the Board authorized the Company to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million during a two-year period that will expire on October 24, 2024. This authorization replaced the Board's prior authorization. The Company may utilize various methods to affect the repurchases, and the timing and extent of the repurchases will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, regulatory requirements and other corporate considerations, including whether the Company’s common stock is trading at a significant discount to net asset value per share. Repurchases under this program may be discontinued at any time. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not make any share repurchases. Since the inception of the Share Repurchase Program through September 30, 2023, the Company has repurchased 2,550,628 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a total cost of approximately $72.4 million, or $28.36 per share on average.

Restricted Stock Units

Under the Company’s 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2016 LTIP"), restricted stock units may be granted to the Company’s directors, officers and other key employees (and those of the Adviser and the Company’s subsidiaries) and typically vest over a three to five-year period for officers, employees and certain key employees of the Adviser and annually for directors. Beginning on the date of grant, restricted stock units earn dividends that are payable in cash on the vesting date. The following table includes the number of restricted stock units granted to its directors, officers, employees and certain key employees of the Adviser under the 2016 LTIP:

	Summary of Grants
	February		March		May		Total
2019		186,662		—		—		186,662
2020		168,183		—		116,852		285,035
2021		204,663		—		—		204,663
2022		142,519		—		—		142,519
2023		—		260,709		—		260,709
Total		702,027		260,709		116,852		1,079,588

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 627,611 and 527,926 unvested units under the 2016 LTIP, respectively.

The following table includes the number of restricted stock units granted, vested, forfeited and outstanding as of September 30, 2023:

	2023
	Number of Units				Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding January 1,		527,926			$	52.66
Granted		260,709				83.88
Vested		(160,811	)	(1)		52.75
Forfeited		(213	)			83.88
Outstanding September 30,		627,611			$	47.98

(1)Certain key employees of the Adviser elected to net the taxes owed upon vesting against the shares issued resulting in 124,994 shares being issued as shown on the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity.

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The following table contains information regarding the vesting of restricted stock units under the 2016 LTIP for the next five calendar years subsequent to September 30, 2023:

	Shares Vesting
	February		March		May		Total
2024		132,526		63,329		21,877		217,732
2025		97,635		49,349		21,877		168,861
2026		65,939		49,348		—		115,287
2027		27,048		49,348		—		76,396
2028		—		49,335		—		49,335
Total		323,148		260,709		43,754		627,611

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had issued 982,204 shares of common stock under the 2016 LTIP. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized approximately $2.5 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense related to grants of restricted stock units. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized approximately $7.0 million and $5.9 million, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense related to grants of restricted stock units. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had recognized a liability of approximately $1.8 million related to dividends earned on restricted stock units that are payable in cash upon vesting.

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At-the-Market Offering

On March 4, 2020, the Company, the OP and the Adviser entered into separate equity distribution agreements with each of Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), Raymond James & Associates, Inc. (“Raymond James”), KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. (“KeyBanc”) and Truist Securities (f/k/a SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., “SunTrust,” and together with Jefferies, Raymond James and KeyBanc, the “ATM Sales Agents”), pursuant to which the Company could issue and sell from time to time when an effective registration statement was available shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate sales price of up to $225,000,000 (the “2020 ATM Program”). Sales of shares of common stock, if any, could be made in transactions that were deemed to be “at the market” offerings, as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including, without limitation, sales made by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions on the New York Stock Exchange, to or through a market maker at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices based on prevailing market prices. In addition to the issuance and sale of shares of common stock, the Company could enter into forward sale agreements with each of Jefferies, KeyBanc and Raymond James, or their respective affiliates, through the 2020 ATM Program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company issued 52,091 shares of common stock at an average price of $83.16 per share for gross proceeds of $4.3 million under the 2020 ATM Program and paid approximately $0.1 million in fees to the 2020 ATM Sales Agents with respect to such sales and incurred other issuance costs of approximately $0.3 million, both of which were netted against the gross proceeds and recorded in additional paid in capital. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, no shares were issued under the 2020 ATM Program. The following table contains summary information of the 2020 ATM Program since its inception:

Gross proceeds	$	62,310,967
Common shares issued		1,120,910
Gross average sale price per share	$	55.59
Sales commissions	$	934,665
Offering costs		1,353,015
Net proceeds	$	60,023,287
Average price per share, net	$	53.55

7. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, which excludes any unvested restricted stock units issued pursuant to the 2016 LTIP. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by adjusting basic loss per share for the dilutive effect of the assumed vesting of restricted stock units. During periods of net loss, the assumed vesting of restricted stock units is anti-dilutive and is not included in the calculation of earnings (loss) per share.

The effect of the conversion of OP Units held by noncontrolling limited partners is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share as the assumed conversion of these units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted earnings (loss) per share. See Note 8 for additional information.

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The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share amounts):

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,					For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022			2023		2022
Numerator for earnings (loss) per share:
Net income (loss)		$	33,878	$	(599	)	$	26,012	$	(13,093	)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership			129		(2	)		99		(46	)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders		$	33,749	$	(597	)	$	25,913	$	(13,047	)
Denominator for earnings (loss) per share:
Weighted average common shares outstanding			25,674		25,598			25,647		25,630
Denominator for basic earnings (loss) per share			25,674		25,598			25,647		25,630
Weighted average unvested restricted stock units			628		529			581		547
Denominator for diluted earnings (loss) per share	(1)		26,302		25,598			26,228		25,630
Earnings (loss) per weighted average common share:
Basic		$	1.31	$	(0.02	)	$	1.01	$	(0.51	)
Diluted		$	1.28	$	(0.02	)	$	0.99	$	(0.51	)

(1)If the Company sustains a net loss for the period presented, unvested restricted stock units are not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation.

8. Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the OP

The following table sets forth the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP, December 31, 2022	$	5,631
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP		99
Other comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP		(18	)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP		(136	)
Issuance of operating partnership units for purchase of noncontrolling interests		415
Redemption of operating partnership units of noncontrolling interests		(70	)
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP		(840	)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP, September 30, 2023	$	5,081

Fees and Reimbursements to BH and its Affiliates

The Company has entered into management agreements with BH Management Services, LLC (“BH”), the Company’s property manager and an independently owned third party, who manages the Company’s properties and supervises the implementation of the Company’s value-add program. BH is an affiliate of BH Equities, LLC and its affiliates (collectively, (“BH Equity"), who was a noncontrolling interest member of the Company’s joint ventures prior to the BH purchase by the Company of 100% of the joint venture interests in the Portfolio owned by BH Equity, representing approximately 8.4% ownership in the portfolio (the “BH Buyout") on June 30, 2017. Through BH Equity’s noncontrolling interests in such joint ventures, BH Equity was deemed to be a related party. With the completion of the BH Buyout, BH Equity is no longer deemed to be a related party. BH Equity became a noncontrolling limited partner of the OP upon execution of the Amendment. BH and its affiliates do not have common ownership in any joint venture with the Adviser; there is also no common ownership between BH and its affiliates and the Adviser.

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The property management fee paid to BH is approximately 3% of the monthly gross income from each property managed. Currently, BH manages all of the Company’s properties. Additionally, the Company may pay BH certain other fees, including: (1) a fee of $15-25 per unit for the one-time setup and inspection of properties, (2) a construction supervision fee of 5-6% of total project costs, which is capitalized, (3) acquisition fees and due diligence costs reimbursements, and (4) other owner approved fees at $55 per hour. BH also acts as a paymaster for the properties and is reimbursed at cost for various operating expenses it pays on behalf of the properties. The following is a summary of fees that the properties incurred to BH and its affiliates, as well as reimbursements paid to BH from the properties for various operating expenses, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023		2022		2023			2022
Fees incurred
Property management fees	(1)	$	2,022	$	1,953	$	6,064		$	5,607
Construction supervision fees	(2)		625		606		2,054			1,371
Design fees	(2)		27		96		59			142
Acquisition fees	(2)		—		—		(83	)		231
Reimbursements
Payroll and benefits	(3)		5,300		5,250		16,081			16,053
Other reimbursements	(4)		1,399		1,265		4,184			3,426

(1)Included in property management fees on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(2)Capitalized on the consolidated balance sheets and reflected in buildings and improvements.

(3)Included in property operating expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(4)Includes property operating expenses such as repairs and maintenance costs and certain property general and administrative expenses, which are included on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

9. Related Party Transactions

Advisory and Administrative Fee

In accordance with the Advisory Agreement, the Company pays the Adviser an advisory fee equal to 1.00% of the Average Real Estate Assets (as defined below). The duties performed by the Company’s Adviser under the terms of the Advisory Agreement include, but are not limited to: providing daily management for the Company, selecting and working with third party service providers, managing the Company’s properties or overseeing the third party property manager, formulating an investment strategy for the Company and selecting suitable properties and investments, managing the Company’s outstanding debt and its interest rate exposure through derivative instruments, determining when to sell assets, and managing the value-add program or overseeing a third party vendor that implements the value-add program. “Average Real Estate Assets” means the average of the aggregate book value of Real Estate Assets before reserves for depreciation or other non-cash reserves, computed by taking the average of the book value of real estate assets at the end of each month (1) for which any fee under the Advisory Agreement is calculated or (2) during the year for which any expense reimbursement under the Advisory Agreement is calculated. “Real Estate Assets” is defined broadly in the Advisory Agreement to include, among other things, investments in real estate-related securities and mortgages and reserves for capital expenditures (the value-add program). The advisory fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless the Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of the advisory fee in shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations.

In accordance with the Advisory Agreement, the Company also pays the Adviser an administrative fee equal to 0.20% of the Average Real Estate Assets. The administrative fee is payable monthly in arrears in cash, unless the Adviser elects, in its sole discretion, to receive all or a portion of the administrative fee in shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations.

The advisory and administrative fees paid to the Adviser on the Contributed Assets (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) are subject to an annual cap of approximately $5.4 million (the “Contributed Assets Cap”) (see “Expense Cap” below).

Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, the Company will reimburse the Adviser for all documented Operating Expenses and Offering Expenses it incurs on behalf of the Company. “Operating Expenses” include legal, accounting, financial and due diligence services performed by the Adviser that outside professionals or outside consultants would otherwise perform, the Company’s pro rata share of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses of the Adviser required for the Company’s operations, and compensation expenses under the 2016 LTIP. Operating Expenses do not include expenses for the advisory and administrative services described in the Advisory Agreement. Certain Operating Expenses, such as the Company’s ratable share of rent, telephone, utilities, office furniture, equipment, machinery and other office, internal and overhead expenses incurred by the Adviser or its affiliates that relate to the operations of the Company, may be billed monthly to the Company under a shared services agreement. “Offering Expenses” include all expenses (other than underwriters’ discounts) in connection with an offering, including, without limitation, legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees and other documented offering expenses. For the nine

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months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Adviser did not bill any Operating Expenses or Offering Expenses to the Company and any such expenses the Adviser incurred during the periods are considered to be permanently waived.

Expense Cap

Pursuant to the terms of the Advisory Agreement, expenses paid or incurred by the Company for operating expenses and advisory and administrative fees payable to the Adviser and Operating Expenses will not exceed 1.5% of Average Real Estate Assets per calendar year (or part thereof that the Advisory Agreement is in effect (the “Expense Cap”)). The Expense Cap does not limit the reimbursement of expenses related to Offering Expenses. The Expense Cap also does not apply to legal, accounting, financial, due diligence and other service fees incurred in connection with mergers and acquisitions, extraordinary litigation or other events outside the Company’s ordinary course of business or any out-of-pocket acquisitions or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of real estate assets. Also, advisory and administrative fees are further limited on Contributed Assets to approximately $5.4 million in any calendar year. Contributed Assets refers to all Real Estate Assets contributed to the Company as part of its spin-off. The Contributed Assets Cap is not reduced for dispositions of such assets subsequent to its spin-off. Advisory and administrative fees on New Assets are not subject to the above limitation and are based on an annual rate of 1.2% on Average Real Estate Assets, but are subject to the Expense Cap. New Assets are all Real Estate Assets that are not Contributed Assets.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred advisory and administrative fees of $2.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Adviser elected to voluntarily waive advisory and administrative fees of approximately $5.5 million and $5.5 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred advisory and administrative fees of $5.8 million and $5.6 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Adviser elected to voluntarily waive advisory and administrative fees of $16.2 million and $15.5 million, respectively. The advisory and administrative fees waived by the Adviser are considered to be permanently waived for the periods. The Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion.

Other Related Party Transactions

The Company has in the past, and may in the future, utilize the services of affiliated parties. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company paid $0.2 and $0.1 million in fees to NexBank Title, Inc. (“NexBank Title”). NexBank Title is an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership. NexBank Title provides title insurance and work related to providing title insurance on properties related to acquisitions, dispositions and refinancing transactions. These amounts are either capitalized as real estate assets or deferred financing costs, expensed as loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs, or expensed as selling costs when determining gain (loss) on sales of real estate, depending on the appropriate accounting as determined for each specific transaction. The Company holds multiple operating accounts at NexBank Capital, Inc. (“NexBank”), an affiliate of the Adviser through common beneficial ownership.

On July 30, 2021, three of our property-owning subsidiaries entered into agreements with NLMF Holdco, LLC, an entity under common control with our Adviser and in which we own a 10% equity interest, to provide faster, more reliable and lower cost internet to our residents. The lease of the fiber facilities and easement is between NLMF Holdco, LLC and NLMF Leaseco, LLC, which is wholly and separately owned by NLMF Leaseco Owner, LLC, which is controlled by Matt McGraner, one of our officers. The fiber management and internet services agreement is managed by NLMF Leaseco, LLC. The Company accounts for its interest in NLMF Holdco, LLC using the equity method of accounting. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has funded approximately $0.3 million to NLMF Holdco, LLC which is included in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet of the Company. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company included $0.2 million of NLMF Holdco, LLC net income in equity in earnings of affiliate on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. The Company incurred expenses of $1.3 million for fiber internet service to NLMF Leaseco, LLC which is included in property operating expenses on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various rehabilitation construction related purchase commitments with parties that provide these goods and services. In the event the Company were to terminate rehabilitation construction services prior to the completion of projects, the Company could potentially be committed to satisfy outstanding or uncompleted purchase orders with such parties. As of September 30, 2023, management does not anticipate any material deviations from schedule or budget related to rehabilitation projects currently in process.

The Company’s agreement with NLMF Holdco, LLC may result in additional funding requirements to cover future project costs. The maximum exposure of potential commitments is expected to be no more than $4.0 million. As of September 30, 2023, the Company

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has funded approximately $0.3 million to NLMF Holdco, LLC which is included in prepaid and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet of the Company.

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to claims, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. While it is not possible to ascertain the ultimate outcome of all such matters, management believes that the aggregate amount of such liabilities, if any, in excess of amounts provided or covered by insurance, will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated balance sheets or consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income of the Company. The Company is not involved in any material litigation nor, to management’s knowledge, is any material litigation currently threatened against the Company or its properties or subsidiaries.

Environmental liabilities could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, assets, cash flows or results of operations. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was not aware of any environmental liabilities. There can be no assurance that material environmental liabilities do not exist.

Self-Insurance Program

On March 1, 2021, the Adviser entered into a self-insurance policy resulting in an aggregate amount of $2,468,750 (the “2021 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $1.6 million being allocated to the Company. As of December 31, 2021, all of the $1.6 million of the 2021 Aggregate Amount allocated to the Company has been prepaid. For the period from March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022, the Company incurred claims related to its entire allocated 2021 Aggregate Amount at Old Farm and Silverbrook.

On March 1, 2022, the Adviser entered into a new policy resulting in a new aggregate amount of $2,497,500 (the “2022 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $1.8 million being allocated to the Company. From March 1, 2022 to March 31, 2023, the Company incurred claims at Six Forks Station, Parc500, Hollister Place, Versailles, Timber Creek, Venue at 8651, The Preserve at Terrell Mill, High House at Cary and Arbors of Brentwood. As of March 31, 2023, the Company incurred claims related to its entire allocated 2022 Aggregate Amount.

On April 1, 2023, the Adviser entered into a new policy resulting in a new aggregate amount of $2,950,000 (the “2023 Aggregate Amount”) which is allocated across properties managed by the Adviser with approximately $1.8 million being allocated to the Company. As of September 30, 2023, all of the $1.8 million of 2023 Aggregate Amount allocated to the Company has been prepaid by the Company.

11. Subsequent Events

Dividends Declared

On October 30, 2023, the Company’s Board approved a quarterly dividend of $0.46242 per share, payable on December 29, 2023 to stockholders of record on December 15, 2023.

Signed PSA for Timber Creek

The Company has entered into a purchase and sale agreement for $49.0 million dated October 16, 2023 for the sale of Timber Creek. The Company expects to close on the sale before December 31, 2023.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and our historical results of operations. The following should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and accompanying notes included herein and with our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (our “Annual Report”), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 24, 2023. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those projected, forecasted, or expected in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this quarterly report. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this report, and “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report.

Overview

As of September 30, 2023, our Portfolio consisted of 39 multifamily properties primarily located in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States encompassing 14,485 units of apartment space that was approximately 94.0% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,507. Substantially all of our business is conducted through the OP. We own the Portfolio through the OP and our TRS. The OP owns approximately 99.9% of the Portfolio; our TRS owns approximately 0.1% of the Portfolio. The OP GP is the sole general partner of the OP. As of September 30, 2023, there were 26,053,988 OP Units outstanding, of which 25,951,154, or 99.6%, were owned by us, and 102,834, or 0.4%, were owned by an unaffiliated limited partner (see Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements).

We are primarily focused on directly or indirectly acquiring, owning, and operating well-located multifamily properties with a value-add component in large cities and suburban submarkets of large cities, primarily in the Southeastern and Southwestern United States. We generate revenue primarily by leasing our multifamily properties. We intend to employ targeted management and a value-add program at a majority of our properties in an attempt to improve rental rates and the net operating income (“NOI”) at our properties and achieve long-term capital appreciation for our stockholders. We are externally managed by the Adviser through the Advisory Agreement, by and among the OP, the Adviser and us. The Advisory Agreement was renewed on February 22, 2023 for a one-year term. The Adviser is wholly owned by NexPoint Advisors, L.P.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and expect to continue to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. As a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We believe we qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The macroeconomic environment remains challenging as central banks have continued to rapidly raise interest rates. The rising rate environment, coupled with large bank failures in early 2023 and ongoing economic uncertainty, has limited credit availability to commercial real estate. Less available and more expensive debt capital has had pronounced effects on the capital markets, making property acquisitions and other investments harder to finance. Similar factors also impact the timing of and proceeds generated from asset sales and our ability to obtain debt capital.

On October 16, 2019, Highland, a former affiliate of our Sponsor, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Highland Bankruptcy”). On October 15, 2021, Marc S. Kirschner, as litigation trustee of a litigation subtrust formed pursuant to Highland’s plan of reorganization and disclosure statement which became effective on August 11, 2021, filed a lawsuit (the “Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit”) against various persons and entities, including our Sponsor and James Dondero. In addition, on February 8, 2023, UBS Securities LLC and its affiliate (collectively, “UBS”) filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York against Mr. Dondero and a number of other persons and entities seeking to collect on $1.3 billion in judgments UBS obtained against entities that were managed indirectly by Highland (the “UBS Lawsuit”). Neither the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit nor the UBS Lawsuit include claims related to our business or our assets. Our Sponsor and Mr. Dondero have informed us they believe the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit has no merit, and Mr. Dondero has informed us he believes the UBS Lawsuit has no merit; we have been advised that the defendants named in each of the lawsuits intend to vigorously defend against the claims. We do not expect the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit or the UBS Lawsuit will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

On February 22, 2023, as previously disclosed, the Board formed an independent special committee to oversee a review of the potential impact to the Company of the UBS Lawsuit and the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit. The special committee retained Reichman Jorgensen Lehman Feldberg LLP (“Reichman Jorgensen”) as independent legal counsel to advise the special committee on the review. Reichman Jorgensen has reported to the special committee that they have substantially completed their review and found no evidence that the Company engaged in any conduct that would expose it to liability from the UBS Lawsuit or the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit. On June 13, 2023, the special committee delivered these findings to the Board. Following the review of the special committee, we reaffirm our expectation that neither the Bankruptcy Trust Lawsuit nor the UBS Lawsuit will have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

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Components of Our Revenues and Expenses

Revenues

Rental income. Our earnings are primarily attributable to the rental revenue from our multifamily properties. We anticipate that the leases we enter into for our multifamily properties will typically be for one year or less on average. Also included are utility reimbursements, late fees, pet fees, and other rental fees charged to tenants.

Other income. Other income includes ancillary income earned from tenants such as non-refundable fees, application fees, laundry fees, cable TV income, and other miscellaneous fees charged to tenants.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses include property maintenance costs, salary and employee benefit costs, utilities, casualty-related expenses and recoveries and other property operating costs.

Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes include the property taxes assessed by local and state authorities depending on the location of each property. Insurance includes the cost of commercial, general liability, and other needed insurance for each property.

Property management fees. Property management fees include fees paid to BH, our property manager, or other third party management companies for managing each property (see Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements).

Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees include the fees paid to our Adviser pursuant to the Advisory Agreement (see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements).

Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses include, but are not limited to, audit fees, legal fees, listing fees, board of director fees, equity-based compensation expense, investor relations costs and payments of reimbursements to our Adviser for operating expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses and the advisory and administrative fees paid to our Adviser (including advisory and administrative fees on properties defined in the Advisory Agreement as New Assets) will not exceed 1.5% of Average Real Estate Assets per calendar year (or part thereof that the Advisory Agreement is in effect), calculated in accordance with the Advisory Agreement, or the Expense Cap. The Expense Cap does not limit the reimbursement by us of expenses related to securities offerings paid by our Adviser. The Expense Cap also does not apply to legal, accounting, financial, due diligence, and other service fees incurred in connection with mergers and acquisitions, extraordinary litigation, or other events outside our ordinary course of business or any out-of-pocket acquisition or due diligence expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition or disposition of real estate assets. Additionally, in the sole discretion of the Adviser, the Adviser may elect to waive certain advisory and administrative fees otherwise due. If advisory and administrative fees are waived in a period, the waived fees for that period are considered to be waived permanently and the Adviser may not be reimbursed in the future.

Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses include the costs of marketing, professional fees, general office supplies, and other administrative related costs of each property.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs primarily include depreciation of our multifamily properties and amortization of acquired in-place leases.

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Other Income and Expense

Interest expense. Interest expense primarily includes the cost of interest expense on debt, the amortization of deferred financing costs and the related impact of interest rate derivatives used to manage our interest rate risk.

Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs. Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs includes prepayment penalties and defeasance costs, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and fair market value adjustments of assumed debt related to the early repayment of debt, costs incurred in a debt modification that are not capitalized as deferred financing costs and other costs incurred in a debt extinguishment.

Casualty losses. Casualty losses include expenses resulting from damages from an unexpected and unusual event such as a natural disaster. Expenses can include additional payments on insurance premiums, impairment recognized on a property, and other abnormal expenses arising from the related event.

Gain on forfeited deposits. Gain on forfeited deposits includes proceeds received from terminated purchase and sale agreements in which the buyer forfeited the deposits to the Company.

Miscellaneous income. Miscellaneous income includes proceeds received from insurance for business interruption involving the loss of rental income at a property that has temporarily suspended operations due to an unexpected and unusual event.

Gain on sales of real estate. Gain on sales of real estate includes the gain recognized upon sales of properties. Gain on sales of real estate is calculated by deducting the carrying value of the real estate and costs incurred to sell the properties from the sales prices of the properties.

Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022

The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			$ Change
Total revenues	$	69,838		$	68,051		$	1,787
Total expenses		(59,469	)		(57,082	)		(2,387	)
Operating income before gain on sales of real estate		10,369			10,969			(600	)
Gain on sales of real estate		43,090			—			43,090
Operating income		53,459			10,969			42,490
Interest expense		(17,587	)		(11,766	)		(5,821	)
Casualty loss		(100	)		—			(100	)
Gain on forfeited deposits		—			—			—
Equity in earnings of affiliate		177			—			177
Miscellaneous income		144			198			(54	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs		(2,215	)		—			(2,215	)
Net income (loss)		33,878			(599	)		34,477
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		129			(2	)		131
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	33,749		$	(597	)	$	34,346

The change in our net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to our net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily relates to an increase in total revenues and a gain on sale of real estate, partially offset by an increase in total operating expenses.

Revenues

Rental income. Rental income was $67.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $66.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.4 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a 25.2% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit in our Portfolio to $1,507 as of September 30, 2023 from $1,204 as of September 30, 2022. The increase in effective rent was primarily driven by the value-add program that we have implemented and organic growth in rents in the markets where our properties are located.

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Other income. Other income was $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.4 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in internet and tech income.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $15.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $12.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.9 million. The increase between periods was primarily due to an increase of approximately $1.8 million in casualty losses and $1.1 million increase in all other property operating expenses.

Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $8.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $9.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $0.6 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition and disposition activity in 2022 and 2023 and the timing of the transactions. The decrease between the periods was mainly attributable to an increase in property tax refunds of approximately $0.7 million. The Company completed a sale of Hollister Place in the fourth quarter of 2022 and Silverbrook in the third quarter of 2023, which led to decreases in property taxes and insurance for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to 2022.

Property management fees. Property management fees were $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 which was flat. Property management fees are primarily based on total revenues.

Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees were $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our Adviser elected to voluntarily waive the advisory and administrative fees of approximately $5.5 million and $5.5 million and are considered permanently waived. Our Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion. Advisory and administrative fees may increase in future periods as we acquire additional properties, which will be classified as New Assets.

Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses were $4.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $3.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.1 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to increases of $0.5 million in stock compensation expense and a $0.2 million increase in other professional fees.

Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs were $23.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $25.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $1.4 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due to a decrease of $1.3 million in amortization of intangible lease assets and a decrease in depreciation expense of approximately $0.1 million, which was primarily due to our acquisition activity in 2022 and 2023 and the timing of the transactions, as described above. Additionally, the Company has four properties classified as held for sale, which the Company does not depreciate. The amortization of intangible lease assets over a six-month period from the date of acquisition is expected to increase the amortization expense during the year of acquisition for each property.

Other Income and Expense

Interest expense. Interest expense was $17.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $5.8 million. There were increases in interest on debt of approximately $12.4 million and interest rate caps market-to-market gain of approximately $2.7 million and a decrease in interest rate swap expense of approximately $9.3 million. The following table details the various costs included in interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			$ Change
Interest on debt	$	29,091		$	16,661		$	12,430
Amortization of deferred financing costs		738			734			4
Interest rate swaps - effective portion		(12,796	)		(3,468	)		(9,328	)
Interest rate caps mark-to-market (gain)		554			(2,161	)		2,715
Total	$	17,587		$	11,766		$	5,821

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The nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022

The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			$ Change
Total revenues	$	208,634		$	194,603		$	14,031
Total expenses		(175,096	)		(173,775	)		(1,321	)
Operating income before gain on sales of real estate		33,538			20,828			12,710
Gain on sales of real estate		43,090			—			43,090
Operating income		76,628			20,828			55,800
Interest expense		(48,850	)		(34,804	)		(14,046	)
Casualty gains (loss)		(980	)		357			(1,337	)
Gain on forfeited deposits		250			—			250
Equity in earnings of affiliate		177			—			177
Miscellaneous income		880			526			354
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs		(2,093	)		—			(2,093	)
Net income (loss)		26,012			(13,093	)		39,105
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		99			(46	)		145
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	25,913		$	(13,047	)	$	38,960

The change in our net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily relates to a decrease in casualty gains and increase in interest expense, partially offset by an increase in total revenues, gain on sales of real estate and a decrease in operating expenses.

Revenues

Rental income. Rental income was $203.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $189.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $13.3 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a 25.2% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit in our Portfolio to $1,507 as of September 30, 2023 from $1,204 as of September 30, 2022. The increase in effective rent was primarily driven by the value-add program that we have implemented and organic growth in rents in the markets where our properties are located.

Other income. Other income was $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.7 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a $1.7 million increase in internet and tech income partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in cable income.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $44.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $42.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.4 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to our acquisition activity in 2023 and 2022 and the timing of the transactions. The increase between the periods was also due to an increase in water and sewer expense of $0.3 million and an increase in technical maintenance salaries of $0.8 million.

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Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $28.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $27.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.5 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to a $1.2 million, or 5.0%, increase in property taxes. Property taxes incurred in the first year of ownership may be significantly less than subsequent years since the purchase price of the property may trigger a significant increase in assessed value by the taxing authority in subsequent years, increasing the cost of real estate taxes.

Property management fees. Property management fees were $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Property management fees are primarily based on total revenues.

Advisory and administrative fees. Advisory and administrative fees were $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our Adviser elected to voluntarily waive the advisory and administrative fees of approximately $16.2 million and $15.5 million and are considered permanently waived. Our Adviser is not contractually obligated to waive fees on New Assets in the future and may cease waiving fees on New Assets at its discretion. Advisory and administrative fees may increase in future periods as we acquire additional properties, which will be classified as New Assets.

Corporate general and administrative expenses. Corporate general and administrative expenses were $12.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $11.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.8 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase in stock compensation expense of $1.0 million.

Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $6.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.5 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase in centralized services of $0.6 million.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization costs were $70.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $74.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $3.6 million. The decrease between the periods was primarily due an decrease in amortization of intangible lease assets of $4.1 million and an increase of $0.6 million in depreciation expense, which was primarily due to our disposition activity in 2023 (Silverbrook). Additionally, the Company has four properties classified as held for sale in which it does not depreciate.

Other Income and Expense

Interest expense. Interest expense was $48.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $34.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $14.1 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due an increase in interest on debt of $46.7 million as a result of increased interest rates and an increase on interest rate caps market-to-market gain of $3.0 million partially offset by decreases in interest rate swap expense of $35.8 million. The following table details the various costs included in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			$ Change
Interest on debt	$	81,791		$	35,136		$	46,655
Amortization of deferred financing costs		2,213			2,033			180
Interest rate swaps		(34,658	)		1,160			(35,818	)
Interest rate caps mark-to-market (gain)		(496	)		(3,525	)		3,029
Total	$	48,850		$	34,804		$	14,046

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Casualty gain (loss). Casualty loss was $1.0 million compared to a $0.4 million casualty gain for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in casualty loss between periods of $1.4

million is attributable to the Company's casualty events and the timing.

Non-GAAP Measurements

Net Operating Income and Same Store Net Operating Income

NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure of performance. NOI is used by investors and our management to evaluate and compare the performance of our properties to other comparable properties, to determine trends in earnings and to compute the fair value of our properties as NOI is calculated by adjusting net income (loss) to add back (1) interest expense (2) advisory and administrative fees, (3) the impact of: (a) depreciation and amortization expenses and (b) gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets that are included in net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, (4) corporate general and administrative expenses, (5) other gains and losses that are specific to us including loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs, (6) casualty-related expenses/(recoveries) and casualty gains (losses), (7) gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and modification costs that are not reflective of continuing operations of the properties, (8) gain on forfeited deposits, (9) property general and administrative expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on behalf of the Company at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees and (10) equity in earnings of affiliates.

The cost of funds is eliminated from net income (loss) because it is specific to our particular financing capabilities and constraints. The cost of funds is also eliminated because it is dependent on historical interest rates and other costs of capital as well as past decisions made by us regarding the appropriate mix of capital, which may have changed or may change in the future. Corporate general and administrative expenses, and non-operating fees to affiliates and equity in earnings of affiliates are eliminated because they do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner. Depreciation and amortization expenses as well as gains or losses from the sale of operating real estate assets are eliminated because they may not accurately represent the actual change in value in our multifamily properties that result from use of the properties or changes in market conditions. While certain aspects of real property do decline in value over time in a manner that is reasonably captured by depreciation and amortization, the value of the properties as a whole have historically increased or decreased as a result of changes in overall economic conditions instead of from actual use of the property or the passage of time. Gains and losses from the sale of real property vary from property to property and are affected by market conditions at the time of sale, which will usually change from period to period. Casualty-related expenses and recoveries are excluded because they do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner. Entity level general and administrative expenses incurred at the properties are eliminated as they are specific to the way in which we have chosen to hold our properties and are the result of our ownership structuring. Also, expenses that are incurred upon acquisition of a property do not reflect continuing operating costs of the property owner. These gains and losses can create distortions when comparing one period to another or when comparing our operating results to the operating results of other real estate companies that have not made similarly timed purchases or sales. We believe that eliminating these items from net income (loss) is useful because the resulting measure captures the actual ongoing revenue generated and actual expenses incurred in operating our properties as well as trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs.

However, the usefulness of NOI is limited because it excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs, certain fees to affiliates such as advisory and administrative fees, depreciation and amortization expense and gains or losses from the sale of properties, and other gains and losses as determined under GAAP, the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which are significant economic costs. NOI may fail to capture significant trends in these components of net income, which further limits its usefulness.

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NOI is a measure of the operating performance of our properties but does not measure our performance as a whole. NOI is therefore not a substitute for net income (loss) as computed in accordance with GAAP. This measure should be analyzed in conjunction with net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP and discussions elsewhere in “—Results of Operations” regarding the components of net income (loss) that are eliminated in the calculation of NOI. Other companies may use different methods for calculating NOI or similarly entitled measures and, accordingly, our NOI may not be comparable to similarly entitled measures reported by other companies that do not define the measure exactly as we do.

We define “Same Store NOI” as NOI for our properties that are comparable between periods. We view Same Store NOI as an important measure of the operating performance of our properties because it allows us to compare operating results of properties owned for the entirety of the current and comparable periods and therefore eliminates variations caused by acquisitions or dispositions during the periods.

NOI and Same Store NOI for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table, which has not been adjusted for the effects of noncontrolling interests, reconciles our NOI and our Same Store NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure (in thousands):

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023			2022			2023			2022
Net income (loss)		$	33,878		$	(599	)	$	26,012		$	(13,093	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to NOI:
Advisory and administrative fees			1,966			1,904			5,782			5,615
Corporate general and administrative expenses			4,752			3,818			12,743			11,116
Casualty-related expenses/(recoveries)	(1)		(24	)		(2,966	)		(1,332	)		672
Casualty loss (gain)			100			—			980			(357	)
Gain on forfeited deposits			—			—			(250	)		—
Property general and administrative expenses	(2)		1,139			867			2,696			2,410
Depreciation and amortization			23,797			25,224			70,935			74,490
Interest expense			17,587			11,766			48,850			34,804
Equity in earnings of affiliate			(177	)		—			(177	)		—
Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs			2,215			—			2,093			—
Gain on sales of real estate			(43,090	)		—			(43,090	)		—
NOI		$	42,143		$	40,014		$	125,242		$	115,657
Less Non-Same Store
Revenues			(7,920	)		(9,025	)		(32,626	)		(31,913	)
Operating expenses			4,230			4,705			15,401			15,084
Operating income			(5	)		(110	)		(129	)		(327	)
Same Store NOI		$	38,448		$	35,584		$	107,888		$	98,501

(1)Adjustment to net income (loss) to exclude certain property operating expenses that are casualty-related expenses/(recoveries).

(2)Adjustment to net income (loss) to exclude certain property general and administrative expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees.

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Net Operating Income for Our Q3 Same Store and Non-Same Store Properties for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

There are 35 properties encompassing 12,917 units of apartment space in our same store pool for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (our “Q3 Same Store” properties). Our Q3 Same Store properties exclude the following four properties in our Portfolio as of September 30, 2023: Old Farm, Stone Creek at Old Farm, Timber Creek and Radbourne Lake, as well as the 67 units that are currently down (see Note 3).

The following table reflects the revenues, property operating expenses and NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 for our Q3 Same Store and Non-Same Store properties (dollars in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change			% Change
Revenues
Same Store
Rental income	$	60,275	$	57,643	$	2,632			4.6	%
Other income		1,489		1,383		106			7.7	%
Same Store revenues		61,764		59,026		2,738			4.6	%
Non-Same Store
Rental income		7,595		8,857		(1,262	)		-14.2	%
Other income		325		168		157		N/M
Non-Same Store revenues		7,920		9,025		(1,105	)		-12.2	%
Total revenues		69,684		68,051		1,633			2.4	%
Operating expenses
Same Store
Property operating expenses (1)		12,771		12,892		(121	)		-0.9	%
Real estate taxes and insurance		7,675		7,680		(5	)		-0.1	%
Property management fees (2)		1,773		1,688		85			5.0	%
Property general and administrative expenses (3)		1,235		1,270		(35	)		-2.8	%
Same Store operating expenses		23,454		23,530		(76	)		-0.3	%
Non-Same Store
Property operating expenses (4)		2,575		2,444		131			5.4	%
Real estate taxes and insurance		1,157		1,739		(582	)		-33.5	%
Property management fees (2)		258		272		(14	)		-5.1	%
Property general and administrative expenses (5)		240		250		(10	)		-4.0	%
Non-Same Store operating expenses		4,230		4,705		(475	)		-10.1	%
Total operating expenses		27,684		28,235		(551	)		-2.0	%
Operating income
Same Store
Miscellaneous income		138		88		50		N/M
Non-Same Store
Miscellaneous income		5		110		(105	)	N/M
Total operating income		143		198		(55	)		-27.8	%
NOI
Same Store		38,448		35,584		2,864			8.0	%
Non-Same Store		3,695		4,430		(735	)		-16.6	%
Total NOI	$	42,143	$	40,014	$	2,129			5.3	%

(1)For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $113,000 and $(1,169,000), respectively, of casualty-related expenses/(recoveries).

(2)Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of the noncontrolling limited partner of the OP.

(3)For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $877,000 and $704,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees.

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(4)For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $137,000 and $1,797,000, respectively, of casualty-related recoveries.

(5)For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $263,000 and $163,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees.

See reconciliation of net income (loss) to NOI above under “NOI and Same Store NOI for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.”

Q3 Same Store Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

As of September 30, 2023, our Q3 Same Store properties were approximately 93.9% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,529. As of September 30, 2022, our Q3 Same Store properties were approximately 94.0% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,483. For our Q3 Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating results for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022:

Revenues

Rental income. Rental income was $60.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $57.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.7 million, or 4.6%. The majority of the increase is related to a 3.1% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit to $1,529 as of September 30, 2023 from $1,483 as of September 30, 2022, partially offset by a 0.1% decrease in occupancy.

Other income. Other income was $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of $0.1 million, or 7.6%. The majority of the increase is related to a $0.1 million increase in miscellaneous income.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $12.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $12.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an decrease of $0.1 million, or 0.9%. The majority of the decrease is related to a $0.3 million, or 6.5% decrease in repair and maintenance costs partially offset by a $0.2 million, or 6.6% increase in utilities.

Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which remained flat.

Property management fees. Property management fees were $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.1 million. The increase between the periods was primarily due to an increase in revenues, which the fee is primarily based on.

Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was an decrease of approximately $0.1 million. The decrease between periods was primarily due to a decrease in marketing expense.

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Net Operating Income for Our Same Store and Non-Same Store Properties for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

There are 33 properties encompassing 12,355 units of apartment space in our same store pool for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (our “Same Store” properties). Our Same Store properties exclude the following six properties in our Portfolio as of September 30, 2023: Old Farm, Stone Creek at Old Farm, Timber Creek, Radbourne Lake, The Adair, and Estates on Maryland, as well as the 67 units that are currently down (see Note 3).

The following table reflects the revenues, property operating expenses and NOI for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 for our Same Store and Non-Same Store properties (dollars in thousands):

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change			% Change
Revenues
Same Store
Rental income	$	171,589	$	158,615	$	12,974			8.2	%
Other income		4,265		4,075		190			4.7	%
Same Store revenues		175,854		162,690		13,164			8.1	%
Non-Same Store
Rental income		31,628		31,334		294			0.9	%
Other income		998		579		419		N/M
Non-Same Store revenues		32,626		31,913		713			2.2	%
Total revenues		208,480		194,603		13,877			7.1	%
Operating expenses
Same Store
Property operating expenses (1)		36,828		34,303		2,525			7.4	%
Real estate taxes and insurance		23,271		22,062		1,209			5.5	%
Property management fees (2)		5,090		4,684		406			8.7	%
Property general and administrative expenses (3)		3,528		3,339		189			5.7	%
Same Store operating expenses		68,717		64,388		4,329			6.7	%
Non-Same Store
Property operating expenses (4)		8,584		7,694		890			11.6	%
Real estate taxes and insurance		4,915		5,608		(693	)		-12.4	%
Property management fees (2)		999		945		54			5.7	%
Property general and administrative expenses (5)		903		837		66			7.9	%
Non-Same Store operating expenses		15,401		15,084		317			2.1	%
Total operating expenses		84,118		79,472		4,646			5.8	%
Operating income
Same Store
Miscellaneous income		751		199		552		N/M
Non-Same Store
Miscellaneous income		129		327		(198	)	N/M
Total operating income		880		526		354			67.3	%
NOI
Same Store		107,888		98,501		9,387			9.5	%
Non-Same Store		17,354		17,156		198			1.2	%
Total NOI	$	125,242	$	115,657	$	9,585			8.3	%

(1)For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $1,382,000 and $666,000, respectively, of casualty-related recoveries.

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(2)Fees incurred to an unaffiliated third party that is an affiliate of the noncontrolling limited partner of the OP.

(3)For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $2,107,000 and $1,879,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional and franchise tax fees.

(4)For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $50,000 and $(2,531,000), respectively, of casualty-related recoveries.

(5)For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, excludes approximately $589,000 and $531,000, respectively, of expenses that are not reflective of the continuing operations of the properties or are incurred on our behalf at the property for expenses such as legal, professional, centralized leasing service and franchise tax fees.

See reconciliation of net loss to NOI above under “NOI and Same Store NOI for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.”

Same Store Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

As of September 30, 2023, our Same Store properties were approximately 93.9% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,524. As of September 30, 2022, our Same Store properties were approximately 94.0% leased with a weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit of $1,479. For our Same Store properties, we recorded the following operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022:

Revenues

Rental income. Rental income was $171.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $158.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $13.0 million, or 8.2%. The majority of the increase is related to a 3.0% increase in the weighted average monthly effective rent per occupied apartment unit to $1,524 as of September 30, 2023 from $1,479 as of September 30, 2022, partially offset by a 0.1% decrease in occupancy.

Other income. Other income was $4.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million, or 4.6%. The majority of the increase is related to a $0.2 million increase in miscellaneous income.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses were $36.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $34.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $2.5 million, or 7.4%. The majority of the increase is related to a $1.1 million, or 7.8%, increase in repairs and maintenance and a $1.0 million, or 7.8%, increase in payroll.

Real estate taxes and insurance. Real estate taxes and insurance costs were $23.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $22.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $1.2 million. The majority of the increase is related to a $1.0 million, or 5.4%, increase in property tax. Additionally, insurance expense increased by $0.2 million, or 6.0%.

Property management fees. Property management fees were $5.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.4 million, or 8.7%. The majority of the increase is related to a $13.0 million, or 8.2%, increase in rental income, which the fee is primarily based on.

Property general and administrative expenses. Property general and administrative expenses were $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was an increase of approximately $0.2 million. The majority of the increase was related to increases in office operations expense.

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FFO, Core FFO and AFFO

We believe that net income (loss), as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measure. We also believe that funds from operations (“FFO”), as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), core funds from operations (“Core FFO”) and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT.

Since the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires depreciation except on land, such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. However, since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market and other conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that use historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. Thus, NAREIT created FFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs that excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, among other items, from net income (loss), as defined by GAAP. FFO is defined by NAREIT as net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from real estate dispositions, plus real estate depreciation and amortization. We compute FFO attributable to common stockholders in accordance with NAREIT’s definition. Our presentation differs slightly in that we begin with net income (loss) before adjusting for amounts attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the OP and we show the combined amounts attributable to such noncontrolling interests as an adjustment to arrive at FFO attributable to common stockholders.

Core FFO makes certain adjustments to FFO, which are either not likely to occur on a regular basis or are otherwise not representative of the ongoing operating performance of our Portfolio. Core FFO adjusts FFO to remove items such casualty-related expenses and recoveries and gains or losses, gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt and modification costs that are not reflective of continuing operations of the properties, gain on forfeited deposits, the amortization of deferred financing costs incurred in connection with obtaining short-term debt financing, and the noncontrolling interests (as described above) related to these items. We believe Core FFO is useful to investors as a supplemental gauge of our operating performance and is useful in comparing our operating performance with other REITs that are not as involved in the aforementioned activities.

AFFO makes certain adjustments to Core FFO in order to arrive at a more refined measure of the operating performance of our Portfolio. There is no industry standard definition of AFFO and practice is divergent across the industry. AFFO adjusts Core FFO to remove items such as equity-based compensation expense and the amortization of deferred financing costs incurred in connection with obtaining long-term debt financing, and the noncontrolling interests (as described above) related to these items. We believe AFFO is useful to investors as a supplemental gauge of our operating performance and is useful in comparing our operating performance with other REITs that are not as involved in the aforementioned activities.

The effect of the conversion of OP Units held by noncontrolling limited partners is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted FFO, Core FFO and AFFO per share, as they are exchangeable for common stock on a one-for-one basis. The FFO, Core FFO and AFFO allocable to such units is allocated on this same basis and reflected in the adjustments for noncontrolling interests in the table below. As such, the assumed conversion of these units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted FFO, Core FFO and AFFO per share. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We believe that the use of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO, combined with the required GAAP presentations, improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among investors and makes comparisons of operating results among such companies more meaningful. While FFO, Core FFO and AFFO are relevant and widely used measures of operating performance of REITs, they do not represent cash flows from operations or net income (loss) as defined by GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative or substitute to those measures in evaluating our liquidity or operating performance. FFO, Core FFO and AFFO do not purport to be indicative of cash available to fund our future cash requirements. Further, our computation of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO may not be comparable to FFO, Core FFO and AFFO reported by other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition or define Core FFO or AFFO differently than we do.

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The following table reconciles our calculations of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2023			2022			2023			2022			% Change (1)
Net income (loss)		$	33,878		$	(599	)	$	26,012		$	(13,093	)	N/M
Depreciation and amortization			23,797			25,224			70,935			74,490			-4.8	%
Gain on sales of real estate			(43,090	)		—			(43,090	)		—			0.0	%
Adjustment for noncontrolling interests			(55	)		(99	)		(205	)		(228	)		-10.1	%
FFO attributable to common stockholders			14,530			24,526			53,652			61,169			-12.3	%
FFO per share - basic		$	0.57		$	0.96		$	2.09		$	2.39			-12.6	%
FFO per share - diluted		$	0.55		$	0.94		$	2.05		$	2.34			-12.4	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs			2,215			—			2,093			—			0.0	%
Casualty-related expenses/(recoveries)			(24	)		(2,966	)		(1,332	)		672		N/M
Casualty losses (gains)			100			—			980			(357	)	N/M
Gain on forfeited deposits			—			—			(250	)		—			0.0	%
Amortization of deferred financing costs - acquisition term notes			330			281			991			786			26.1	%
Adjustment for noncontrolling interests			(9	)		11			(11	)		(3	)	N/M
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders			17,142			21,852			56,123			62,267			-9.9	%
Core FFO per share - basic		$	0.67		$	0.85		$	2.19		$	2.43			-9.9	%
Core FFO per share - diluted		$	0.65		$	0.84		$	2.14		$	2.38			-10.1	%
Amortization of deferred financing costs - long term debt			408			453			1,222			1,247			-2.0	%
Equity-based compensation expense			2,494			2,025			6,955			5,906			17.8	%
Adjustment for noncontrolling interests			(11	)		(10	)		(31	)		(27	)		14.8	%
AFFO attributable to common stockholders			20,033			24,320			64,269			69,393			-7.4	%
AFFO per share - basic		$	0.78		$	0.95		$	2.51		$	2.71			-7.4	%
AFFO per share - diluted		$	0.76		$	0.93		$	2.45		$	2.65			-7.5	%
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic			25,674			25,598			25,647			25,630			0.1	%
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	(2)		26,302			26,127			26,228			26,177			0.2	%
Dividends declared per common share		$	0.42		$	0.38		$	1.26		$	1.14			10.5	%
Net income (loss) Coverage - diluted	(3)	3.05x			-0.05x			0.79x			-0.45x				275.6	%
FFO Coverage - diluted	(3)	1.32x			2.47x			1.63x			2.05x				-20.7	%
Core FFO Coverage - diluted	(3)	1.55x			2.20x			1.70x			2.09x				-18.6	%
AFFO Coverage - diluted	(3)	1.81x			2.45x			1.94x			2.32x				-16.4	%

(1)The Company uses actual diluted weighted average common shares outstanding when in a dilutive position for FFO, Core FFO and AFFO.

(2)Indicates coverage ratio of Net loss/FFO/Core FFO/AFFO per common share (diluted) over dividends declared per common share during the period.

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The three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022

FFO was $14.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $24.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $10.0 million. The change in our FFO between the periods primarily relates to an increase in total revenues of $1.8 million, offset by an increase in interest expense of $12.4 million..

Core FFO was $17.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $21.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $4.8 million. The change in our Core FFO between the periods primarily relates to a decrease in FFO, partially offset by an increase in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs of $2.2 million.

AFFO was $20.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $24.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $4.3 million. The change in our AFFO between the periods primarily relates to an decrease in Core FFO partially offset by an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $0.5 million.

The nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022

FFO was $53.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $61.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $7.5 million. The change in our FFO between the periods primarily relates to an increase in total revenues of $14.0 million, offset by an increase in interest expense of $14.0 million.

Core FFO was $56.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $62.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $6.2 million. The change in our Core FFO between the periods primarily relates to a decrease in FFO, partially offset by an increase in loss on extinguishment of debt and modification costs of $2.1 million.

AFFO was $64.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $69.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was a decrease of approximately $5.1 million. The change in our AFFO between the periods primarily relates to a decrease in Core FFO partially offset by an increase of equity-based compensation expense of $1.1 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for debt maturities, operating expenses and other expenditures directly associated with our multifamily properties, including:

•capital expenditures to continue our value-add program and to improve the quality and performance of our multifamily properties;

•interest expense and scheduled principal payments on outstanding indebtedness (see “—Obligations and Commitments” below);

•recurring maintenance necessary to maintain our multifamily properties;

•distributions necessary to qualify for taxation as a REIT;

•acquisition of additional properties;

•advisory and administrative fees payable to our Adviser;

•general and administrative expenses;

•reimbursements to our Adviser; and

•property management fees payable to BH.

We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by operations and existing cash balances and any unused capacity on the Corporate Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $2.7 million of renovation value-add reserves for our planned capital expenditures to implement our value-add program. Renovation value-add reserves are not required to be held in escrow by a third party. We may reallocate these funds, at our discretion, to pursue other investment opportunities or meet our short-term liquidity requirements.

Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the costs of acquiring additional multifamily properties, renovations and other capital expenditures to improve our multifamily properties and scheduled debt payments and distributions. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements through various sources of capital, which may include a revolving credit facility and future debt or equity issuances, existing working capital, net cash provided by operations, long-term mortgage indebtedness and other secured and unsecured borrowings, and property dispositions. However, there are a number of factors that may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access these capital sources, including the state of overall equity and credit markets, our degree of leverage, our unencumbered asset base and borrowing restrictions imposed by lenders (including as a result of any failure to comply with financial covenants in our existing and future indebtedness), general market conditions for REITs, our operating

36

performance and liquidity, market perceptions about us and restrictions on sales of properties under the Code. The success of our business strategy will depend, in part, on our ability to access these various capital sources.

In addition to our value-add program, our multifamily properties will require periodic capital expenditures and renovation to remain competitive. Also, acquisitions, redevelopments, or expansions of our multifamily properties will require significant capital outlays. Long-term, we may not be able to fund such capital improvements solely from net cash provided by operations because we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deductions for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT, and we are subject to tax on any retained income and gains. As a result, our ability to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions, or redevelopment through retained earnings long-term is limited. Consequently, we expect to rely heavily upon the availability of debt or equity capital for these purposes. If we are unable to obtain the necessary capital on favorable terms, or at all, our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

On March 4, 2020, the Company, the OP and the Adviser entered into separate equity distribution agreements with each of the ATM Sales Agents, pursuant to which the Company could issue and sell from time to time when an effective registration statement was available shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate sales price of up to $225,000,000 (the “2020 ATM Program”). The 2020 ATM Program may be terminated by the Company at any time and expires automatically once aggregate sales under the 2020 ATM Program reach $225,000,000 (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements).

We believe that our available cash, expected operating cash flows, and potential debt or equity financings will provide sufficient funds for our operations, anticipated scheduled debt service payments and dividend requirements for the twelve-month period following September 30, 2023.

Cash Flows

The following table presents selected data from our consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	81,758		$	69,582
Net cash used in investing activities		17,968			(179,536	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(101,692	)		87,873
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(1,966	)		(22,081	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		51,799			88,696
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	49,833		$	66,615

Cash flows from operating activities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $81.8 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $69.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change in cash flows from operating activities was mainly due to an increase in total revenues.

Cash flows from investing activities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by investing activities was $18.0 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $179.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change in cash flows from investing activities was mainly due to our acquisition activity in 2022 and disposition activity in 2023.

Cash flows from financing activities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $101.7 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $87.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change in cash flows from financing activities was mainly due to a net decrease in debt of approximately $197.3 million

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Real Estate Investments Statistics

As of September 30, 2023, the Company was invested in a total of 39 multifamily properties, as listed below:

							Average Effective Monthly Rent Per Unit (1) as of				% Occupied (2) as of
Property Name		Rentable Square Footage (in thousands)		Number of Units (3)		Date Acquired	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Arbors on Forest Ridge			155		210	1/31/2014	$	1,198	$	1,180		95.2	%		92.4	%
Cutter's Point			198		196	1/31/2014		1,389		1,497		94.9	%		93.9	%
The Summit at Sabal Park			205		252	8/20/2014		1,514		1,503		94.8	%		94.0	%
Courtney Cove			225		324	8/20/2014		1,423		1,490		91.0	%		94.4	%
Radbourne Lake	(4)		247		225	9/30/2014		1,379		1,385		95.6	%		93.3	%
Timber Creek	(4)		248		352	9/30/2014		1,252		1,244		91.2	%		92.3	%
Sabal Palm at Lake Buena Vista			371		400	11/5/2014		1,735		1,786		97.5	%		95.5	%
Cornerstone			318		430	1/15/2015		1,453		1,453		95.1	%		90.0	%
The Preserve at Terrell Mill			692		752	2/6/2015		1,311		1,321		89.9	%		91.9	%
Versailles			301		388	2/26/2015		1,254		1,261		91.8	%		93.0	%
Seasons 704 Apartments			217		222	4/15/2015		1,768		1,837		99.5	%		94.1	%
Madera Point			193		256	8/5/2015		1,339		1,345		96.5	%		95.7	%
Venue at 8651			289		333	10/30/2015		1,162		1,182		94.3	%		91.6	%
Parc500			266		217	7/27/2016		1,949		1,927		95.3	%		95.9	%
The Venue on Camelback			256		415	10/11/2016		1,095		1,080		95.2	%		91.8	%
Old Farm	(4)		697		734	12/29/2016		1,298		1,326		95.1	%		95.2	%
Stone Creek at Old Farm	(4)		186		190	12/29/2016		1,351		1,343		94.2	%		93.2	%
Rockledge Apartments			802		708	6/30/2017		1,607		1,550		90.6	%		92.7	%
Atera Apartments			334		380	10/25/2017		1,536		1,524		92.9	%		96.1	%
Versailles II			199		242	9/26/2018		1,221		1,252		91.9	%		95.0	%
Brandywine I & II			414		632	9/26/2018		1,238		1,252		94.1	%		94.5	%
Bella Vista			243		248	1/28/2019		1,728		1,791		97.2	%		98.0	%
The Enclave			194		204	1/28/2019		1,820		1,851		95.1	%		96.6	%
The Heritage			199		204	1/28/2019		1,663		1,653		94.1	%		95.1	%
Summers Landing			139		196	6/7/2019		1,206		1,203		94.4	%		93.9	%
Residences at Glenview Reserve			344		360	7/17/2019		1,337		1,233		93.1	%		95.8	%
Residences at West Place			345		342	7/17/2019		1,678		1,586		87.7	%		93.0	%
Avant at Pembroke Pines			1,442		1,520	8/30/2019		2,117		2,106		96.6	%		95.1	%
Arbors of Brentwood			325		346	9/10/2019		1,514		1,423		94.8	%		89.0	%
Torreyana Apartments			309		316	11/22/2019		1,510		1,557		93.4	%		93.7	%
Bloom			498		528	11/22/2019		1,338		1,315		94.5	%		89.8	%
Bella Solara			271		320	11/22/2019		1,397		1,371		90.7	%		88.8	%
Fairways at San Marcos			340		352	11/2/2020		1,670		1,576		95.5	%		93.5	%
The Verandas at Lake Norman			241		264	6/30/2021		1,334		1,316		95.8	%		94.3	%
Creekside at Matthews			263		240	6/30/2021		1,425		1,397		94.2	%		94.6	%
Six Forks Station			360		323	9/10/2021		1,372		1,416		92.9	%		92.6	%
High House at Cary			293		302	12/7/2021		1,543		1,636		93.7	%		95.4	%
The Adair			328		232	4/1/2022		1,938		1,807		97.0	%		94.4	%
Estates on Maryland			324		330	4/1/2022		1,452		1,459		95.5	%		92.7	%
			13,271		14,485

(1)Average effective monthly rent per unit is equal to the average of the contractual rent for commenced leases as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, minus any tenant concessions over the term of the lease, divided by the number of units under commenced leases as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2)Percent occupied is calculated as the number of units occupied as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, divided by the total number of units, expressed as a percentage.

(3)Includes 67 down units due to casualty events as of September 30, 2023 (see Note 3).

(4)Properties classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2023.

Debt, Derivatives and Hedging Activity

Mortgage Debt

As of September 30, 2023, our subsidiaries had aggregate mortgage debt outstanding to third parties of approximately $1.6 billion at a weighted average interest rate of 6.87% and an adjusted weighted average interest rate of 3.64%. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of our mortgage debt outstanding, we have included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% fallback LIBOR on our combined $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements, which effectively fixes the interest rate on $1.2 billion of our floating rate debt. See Notes 4 and 5 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We have entered into and expect to continue to enter into interest rate swap and cap agreements with various third parties to fix or cap the floating interest rates on a majority of our floating rate mortgage debt outstanding. The interest rate swap agreements generally have a term of four to five years and effectively establish a fixed interest rate on debt on the underlying notional amounts. The interest rate swap agreements involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments

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over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. As of September 30, 2023, interest rate swap agreements effectively covered 76% of our $1.5 billion of floating rate debt outstanding.

The interest rate cap agreements generally have a term of three to four years, cover the outstanding principal amount of the underlying debt and are generally required by our lenders. Under the interest rate cap agreements, we pay a fixed fee in exchange for the counterparty to pay any interest above a maximum rate. As of September 30, 2023, interest rate cap agreements covered $1.4 billion of our $1.5 billion of floating rate mortgage debt outstanding. These interest rate cap agreements effectively cap one-month LIBOR on $1.4 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt at a weighted average rate of 5.82%.

LIBOR ceased publication on June 30, 2023. On July 1, 2023, LIBOR rates were replaced with SOFR as the reference rate for most LIBOR debt and derivative instruments. For debt instruments that transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR, the adjustment included an increase of 0.11448% to the all-in rate. For the Company's interest rate swaps, the reference transitioned from one-month LIBOR to fallback LIBOR.

We intend to invest in additional multifamily properties as suitable opportunities arise and adequate sources of equity and debt financing are available. We expect that future investments in properties, including any improvements or renovations of current or newly acquired properties, will depend on and will be financed by, in whole or in part, our existing cash, future borrowings and the proceeds from additional issuances of common stock or other securities or property dispositions.

Although we expect to be subject to restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, we expect that we will be able to refinance existing indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness for acquisitions or other purposes, if needed. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance our indebtedness, incur additional indebtedness or access additional sources of capital, such as by issuing common stock or other debt or equity securities, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all.

Furthermore, following the completion of our value-add and capital expenditures programs and depending on the interest rate environment at the applicable time, we may seek to refinance our floating rate debt into longer-term fixed rate debt at lower leverage levels.

Corporate Credit Facility

On March 25, 2022, the Company entered into a loan modification agreement by and among the Company, the OP, Truist Bank and the Lenders party thereto, which modified the Company’s existing credit agreement, dated as of June 30, 2021 (as amended and supplemented, the “Corporate Credit Facility”). As of September 30, 2023, there was $309.0 million available for borrowing under the Corporate Credit Facility. Subject to conditions provided in the Corporate Credit Facility, the commitments under Corporate Credit Facility may be increased up to an additional $150.0 million if the lenders agree to increase their commitments or if the lenders agree for the increase to be funded by any additional lender proposed by the Company, through the OP. The Corporate Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2025 with respect to the revolving commitments, unless the Company exercises its option to voluntarily and permanently reduce all of the revolving commitments before the maturity date or elects to exercise its right and option to extend the facility with respect to the revolving commitments for a single one-year term. As of September 30, 2023, there was $41.0 million in aggregate principal outstanding under the Corporate Credit Facility.

The Corporate Credit Facility is a non-recourse obligation and contains customary events of default, including defaults in the payment of principal or interest, defaults in compliance with the covenants contained in the document evidencing the loan, defaults in payments under any other security instrument, and bankruptcy or other insolvency events. As of September 30, 2023, the Company believes it is compliant with all provisions. For additional information regarding our Corporate Credit Facility, see Note 4.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

In order to fix a portion of, and mitigate the risk associated with, our floating rate indebtedness (without incurring substantial prepayment penalties or defeasance costs typically associated with fixed rate indebtedness when repaid early or refinanced), we, through the OP, have entered into six interest rate swap transactions with KeyBank and four with SunTrust Bank (collectively the “Counterparties”) with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion. As of September 30, 2023, the interest rate swaps we have entered into effectively replace the floating interest rate (SOFR) with respect to $1.2 billion of our floating rate debt outstanding with a weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682%. During the term of these interest rate swap agreements, we are required to make monthly fixed rate payments of 1.0682%, on a weighted average basis, on the notional amounts, while the Counterparties are obligated to make monthly floating rate payments based on fallback LIBOR to us referencing the same notional amounts. For purposes of hedge accounting under FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, we have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk. See Notes 4 and 5 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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The following table contains summary information regarding our outstanding interest rate swaps (dollars in thousands):

Effective Date	Termination Date	Counterparty	Notional Amount		Fixed Rate (1)
June 1, 2019	June 1, 2024	KeyBank	$	50,000		2.0020	%
June 1, 2019	June 1, 2024	Truist		50,000		2.0020	%
September 1, 2019	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		100,000		1.4620	%
September 1, 2019	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		125,000		1.3020	%
January 3, 2020	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		92,500		1.6090	%
March 4, 2020	June 1, 2026	Truist		100,000		0.8200	%
June 1, 2021	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		200,000		0.8450	%
June 1, 2021	September 1, 2026	KeyBank		200,000		0.9530	%
March 1, 2022	March 1, 2025	Truist		145,000		0.5730	%
March 1, 2022	March 1, 2025	Truist		105,000		0.6140	%
			$	1,167,500		1.0682	%	(2)

(1)The floating rate option for the interest rate swaps is fallback LIBOR. As of September 30, 2023, fallback LIBOR was 5.431%.

(2)Represents the weighted average fixed rate of the interest rate swaps.

Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2023 for the next five calendar years subsequent to September 30, 2023. We used fallback LIBOR as of September 30, 2023 to calculate interest expense due by period on our floating rate debt and net interest expense due by period on our interest rate swaps.

		Payments Due by Period (in thousands)
		Total		Remainder of 2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter
Operating Properties Mortgage Debt
Principal payments		$	1,463,146	$	71	$	301	$	133,378	$	290,324	$	—	$	1,039,072
Interest expense	(1)		572,421		27,866		57,453		65,177		61,743		73,225		286,957
Total		$	2,035,567	$	27,937	$	57,754	$	198,555	$	352,067	$	73,225	$	1,326,029
Held For Sale Property Mortgage Debt
Principal payments		$	112,260	$	—	$	68,160	$	44,100	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest expense			4,780		2,403		2,377		—		—		—		—
Total		$	117,040	$	2,403	$	70,537	$	44,100	$	—	$	—	$	—
Credit Facility
Principal payments		$	41,000	$	—	$	—	$	41,000	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest expense			5,500		793		3,155		1,552		—		—		—
Total		$	46,500	$	793	$	3,155	$	42,552	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total contractual obligations and commitments		$	2,199,107	$	31,133	$	131,446	$	285,207	$	352,067	$	73,225	$	1,326,029

(1)Interest expense obligations includes the impact of expected settlements on interest rate swaps which have been entered into in order to fix the interest rate on the hedged portion of our floating rate debt obligations. As of September 30, 2023, we had entered into eleven interest rate swap transactions with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion. We have allocated the total impact of expected settlements on the $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps to ‘Operating Properties Mortgage Debt.’ We used fallback LIBOR as of September 30, 2023 to determine our expected settlements through the terms of the interest rate swaps.

Corporate Credit Facility

The Corporate Credit Facility will mature on June 30, 2025 with respect to the revolving commitments, unless the Company exercises its option to voluntarily and permanently reduce all of the revolving commitments before the maturity date.

Advisory Agreement

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Our Advisory Agreement requires that we pay our Adviser an annual advisory and administrative fee of 1.2%. The advisory and administrative fees paid to the Adviser on the Contributed Assets (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) are subject to an annual cap of approximately $5.4 million. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred advisory and administrative fees of $2.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, advisory and administrative fees were $5.8 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

NLMF Holdco, LLC

The Company’s agreement with NLMF Holdco, LLC may result in additional funding requirements to cover future project costs. The maximum exposure of potential commitments is expected to be no more than $4.0 million. We expect that these actions will provide faster, more reliable and lower cost internet to our residents. We expect to roll out this service to our other properties in the future.

Capital Expenditures and Value-Add Program

We anticipate incurring average annual repairs and maintenance expense of $575 to $725 per apartment unit in connection with the ongoing operations of our business. These expenditures are expensed as incurred. In addition, we reserve, on average, approximately $250 to $350 per apartment unit for non-recurring capital expenditures and/or lender required replacement reserves. When incurred, these expenditures are either capitalized or expensed, in accordance with GAAP, depending on the type of the expenditure. Although we will continuously monitor the adequacy of this average, we believe these figures to be sufficient to maintain the properties at a high level in the markets in which we operate. A majority of the properties in our Portfolio were underwritten and acquired with the premise that we would invest $4,000 to $10,000 per unit in the first 36 months of ownership, in an effort to add value to the asset’s exterior and interiors. In many cases, we reserve cash at the closing of each acquisition to fund these planned capital expenditures and value-add improvements. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $2.7 million of renovation value-add reserves for our planned capital expenditures and other expenses to implement our value-add program, which will provide further funding for our interior and exterior rehab initiatives at several properties. The following table sets forth a summary of our capital expenditures related to our value-add program for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Rehab Expenditures		2023		2022		2023		2022
Interior	(1)	$	7,246	$	6,946	$	21,898	$	17,584
Exterior and common area			1,785		3,519		10,370		6,874
Total rehab expenditures		$	9,031	$	10,465	$	32,268	$	24,458

(1)Includes total capital expenditures during the period on completed and in-progress interior rehabs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we completed full and partial interior rehabs on 1,777 and 1,830 units, respectively.

Income Taxes

We anticipate that we will continue to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to be organized and to operate in a manner that will permit us to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify to be taxed as a REIT.

We evaluate the accounting and disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing our tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” (greater than 50 percent probability) of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. Our management is required to analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which include federal and certain states. We have no examinations in progress and none are expected at this time.

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We recognize our tax positions and evaluate them using a two-step process. First, we determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, we will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.

We had no material unrecognized tax benefit or expense, accrued interest or penalties as of September 30, 2023. We and our subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tax years remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which our subsidiaries and we are subject. When applicable, we recognize interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Dividends

We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments to holders of our common stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax on our undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our Board. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets, borrow funds or raise additional capital to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities.

We will make dividend payments based on our estimate of taxable earnings per share of common stock, but not earnings calculated pursuant to GAAP. Our dividends and taxable income and GAAP earnings will typically differ due to items such as depreciation and amortization, fair value adjustments, differences in premium amortization and discount accretion, and non-deductible general and administrative expenses. Our quarterly dividends per share may be substantially different than our quarterly taxable earnings and GAAP earnings per share. Our Board declared our second quarterly dividend of 2023 of $0.42 per share on April 24, 2023 which was paid on September 30, 2023 and funded out of cash flows from operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate these judgments, assumptions and estimates for changes that would affect the reported amounts. These estimates are based on management’s historical industry experience and on various other judgments and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these judgments, assumptions and estimates. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider critical to understanding our financial condition or results of operations where there is uncertainty or where significant judgment is required. A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements and our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report.

Purchase Price Allocation

Upon acquisition of a property considered to be an asset acquisition, the purchase price and related acquisition costs (“total consideration”) are allocated to land, buildings, improvements, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and intangible lease assets based on relative fair value in accordance with FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. Acquisition costs are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 805.

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The allocation of total consideration, which is determined using inputs that are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy established by FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures (see Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements), is based on management’s estimate of the property’s “as-if” vacant fair value and is calculated by using all available information such as the replacement cost of such asset, appraisals, property condition reports, market data and other related information. If any debt is assumed in an acquisition, the difference between the fair value, which is estimated using inputs that are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the face value of debt is recorded as a premium or discount and amortized as interest expense over the life of the debt assumed.

Impairment

Real estate assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The key inputs into our impairment analysis include, but are not limited to, the holding period, net operating income, and capitalization rates. In such cases, we will evaluate the recoverability of such real estate assets based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and provide for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate asset. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. The Company’s impairment analysis identifies and evaluates events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of a real estate investment may not be recoverable, including determining the period the Company will hold the rental property, net operating income, and the estimated capitalization rate for each respective real estate investment.

Inflation

The real estate market has not been directly affected by inflation in the past several years due to increases in rents nationwide. The majority of our lease terms are for a period of one year or less and reset to market if renewed. The majority of our leases also contain protection provisions applicable to reimbursement billings for utilities. Due to the short-term nature of our leases, we do not believe our results will be materially affected.

Inflation may also affect the overall cost of debt, as the implied cost of capital increases. The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates in response to or in anticipation of continued inflation concerns. We intend to mitigate these risks through long-term fixed interest rate loans and interest rate hedges, which to date have included interest rate cap and interest rate swap agreements.

REIT Tax Election

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and expect to continue to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income,” as defined by the Code, to our stockholders. Taxable income from certain non-REIT activities is managed through a TRS and is subject to applicable federal, state, and local income and margin taxes. We had no significant taxes associated with our TRS for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. We believe we qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of assets and liabilities that results from a change in market conditions. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk with respect to our indebtedness and counterparty credit risk with respect to our interest rate derivatives. In order to minimize counterparty credit risk, we enter into and expect to enter into hedging arrangements only with major financial institutions that have high credit ratings. As of September 30, 2023, we had total indebtedness of $1.6 billion at a weighted average interest rate of 6.89%, of which $1.6 billion was debt with a floating interest rate. As of September 30, 2023, interest rate swap agreements effectively covered 76% of our $1.5 billion of floating rate debt outstanding. For purposes of calculating the adjusted weighted average interest rate of the total indebtedness, we have included the weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682% for fallback LIBOR on the $1.2 billion notional amount of interest rate swap agreements that we have entered into as of September 30, 2023.

An increase in interest rates could make the financing of any acquisition by us more costly. Rising interest rates could also limit our ability to refinance our debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. We may manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to our borrowings by means of interest rate cap and interest rate swap agreements. As of September 30, 2023, the interest rate cap agreements we have entered into effectively cap SOFR on $1.4 billion of our floating rate mortgage debt at a weighted average rate of 5.82% for the term of the agreements, which is generally three to four years. We also expect to manage our exposure to interest rate risk by maintaining a mix of fixed and floating rates for our indebtedness.

In order to fix a portion of, and mitigate the risk associated with, our floating rate indebtedness (without incurring substantial prepayment penalties or defeasance costs typically associated with fixed rate indebtedness when repaid early or refinanced), we, through the OP, have entered into ten interest rate swap transactions with the Counterparties with a combined notional amount of $1.2 billion. The interest rate swaps we have entered into effectively replace the floating interest rate (SOFR) with respect to that amount with a weighted average fixed rate of 1.0682%. During the term of these interest rate swap agreements, we are required to make monthly fixed rate payments of 1.0682%, on a weighted average basis, on the notional amounts, while the Counterparties are obligated to make monthly floating rate payments based on fallback LIBOR to us referencing the same notional amounts. We have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk.

Until our interest rates reach the caps provided by our interest rate cap agreements, each quarter point change in SOFR would result in an approximate increase to annual interest expense costs on our floating rate indebtedness, reduced by any payments due from the Counterparties under the terms of the interest rate swap agreements we had entered into as of September 30, 2023, of the amounts illustrated in the table below for our indebtedness as of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Change in Interest Rates	Annual Increase to Interest Expense
0.25%	$	1,040
0.50%		2,080
0.75%		3,120
1.00%		4,160

There is no assurance that we would realize such expense as such changes in interest rates could alter our liability positions or strategies in response to such changes.

We may also be exposed to credit risk in the derivative financial instruments we use. Credit risk is the failure of the Counterparties to perform under the terms of the derivative financial instruments. If the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is positive, the Counterparties will owe us, which creates credit risk for us. If the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is negative, we will owe the Counterparties and, therefore, do not have credit risk. We seek to minimize the credit risk in derivative financial instruments by entering into transactions with major financial institutions that have high credit ratings.

LIBOR ceased publication on June 30, 2023. The Company held debt and derivatives that used LIBOR as the reference rate as of June 30, 2023. On July 1, 2023, LIBOR rates were replaced with SOFR as the reference rate for the remaining LIBOR debt and derivative instruments, with applicable spread adjustment of 0.11448%.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of September 30, 2023, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act and is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

We believe, however, that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls systems are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, within a company have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Management is not aware of any legal proceedings of which the outcome is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition, nor are we aware of any such legal proceedings contemplated by government agencies.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Repurchase of Shares

On October 25, 2022, we announced that our Board authorized us to repurchase an indeterminate number of shares of our common stock at an aggregate market value of up to $100.0 million during a two-year period that will expire on October 24, 2024. This authorization replaced the Board’s prior authorization of the share repurchase program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not make any repurchases. Since inception of the Share Repurchase Program through September 30, 2023, the Company had repurchased 2,550,628 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a total cost of approximately $72.4 million, or $28.36 per share as shown in the table below:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions)
Beginning Total		2,550,628	$	28.36		2,550,628	$	100.0
July 1 – July 31		—		—		—		100.0
August 1 – August 31		—		—		—		100.0
September 1 – September 30		—		—		—		100.0
Total as of September 30, 2023		2,550,628	$	28.36		2,550,628	$	100.0

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Resignation

On November 9, 2023 (the “Separation Date”), Matt Goetz resigned from his position as Senior VP-Investments and Asset Management of the Company. Mr. Goetz’s resignation is not a result of any disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to its operations, policies or practices.

In connection with his resignation from the Company and its affiliates, Mr. Goetz and the Company, the Adviser, NexPoint Advisors, L.P. (“NREA”), NexPoint Real Estate Finance, Inc. (“NREF”), NexPoint Real Estate Advisors VII, L.P., NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust (“NXDT”), NexPoint Real Estate Advisors X, L.P., VineBrook Homes Trust, Inc. (“VineBrook”), and NexPoint Real Estate Advisors V, L.P. entered into a Separation Agreement, dated November 9, 2023 (the “Separation Agreement”). Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, NREA will subsidize Mr. Goetz's COBRA premium for a period of twelve months and 11,453 restricted stock units granted to Mr. Goetz by the Company will immediately vest as of the Separation Date and will settle on the original scheduled vesting dates, subject to Mr. Goetz’s continued compliance with existing restrictive covenants. In addition, pursuant to the Separation Agreement, 72,675 restricted stock units granted to Mr. Goetz by NREF, 11,300 restricted share units granted to Mr. Goetz by NXDT and 4,279 restricted stock units granted to Mr. Goetz by VineBrook will immediately vest as of the Separation Date and will settle on the original scheduled vesting dates, subject to Mr. Goetz’s continued compliance with existing restrictive covenants. The approximate value of the restricted stock units of the Company that are vesting on the Separation Date is $412,000 and the approximate value of the aggregate restricted stock units of the Company, NREF, NXDT and VineBrook that are vesting on the Separation Date is $2 million.

The Severance Agreement additionally contains, among other things, mutual non-disparagement provisions and a mutual release of claims by Mr. Goetz and the Company.

In connection with the Separation Agreement, Mr. Goetz, the Company, NREF, NXDT and VineBrook entered into a vesting agreement pursuant to which, among other things, the award agreements between Mr. Goetz and the Company relating to his restricted stock unit grants were amended to account for his separation and accelerated vesting of a portion of his outstanding restricted stock unit grants pursuant to the Separation Agreement.

The foregoing summary of the Separation Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Separation Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Quarterly Report and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 6. Exhibits

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description
10.1	Separation Agreement, dated November 9, 2023 by and among NexPoint Residential Trust, Inc., NexPoint Real Estate Advisors, L.P., NexPoint Advisors, L.P., NexPoint Real Estate Finance, Inc., NexPoint Real Estate Advisors VII, L.P., NexPoint Diversified Real Estate Trust, NexPoint Real Estate Advisors X, L.P., VineBrook Homes Trust, Inc., and NexPoint Real Estate Advisors V, L.P and Matt Goetz.
31.1*	Certification of Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*	Certification of Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1+	Certification of Executive Officer and Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document (The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document)
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

+ Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

NEXPOINT RESIDENTIAL TRUST, INC.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Jim Dondero	President and Director	November 9, 2023
Jim Dondero	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Brian Mitts	Chief Financial Officer and Director	November 9, 2023
Brian Mitts	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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