UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                     to                     

Commission File Number: 001-14989

WESCO International, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		25-1723342
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
225 West Station Square Drive Suite 700		15219
Pittsburgh,	Pennsylvania	(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

(412) 454-2200

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable.

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	WCC	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of Series A Fixed-Rate Reset Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock	WCC PR A	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for at least the past 90 days.              Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of November 1, 2023, 51,075,964 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, of the registrant were outstanding.

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

Table of Contents

	Page
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.	2
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	23
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	43
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.	43
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.	44
Item 1A. Risk Factors.	44
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	44
Item 5. Other Information.	44
Item 6. Exhibits.	44
Signatures	46

1

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

The interim financial information required by this item is set forth in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as follows:

	Page
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (unaudited)	4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited)	6
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8

2

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions, except shares)

(unaudited)

	As of
Assets	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	631.4	$	527.3
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $58.4 and $46.5 in 2023 and 2022, respectively	3,795.0		3,662.7
Other accounts receivable	411.7		435.7
Inventories	3,541.4		3,498.8
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	231.9		206.0
Total current assets	8,611.4		8,330.5
Property, buildings and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $484.7 and $425.8 in 2023 and 2022, respectively	411.1		402.7
Operating lease assets	696.5		625.1
Intangible assets, net	1,874.9		1,943.4
Goodwill	3,237.7		3,240.9
Other assets	337.0		269.1
Total assets	$	15,168.6	$	14,811.7
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,650.0	$	2,728.2
Accrued payroll and benefit costs	162.1		269.1
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt	14.7		70.5
Other current liabilities	826.8		749.5
Total current liabilities	3,653.6		3,817.3
Long-term debt, net of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $46.8 and $57.9 in 2023 and 2022, respectively	5,378.3		5,346.0
Operating lease liabilities	575.4		510.4
Deferred income taxes	458.3		460.7
Other noncurrent liabilities	220.5		227.7
Total liabilities	$	10,286.1	$	10,362.1
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	$	—	$	—
Preferred stock, Series A, $.01 par value; 25,000 shares authorized, 21,612 shares issued and outstanding in 2023 and 2022	—		—
Common stock, $.01 par value; 210,000,000 shares authorized, 69,277,345 and 68,535,704 shares issued, and 51,074,676 and 50,759,482 shares outstanding in 2023 and 2022, respectively	0.7		0.7
Class B nonvoting convertible common stock, $.01 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, 4,339,431 issued and no shares outstanding in 2023 and 2022, respectively	—		—
Additional capital	2,023.9		2,005.4
Retained earnings	4,283.5		3,795.0
Treasury stock, at cost; 22,542,100 and 22,115,653 shares in 2023 and 2022, respectively	(1,035.9)		(969.1)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(384.0)		(377.7)
Total WESCO International, Inc. stockholders' equity	4,888.2		4,454.3
Noncontrolling interests	(5.7)		(4.7)
Total stockholders’ equity	4,882.5		4,449.6
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	15,168.6	$	14,811.7

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In millions, except per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30				September 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net sales	$	5,644.4	$	5,445.9	$	16,911.8	$	15,861.6
Cost of goods sold (excluding depreciation and amortization)	4,422.4		4,241.4		13,238.9		12,418.6
Selling, general and administrative expenses	796.4		760.2		2,445.8		2,251.1
Depreciation and amortization	45.1		42.7		136.4		135.6
Income from operations	380.5		401.6		1,090.7		1,056.3
Interest expense, net	98.5		75.1		292.3		207.1
Other expense, net	3.7		0.7		14.6		3.0
Income before income taxes	278.3		325.8		783.8		846.2
Provision for income taxes	44.3		85.6		160.2		203.2
Net income	234.0		240.2		623.6		643.0
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.6		0.6		—		1.4
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.	233.4		239.6		623.6		641.6
Less: Preferred stock dividends	14.4		14.4		43.1		43.1
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	219.0	$	225.2	$	580.5	$	598.5
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments and other	(64.5)		(146.7)		(6.3)		(194.5)
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders	$	154.5	$	78.5	$	574.2	$	404.0
Earnings per share attributable to common stockholders
Basic	$	4.28	$	4.43	$	11.34	$	11.80
Diluted	$	4.20	$	4.30	$	11.08	$	11.42

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30
	2023		2022
Operating activities:
Net income	$	623.6	$	643.0
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	136.4		135.6
Stock-based compensation expense	34.7		34.4
Amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs	11.1		11.6
Deferred income taxes	6.5		7.2
Other operating activities, net	1.4		4.2
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable, net	(133.4)		(737.6)
Other accounts receivable	18.7		(15.1)
Inventories	(62.7)		(886.3)
Other current and noncurrent assets	(51.8)		(101.4)
Accounts payable	(86.5)		479.6
Accrued payroll and benefit costs	(120.9)		(88.4)
Other current and noncurrent liabilities	46.8		102.6
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	423.9		(410.6)
Investing activities:
Capital expenditures	(63.6)		(59.4)
Other investing activities, net	2.4		2.2
Net cash used in investing activities	(61.2)		(57.2)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from short-term debt, net	1.3		1.3
Repayment of 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023 (Note 8)	(58.6)		—
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	2,114.2		3,141.0
Repayments of long-term debt	(2,097.9)		(2,593.0)
Payments for taxes related to net-share settlement of equity awards	(68.0)		(25.0)
Repurchases of common stock	(50.0)		—
Payment of common stock dividends	(57.6)		—
Payment of preferred stock dividends	(43.1)		(43.1)
Payment of dividends to noncontrolling interests	(1.1)		—
Other financing activities, net	7.4		(4.0)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(253.4)		477.2
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(5.2)		12.1
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	104.1		21.5
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of period	527.3		212.6
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of period	$	631.4	$	234.1
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for interest	$	235.0	$	140.7
Cash paid for income taxes	$	165.0	$	219.8
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	186.1	$	170.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In millions, except shares)

(unaudited)

				Class B			Series A					Retained							Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Common Stock			Common Stock			Preferred Stock			Additional		Earnings		Treasury Stock			Noncontrolling
	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Capital		(Deficit)		Amount		Shares	Interests				Total
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	0.7	68,535,704	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	2,005.4	$	3,795.0	$	(969.1)	(22,115,653)	$	(4.7)	$	(377.7)	$	4,449.6
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		811,309							0.3				(12.9)		(79,817)					(12.6)
Stock-based compensation expense										11.7											11.7
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(236,953)							(14.2)		(24.5)									(38.7)
Noncontrolling interests																	0.1				0.1
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												197.1									197.1
Common stock dividends												(19.2)									(19.2)
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Translation adjustments and other										0.1		(1.0)							17.0		16.1
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	0.7	69,110,060	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	2,003.3	$	3,933.0	$	(982.0)	(22,195,470)	$	(4.6)	$	(360.7)	$	4,589.7
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		56,044							0.1				(2.5)		(15,895)					(2.4)
Stock-based compensation expense										12.2											12.2
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(1,111)							(0.1)		(0.1)									(0.2)
Noncontrolling interests																	(0.7)				(0.7)
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												193.1									193.1
Common stock dividends												(19.2)									(19.2)
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Translation adjustments and other												1.0							41.2		42.2
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	0.7	69,164,993	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	2,015.5	$	4,093.4	$	(984.5)	(22,211,365)	$	(5.3)	$	(319.5)	$	4,800.3
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		184,546							0.1				(0.9)		(5,286)					(0.8)
Stock-based compensation expense										10.8											10.8
Repurchases of common stock, including excise taxes														(50.5)		(325,449)					(50.5)
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(72,194)							(2.5)		(10.4)									(12.9)
Noncontrolling interests																	0.6				0.6
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												233.4									233.4
Common stock dividends												(19.1)									(19.1)
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests																	(1.1)				(1.1)
Translation adjustments and other												0.6					0.1		(64.5)		(63.8)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	0.7	69,277,345	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	2,023.9	$	4,283.5	$	(1,035.9)	(22,542,100)	$	(5.7)	$	(384.0)	$	4,882.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In millions, except shares)

(unaudited)

				Class B			Series A					Retained							Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Common Stock			Common Stock			Preferred Stock			Additional		Earnings		Treasury Stock			Noncontrolling
	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Capital		(Deficit)		Amount		Shares	Interests				Total
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	0.7	68,162,297	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	1,969.3	$	3,004.7	$	(956.2)	(22,026,922)	$	(6.3)	$	(236.0)	$	3,776.2
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		365,833							—				(0.6)		(858)					(0.6)
Stock-based compensation expense										8.9											8.9
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(129,869)							(7.8)		(8.1)									(15.9)
Noncontrolling interests																	0.4				0.4
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												181.2									181.2
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Translation adjustments and other																			31.6		31.6
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	0.7	68,398,261	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	1,970.4	$	3,163.4	$	(956.8)	(22,027,780)	$	(5.9)	$	(204.4)	$	3,967.4
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		11,648							—				(0.3)		(2,301)					(0.3)
Stock-based compensation expense										15.8											15.8
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(908)							—		—									—
Noncontrolling interests																	0.4				0.4
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												220.7									220.7
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Translation adjustments and other										(0.2)		1.2							(79.4)		(78.4)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	0.7	68,409,001	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	1,986.0	$	3,370.9	$	(957.1)	(22,030,081)	$	(5.5)	$	(283.8)	$	4,111.2
Exercise of stock-based awards	—		174,996							—				(0.7)		4,037					(0.7)
Stock-based compensation expense										9.7											9.7
Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units and retirement of common stock	—		(60,529)							(2.0)		(4.4)									(6.4)
Noncontrolling interests																	0.6				0.6
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.												239.6									239.6
Preferred stock dividends												(14.4)									(14.4)
Translation adjustments and other												(1.0)							(146.7)		(147.7)
Balance, September 30, 2022	$	0.7	68,523,468	$	—	4,339,431	$	—	21,612	$	1,993.7	$	3,590.7	$	(957.8)	(22,026,044)	$	(4.9)	$	(430.5)	$	4,191.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION

WESCO International, Inc. (“Wesco International”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Wesco” or the “Company”), headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a leading provider of business-to-business distribution, logistics services and supply chain solutions.

The Company has operating segments comprising three strategic business units consisting of Electrical & Electronic Solutions (“EES”), Communications & Security Solutions (“CSS”) and Utility & Broadband Solutions (“UBS”).

2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Wesco have been prepared in accordance with Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The unaudited condensed consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in WESCO International, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on February 21, 2023. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of that date, but does not include all the disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2023, the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in the opinion of management, have been prepared on the same basis as the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and include all adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the results of the interim periods presented herein. All adjustments reflected in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial information are of a normal recurring nature unless indicated. The results for the interim periods presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-04, Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations, which requires that a buyer in a supplier finance program disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program's nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Company adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2023, except for the amendment on rollforward information, which the Company will begin disclosing in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The adoption of this ASU resulted in additional disclosure of the Company's supplier finance program, as described below.

Other pronouncements issued by the FASB or other authoritative accounting standards groups with future effective dates are either not applicable or are not expected to be significant to Wesco’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

8

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

Supplier Finance Programs

The Company has supplier finance programs that are administered by intermediaries. Under these arrangements, participating suppliers may elect to receive early payment of invoices that have been confirmed by the Company, less an interest deduction or fees paid by the supplier, which is paid to the supplier by third-party finance providers. Wesco agrees to pay the stated amount of confirmed invoices in full on the original due date of the invoices, which is typically within 45 to 180 days of the invoice date, regardless of whether the supplier elects to receive early payment from the third-party finance providers. The Company does not provide assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees to the finance providers or intermediaries under these arrangements. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amounts due to suppliers that participate in the Company's supplier finance program were approximately $37.4 million and $30.7 million, respectively, which are included in accounts payable in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Dividends

On March 3, 2023, the Board of Directors of Wesco International declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.375 per share of the Company's common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 15, 2023. On March 31, 2023, the Company paid cash dividends of $19.2 million.

On June 1, 2023, the Board of Directors of Wesco International declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.375 per share of the Company's common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on June 15, 2023. On June 30, 2023, the Company paid cash dividends of $19.2 million.

On August 31, 2023, the Board of Directors of Wesco International declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.375 per share of the Company's common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on September 15, 2023. On September 29, 2023, the Company paid cash dividends of $19.1 million.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Board of Directors of Wesco International also declared and the Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.664 per depositary share totaling $14.4 million and $43.1 million, respectively.

3. REVENUE

Wesco distributes products and provides services to customers globally in various end markets within its business segments. The segments operate in the United States, Canada and various other countries.

The following tables disaggregate Wesco’s net sales by segment and geography for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30				September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Electrical & Electronic Solutions	$	2,190.7	$	2,234.8	$	6,526.1	$	6,654.9
Communications & Security Solutions	1,778.0		1,602.4		5,360.9		4,638.6
Utility & Broadband Solutions	1,675.7		1,608.7		5,024.8		4,568.1
Total by segment	$	5,644.4	$	5,445.9	$	16,911.8	$	15,861.6

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30				September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	4,166.5	$	4,050.9	$	12,529.5	$	11,745.1
Canada	765.8		765.3		2,298.3		2,288.1
Other International(1)	712.1		629.7		2,084.0		1,828.4
Total by geography(2)	$	5,644.4	$	5,445.9	$	16,911.8	$	15,861.6

(1)    No individual country's net sales are greater than 10% of total net sales.

(2)    Wesco attributes revenues from external customers to individual countries on the basis of point of sale.

9

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

Due to the terms of certain contractual arrangements, Wesco bills or receives payment from its customers in advance of satisfying the respective performance obligation. Such advance billings or payments are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue when the performance obligation has been satisfied and control has transferred to the customer, which is generally upon shipment. Deferred revenue is usually recognized within a year or less from the date of the advance billing or payment. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $90.7 million and $99.6 million, respectively, of deferred revenue was recorded as a component of other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognized $22.1 million and $64.1 million of revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022. The amount of revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 that was deferred as of December 31, 2021 was not material.

The Company also has certain long-term contractual arrangements where revenue is recognized over time based on the cost-to-cost input method. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had contract assets of $39.9 million and $27.5 million, respectively, resulting from contracts where the amount of revenue recognized exceeded the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Wesco’s revenues are adjusted for variable consideration, which includes customer volume rebates, returns and discounts. Wesco measures variable consideration by estimating expected outcomes using analysis and inputs based upon historical data, as well as current and forecasted information. Variable consideration is reviewed by management on a monthly basis and revenue is adjusted as necessary. Variable consideration reduced revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 by approximately $118.4 million and $120.5 million, respectively, and by approximately $333.5 million and $324.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company's estimated product return obligation was $46.5 million for both.

Billings to customers for shipping and handling are recognized in net sales. Wesco has elected to recognize shipping and handling costs as a fulfillment cost. Shipping and handling costs recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses totaled $76.4 million and $77.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $232.4 million and $222.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

4. ACQUISITIONS

Rahi Systems Holdings, Inc.

On November 1, 2022, through its wholly-owned subsidiary WESCO Distribution, Inc. (“Wesco Distribution”), the Company acquired 100% of the equity securities of Rahi Systems Holdings, Inc. (“Rahi Systems” or “Rahi”). Headquartered in Fremont, California, Rahi Systems is a leading provider of global hyperscale data center solutions with over 900 employees in 25 countries. Rahi's expertise with complex information technology projects and global presence strengthen Wesco's data center solution offerings. Wesco Distribution funded the purchase price paid at closing with cash on hand as well as borrowings under its accounts receivable securitization and revolving credit facilities.

Since the initial measurement of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the Company has recorded adjustments to inventories of $19.6 million, other current and non-current assets of $2.9 million, accounts payable of $28.0 million, deferred income taxes of $6.5 million, and other current and non-current liabilities of $1.7 million. The net impact of these adjustments was an increase to goodwill of $0.7 million.

The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on preliminary calculations and valuations using estimates and assumptions at the time of acquisition. As the Company obtained additional information during the measurement period (not exceeding one year from the acquisition date), it recorded adjustments to its preliminary estimates of fair value, as described above. As of September 30, 2023, the Company expects that additional adjustments to the fair value of certain tax balances will be necessary.

The results of operations of Rahi Systems are included in Wesco's unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on November 1, 2022, the acquisition date. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income includes $131.1 million and $417.6 million of net sales, respectively, and an immaterial amount of income from operations for Rahi Systems. The Company has not presented supplemental pro forma revenue and earnings of the combined business as the acquisition of Rahi Systems is not material to Wesco's unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

5. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table sets forth the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment for the period presented:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023
	EES		CSS		UBS		Total
	(In millions)
Beginning balance, January 1	$	825.5	$	1,208.9	$	1,206.5	$	3,240.9
Foreign currency exchange rate changes	(1.0)		(2.5)		(0.4)		(3.9)
Adjustments to goodwill for acquisitions(1)	—		0.7		—		0.7
Ending balance, September 30	$	824.5	$	1,207.1	$	1,206.1	$	3,237.7

(1)    Reflects the effect on goodwill of adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Rahi Systems since their initial measurement, which is part of the CSS segment, as described in Note 4, "Acquisitions".

The components of intangible assets are as follows:

		As of
		September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount (1)		Accumulated Amortization (1)		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount (1)		Accumulated Amortization (1)		Net Carrying Amount
Intangible assets:		(In millions)
Trademarks	Indefinite	$	792.0	$	—	$	792.0	$	792.1	$	—	$	792.1
Customer relationships	10 - 20	1,514.7		(441.6)		1,073.1		1,516.0		(377.6)		1,138.4
Distribution agreements	15 and 19	29.2		(25.6)		3.6		29.2		(24.4)		4.8
Trademarks	5 and 12	15.2		(9.0)		6.2		15.5		(7.4)		8.1
		$	2,351.1	$	(476.2)	$	1,874.9	$	2,352.8	$	(409.4)	$	1,943.4

(1)    Excludes the original cost and related accumulated amortization of fully-amortized intangible assets.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets totaled $22.1 million and $21.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $66.5 million and $71.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table sets forth the remaining estimated amortization expense for intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter:

For the year ending December 31,	(In millions)
2023	$	22.1
2024	85.9
2025	82.9
2026	77.5
2027	74.6
Thereafter	739.9

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

6. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Wesco’s stock-based compensation awards consist of stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance-based awards. Compensation cost for all stock-based awards is measured at fair value on the date of grant and compensation cost is recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, over the service period for awards expected to vest. The fair value of stock options and stock-settled stock appreciation rights is determined using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of restricted stock units and performance-based awards with performance conditions is determined by the grant-date closing price of Wesco’s common stock. The forfeiture assumption is based on Wesco’s historical participant behavior that is reviewed on at least an annual basis. For stock options and stock-settled stock appreciation rights that are exercised, and for restricted stock units and performance-based awards that vest, shares are issued out of Wesco's outstanding common stock.

Stock options and stock-settled stock appreciation rights vest ratably over a three-year period and terminate on the tenth anniversary of the grant date unless terminated sooner under certain conditions. Restricted stock unit awards that were granted under the Company’s 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated, vest fully on the third anniversary of the date of grant, except for the special award described below, which vested in tranches. Restricted stock units awarded under the WESCO International, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was adopted on May 27, 2021, vest ratably over a three-year period on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date. Vesting of performance-based awards is based on a three-year performance period, and the number of shares earned, if any, depends on the attainment of certain performance levels. Outstanding awards would vest upon the consummation of a change in control transaction with performance-based awards vesting at the target level.

On July 2, 2020, a special award of restricted stock units was granted to certain officers of the Company. These awards vested in tranches of 30% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date and 40% on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to continued employment through the applicable anniversary date.

Performance-based awards are based on two equally-weighted performance measures: the three-year average growth rate of Wesco's net income attributable to common stockholders and the three-year cumulative return on net assets. These awards are accounted for as awards with performance conditions; compensation cost is recognized over the performance period based upon Wesco's determination of whether it is probable that the performance targets will be achieved.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, Wesco granted the following stock options, restricted stock units, and performance-based awards at the following weighted-average fair values:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Stock options granted	1,593		3,249		78,729		92,799
Weighted-average fair value	$	72.57	$	54.13	$	76.69	$	57.15
Restricted stock units granted	1,649		1,669		175,513		226,615
Weighted-average fair value	$	140.91	$	112.33	$	170.13	$	122.04
Performance-based awards granted(1)	662		—		212,107		83,991
Weighted-average fair value(1)	$	115.04	$	—	$	86.97	$	122.09

(1)    As described further below, the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes performance-based awards granted in February 2020 for which actual achievement levels were certified in February 2023, as well as performance-based awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

The fair values of stock options, as disclosed in the table above, were estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions in the respective periods:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Risk free interest rate	4.4	%	2.9	%	4.1	%	2.0	%
Expected life (in years)	5		7		5		7
Expected volatility	52	%	44	%	50	%	43	%
Expected dividend yield	0.96	%	n/a		0.89	%	n/a

The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Daily Yield Curve rate as of the grant date. The expected life is based on historical exercise experience, the expected volatility is based on the volatility of the Company's daily stock price over the expected life preceding the grant date of the award, and the expected dividend yield is based on the calculated yield on the Company's common stock at date of grant using the current fiscal year projected dividend distribution rate. The Company did not pay dividends to holders of its common stock during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The following table sets forth a summary of stock options and related information for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Awards	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (In years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	87,347	$	121.55
Granted	78,729	169.72
Exercised	(1,279)	122.09
Forfeited	(1,715)	148.67
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	163,082	$	144.51	8.9	$	2.0
Exercisable at September 30, 2023	28,411	$	121.53	8.4	$	0.6

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during such period was not material.

The following table sets forth a summary of stock-settled stock appreciation rights and related information for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Awards	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (In years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	1,248,115	$	62.02
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(428,500)	66.70
Forfeited	(1,331)	74.57
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	818,284	$	59.55	5.3	$	69.0
Exercisable at September 30, 2023	777,479	$	58.64	5.2	$	66.2

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of stock-settled stock appreciation rights exercised during such period was $40.2 million.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

The following table sets forth a summary of restricted stock units and related information for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Awards	Weighted- Average Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2022	774,233	$	73.79
Granted	175,513	170.13
Vested	(505,464)	59.43
Forfeited	(24,646)	122.66
Unvested at September 30, 2023	419,636	$	128.51

The following table sets forth a summary of performance-based awards and related information for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Awards	Weighted- Average Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2022	335,329	$	75.26
Granted(1)	212,107	86.97
Vested	(289,394)	48.32
Forfeited	(3,732)	111.00
Unvested at September 30, 2023	254,310	$	115.15

(1)    Includes 63,098 performance-based awards granted in February 2023 with a fair value of $171.96 and three-year performance period ending December 31, 2025, and 144,697 of additional performance-based awards related to awards originally granted in February 2020 with a fair value of $48.32 and three-year performance period ended December 31, 2022 for which actual achievement levels were certified in February 2023. Also includes 3,074 and 662 performance-based awards granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, respectively, with weighted-average fair values of $150.32 and $115.04, respectively, and three-year performance periods ending December 31, 2025.

Wesco recognized $10.8 million and $9.7 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $34.7 million and $34.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is included in selling, general and administrative expenses for such periods. As of September 30, 2023, there was $60.1 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements for all awards previously made, which is expected to be recognized as follows:

For the year ending December 31,	(In millions)
2023	$	10.9
2024	30.8
2025	16.5
2026	1.9

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

7. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the periods. The dilutive effect of common share equivalents is considered in the diluted earnings per share computation using the treasury stock method, which includes consideration of equity awards.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30				September 30
(In millions, except per share data)	2023		2022(1)		2023		2022(1)
Net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.	$	233.4	$	239.6	$	623.6	$	641.6
Less: Preferred stock dividends	14.4		14.4		43.1		43.1
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	219.0	$	225.2	$	580.5	$	598.5
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used in computing basic earnings per share	51.2		50.8		51.2		50.7
Common shares issuable upon exercise of dilutive equity awards	1.0		1.6		1.2		1.7
Weighted-average common shares outstanding and common share equivalents used in computing diluted earnings per share	52.2		52.4		52.4		52.4
Earnings per share attributable to common stockholders
Basic	$	4.28	$	4.43	$	11.34	$	11.80
Diluted	$	4.20	$	4.30	$	11.08	$	11.42

(1)    Basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were previously calculated and reported based on amounts as presented in thousands. As such, certain prior year amounts may not foot or recalculate based on the amounts as presented in millions in the current year presentation.

The computation of diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders excludes stock-based awards that would have had an antidilutive effect on earnings per share. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were approximately 0.1 million and 0.2 million antidilutive shares, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were approximately 0.1 million antidilutive shares.

On June 1, 2022, Wesco announced that its Board of Directors authorized, on May 31, 2022, the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's common stock and Series A Preferred Stock. The share repurchase authorization has no expiration date and may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into spot repurchase transactions through a broker to purchase 325,449 shares of its common stock in the open market for cash totaling $50.5 million, including excise taxes. Wesco funded the repurchases with available cash and borrowings under its revolving credit facility.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

8. DEBT

The following table sets forth Wesco's outstanding indebtedness:

	As of
	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In millions)
International lines of credit	$	7.9	$	7.1
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility	1,550.0		1,535.0
Revolving Credit Facility	1,025.0		1,023.6
5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023	—		58.6
6.00% Anixter Senior Notes due 2025	4.2		4.2
7.125% Senior Notes due 2025	1,500.0		1,500.0
7.250% Senior Notes due 2028, less debt discount of $5.9 and $6.8 in 2023 and 2022, respectively	1,319.1		1,318.2
Finance lease obligations	27.6		20.6
Total debt	5,433.8		5,467.3
Plus: Fair value adjustments to the Anixter Senior Notes	0.1		0.3
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs	(40.9)		(51.1)
Less: Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt(1)	(14.7)		(70.5)
Total long-term debt	$	5,378.3	$	5,346.0

(1)    As of December 31, 2022, short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt included the $58.6 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023, which matured on March 1, 2023.

5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023

On March 1, 2023, Wesco Distribution repaid the $58.6 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023 plus accrued interest up to, but not including, the maturity date. The repayment was funded with borrowings under the Company's Revolving Credit Facility and had no impact on the Company's results of operations.

16

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

9. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

The following tables set forth the components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) for the Company's defined benefit plans:

	Three Months Ended September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
	Domestic Plans(1)				Foreign Plans(2)				Total
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	1.2	$	2.0	$	1.2	$	2.0
Interest cost	4.6		2.1		2.9		2.2		7.5		4.3
Expected return on plan assets	(4.3)		(3.5)		(3.1)		(4.0)		(7.4)		(7.5)
Recognized actuarial gain(3)	—		—		(0.3)		(0.2)		(0.3)		(0.2)
Net periodic pension cost (benefit)	$	0.3	$	(1.4)	$	0.7	$	—	$	1.0	$	(1.4)

	Nine Months Ended September 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
	Domestic Plans(1)				Foreign Plans(2)				Total
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	3.6	$	6.3	$	3.6	$	6.3
Interest cost	7.8		6.3		8.6		6.8		16.4		13.1
Expected return on plan assets	(7.3)		(10.5)		(9.1)		(12.5)		(16.4)		(23.0)
Recognized actuarial gain(3)	—		—		(0.9)		(0.6)		(0.9)		(0.6)
Net periodic pension cost (benefit)	$	0.5	$	(4.2)	$	2.2	$	—	$	2.7	$	(4.2)

(1)    Defined as the Anixter Inc. Pension Plan, Anixter Inc. Executive Benefit Plan, and the Anixter Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan.

(2)    Defined as the EECOL Electric ULC Retirement Plan, the EECOL Electric ULC Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, the Pension Plan for Employees of Anixter Canada Inc., and various defined benefit pension plans covering employees of foreign subsidiaries in Europe.

(3)    For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no material amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income.

Service cost is reported as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. The other components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) totaling net benefits of $0.2 million and $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.9 million and $10.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively are presented as components of other expense, net.

The Company expected to contribute approximately $7.0 million to its Foreign Plans in 2023. Approximately $0.8 million and $7.5 million was contributed during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Company does not expect to make a contribution to its domestic qualified pension plan in 2023 due to its overfunded status.

Other Employee Benefit Plans

Wesco sponsors defined contribution retirement savings plans for the majority of its employees in the U.S. and certain employees in Canada, which provide employer contributions.

Wesco incurred expenses of $15.9 million and $12.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $58.8 million and $45.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for its defined contribution plans.

Wesco Distribution sponsors a non-qualified deferred compensation plan (the “Wesco Deferred Compensation Plan”) that permits select employees to make pre-tax deferrals of salary and bonus. Employees have the option to transfer balances allocated to their accounts in the Wesco Deferred Compensation Plan into any of the available investment options. The Wesco Deferred Compensation Plan is an unfunded plan. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company's obligation under the Wesco Deferred Compensation Plan was $25.1 million and $20.3 million, respectively, which is included in other noncurrent liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

17

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

10. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, bank overdrafts, outstanding indebtedness, foreign currency forward contracts, and benefit plan assets. Except for benefit plan assets, outstanding indebtedness and foreign currency forward contracts, the carrying value of the Company’s other financial instruments approximates fair value.

The assets of the Company's various defined benefit plans primarily comprise common/collective/pool funds (i.e., mutual funds). These funds are valued at the net asset value (“NAV”) of shares held in the underlying funds. Investments for which fair value is measured using the NAV per share practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company uses a market approach to determine the fair value of its debt instruments, utilizing quoted prices in active markets, interest rates and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving similar instruments. Therefore, the inputs used to measure the fair value of the Company's debt instruments are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

The carrying value of Wesco's debt instruments with fixed interest rates was $2,823.4 million and $2,881.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The estimated fair value of this debt was $2,844.9 million and $2,929.5 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The reported carrying values of Wesco's other debt instruments, including those with variable interest rates, approximated their fair values as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The Company purchases foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency-denominated accounts on its earnings. The foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. The Company's strategy is to negotiate terms for its derivatives and other financial instruments to be highly effective, such that the change in the value of the derivative offsets the impact of the underlying hedge. Its counterparties to foreign currency forward contracts have investment-grade credit ratings. The Company regularly monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties to ensure no issues exist that could affect the value of its derivatives.

The Company does not hedge 100% of its foreign currency-denominated accounts. In addition, the results of hedging can vary significantly based on various factors, such as the timing of executing foreign currency forward contracts versus the movement of currencies, as well as fluctuations in the account balances throughout each reporting period. The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is based on the difference between the contract rate and the current price of a forward contract with an equivalent remaining term. The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is measured using observable market information. These inputs are considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, foreign currency forward contracts were revalued at then-current foreign exchange rates with the changes in valuation reflected directly in other non-operating expense (income) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income offsetting the transaction gain (loss) recorded on foreign currency-denominated accounts. The gross and net notional amounts of foreign currency forward contracts outstanding were approximately $141.6 million and $172.8 million, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. While all of the Company's foreign currency forward contracts are subject to master netting arrangements with its counterparties, assets and liabilities related to these contracts are presented on a gross basis within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gross fair value of assets and liabilities related to foreign currency forward contracts were immaterial.

11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

From time to time, a number of lawsuits and claims have been or may be asserted against the Company relating to the conduct of its business, including litigation relating to commercial, product and employment matters (including wage and hour). The outcome of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and some lawsuits may be determined adversely to Wesco. However, management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any such pending matters is likely to have a material adverse effect on Wesco's financial condition or liquidity, although the resolution in any fiscal period of one or more of these matters may have a material adverse effect on Wesco's results of operations for that period.

18

WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

12. INCOME TAXES

The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 15.9% and 26.3%, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the effective tax rate reflects discrete income tax benefits of $11.9 million resulting from the reversal of the valuation allowance against Brazilian deferred tax assets, $10.5 million relating to return-to-provision adjustments that resulted from the filing of the 2022 U.S. federal income tax return, and $7.6 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards. The return-to-provision adjustments were primarily related to increased U.S. foreign tax credit utilization. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the effective tax rate reflects a discrete income tax benefit of $3.2 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, partially offset by discrete income tax expense of $0.8 million resulting from return-to-provision adjustments. These discrete income tax items reduced the effective tax rates in such periods by approximately 10.8 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively.

The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 20.4% and 24.0%, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the effective tax rate reflects discrete income tax benefits of $29.7 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, $11.9 million resulting from the reversal of the valuation allowance against Brazilian deferred tax assets, and $10.5 million relating to return-to-provision adjustments that resulted from the filing of the 2022 U.S. federal income tax return. The return-to-provision adjustments were primarily related to increased U.S. foreign tax credit utilization. For the nine-months ended September 30, 2022, the effective tax rate reflects discrete income tax benefits of $13.4 million resulting from reductions to the valuation allowance recorded against U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards, as well as the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards of $9.4 million, partially offset by discrete income tax expense of $0.8 million resulting from return-to-provision adjustments. These discrete income tax items reduced the effective tax rates in such periods by approximately 6.6 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively.

The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory income tax rate due primarily to state income taxes, nondeductible expenses, and the U.S. tax impact of international operations.

There have been no material adjustments to liabilities for uncertain tax positions since December 31, 2022.

13. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

The Company has operating segments comprising three strategic business units consisting of EES, CSS and UBS. These operating segments are equivalent to the Company's reportable segments. The Company's chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on net sales, adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), and adjusted EBITDA margin percentage.

The Company incurs corporate costs primarily related to treasury, tax, information technology, legal and other centralized functions. The Company also has various corporate assets. Segment assets may not include jointly used assets, but segment results include depreciation expense or other allocations related to those assets. Interest expense and other non-operating items are either not allocated to the segments or reviewed on a segment basis. Corporate expenses and assets not directly identifiable with a reportable segment are reported in the tables below to reconcile the reportable segments to the consolidated financial statements.

The following tables set forth financial information by reportable segment for the periods presented:

(In millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	EES		CSS		UBS		Total
Net sales	$	2,190.7	$	1,778.0	$	1,675.7	$	5,644.4
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES		CSS		UBS		Total
Net sales	$	2,234.8	$	1,602.4	$	1,608.7	$	5,445.9

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

(In millions)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	EES		CSS		UBS		Total
Net sales	$	6,526.1	$	5,360.9	$	5,024.8	$	16,911.8
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES		CSS		UBS		Total
Net sales	$	6,654.9	$	4,638.6	$	4,568.1	$	15,861.6

(In millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	EES			CSS			UBS
Adjusted EBITDA	$	191.5		$	175.5		$	196.4
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	8.7		%	9.9		%	11.7		%
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS
Adjusted EBITDA	$	225.8		$	156.4		$	186.3
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	10.1		%	9.8		%	11.6		%

(In millions)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	EES			CSS			UBS
Adjusted EBITDA	$	563.5		$	510.5		$	572.7
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	8.6		%	9.5		%	11.4		%
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS
Adjusted EBITDA	$	653.6		$	429.5		$	491.7
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	9.8		%	9.3		%	10.8		%

The following table sets forth total assets by reportable segment for the periods presented:

	As of
	September 30, 2023
(In millions)	EES		CSS		UBS		Corporate(1)		Total
Total assets	$	4,546.4	$	5,587.7	$	3,957.1	$	1,077.4	$	15,168.6
	As of
	December 31, 2022
(In millions)	EES		CSS		UBS		Corporate(1)		Total
Total assets	$	4,480.4	$	5,504.0	$	3,827.4	$	999.9	$	14,811.7

(1)    Total assets for Corporate primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes, property, buildings and equipment, capitalized cloud computing arrangement costs, operating lease assets, and pension assets.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

The following tables reconcile net income attributable to common stockholders to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin % by segment, which are non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	177.9		$	146.0		$	188.7		$	(293.6)	$	219.0
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			0.7			—			(0.1)		0.6
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			14.4		14.4
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			44.3		44.3
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			98.5		98.5
Depreciation and amortization	10.9			18.0			6.3			9.9		45.1
Other expense (income), net	1.7			9.7			0.6			(8.3)		3.7
Stock-based compensation expense	1.0			1.1			0.8			7.9		10.8
Merger-related and integration costs(2)	—			—			—			15.0		15.0
Restructuring costs(3)	—			—			—			5.6		5.6
Adjusted EBITDA	$	191.5		$	175.5		$	196.4		$	(106.4)	$	457.0
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	8.7		%	9.9		%	11.7		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.
(3) Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	214.1		$	138.7		$	180.4		$	(308.0)	$	225.2
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.2			—			—			0.4		0.6
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			14.4		14.4
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			85.6		85.6
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			75.1		75.1
Depreciation and amortization	9.6			15.9			5.9			11.3		42.7
Other (income) expense, net	(1.1)			0.3			(1.1)			2.6		0.7
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	3.0			1.5			1.1			2.8		8.4
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			13.2		13.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	225.8		$	156.4		$	186.3		$	(102.6)	$	465.9
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	10.1		%	9.8		%	11.6		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2022 excludes $1.3 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	516.2		$	413.6		$	552.1		$	(901.4)	$	580.5
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(0.8)			1.0			—			(0.2)		—
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			43.1		43.1
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			160.2		160.2
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			292.3		292.3
Depreciation and amortization	32.3			53.9			18.7			31.5		136.4
Other expense (income), net	12.0			38.2			(0.5)			(35.1)		14.6
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	3.8			3.8			2.4			22.1		32.1
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			45.4		45.4
Restructuring costs(4)	—			—			—			15.4		15.4
Adjusted EBITDA	$	563.5		$	510.5		$	572.7		$	(326.7)	$	1,320.0
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	8.6		%	9.5		%	11.4		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 excludes $2.6 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.
(4) Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	615.5		$	373.1		$	472.1		$	(862.2)	$	598.5
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.6			—			—			0.8		1.4
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			43.1		43.1
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			203.2		203.2
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			207.1		207.1
Depreciation and amortization	32.8			51.9			17.4			33.5		135.6
Other (income) expense, net	(2.6)			0.7			(0.5)			5.4		3.0
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	7.3			3.8			2.7			16.6		30.4
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			52.2		52.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	653.6		$	429.5		$	491.7		$	(300.3)	$	1,274.5
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	9.8		%	9.3		%	10.8		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 excludes $4.1 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

Note: Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures that provide indicators of the Company's performance and its ability to meet debt service requirements. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization before other non-operating expenses (income), non-cash stock-based compensation expense, merger-related and integration costs, and restructuring costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by net sales.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item 2.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and WESCO International, Inc.’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The matters discussed herein may contain forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. Certain of these risks are set forth in Item 1A of WESCO International, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as well as WESCO International, Inc.’s other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In this Item 2, “Wesco” refers to WESCO International, Inc., and its subsidiaries and its predecessors unless the context otherwise requires. References to “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to Wesco and its subsidiaries.

In addition to the results provided in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations includes certain non-GAAP financial measures, which are defined further below. These financial measures include organic sales growth, adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), adjusted EBITDA margin, financial leverage, adjusted selling, general and administrative expenses, adjusted income from operations, adjusted provision for income taxes, adjusted income before income taxes, adjusted net income, adjusted net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc., adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders, and adjusted earnings per diluted share. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are helpful to users of our financial statements as they provide a better understanding of our financial condition and results of operations on a comparable basis. Additionally, certain non-GAAP measures either focus on or exclude items impacting comparability of results, allowing users to more easily compare our financial performance from period to period. Management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures in its evaluation of the performance of the Company's operating segments and in the determination of incentive compensation. Management does not use these non-GAAP financial measures for any purpose other than the reasons stated above.

Company Overview

Wesco, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a leading provider of business-to-business distribution, logistics services and supply chain solutions.

We employ approximately 20,000 people, maintain relationships with more than 50,000 suppliers, and serve approximately 150,000 customers worldwide. With millions of products, end-to-end supply chain services, and leading digital capabilities, we provide innovative solutions to meet customer needs across commercial and industrial businesses, contractors, government agencies, educational institutions, telecommunications providers, and utilities. Our innovative value-added solutions include supply chain management, logistics and transportation, procurement, warehousing and inventory management, as well as kitting and labeling, limited assembly of products and installation enhancement. We have approximately 800 branches, warehouses and sales offices with operations in more than 50 countries, providing a local presence for customers and a global network to serve multi-location businesses and global corporations.

We have operating segments comprising three strategic business units consisting of Electrical & Electronic Solutions (“EES”), Communications & Security Solutions (“CSS”) and Utility & Broadband Solutions (“UBS”). These operating segments are equivalent to our reportable segments. The following is a description of each of our reportable segments and their business activities.

Electrical & Electronic Solutions

The EES segment, with approximately 6,800 employees supporting customers in more than 50 countries, supplies a broad range of products and solutions primarily to the construction, industrial, and original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) markets. The product portfolio in this business includes a broad range of electrical equipment and supplies, automation and connected devices (the “Internet of Things” or “IoT”), security, lighting, wire and cable, safety, and maintenance, repair and operating (“MRO”) products from industry-leading manufacturing partners. The EES service portfolio includes contractor solutions to improve project execution, direct and indirect manufacturing supply chain optimization programs, lighting and renewables advisory services, and digital and automation solutions to improve safety and productivity.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Communications & Security Solutions

The CSS segment, with approximately 4,500 employees supporting customers in more than 50 countries, is a global leader in the network infrastructure and security markets. CSS sells products directly to end-users or through various channels including data communications contractors, security, network, professional audio/visual and systems integrators. In addition to the core network infrastructure and security portfolio, CSS has a broad offering of safety and energy management solutions. CSS products are often combined with supply chain services to increase efficiency and productivity, including installation enhancement, project deployment, advisory and IoT and digital services.

Utility & Broadband Solutions

The UBS segment, with approximately 2,900 employees supporting customers primarily in the U.S. and Canada, provides products and services to investor-owned utilities, public power companies, including municipalities, as well as global service providers, wireless providers, broadband operators and the contractors that service these customers. The UBS segment also includes Wesco's integrated supply business, which provides products and services to large industrial and commercial end-users to support their MRO spend. The products sold into the utility and broadband markets include wire and cable, transformers, transmission and distribution hardware, switches, protective devices, connectors, lighting, conduit, fiber and copper cable, connectivity products, pole line hardware, racks, cabinets, safety and MRO products, and point-to-point wireless devices. The UBS segment also offers a complete set of service solutions to improve customer supply chain efficiencies.

Overall Financial Performance

Our financial results for the first nine months of 2023 compared to the first nine months of 2022 reflect single-digit sales growth driven by the benefits of price inflation and higher volumes, increased scale, and secular demand trends, as well as margin expansion and the realization of integration synergies, partially offset by higher payroll and payroll-related expenses, costs to operate our facilities, along with expenses associated with our digital transformation initiatives.

Net sales for the first nine months of 2023 increased $1.1 billion, or 6.6%, over the corresponding prior year period. The increase reflects the estimated impact of changes in price of approximately 4% and estimated volume growth of approximately 1% (driven in part by secular demand trends, execution of our cross-sell program, and an improved supply chain). The increase also reflects the favorable impact of 2.6% from the acquisition of Rahi Systems Holdings, Inc. (“Rahi Systems”), which closed in November of 2022. These positive factors were partially offset by the negative impacts of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.8% and the number of workdays of 0.5%. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales was 78.3% for the current and prior year nine-month period.

Income from operations was $1,090.7 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $1,056.3 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $34.4 million, or 3.3%. Income from operations as a percentage of net sales was 6.4% for the current nine-month period, compared to 6.7% for the first nine months of the prior year. Income from operations for the first nine months of 2023 includes merger-related and integration costs of $45.4 million, restructuring costs of $15.4 million, and accelerated trademark amortization expense of $1.2 million. Adjusted for these amounts, income from operations was 6.8% of net sales for the first nine months of 2023. For the first nine months of 2022, income from operations was 7.0% of net sales, as adjusted for merger-related and integration costs of $52.2 million and accelerated trademark amortization expense of $9.4 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, income from operations improved compared to the prior year due to sales growth, as well as the realization of integration synergies and a reduction to incentive compensation expense. Income from operations for the first nine months of 2023 was negatively impacted by higher salaries and benefits due to wage inflation and increased headcount, including the impact of the Rahi Systems acquisition, as well as an increase in volume-related costs such as commissions and transportation. The costs to operate our facilities also unfavorably affected income from operations. In addition, digital transformation initiatives contributed to higher expenses in the first nine months of 2023.

Earnings per diluted share for the first nine months of 2023 was $11.08, based on 52.4 million diluted shares, compared to $11.42 for the first nine months of 2022, based on 52.4 million diluted shares, a decrease of 3.0%. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, restructuring costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, earnings per diluted share for the first nine months of 2023 was $11.94. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, earnings per diluted share for the first nine months of 2022 was $12.29. Adjusted earnings per diluted share decreased 2.8% year-over-year.

Our industry and the broader economy have experienced supply chain challenges, including product delays and backlogged orders, shortages in raw materials and components, labor shortages, transportation challenges, and higher costs. We have aggressively responded to these supply chain issues which have largely improved and progressively become manageable through the first nine months of 2023.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Cash Flow

Operating cash flow for the first nine months of 2023 was an inflow of $423.9 million. Net cash provided by operating activities included net income of $623.6 million and non-cash adjustments to net income totaling $190.1 million, which primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization of $136.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $34.7 million, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $11.1 million, and deferred income taxes of $6.5 million. Operating cash flow was negatively impacted by net changes in assets and liabilities of $389.8 million, which primarily consisted of an increase in trade accounts receivable of $133.4 million and a decrease in accounts payable of $86.5 million due to the timing of receipts from customers and payments to suppliers, respectively. Net operating cash flow was also negatively impacted by $62.7 million resulting from an increase in inventories. Inventories grew at a slower rate than sales, as supply chain lead times have normalized. Additionally, the payment of management incentive compensation earned in 2022 resulted in a cash outflow of approximately $154.4 million in the first nine months of 2023, which was partially offset by the accrual of management incentive compensation earned in the current year.

Investing activities primarily included $63.6 million of capital expenditures mostly consisting of internal-use computer software and information technology hardware to support our digital transformation initiatives, as well as equipment and leasehold improvements to support our global network of branches, warehouses and sales offices.

Financing activities primarily consisted of net borrowings of $15.0 million related to our accounts receivable securitization facility (the "Receivables Facility"), net borrowings of $1.7 million related to our revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), and the repayment of our $58.6 million aggregate principal amount of 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023, which matured on March 1, 2023. Financing activities for the first nine months of 2023 also included $57.6 million and $43.1 million of dividends paid to holders of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, respectively, $68.0 million of payments for taxes related to the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, and $50.0 million of common stock repurchases.

Financing Availability

As of September 30, 2023, we had $661.3 million in total available borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility and $75.0 million of available borrowing capacity under our Receivables Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility and the Receivables Facility mature in March 2027 and March 2025, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we also had $8.2 million of borrowing capacity available under our international lines of credit that did not directly reduce availability under the Revolving Credit Facility.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Results of Operations

Third Quarter of 2023 versus Third Quarter of 2022

Net Sales

The following table sets forth net sales and organic sales growth for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended				Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	5,644.4	$	5,445.9	3.6%	2.4	%	—	%	(1.6	%)	2.8	%

Note: Organic sales growth is a non-GAAP financial measure of sales performance. Organic sales growth is calculated by deducting the percentage impact from acquisitions and divestitures for one year following the respective transaction, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and number of workdays from the reported percentage change in consolidated net sales. Workday impact represents the change in the number of operating days period-over-period after adjusting for weekends and public holidays in the United States; the third quarter of 2023 had one less workday compared to the third quarter of 2022.

Net sales were $5.6 billion for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $5.4 billion for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of 3.6%. Adjusting for the favorable impact from the acquisition of Rahi Systems of 2.4% and the unfavorable impact from the number of workdays of 1.6%, organic sales for the third quarter of 2023 grew by 2.8%, reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 3%. Volume growth did not have a material impact on the year-over-year increase in organic sales, as an increase in sales volume in the UBS operating segment was offset by relatively consistent year-over-year sales volume in the EES and CSS segments.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold for the third quarter of 2023 was $4.4 billion compared to $4.2 billion for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $0.2 billion. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales was 78.4% and 77.9% for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The unfavorable increase of 50 basis points reflects lower supplier volume rebates and a shift in sales mix, partially offset by our continued focus on a strategy of pricing products and services to realize the value that we provide to our customers as a result of our broad portfolio of product and service offerings, global footprint and capabilities (“value-driven pricing”).

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses primarily include payroll and payroll-related costs, shipping and handling, travel and entertainment, facilities, utilities, information technology expenses, professional and consulting fees, credit losses, gains (losses) on the sale of property and equipment, as well as real estate and personal property taxes. SG&A expenses for the third quarter of 2023 totaled $796.4 million versus $760.2 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $36.2 million, or 4.8%. As a percentage of net sales, SG&A expenses were 14.1% and 14.0% for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. SG&A expenses for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022 include merger-related and integration costs of $15.0 million and $13.2 million, respectively. SG&A expenses for the third quarter of 2023 also include $5.6 million of restructuring costs. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs and restructuring costs, SG&A expenses were $775.8 million, or 13.7% of net sales, for the third quarter of 2023 and $747.0 million, or 13.7% of net sales, for the third quarter of 2022.

SG&A payroll and payroll-related expenses for the third quarter of 2023 of $506.6 million increased by $16.7 million compared to the same period in 2022 as a result of higher salaries and benefits due to wage inflation and increased headcount, including the impact of the Rahi Systems acquisition, partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions taken at the end of the second quarter of 2023. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes an increase in sales commissions of $4.4 million and a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $27.9 million.

SG&A expenses not related to payroll and payroll-related costs for the third quarter of 2023 were $289.8 million, an increase of $19.5 million compared to the same period in 2022, which primarily reflects higher costs to operate our facilities of $13.6 million. In addition, digital transformation initiatives contributed to higher expenses of $5.9 million in the third quarter of 2023, which includes higher professional and consulting expenses. These increases were partially offset by lower employee expenses of $1.5 million, decreased transportation costs of $1.5 million, and the realization of integration cost synergies.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased $2.4 million to $45.1 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $42.7 million for the third quarter of 2022.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $380.5 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $401.6 million for the third quarter of 2022. The decrease of $21.1 million, or 5.3%, reflects slightly higher cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales and higher SG&A expenses, as described above, partially offset by sales growth and the realization of integration synergies.

Interest Expense, net

Net interest expense totaled $98.5 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $75.1 million for the third quarter of 2022. The increase of $23.4 million, or 31.1%, reflects higher borrowings and an increase in variable interest rates.

Other Expense, net

Other non-operating expense totaled $3.7 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $0.7 million for the third quarter of 2022. We recognized net benefits of $0.2 million and $3.4 million associated with the non-service cost components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies, we recognized a net foreign currency exchange loss of $1.4 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to a net loss of $4.4 million for the third quarter of 2022.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $44.3 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $85.6 million for the corresponding quarter of the prior year, resulting in effective tax rates of 15.9% and 26.3%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2023 reflects discrete income tax benefits of $11.9 million resulting from the reversal of the valuation allowance against Brazilian deferred tax assets, $10.5 million relating to return-to-provision adjustments that resulted from the filing of the 2022 U.S. federal income tax return, and $7.6 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards. The return-to-provision adjustments were primarily related to increased U.S. foreign tax credit utilization. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2022 reflects discrete income tax benefits of $3.2 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards partially offset by discrete income tax expense of $0.8 million resulting from return-to-provision adjustments. These discrete income tax items reduced the effective tax rates in such periods by approximately 10.8 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively.

Net Income and Earnings per Share

Net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $219.0 million and $4.20, respectively, for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $225.2 million and $4.30, respectively, for the third quarter of 2022. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, restructuring costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $234.4 million and $4.49, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $235.1 million and $4.49, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, was $457.0 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $465.9 million for the third quarter of 2022. Adjusted EBITDA decreased $8.9 million, or 1.9% year-over-year. The decrease primarily reflects the $198.5 million increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $181.0 million, and a $36.2 million increase in SG&A expenses, as described above. Included in the increase in SG&A expenses are restructuring costs and merger-related and integration costs of $5.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Segment Results

The following is a discussion of the financial results of our operating segments comprising three strategic business units consisting of EES, CSS and UBS for the three months ended September 30, 2023. As further described below and in Note 13, "Business Segments" of our Notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the performance of our operating segments is based on net sales, adjusted EBITDA, and adjusted EBITDA margin percentage. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin percentage are non-GAAP financial measures.

Electrical & Electronic Solutions

	Three Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	2,190.7		$	2,234.8		(2.0)%	—	%	(0.2)	%	(1.6	%)	(0.2)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	191.5		$	225.8
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	8.7		%	10.1		%

EES reported net sales of $2,190.7 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $2,234.8 million for the third quarter of 2022, a decrease of $44.1 million, or 2.0%. Adjusting for the unfavorable impacts from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.2% and the number of workdays of 1.6%, EES organic sales for the third quarter of 2023 declined by 0.2%, reflecting downturns in the construction and manufactured structures businesses, offset by continued momentum in the industrial business. As such, volume growth did not have a material impact on the year-over-year decrease in EES organic sales. In addition, a transfer of certain customer accounts to the CSS segment negatively impacted organic net sales for EES by approximately 2%. These negative factors were partially offset by the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 2%.

EES reported adjusted EBITDA of $191.5 million for the third quarter of 2023, or 8.7% of net sales, compared to $225.8 million for the third quarter of 2022, or 10.1% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA decreased $34.3 million, or 15.2% year-over-year. The decrease primarily reflects the $44.1 million decrease in net sales, as described above, partially offset by a corresponding decrease in cost of goods sold of $11.7 million, which is inclusive of lower supplier volume rebates of approximately $13.0 million. SG&A expenses increased $0.4 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $2.5 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount, partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions taken at the end of the second quarter of 2023. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $10.4 million. The increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses was partially offset by decreased transportation costs of $2.2 million.

Communications & Security Solutions

	Three Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	1,778.0		$	1,602.4		11.0%	8.2	%	0.3	%	(1.6	%)	4.1	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	175.5		$	156.4
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	9.9		%	9.8		%

CSS reported net sales of $1,778.0 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $1,602.4 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $175.6 million, or 11.0%. Adjusting for the favorable impacts from the acquisition of Rahi Systems of 8.2% and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.3%, and the unfavorable impact from the number of workdays of 1.6%, CSS organic sales for the third quarter of 2023 grew by 4.1%, reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 1%. The transfer of certain customer accounts from the EES segment also positively impacted organic net sales for CSS by approximately 3%. Volume growth did not have a material impact on the year-over-year increase in CSS organic sales.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CSS reported adjusted EBITDA of $175.5 million for the third quarter of 2023, or 9.9% of net sales, compared to $156.4 million for the third quarter of 2022, or 9.8% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA increased $19.1 million, or 12.2% year-over-year. The increase primarily reflects the $175.6 million increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $138.3 million due to the factors impacting the overall business, as described above. SG&A expenses increased $18.9 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $4.5 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount, including the impact of the Rahi Systems acquisition, partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions taken at the end of the second quarter of 2023. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes an increase in sales commissions of $4.5 million and a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $5.7 million. Additionally, higher costs to operate our facilities of $3.8 million and increased transportation costs of $2.0 million as a result of sales growth, and the Rahi Systems acquisition, contributed to the year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses.

Utility & Broadband Solutions

	Three Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	1,675.7		$	1,608.7		4.2%	—	%	—	%	(1.6	%)	5.8	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	196.4		$	186.3
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	11.7		%	11.6		%

UBS reported net sales of $1,675.7 million for the third quarter of 2023 compared to $1,608.7 million for the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $67.0 million, or 4.2%. Adjusting for the unfavorable impact from the number of workdays of 1.6%, UBS organic sales for the third quarter of 2023 grew by 5.8%, primarily reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 4%. Volume growth, which includes market growth in the utility business and expansion in the integrated supply business, partially offset by lower sales in the broadband business, favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 2%.

UBS reported adjusted EBITDA of $196.4 million for the third quarter of 2023, or 11.7% of net sales, compared to $186.3 million for the third quarter of 2022, or 11.6% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA increased $10.1 million, or 5.4% year-over-year. The increase primarily reflects the $67.0 million increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $54.4 million due to the factors impacting the overall business, as described above. SG&A expenses increased $2.2 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $1.0 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount, partially offset by the impact of headcount reductions taken at the end of the second quarter of 2023. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $2.4 million. Additionally, higher costs to operate our facilities of $4.4 million as a result of sales growth, contributed to the year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The following tables reconcile net income attributable to common stockholders to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin % by segment, which are non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	177.9		$	146.0		$	188.7		$	(293.6)	$	219.0
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	—			0.7			—			(0.1)		0.6
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			14.4		14.4
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			44.3		44.3
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			98.5		98.5
Depreciation and amortization	10.9			18.0			6.3			9.9		45.1
Other expense (income), net	1.7			9.7			0.6			(8.3)		3.7
Stock-based compensation expense	1.0			1.1			0.8			7.9		10.8
Merger-related and integration costs(2)	—			—			—			15.0		15.0
Restructuring costs(3)	—			—			—			5.6		5.6
Adjusted EBITDA	$	191.5		$	175.5		$	196.4		$	(106.4)	$	457.0
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	8.7		%	9.9		%	11.7		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.
(3) Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	214.1		$	138.7		$	180.4		$	(308.0)	$	225.2
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.2			—			—			0.4		0.6
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			14.4		14.4
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			85.6		85.6
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			75.1		75.1
Depreciation and amortization	9.6			15.9			5.9			11.3		42.7
Other (income) expense, net	(1.1)			0.3			(1.1)			2.6		0.7
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	3.0			1.5			1.1			2.8		8.4
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			13.2		13.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	225.8		$	156.4		$	186.3		$	(102.6)	$	465.9
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	10.1		%	9.8		%	11.6		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2022 excludes $1.3 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

Note: Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures that provide indicators of our performance and ability to meet debt service requirements. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization before other non-operating expenses (income), non-cash stock-based compensation expense, merger-related and integration costs, and restructuring costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by net sales.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The following tables reconcile selling, general and administrative expenses, income from operations, provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share to adjusted selling, general and administrative expenses, adjusted income from operations, adjusted provision for income taxes and adjusted earnings per diluted share, which are non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Adjusted SG&A Expenses:	(In millions)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	796.4	$	760.2
Merger-related and integration costs(1)	(15.0)		(13.2)
Restructuring costs(2)	(5.6)		—
Adjusted selling, general and administrative expenses	$	775.8	$	747.0
Adjusted Income from Operations:
Income from operations	$	380.5	$	401.6
Merger-related and integration costs(1)	15.0		13.2
Restructuring costs(2)	5.6		—
Accelerated trademark amortization(3)	0.4		0.4
Adjusted income from operations	$	401.5	$	415.2
Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes:
Provision for income taxes	$	44.3	$	85.6
Income tax effect of adjustments to income from operations(4)	5.6		3.7
Adjusted provision for income taxes	$	49.9	$	89.3

(1)    Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

(2)    Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

(3)    Accelerated trademark amortization represents additional amortization expense resulting from changes in the estimated useful lives of certain legacy trademarks that are migrating to our master brand architecture.

(4)    The adjustments to income from operations have been tax effected at a rate of approximately 27% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Three Months Ended
Adjusted Earnings per Diluted Share:	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022(1)
(In millions, except per share data)
Adjusted income from operations	$	401.5	$	415.2
Interest expense, net	98.5		75.1
Other expense, net	3.7		0.7
Adjusted income before income taxes	299.3		339.4
Adjusted provision for income taxes	49.9		89.3
Adjusted net income	249.4		250.1
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.6		0.6
Adjusted net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.	248.8		249.5
Preferred stock dividends	14.4		14.4
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	234.4	$	235.1
Diluted shares	52.2		52.4
Adjusted earnings per diluted share	$	4.49	$	4.49

(1)    Diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was previously calculated and reported based on amounts as presented in thousands. As such, certain prior year amounts may not foot or recalculate based on the amounts as presented in millions in the current year presentation.

Note: For the three months ended September 30, 2023, SG&A expenses, income from operations, the provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share have been adjusted to exclude merger-related and integration costs, restructuring costs, accelerated amortization expense associated with migrating to our master brand architecture, and the related income tax effects. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, SG&A expenses, income from operations, the provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share have been adjusted to exclude merger-related and integration costs, accelerated amortization expense associated with migrating to our master brand architecture, and the related income tax effects. These non-GAAP financial measures provide a better understanding of our financial results on a comparable basis.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 versus Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

Net Sales

The following table sets forth net sales and organic sales growth for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended				Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		Reported		Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	16,911.8	$	15,861.6	6.6	%	2.6	%	(0.8)	%	(0.5	%)	5.3	%

Note: Organic sales growth is a non-GAAP financial measure of sales performance. Organic sales growth is calculated by deducting the percentage impact from acquisitions and divestitures for one year following the respective transaction, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and number of workdays from the reported percentage change in consolidated net sales. Workday impact represents the change in the number of operating days period-over-period after adjusting for weekends and public holidays in the United States; the first nine months of 2023 had one less workday compared to the first nine months of 2022.

Net sales were $16.9 billion for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $15.9 billion for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of 6.6%. Adjusting for the favorable impact from the acquisition of Rahi Systems of 2.6%, and the unfavorable impacts from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.8% and the number of workdays of 0.5%, organic sales for the first nine months of 2023 grew by 5.3%, reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 4%. Volume growth, which includes the impact of secular demand trends, an improved supply chain, and execution of our cross-sell program, favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 1%.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold for the first nine months of 2023 was $13.2 billion compared to $12.4 billion for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $0.8 billion. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales was 78.3% for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses primarily include payroll and payroll-related costs, shipping and handling, travel and entertainment, facilities, utilities, information technology expenses, professional and consulting fees, credit losses, gains (losses) on the sale of property and equipment, as well as real estate and personal property taxes. SG&A expenses for the first nine months of 2023 totaled $2,445.8 million versus $2,251.1 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $194.7 million, or 8.6%. As a percentage of net sales, SG&A expenses were 14.5% and 14.2% for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. SG&A expenses for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 include merger-related and integration costs of $45.4 million and $52.2 million, respectively. SG&A expenses for first nine months of 2023 also include $15.4 million of restructuring costs. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs and restructuring costs, SG&A expenses were $2,385.0 million, or 14.1% of net sales, for the first nine months of 2023 and $2,198.9 million, or 13.9% of net sales, for the first nine months of 2022.

SG&A payroll and payroll-related expenses for the first nine months of 2023 of $1,542.3 million increased by $91.4 million compared to the same period in 2022 as a result of higher salaries and benefits due to wage inflation and increased headcount, including the impact of the Rahi Systems acquisition. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes an increase in sales commissions of $20.8 million and a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $64.6 million.

SG&A expenses not related to payroll and payroll-related costs for the first nine months of 2023 were $903.5 million, an increase of $103.3 million compared to the same period in 2022, which primarily reflects higher costs to operate our facilities of $36.0 million, increased transportation costs of $10.4 million as a result of significant sales growth, and the Rahi Systems acquisition, as well as higher employee expenses of $9.8 million due to increased headcount. In addition, digital transformation initiatives contributed to higher expenses of $16.0 million in the first nine months of 2023, which includes higher professional and consulting expenses. These increases were partially offset by the realization of integration cost synergies.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased $0.8 million to $136.4 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $135.6 million for the first nine months of 2022. The first nine months of 2023 and 2022 includes $1.2 million and $9.4 million, respectively, of accelerated amortization expense resulting from changes in the estimated useful lives of certain legacy trademarks that are migrating to our master brand architecture.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $1,090.7 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $1,056.3 million for the first nine months of 2022. The increase of $34.4 million, or 3.3%, reflects sales growth, along with the realization of integration synergies. These favorable factors were partially offset by higher SG&A expenses, as described above.

Interest Expense, net

Net interest expense totaled $292.3 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $207.1 million for the first nine months of 2022. The increase of $85.2 million, or 41.1%, reflects higher borrowings and an increase in variable interest rates.

Other Expense, net

Other non-operating expense totaled $14.6 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $3.0 million for the first nine months of 2022. We recognized net benefits of $0.9 million and $10.5 million associated with the non-service cost components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The year-over-year decrease in net periodic pension benefits was due to a decrease in expected return on plan assets and an increase in interest cost. Due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies, we recognized a net foreign currency exchange loss of $14.6 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to a net loss of $11.5 million for the first nine months of 2022.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $160.2 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $203.2 million in last year's comparable period, resulting in effective tax rates of 20.4% and 24.0%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2023 reflects discrete income tax benefits of $29.7 million resulting from the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, $11.9 million resulting from the reversal of the valuation allowance against Brazilian deferred tax assets, and $10.5 million relating to return-to-provision adjustments that resulted from the filing of the 2022 U.S. federal income tax return. The return-to-provision adjustments were primarily related to increased U.S. foreign tax credit utilization. The effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2022 reflects discrete income tax benefits of $13.4 million resulting from reductions to the valuation allowance recorded against U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards, as well as the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards of $9.4 million, which were partially offset by discrete income tax expense of $0.8 million resulting from return-to-provision adjustments. These discrete income tax items reduced the effective tax rates in such periods by approximately 6.6 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively.

Net Income and Earnings per Share

Net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $580.5 million and $11.08, respectively, for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $598.5 million and $11.42, respectively, for the first nine months of 2022. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, restructuring costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $625.7 million and $11.94, respectively, for the first nine months of 2023. Adjusted for merger-related and integration costs, accelerated trademark amortization expense, and the related income tax effects, net income and earnings per diluted share attributable to common stockholders were $643.7 million and $12.29, respectively, for the first nine months of 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, was $1,320.0 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $1,274.5 million for the first nine months of 2022. Adjusted EBITDA increased $45.5 million, or 3.6% year-over-year. The increase primarily reflects the $1.0 billion increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $0.8 billion, and a $194.7 million increase in SG&A expenses, as described above. Included in the increase in SG&A expenses were restructuring costs of $15.4 million, partially offset by a decrease in merger-related and integration costs of $6.8 million.

Segment Results

Electrical & Electronic Solutions

	Nine Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	6,526.1		$	6,654.9		(1.9)%	—	%	(0.9)	%	(0.5	%)	(0.5)	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	563.5		$	653.6
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	8.6		%	9.8		%

EES reported net sales of $6,526.1 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $6,654.9 million for the first nine months of 2022, a decrease of $128.8 million, or 1.9%. Adjusting for the unfavorable impact from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.9% and the number of workdays of 0.5%, EES organic sales for the first nine months of 2023 declined by 0.5%, reflecting volume contraction, including downturns in the construction and manufactured structures businesses, partially offset by continued positive momentum in the industrial business, which negatively impacted organic net sales by approximately 2%. In addition, a transfer of certain customer accounts to the CSS segment negatively impacted organic net sales for EES by approximately 2%. These negative factors were partially offset by the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 3%.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

EES reported adjusted EBITDA of $563.5 million for the first nine months of 2023, or 8.6% of net sales, compared to $653.6 million for the first nine months of 2022, or 9.8% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA decreased $90.1 million, or 13.8% year-over-year. The decrease primarily reflects the $128.8 million decrease in net sales, as described above, partially offset by a corresponding decrease in cost of goods sold of $81.7 million, which is inclusive of higher inventory write-downs and lower supplier volume rebates totaling approximately $15.0 million. SG&A expenses increased $41.2 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $38.5 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $24.4 million.

Communications & Security Solutions

	Nine Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	5,360.9		$	4,638.6		15.6%	9.0	%	(0.8)	%	(0.5	%)	7.9	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	510.5		$	429.5
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	9.5		%	9.3		%

CSS reported net sales of $5,360.9 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $4,638.6 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $722.3 million, or 15.6%. Adjusting for the favorable impact from the acquisition of Rahi Systems of 9.0% and the unfavorable impacts from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.8% and the number of workdays of 0.5%, CSS organic sales for the first nine months of 2023 grew by 7.9%, reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 1%. Volume growth, which includes strong growth in the network infrastructure and security solutions businesses and the benefits of cross selling, favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 4%. The transfer of certain customer accounts from the EES segment also positively impacted organic net sales for CSS by approximately 3%.

CSS reported adjusted EBITDA of $510.5 million for the first nine months of 2023, or 9.5% of net sales, compared to $429.5 million for the first nine months of 2022, or 9.3% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA increased $81.0 million, or 18.9% year-over-year. The increase primarily reflects the $722.3 million increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $556.6 million due to the factors impacting the overall business, as described above. SG&A expenses increased $88.0 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $50.8 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount, including the impact of the Rahi Systems acquisition. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes an increase in sales commissions of $12.9 million and a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $10.9 million. Additionally, higher costs to operate our facilities of $12.1 million, increased transportation costs of $7.6 million as a result of sales growth and the Rahi Systems acquisition, and higher employee expenses of $5.9 million due to increased headcount contributed to the year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses.

Utility & Broadband Solutions

	Nine Months Ended						Growth/(Decline)
	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022			Reported	Acquisition		Foreign Exchange		Workday		Organic Sales
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	5,024.8		$	4,568.1		10.0%	—	%	(0.4)	%	(0.5	%)	10.9	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	572.7		$	491.7
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %	11.4		%	10.8		%

UBS reported net sales of $5,024.8 million for the first nine months of 2023 compared to $4,568.1 million for the first nine months of 2022, an increase of $456.7 million, or 10.0%. Adjusting for the unfavorable impacts of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of 0.4% and the number of workdays of 0.5%, UBS organic sales for the first nine months of 2023 grew by 10.9%, reflecting the impact of changes in price, which favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 7%. Volume growth, which includes market growth in the utility business, expansion in the integrated supply business, and the benefits of cross selling partially offset by lower sales in the broadband business, particularly in Canada, favorably impacted organic sales by approximately 4%.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UBS reported adjusted EBITDA of $572.7 million for the first nine months of 2023, or 11.4% of net sales, compared to $491.7 million for the first nine months of 2022, or 10.8% of net sales. Adjusted EBITDA increased $81.0 million, or 16.5% year-over-year. The increase primarily reflects the $456.7 million increase in net sales, partially offset by a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold of $345.4 million due to the factors impacting the overall business, as described above. SG&A expenses increased $30.4 million as compared to the prior year, which was primarily attributed to higher payroll and payroll-related expenses of $14.0 million as a result of higher salaries due to wage inflation and increased headcount. This increase in payroll and payroll-related expenses also includes an increase in sales commissions of $2.0 million and a reduction to incentive compensation expense of $4.5 million. Additionally, higher costs to operate our facilities of $9.1 million and increased transportation costs of $5.3 million as a result of sales growth, contributed to the year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses.

The following tables reconcile net income attributable to common stockholders to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin % by segment, which are non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	516.2		$	413.6		$	552.1		$	(901.4)	$	580.5
Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(0.8)			1.0			—			(0.2)		—
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			43.1		43.1
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			160.2		160.2
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			292.3		292.3
Depreciation and amortization	32.3			53.9			18.7			31.5		136.4
Other expense (income), net	12.0			38.2			(0.5)			(35.1)		14.6
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	3.8			3.8			2.4			22.1		32.1
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			45.4		45.4
Restructuring costs(4)	—			—			—			15.4		15.4
Adjusted EBITDA	$	563.5		$	510.5		$	572.7		$	(326.7)	$	1,320.0
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	8.6		%	9.5		%	11.4		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 excludes $2.6 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.
(4) Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In millions)	EES			CSS			UBS			Corporate		Total
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	615.5		$	373.1		$	472.1		$	(862.2)	$	598.5
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.6			—			—			0.8		1.4
Preferred stock dividends	—			—			—			43.1		43.1
Provision for income taxes(1)	—			—			—			203.2		203.2
Interest expense, net(1)	—			—			—			207.1		207.1
Depreciation and amortization	32.8			51.9			17.4			33.5		135.6
Other (income) expense, net	(2.6)			0.7			(0.5)			5.4		3.0
Stock-based compensation expense(2)	7.3			3.8			2.7			16.6		30.4
Merger-related and integration costs(3)	—			—			—			52.2		52.2
Adjusted EBITDA	$	653.6		$	429.5		$	491.7		$	(300.3)	$	1,274.5
Adjusted EBITDA margin %	9.8		%	9.3		%	10.8		%
(1) The reportable segments do not incur income taxes and interest expense as these costs are centrally controlled through the Corporate tax and treasury functions.
(2) Stock-based compensation expense in the calculation of adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 excludes $4.1 million that is included in merger-related and integration costs.
(3) Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

Note: Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures that provide indicators of our performance and ability to meet debt service requirements. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization before other non-operating expenses (income), non-cash stock-based compensation expense, merger-related and integration costs, and restructuring costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by net sales.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The following tables reconcile selling, general and administrative expenses, income from operations, provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share to adjusted selling, general and administrative expenses, adjusted income from operations, adjusted provision for income taxes and adjusted earnings per diluted share, which are non-GAAP financial measures, for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Adjusted SG&A Expenses:	(In millions)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	2,445.8	$	2,251.1
Merger-related and integration costs(1)	(45.4)		(52.2)
Restructuring costs(2)	(15.4)		—
Adjusted selling, general and administrative expenses	$	2,385.0	$	2,198.9
Adjusted Income from Operations:
Income from operations	$	1,090.7	$	1,056.3
Merger-related and integration costs(1)	45.4		52.2
Restructuring costs(2)	15.4		—
Accelerated trademark amortization(3)	1.2		9.4
Adjusted income from operations	$	1,152.7	$	1,117.9
Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes:
Provision for income taxes	$	160.2	$	203.2
Income tax effect of adjustments to income from operations(4)	16.8		16.4
Adjusted provision for income taxes	$	177.0	$	219.6

(1)    Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

(2)    Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

(3)    Accelerated trademark amortization represents additional amortization expense resulting from changes in the estimated useful lives of certain legacy trademarks that are migrating to our master brand architecture.

(4)    The adjustments to income from operations have been tax effected at a rate of approximately 27% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Nine Months Ended
Adjusted Earnings per Diluted Share:	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022(1)
(In millions, except per share data)
Adjusted income from operations	$	1,152.7	$	1,117.9
Interest expense, net	292.3		207.1
Other expense, net	14.6		3.0
Adjusted income before income taxes	845.8		907.8
Adjusted provision for income taxes	177.0		219.6
Adjusted net income	668.8		688.2
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		1.4
Adjusted net income attributable to WESCO International, Inc.	668.8		686.8
Preferred stock dividends	43.1		43.1
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	625.7	$	643.7
Diluted shares	52.4		52.4
Adjusted earnings per diluted share	$	11.94	$	12.29

(1)    Diluted earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was previously calculated and reported based on amounts as presented in thousands. As such, certain prior year amounts may not foot or recalculate based on the amounts as presented in millions in the current year presentation.

Note: For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, SG&A expenses, income from operations, the provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share have been adjusted to exclude merger-related and integration costs, restructuring costs, accelerated amortization expense associated with migrating to our master brand architecture, and the related income tax effects. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, SG&A expenses, income from operations, the provision for income taxes and earnings per diluted share have been adjusted to exclude merger-related and integration costs, accelerated amortization expense associated with migrating to our master brand architecture, and the related income tax effects. These non-GAAP financial measures provide a better understanding of our financial results on a comparable basis.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity needs generally arise from fluctuations in our working capital requirements, information technology investments, capital expenditures, acquisitions and debt service obligations. As of September 30, 2023, we had $661.3 million in available borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility, after giving effect to outstanding letters of credit and certain borrowings under our international lines of credit, and $75.0 million of available borrowing capacity under our Receivables Facility, which combined with available cash of $366.4 million, provided liquidity of $1,102.7 million. Cash included in our determination of liquidity represents cash in certain deposit and interest-bearing investment accounts. We monitor the depository institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents on a regular basis, and we believe that we have placed our deposits with creditworthy financial institutions.

We regularly review our mix of fixed versus variable rate debt, and we may, from time to time, issue or retire borrowings and/or refinance existing debt in an effort to mitigate the impact of interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations, and to maintain a cost-effective capital structure consistent with our anticipated capital requirements. Economic conditions contributed to increases in interest rates during 2023 and 2022. Further increases will raise the rates we pay on our variable rate debt and will contribute to higher interest expense versus prior periods.

As of September 30, 2023, approximately 52% of our debt portfolio consisted of fixed rate debt. We believe our capital structure has an appropriate mix of fixed versus variable rate debt and secured versus unsecured instruments.

Over the next several quarters, we expect that our excess liquidity will be directed primarily at debt reduction, digital transformation initiatives, returning capital to shareholders through the payment of dividends and our existing share repurchase authorization, or potential acquisitions and related integration activities. We expect to maintain sufficient liquidity through our credit facilities and cash balances. We believe cash provided by operations and financing activities will be adequate to cover our operational and business needs for at least the next twelve months.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

We communicate on a regular basis with our lenders regarding our financial and working capital performance, and liquidity position. We were in compliance with all financial covenants and restrictions contained in our debt agreements as of September 30, 2023.

We also measure our ability to meet our debt obligations based on our financial leverage ratio, which was 2.7 as of September 30, 2023 and 2.9 as of December 31, 2022.

The following table sets forth our financial leverage ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, for the periods presented:

	Twelve Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
(In millions of dollars, except ratio)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	785.0	$	803.1
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	0.2		1.7
Preferred stock dividends	57.4		57.4
Provision for income taxes	231.6		274.5
Interest expense, net	379.5		294.4
Depreciation and amortization	179.9		179.0
EBITDA	$	1,633.6	$	1,610.1
Other expense, net	18.6		7.0
Stock-based compensation expense	42.7		41.0
Merger-related and integration costs(1)	60.7		67.5
Restructuring costs(2)	15.4		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	1,771.0	$	1,725.6
	As of
	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt, net	$	14.7	$	70.5
Long-term debt, net	5,378.3		5,346.0
Debt discount and debt issuance costs(3)	46.8		57.9
Fair value adjustments to Anixter Senior Notes due 2023 and 2025(3)	(0.1)		(0.3)
Total debt	5,439.7		5,474.1
Less: Cash and cash equivalents	631.4		527.3
Total debt, net of cash	$	4,808.3	$	4,946.8
Financial leverage ratio	2.7		2.9

(1)Merger-related and integration costs include integration and professional fees associated with the integration of Wesco and Anixter, including digital transformation costs, as well as advisory, legal, and separation costs associated with the merger between the two companies.

(2)Restructuring costs include severance costs incurred pursuant to an ongoing restructuring plan.

(3)Debt is presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets net of debt discount and debt issuance costs, and includes adjustments to record the long-term debt assumed in the merger with Anixter at its acquisition date fair value.

Note: Financial leverage ratio is a non-GAAP measure of the use of debt. Financial leverage ratio is calculated by dividing total debt, excluding debt discount, debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments, net of cash, by adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA is defined as the trailing twelve months earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as the trailing twelve months EBITDA before other non-operating expense (income), non-cash stock-based compensation expense, merger-related and integration costs, and restructuring costs.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Most of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries have been taxed in the U.S. under either the one-time tax imposed on the deemed repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings, or the global intangible low-taxed income tax regime imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The distribution of earnings by our foreign subsidiaries in the form of dividends, or otherwise, may be subject to additional taxation. We believe that we can maintain sufficient liquidity for our domestic operations and commitments without repatriating cash from our foreign subsidiaries. Therefore, we continue to assert that the remaining undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested.

We finance our operating and investing needs primarily with borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and Receivables Facility, as well as uncommitted lines of credit entered into by certain of our foreign subsidiaries to support local operations, some of which are overdraft facilities. The Revolving Credit Facility has a borrowing limit of $1,725 million and the purchase limit under the Receivables Facility is $1,625 million. As of September 30, 2023, we had $1,025.0 million and $1,550.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and Receivables Facility, respectively. The maximum borrowing limits of our international lines of credit vary by facility and range between $0.6 million and $10.0 million. Our international lines of credit generally are renewable on an annual basis and certain facilities are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Wesco Distribution. Accordingly, certain borrowings under these lines directly reduce availability under our Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, there was $8.2 million of borrowing capacity available under the international lines of credit that did not directly reduce availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, we had $7.9 million outstanding under our international lines of credit.

As disclosed in Note 8, "Debt" of our Notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, on March 1, 2023, we repaid the $58.6 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023. The repayment was funded with borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and had no impact on our results of operations.

For additional disclosure of our debt instruments, including our outstanding indebtedness as of September 30, 2023, see Note 8, "Debt" of our Notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

An analysis of cash flow for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 follows:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the first nine months of 2023 totaled $423.9 million, compared to $410.6 million of cash used in operating activities for the first nine months of 2022. Net cash provided by operating activities for the first nine months of 2023 included net income of $623.6 million and non-cash adjustments to net income totaling $190.1 million, which primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization of $136.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $34.7 million, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $11.1 million, and deferred income taxes of $6.5 million. Other sources of cash in the first nine months of 2023 included an increase in other current and noncurrent liabilities of $46.8 million and a decrease in other accounts receivable of $18.7 million due primarily to the collection of supplier volume rebates earned in 2022 in excess of income accrued during the current period, partially offset by an increase in value-added tax receivables. Primary uses of cash in the first nine months of 2023 included an increase in trade accounts receivable of $133.4 million due to the timing of receipts from customers, a decrease in accrued payroll and benefit costs of $120.9 million resulting primarily from the payment of management incentive compensation earned in 2022, partially offset by the accrual of management incentive compensation earned in the current year, and a decrease in accounts payable of $86.5 million due to the timing of payments to suppliers. Net operating cash flow was also negatively impacted by $62.7 million from an increase in inventories. Inventories grew at a slower rate than sales, as supply chain lead times have normalized. Uses of cash in the first nine months of 2023 also included an increase in other current and noncurrent assets of $51.8 million primarily due to an increase in capitalized costs associated with developing cloud computing arrangements to support our digital transformation initiatives.

Net cash used in operating activities for the first nine months of 2022 totaled $410.6 million, which included net income of $643.0 million and non-cash adjustments to net income totaling $193.0 million, which primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization of $135.6 million, stock-based compensation expense of $34.4 million, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $11.6 million, and deferred income taxes of $7.2 million. Other sources of cash in the first nine months of 2022 included an increase in accounts payable of $479.6 million due to higher purchases of inventory and an increase in other current and noncurrent liabilities of $102.6 million primarily due to an increase in accrued interest. Primary uses of cash in the first nine months of 2022 included an increase in inventories of $886.3 million due to investments to address supply chain challenges and to support increases in our sales backlog, including project-based business, an increase in trade accounts receivable of $737.6 million resulting from higher sales, an increase in other current and noncurrent assets of $101.4 million primarily due to an increase in capitalized costs associated with developing cloud computing arrangements to support our digital transformation initiatives, an increase in other accounts receivable of $15.1 million, and a decrease in accrued payroll and benefit costs of $88.4 million resulting primarily from the payment of management incentive compensation earned in 2021.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the first nine months of 2023 was $61.2 million compared to $57.2 million during the first nine months of 2022. Included in the first nine months of 2023 were capital expenditures of $63.6 million compared to $59.4 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2022. Capital expenditures in the first nine months of 2023 primarily consisted of internal-use computer software and information technology hardware to support our digital transformation initiatives, as well as equipment and leasehold improvements to support our global network of branches, warehouses and sales offices.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the first nine months of 2023 was $253.4 million, compared to $477.2 million of net cash provided by financing activities during the first nine months of 2022. During the first nine months of 2023, financing activities primarily consisted of net borrowings of $15.0 million related to our Receivables Facility, net borrowings of $1.7 million related to our Revolving Credit Facility, and the repayment of our $58.6 million aggregate principal amount of 5.50% Anixter Senior Notes due 2023. The first nine months of 2023 also included $57.6 million and $43.1 million of dividends paid to holders of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock, respectively, $68.0 million of payments for taxes related to the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, $50.0 million of common stock repurchases, and net proceeds on our various international lines of credit of approximately $1.0 million.

During the first nine months of 2022, financing activities primarily consisted of net borrowings of $294.1 million related to our Revolving Credit Facility, and net borrowings of $255.0 million related to our Receivables Facility. The first nine months of 2022 also included $43.1 million of dividends paid to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, $25.0 million of payments for taxes related to the exercise and vesting of stock-based awards, and net proceeds from our various international lines of credit of approximately $0.2 million.

Contractual Cash Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

There were no material changes in our contractual obligations and other commercial commitments that would require an update to the disclosure provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Seasonality

Our operating results are not significantly affected by seasonal factors. Sales during the first and fourth quarters have historically been affected by a reduced level of activity due to the impact of weather on projects. Sales typically increase beginning in March, with slight fluctuations per month through October. During periods of economic expansion or contraction, our sales by quarter have varied significantly from this pattern.

Critical Accounting Estimates

There have been no significant changes to the critical accounting estimates disclosed in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Recent Accounting Standards

See Note 2, "Accounting Policies" of our Notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of recently adopted and recently issued accounting standards.

Forward-Looking Statements

All statements made herein that are not historical facts should be considered as "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding business strategy, growth strategy, competitive strengths, productivity and profitability enhancement, competition, new product and service introductions and liquidity and capital resources, as well as statements regarding the expected benefits and costs of the transaction between Wesco and Anixter International Inc., including anticipated future financial and operating results, synergies, accretion and growth rates, and the combined company's plans, objectives and expectations. Such statements can generally be identified by the use of words such as "anticipate," "plan," "believe," "estimate," "intend," "expect," "project," and similar words, phrases or expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "could," "may," "should," "will," and "would," although not all forward-looking statements contain such words. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and beliefs of Wesco's management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, Wesco's management, current market trends and market conditions and involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of Wesco's and Wesco's management's control, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements.

Important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those presented or implied in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the failure to achieve the expected benefits of the transaction between Wesco and Anixter International Inc. or the anticipated benefits of Wesco's acquisition of Rahi Systems Holdings, Inc. in the expected timeframe or at all, unexpected costs or problems that may arise in successfully integrating the businesses of the companies, the impact of increased interest rates or borrowing costs, failure to adequately protect Wesco's intellectual property or successfully defend against infringement claims, failure to execute Wesco's environmental, social and governance (ESG) programs as planned, disruption of information technology systems or operations, natural disasters (including as a result of climate change), health epidemics, pandemics and other outbreaks (such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including any resurgences or new variants), supply chain disruptions, geopolitical issues, including the impact of the evolving conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine, the impact of sanctions imposed on, or other actions taken by the U.S. or other countries against, Russia or China, the increased risk of cyber incidents and exacerbation of key materials shortages, inflationary cost pressures, material cost increases, demand volatility, and logistics and capacity constraints, which may have a material adverse effect on the combined company's business, results of operations and financial condition. All such factors are difficult to predict and are beyond the company's control. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described above can be found in WESCO International, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and WESCO International, Inc.'s other reports filed with the SEC.

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks.

For a discussion of changes to the market risks that were previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, refer to Part I, Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and to Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors”.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

As set forth in Note 11, "Commitments and Contingencies" to the Notes to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, from time to time, a number of lawsuits and claims have been or may be asserted against us relating to the conduct of our business, including litigation relating to commercial, product and employment matters (including wage and hour). The outcome of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and some lawsuits may be determined adversely to us. However, management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any such pending matters is likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity, although the resolution in any fiscal period of one or more of these matters may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for that period.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A. to Part I of WESCO International, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table sets forth all issuer purchases of common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023:

	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
Period					(In millions)
July 1 – July 31, 2023	76,415	$	178.46	—	$	988.9
August 1 – August 31, 2023	325,769	$	153.64	325,449	$	938.9
September 1 – September 30, 2023	301	$	143.82	—	$	938.9
Total	402,485	$	158.34	325,449

(1)    These shares were surrendered by stock-based compensation plan participants to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising from the exercise of stock-settled stock appreciation rights, and vesting of restricted stock units and performance-based awards.

(2)    On June 1, 2022, Wesco announced that its Board of Directors authorized, on May 31, 2022, the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's common stock and Series A Preferred Stock. The share repurchase authorization has no expiration date and may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time without prior notice.

Item 5. Other Information.

(a)As previously reported, Glynis A. Bryan's concurrent service as an independent member of Wesco International's Board of Directors and as a director of a U.S. public utility company was subject to approval by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. During the third quarter that approval was received, and Ms. Bryan became a director of Wesco International and a member of its Audit Committee effective October 16, 2023.

Item 6.    Exhibits.

(a)Exhibits

(31)    Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications

(1) Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

(2) Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

(32)    Section 1350 Certifications

(1) Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

(2) Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

101.INS    XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104    Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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WESCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

WESCO International, Inc.

(Registrant)

November 2, 2023	By:	/s/ David S. Schulz
(Date)		David S. Schulz
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

November 2, 2023	By:	/s/ Matthew S. Kulasa
(Date)		Matthew S. Kulasa
		Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
		(Principal Accounting Officer)

46