itg_Current_Folio

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal period ended September 30, 2018

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

for the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-32722

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	95 - 2848406
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

165 Broadway, New York, New York	10006
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(212) 588 - 4000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer ☒		Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐		Smaller reporting company ☐

		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

At October 9, 2018, the Registrant had 33,030,064 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding.

Investment Technology Group, ITG, the ITG logo, AlterNet, ITG Net, POSIT, POSIT Alert, RFQ‑hub and Triton are registered trademarks or service marks of the Investment Technology Group, Inc. companies. Single Ticket Clearing and Algo Wheel are trademarks or service marks of the Investment Technology Group, Inc. companies.

PRELIMINARY NOTES

When we use the terms “ITG,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our,” we mean Investment Technology Group, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

In addition to the historical information contained throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, there are forward‑looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements regarding our expectations related to our future financial position, results of operations, revenues, cash flows, dividends, stock repurchases, financing plans, business and product strategies, competitive positions, as well as the plans and objectives of management for future operations, and all expectations concerning securities markets, client trading and economic trends are forward‑looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward‑looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “trend,” “potential” or “continue” and the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology.

Although we believe our expectations reflected in such forward‑looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions and beliefs, and on information currently available to our management, there can be no assurance that such expectations will prove to have been correct. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations reflected in the forward‑looking statements herein include, among others, general economic, business, credit, political and financial market conditions, both internationally and domestically, financial market volatility, fluctuations in market trading volumes, effects of inflation, adverse changes or volatility in interest rates, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, evolving industry regulations and increased regulatory scrutiny, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings or governmental or regulatory investigations and customer or shareholder reaction to, or further proceedings or sanctions based on, such matters, the volatility of our stock price, changes in tax policy or accounting rules, the ability of the Company to utilize its loss and tax credit carryforwards, the actions of both current and potential new competitors, changes in commission pricing, rapid changes in technology, errors or malfunctions in our systems or technology, operational risks related to misconduct or errors by our employees or entities with which we do business, cash flows into or redemptions from equity mutual funds, ability to meet the capital and liquidity requirements of our securities businesses and the related clearing of our customers’ trades, customer trading patterns, the success of our products and service offerings, our ability to continue to innovate and meet the demands of our customers for new or enhanced products, our ability to protect our intellectual property, our ability to execute on strategic initiatives or transactions, our ability to attract and retain talented employees, our ability to pay dividends or repurchase our common stock in the future, the completion of the Merger (as defined in Note 20, Subsequent Event, to the condensed consolidated financial statements) in a timely manner or at all, obtaining required governmental approvals of the Merger on the terms expected or on the anticipated schedule, our stockholders failing to approve the Merger, the parties to the Merger Agreement (as defined in Note 20, Subsequent Event, to the condensed consolidated financial statements) failing to satisfy other conditions to the completion of the Merger, or failing to meet expectations regarding the timing and completion of the Merger, the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of the Merger Agreement, the effect of the announcement or pendency of the Merger on our business relationships, operating results, and business generally, risks that the proposed Merger disrupts our current operations and potential difficulties in employee retention as a result of the Merger, risks related to diverting management’s attention from our ongoing business operations, the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us related to the Merger Agreement or the Merger, and the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and other charges related to the Merger.

Certain of these factors, and other factors, are more fully discussed in Item 1A, Risk Factors, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, which you are encouraged to read. Our

PART I. — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	(Unaudited)
	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	240,152	$	287,452
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other		16,990		18,599
Deposits with clearing organizations		80,980		57,388
Securities owned, at fair value		656		1,559
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		257,287		193,907
Receivables from customers		132,940		74,695
Premises and equipment, net		48,865		53,960
Capitalized software, net		42,144		41,259
Goodwill		10,656		11,054
Intangibles, net		13,206		14,040
Income taxes receivable		21		3,917
Deferred tax assets		4,682		4,902
Other assets		43,180		22,124
Total assets	$	891,759	$	784,856
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	218,002	$	166,495
Short-term bank loans		52,272		101,422
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		200,804		119,278
Payables to customers		53,010		23,568
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		987		1
Income taxes payable		4,673		6,003
Deferred tax liabilities		1,800		1,750
Term debt		2,148		3,104
Total liabilities		533,696		421,621
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding		—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 52,748,475 and 52,639,823 shares issued at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		527		526
Additional paid-in capital		253,325		250,216
Retained earnings		481,550		486,957
Common stock held in treasury, at cost; 19,729,848 and 20,038,809 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		(349,517)		(353,067)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax)		(27,822)		(21,397)
Total stockholders’ equity		358,063		363,235
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	891,759	$	784,856

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	99,233	$	93,475	$	315,253	$	293,919
Recurring		19,412		18,930		59,056		56,813
Other		2,124		2,126		6,421		6,215
Total revenues		120,769		114,531		380,730		356,947

Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		45,244		46,755		136,130		139,433
Transaction processing		23,293		23,428		76,342		73,766
Occupancy and equipment		15,926		14,945		45,756		45,247
Telecommunications and data processing services		12,653		12,189		38,244		36,345
Restructuring charges		3,436		—		10,601		—
Other general and administrative		16,969		18,670		63,792		53,684
Interest expense		489		499		1,463		1,529
Total expenses		118,010		116,486		372,328		350,004
Income (loss) before income tax expense		2,759		(1,955)		8,402		6,943
Income tax expense		2,530		45,012		6,831		43,965
Net income (loss)	$	229	$	(46,967)	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.01	$	(1.42)	$	0.05	$	(1.12)
Diluted	$	0.01	$	(1.42)	$	0.05	$	(1.12)
Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding		33,002		33,105		32,976		33,060
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding		34,421		33,105		34,202		33,060

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Net income (loss)	$	229	$	(46,967)	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Currency translation adjustment		(799)		5,437		(6,425)		12,193
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(799)		5,437		(6,425)		12,193
Comprehensive loss	$	(570)	$	(41,530)	$	(4,854)	$	(24,829)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(In thousands, except share amounts)


									Common		Accumulated
					Additional				Stock		Other		Total
	Preferred		Common		Paid-in		Retained		Held in		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	Stock		Stock		Capital		Earnings		Treasury		Income/(Loss)		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	—	$	526	$	250,216	$	486,957	$	(353,067)	$	(21,397)	$	363,235
Net income		—		—		—		1,571		—		—		1,571
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(6,425)		(6,425)
Issuance of common stock in connection with restricted stock unit awards (1,098,993 shares)		—		1		(17,854)		—		18,106		—		253
Issuance of common stock for the employee stock purchase plan (30,769 shares)		—		—		523		—		—		—		523
Shares withheld for net settlements of share-based awards (429,560 shares)		—		—		—		—		(8,815)		—		(8,815)
Purchase of common stock for treasury (286,696 shares)		—		—		—		—		(5,814)		—		(5,814)
Dividends declared on common stock		—		—		13		(6,932)		73		—		(6,846)
Share-based compensation		—		—		20,427		—		—		—		20,427
Cumulative effect of accounting change		—		—		—		(46)				—		(46)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	—	$	527	$	253,325	$	481,550	$	(349,517)	$	(27,822)	$	358,063

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		33,145		33,687
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		584		35,182
Provision for doubtful accounts		401		451
Non-cash share-based compensation		20,427		15,730
Leasehold asset write-off		1,444		—
Goodwill and other asset impairment		—		325
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Deposits with clearing organizations		(25,277)		(15,244)
Securities owned, at fair value		902		813
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		(74,091)		(43,275)
Receivables from customers		(61,827)		(33,608)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		54,089		(18,942)
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations		87,812		661
Payables to customers		30,197		29,628
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value		1,017		(209)
Income taxes receivable/payable		2,582		2,592
Other, net		(19,214)		(5,685)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		53,762		(34,916)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Investment in venture		(612)		—
Capital purchases		(10,250)		(10,228)
Capitalization of software development costs		(20,361)		(21,014)
Net cash used in investing activities		(31,223)		(31,242)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Repayments of long term debt		(955)		(3,963)
Proceeds from (repayments of) borrowing under short-term bank loans		(47,197)		29,846
Debt issuance costs		(751)		(762)
Common stock issued		776		776
Common stock repurchased		(5,814)		(7,404)
Dividends paid		(6,871)		(6,891)
Shares withheld for net settlements of share-based awards		(8,815)		(10,484)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(69,627)		1,118
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(1,821)		(935)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(48,909)		(65,975)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period		306,051		318,330
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period	$	257,142	$	252,355

Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	3,775	$	3,412
Income taxes paid, net	$	3,661	$	7,421

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Investment in venture	$	1,393	$	—

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(1) Organization and Basis of Presentation

Investment Technology Group, Inc. (the “Company” or “ITG”) was formed as a Delaware corporation on July 22, 1983. Its principal subsidiaries include: (1) ITG Inc., AlterNet Securities, Inc. (“AlterNet”) and ITG Derivatives LLC (through February 16, 2018) (“ITG Derivatives”), institutional broker-dealers in the United States (“U.S.”), (2) ITG Canada Corp., an institutional broker-dealer in Canada, (3) Investment Technology Group Limited, an institutional broker-dealer in Europe, (4) ITG Australia Limited, an institutional broker-dealer in Australia, (5) ITG Hong Kong Limited, an institutional broker-dealer in Hong Kong, (6) ITG Software Solutions, Inc., the Company’s intangible property, software development and maintenance subsidiary in the U.S., and (7) ITG Solutions Network, Inc., a holding company for ITG Analytics, Inc., a provider of pre- and post-trade analysis, fair value and trade optimization services, and ITG Platforms Inc., a provider of workflow technology solutions and network connectivity services for the financial community.

ITG is a global financial technology company that helps leading brokers and asset managers improve returns for investors around the world. ITG empowers traders to reduce the end-to-end cost of implementing investments via liquidity, execution, analytics and workflow technology solutions. ITG has offices in Asia Pacific, Europe and North America and offers execution services in more than 50 countries.

The Company’s business is organized into four reportable operating segments: U.S. Operations, Canadian Operations, European Operations and Asia Pacific Operations (see Note 16, Segment Reporting).

The four operating segments offer a wide range of solutions for asset managers and broker‑dealers in the areas of execution services, workflow technology and analytics. These offerings include trade execution services and solutions for portfolio management, as well as pre‑trade analytics and post‑trade analytics and processing.

Regional segment results exclude the impact of Corporate activity, which is presented separately and includes investment income from treasury activity, certain non-operating revenues and other gains as well as costs not associated with operating the businesses within the Company’s regional segments. These costs include, among others, (a) the costs of being a public company, such as certain staff costs, a portion of external audit fees, and reporting, filing and listing costs, (b) intangible asset amortization, (c) interest expense, (d) professional fees associated with the Company's global transfer pricing structure, (e) foreign exchange gains or losses and (f) certain non-operating expenses.

The condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”). All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for the fair presentation of the financial statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and regulations; however, management believes that the disclosures herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. This report should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update 2014‑09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This standard created Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“ASC 606”), providing companies with a single five step revenue recognition model for use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes current revenue recognition guidance, including industry‑specific revenue guidance. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted

Fair value measurements for those items measured on a recurring basis are as follows (dollars in thousands):


September 30, 2018	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market mutual funds	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	—
Securities owned, at fair value:
Corporate stocks - trading securities		18		18		—		—
Mutual funds		638		638		—		—
Total	$	657	$	657	$	—	$	—
Liabilities
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value:
Corporate stocks - trading securities		987		987		—		—
Total	$	987	$	987	$	—	$	—


December 31, 2017	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Securities owned, at fair value:
Corporate stocks - trading securities	$	78	$	78	$	—	$	—
Mutual funds		1,481		1,481		—		—
Total	$	1,559	$	1,559	$	—	$	—
Liabilities
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value:
Corporate stocks - trading securities		1		1		—		—
Total	$	1	$	1	$	—	$	—

Cash and cash equivalents other than bank deposits are measured at fair value and primarily include money market mutual funds.

Securities owned, at fair value and securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value include corporate stocks, equity index mutual funds and bond mutual funds, all of which are exchange traded.

Certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities are carried at contracted amounts that approximate fair value. Assets and liabilities that are recorded at contracted amounts approximating fair value consist primarily of receivables from and payables to brokers, dealers, clearing organizations and customers. These receivables and payables to brokers, dealers, clearing organizations and customers are short-term in nature and, following September 30, 2018, substantially all have settled at the contracted amounts.

The Company believes the carrying amounts of its term-debt obligations at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 approximate fair value because the interest rates on these instruments change with, or approximate, market interest rates.

(3) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Under ASC 606, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring those goods or services. The following is a description of the Company’s revenue recognition policies and balances as it relates to revenue from contracts with customers.

Revenue from contracts with customers was $119.3 million and $376.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The majority of the Company’s revenues fall under the scope of ASC 606, with the exception of investment and dividend income, gains and losses on temporary securities positions assumed and other miscellaneous income, all of which are presented within the other revenue line item on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The tables within Note 16, Segment Reporting, provide revenue disaggregated by reportable geographic operating segment and by product group.

Upon adoption, the Company recorded a net cumulative-effect decrease to opening retained earnings of approximately $50 thousand as of January 1, 2018, which is primarily related to:

(i)

the deferral of commissions allocated to analytics products in bundled commission arrangements where the analytics services have not yet been transferred to the customer as of December 31, 2017, but whose commissions were appropriately recognized in the previous year under the superseded revenue recognition guidance; and

(ii)

the acceleration of revenue for certain product license fees associated with the licenses of software recognized at the point in time the customer is able to use and benefit from the license, instead of being appropriately recognized over the license period under the superseded revenue recognition guidance.

The net impacts to the condensed consolidated statements of operations of adopting ASC 606 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2018
Net increase (decrease) in commissions and fees	$	2,106	$	(2,809)
Net (decrease) increase in recurring revenues		(446)		422
Net increase (decrease) in total revenues	$	1,660	$	(2,387)

At September 30, 2018, the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition include an increase to receivables from customers of $1.1 million related to the acceleration of license fees and an increase to accounts payable and accrued expenses of $3.7 million related to the deferral of commissions in bundled commission arrangements.

The following provides detailed information on the Company’s material performance obligations and how revenue is recognized.

Execution Services

The Company earns commissions for providing equity trade execution services to customers, with each trade executed on the client’s behalf representing a separate performance obligation that is satisfied at a point in time. Commission rates are fixed and revenue is recognized on the trade date. These revenues are presented within the commissions and fees line item on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company also permits institutional customers to allocate a portion of their gross commissions to pay for research, commonly known as soft dollars. The customer controls the use of the soft dollars and directs payments to third party service providers on its behalf. All amounts allocated to soft dollar arrangements are netted against commission revenues.

Workflow Technology

Through its front-end workflow solutions and network capabilities, the Company provides order and trade execution management and order routing services.

The Company provides trade order routing from its execution management system (“EMS”) to its execution services offerings, with each trade order routed through the EMS representing a separate performance obligation that is satisfied at a point in time. A portion of the commissions earned on the trade is then allocated to Workflow Technology based on the stand-alone selling price paid by third-party brokers for order routing. The remaining commission is allocated to Execution Services using a residual allocation approach. Commissions earned are fixed and revenue is recognized on the trade date. Commissions are presented within the commissions and fees line item on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Activity and liability balances recorded as part of the restructuring plan through September 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Employee		Consolidation
	Separation		of Leased
	Costs		Facilities		Total
Restructuring charges recognized - March 31, 2018	$	7,165	$	—	$	7,165
Restructuring charges recognized - September 30, 2018		1,135		2,301		3,436
Total Restructuring Charges - 2018		8,300		2,301		10,601
Cash payments		(3,674)		(360)		(4,034)
Acceleration of share-based compensation		(2,702)		—		(2,702)
Asset write-off		—		(390)		(390)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	1,924	$	1,551	$	3,475

The payment of the accrued costs for the 2018 restructuring is expected to continue through the first quarter of 2019. The payment of the remaining accrued costs related to the vacated leased facilities will continue through July 2027.

2016 Restructuring

As part of an end-to-end review of its business in 2016, the Company determined that its strategy is to increasingly focus its resources on its core capabilities in liquidity, execution, analytics and workflow technology solutions. To that end, in 2016, the Company implemented restructuring plans to (i) reduce headcount in its single stock sales trading and sales organizations, (ii) close its U.S. matched-book securities lending operations and its Canadian arbitrage trading desk and (iii) identify additional annual cost savings from management delayering and the elimination of certain positions.

Activity and liability balances recorded as part of the restructuring plan through September 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	6
Asset write-off		(6)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	—

(6) Cash

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Cash Restricted or Segregated Under Regulations and Other

Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other represents (i) a special reserve bank account for the exclusive benefit of customers (“Special Reserve Bank Account”) maintained by ITG Inc. in accordance with Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Customer Protection Rule”), or agreements for proprietary accounts of broker dealers (“PABs”), (ii) funds on deposit for Canadian and European trade clearing and settlement activity, (iii) segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers, and (iv) funds relating to the securitization of bank guarantees supporting the Company’s Australian and French leases.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents together with restricted cash as reported within the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition to the sum of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.


	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	240,152	$	287,452
Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other		16,990		18,599
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows	$	257,142	$	306,051

(7) Securities Owned and Sold, Not Yet Purchased

The following is a summary of securities owned and securities sold, not yet purchased (dollars in thousands):


					Securities Sold, Not Yet
	Securities Owned				Purchased
	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Corporate stocks - trading securities	$	18	$	78	$	987	$	1
Mutual funds		638		1,481		—		—
Total	$	656	$	1,559	$	987	$	1

Trading securities owned and sold, not yet purchased primarily consists of temporary positions obtained in the normal course of agency trading activities, including positions held in connection with the creation and redemption of exchange-traded funds on behalf of clients.

(8) Income Taxes

The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017, and introduced significant changes to U.S. income tax law. Effective in 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the U.S. statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and created new taxes in the U.S. on income in certain foreign controlled corporations, which are referred to as the global intangible low-taxed income tax (“GILTI”), and imposed a new tax on certain related party payments under the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”). The inclusion of income earned in controlled foreign corporations under the GILTI regime did not result in any incremental U.S. tax expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to the impact of U.S. tax losses. The Company does not expect to be subject to the BEAT tax in 2018.

Due to the timing of the enactment and the complexity involved in applying the provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company has made reasonable estimates of the effects and recorded provisional amounts in its 2017 results. As the Company collects and prepares necessary data and interprets the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS, and other standard-setting bodies, additional adjustments to the provisional amounts may be made. Information needed to adjust provisional amounts include the completion of all international 2017 income tax returns. These additional adjustments are not expected to materially impact the provision for income taxes and effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made. We expect the final accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.

A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized only if it is more-likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company realized a $1.9 million tax benefit related to the resolution of a multi-year contingency in the U.S.

The Company maintained reserves for unrecognized tax benefits of $5.7 million at September 30, 2018 and $7.7 million at December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018, $4.3 million of the unrecognized tax benefits was netted against fully reserved U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company had accrued interest expense related to tax reserves of $1.2 million and $1.6 million, net of related tax effects, at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

(9) Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by the Company’s European Operations segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):


	Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	11,054
Currency translation adjustment		(398)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	10,656

Other Intangible Assets

Acquired other intangible assets consisted of the following at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):


	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Gross Carrying		Accumulated		Useful Lives
	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Amortization		(Years)
Trade name	$	8,524	$	—	$	8,529	$	—	—
Customer-related intangibles		9,665		6,154		10,217		6,219	17.0
Proprietary software		23,256		22,474		23,321		22,197	8.5
Trading rights		339		—		339		—	—
Other		50		—		50		—	—
Total	$	41,834	$	28,628	$	42,456	$	28,416

At September 30, 2018, indefinite-lived intangibles not subject to amortization amounted to $8.9 million, of which $8.4 million related to the POSIT trade name.

Amortization expense for definite-lived intangibles was $0.3 million and $0.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared with $0.3 million and $1.0 million in the respective prior year periods. These amounts are included in other general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table represents the changes in the carrying amount of net intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):


	Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	14,040
Amortization		(762)
Currency translation adjustment		(72)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	13,206

(10) Receivables and Payables

Receivables from, and Payables to, Brokers, Dealers and Clearing Organizations

The following is a summary of receivables from, and payables to, brokers, dealers and clearing organizations (dollars in thousands):


	Receivables from				Payables to
	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Broker-dealers	$	221,241	$	189,817	$	172,773	$	105,022
Clearing organizations		17,896		708		1,492		10,011
Securities borrowed		19,135		4,246		—		—
Securities loaned		—		—		26,539		4,245
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(985)		(864)		—		—
Total	$	257,287	$	193,907	$	200,804	$	119,278

See Securities Borrowed and Loaned below.

Receivables from, and Payables to, Customers

The following is a summary of receivables from, and payables to, customers (dollars in thousands):


	Receivables from				Payables to
	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Customers	$	133,399	$	75,062	$	53,010	$	23,568
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(459)		(367)		—		—
Net	$	132,940	$	74,695	$	53,010	$	23,568

Securities Borrowed and Loaned

Balances for securities borrowed and securities loaned relate to customer settlement activities. Deposits paid for securities borrowed and deposits received for securities loaned are recorded at the amount of cash collateral advanced or received. Deposits paid for securities borrowed transactions require the Company to deposit cash with the lender. With respect to deposits received for securities loaned, the Company receives collateral in the form of cash in an amount generally in excess of the market value of the securities loaned. The Company monitors the market value of the securities borrowed and loaned on a daily basis, with additional collateral obtained or refunded, as necessary.

The Company’s securities borrowing and lending is generally done under industry standard agreements (“Master Securities Lending Agreements”) that may allow, following an event of default by either party, the prompt close-out of all transactions (including the liquidation of securities held) and the offsetting of obligations to return cash or securities, as the case may be, by the non-defaulting party. Events of default under the Master Securities Lending Agreements generally include, subject to certain conditions: (i) failure to timely deliver cash or securities as required under the transaction, (ii) a party’s insolvency, bankruptcy, or similar proceeding, (iii) breach of representation, and (iv) a material breach of the agreement. The counterparty that receives the securities in these transactions generally has unrestricted access in its use of the securities. For financial statement purposes, the Company does not offset securities borrowed and securities loaned.

The following table summarizes the transactions under certain Master Securities Lending Agreements that may be eligible for offsetting if an event of default occurred and a right of offset was legally enforceable (dollars in thousands):


			Gross Amounts		Net Amounts		Collateral
			Offset in the		Presented in the		Received or
	Gross Amounts of		Consolidated		Consolidated		Pledged
	Recognized Assets/		Statement of		Statement of		(including		Net
	(Liabilities)		Financial Condition		Financial Condition		Cash)		Amount
As of September 30, 2018:
Deposits paid for securities borrowed	$	19,135	$	—	$	19,135	$	19,135	$	—
Deposits received for securities loaned		(26,539)		—		(26,539)		(26,365)		(174)
As of December 31, 2017:
Deposits paid for securities borrowed	$	4,246	$	—	$	4,246	$	4,246	$	—
Deposits received for securities loaned		(4,245)		—		(4,245)		(4,229)		(16)

(11) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

The following is a summary of accounts payable and accrued expenses (dollars in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued research payables	$	81,092	$	51,275
Accrued compensation and benefits		28,866		37,911
Accrued costs for potential class action lawsuit settlement		18,000		—
Accrued costs for potential SEC settlement		12,000		—
Accrued rent		13,013		14,821
Trade payables		16,798		20,820
Deferred revenue		11,593		8,057
Deferred compensation		1,753		2,525
Accrued restructuring		3,475		6
Accrued transaction processing		4,046		3,257
Other		27,366		27,823
Total	$	218,002	$	166,495

(12) Borrowings

Short-term Bank Loans

The Company’s international securities clearance and settlement activities are funded with operating cash or with short-term bank loans in the form of overdraft facilities. At September 30, 2018, there was $52.3 million outstanding under these facilities at a weighted average interest rate of approximately 2.0% associated with international settlement activities.

In the U.S., securities clearance and settlement activities are funded with operating cash, securities loaned or with short-term bank loans under a committed credit agreement described below.

ITG Inc., as borrower, and Investment Technology Group, Inc. (“Parent Company”), as guarantor, maintained a $150 million 364-day revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banks and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, that matured in January 2018. On January 26, 2018, ITG Inc., as borrower, and Parent Company, as guarantor, entered into a new $150 million 364-day revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of banks and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. The agreement expires on January 25, 2019. At September 30, 2018, there were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

Term Debt

The Company had term loans of $2.1 million and $3.1 million outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

On December 21, 2017, the Company entered into a three year, $0.7 million note and security agreement with Hewlett-Packard Financial Services (“H-P Veritas Loan”), under which purchases of new software licenses and support were financed. The loan principal is payable in three installments, of which approximately $240 thousand was paid in January 2018 and two installments of approximately $230 thousand are payable in January and March of 2019. The loan does not accrue interest.

On December 30, 2015, the Parent Company entered into a five year, $3.6 million note and security agreement with Hewlett-Packard Financial Services (“H-P Loan”), under which purchases of new server equipment, software license fees, maintenance fees and fees for other services were financed. The loan principal is payable in twenty quarterly installments of $195,000 that began in April 2016 and accrues interest at 2.95%. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there was $1.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively, outstanding under the H-P Loan.

(13) Earnings Per Share

The following is a reconciliation of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):


	September 30,
	2018		2017
Three Months Ended
Net income (loss) for basic and diluted income (loss) per share	$	229	$	(46,967)
Shares of common stock and common stock equivalents:
Average common shares used in basic computation		33,002		33,105
Effect of dilutive securities		1,419		—
Average common shares used in diluted computation		34,421		33,105
Income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.01	$	(1.42)
Diluted	$	0.01	$	(1.42)

Nine Months Ended
Net income (loss) for basic and diluted income (loss) per share	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Shares of common stock and common stock equivalents:
Average common shares used in basic computation		32,976		33,060
Effect of dilutive securities		1,226		—
Average common shares used in diluted computation		34,202		33,060
Income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.05	$	(1.12)
Diluted	$	0.05	$	(1.12)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were approximately 6 thousand and 70 thousand average shares, respectively, that were anti-dilutive and thus not included in the computation of diluted EPS. There were no anti-dilutive equity awards for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 due to the fact that the Company recorded losses.

(14) Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The components and allocated tax effects of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(27,023)
Other comprehensive loss		(799)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(27,822)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at June 30, 2017	$	(27,221)
Other comprehensive income		5,437
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	(21,784)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(21,397)
Other comprehensive loss		(6,425)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	(27,822)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	(33,977)
Other comprehensive income		12,193
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	(21,784)

Deferred taxes have not been provided on the cumulative undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries or the cumulative translation adjustment related to those investments due to the internal capital structure for the Company’s foreign subsidiaries and the inclusion of foreign earnings and profits in U.S. taxable income pursuant to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

(15) Net Capital Requirement

ITG Inc. and AlterNet are subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3‑1), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital. ITG Inc. has elected to use the alternative method permitted by Rule 15c3‑1, which requires that ITG Inc. maintain minimum net capital equal to the greater of $1.0 million or 2% of aggregate debit balances arising from customer transactions, as defined. AlterNet has elected to use the basic method permitted by Rule 15c3‑1, which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital equal to the greater of 6 2/3% of aggregate indebtedness or $100,000. Dividends or withdrawals of capital cannot be made if capital is needed to comply with regulatory requirements.

Net capital balances and the amounts in excess of required net capital at September 30, 2018 for the U.S. Operations are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Net Capital		Excess
U.S. Operations
ITG Inc.	$	81,073		80,073
AlterNet		5,817		5,717

As of September 30, 2018, ITG Inc. had $9.4 million of cash in a Special Reserve Bank Account for the benefit of customers under the Customer Protection Rule pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3, Computation for Determination of Reserve Requirements and $3.5 million under PABs.

In addition, the Company’s Canadian, European and Asia Pacific Operations have subsidiaries with regulatory capital requirements. The regulatory net capital balances and amount of regulatory capital in excess of the minimum

requirements applicable to each business at September 30, 2018, is summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands):


	Net Capital		Excess
Canadian Operations
Canada	$	22,002		21,616
European Operations
Ireland		43,308		12,607
U.K.		1,430		455
Asia Pacific Operations
Australia		30,122		15,045
Hong Kong		2,933		2,485
Singapore		1,130		1,057

(16) Segment Reporting

The Company is organized into four geographic operating segments through which the Company’s chief operating decision maker manages the Company’s business. The U.S., Canadian, European and Asia Pacific Operations segments provide the following categories of products and services:

Execution Services — includes (a) liquidity matching through POSIT, (b) self-directed trading using algorithms (including single stocks and portfolio lists) and smart routing, (c) portfolio trading and single stock sales trading desks providing execution expertise and (d) futures and options trading

Workflow Technology — includes trade order and execution management software applications in addition to network connectivity

Analytics — includes (a) tools enabling portfolio managers and traders to improve pre-trade, real-time and post-trade execution performance, (b) portfolio construction and optimization decisions and (c) securities valuation

The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company allocates resources to, and evaluates the performance of, its reportable segments based on income or loss before income tax expense (benefit). Consistent with the Company’s resource allocation and operating performance evaluation approach, the effects of inter-segment activities are eliminated except in limited circumstances where certain costs are allocated to a segment to support that segment’s activities. Commissions and fees revenue for trade executions and commission share revenues are principally attributed to each segment based upon the location of execution of the related transaction except that commissions and fees for trade executions by Canadian clients in the U.S. market are attributed to the Canadian Operations instead of the U.S. Operations. Recurring revenues are principally attributed based upon the location of the client using the respective service.

In 2018, the Company changed the way it measures the profitability of its regional segments to reflect the global nature of its business operations. Certain costs for senior management, product management, marketing, management information systems and infrastructure that are incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the entire Company are now being allocated to the international segments. For comparability purposes, the Company has restated previously reported segment results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 to reflect these changes.

A summary of the segment financial information is as follows (dollars in thousands):


	U.S.		Canadian		European		Asia Pacific
	Operations		Operations		Operations		Operations		Corporate		Consolidated
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Total revenues	$	45,398	$	16,190	$	40,019	$	18,524	$	638	$	120,769
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense (1)(3)(4)		(2,736)		1,833		9,377		3,852		(9,567)		2,759
Identifiable assets		389,240		96,951		315,351		90,217		—		891,759
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Total revenues	$	47,403	$	15,055	$	36,256	$	15,327	$	490	$	114,531
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense (2)(6)		(6,333)		738		7,662		2,204		(6,226)		(1,955)
Identifiable assets		338,000		75,332		323,142		57,571		—		794,045
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Total revenues	$	141,910	$	51,967	$	127,760	$	57,561	$	1,532	$	380,730
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense (1)(3)(4)		(5,090)		8,712		31,726		12,532		(39,478)		8,402
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Total revenues	$	153,559	$	47,521	$	111,707	$	42,990	$	1,170	$	356,947
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense (5)(6)		(12,646)		6,034		27,170		4,117		(17,732)		6,943

Notes:

(1)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred a charge to establish an accrual of $12.0 million for a potential settlement with the SEC of an investigation into the operational features of U.S. POSIT and access to U.S. POSIT data, together with certain related disclosures, and incurred related legal fees of $0.2 million. Additional legal fees of $0.8 million were incurred in the third quarter of 2018. For more information, see Note 19, Contingencies – Legal Matters.

(2)

The Company has restated segment results for the three months ended September 30, 2017, resulting in a decrease in U.S. expenses of $2.7 million and increases in expenses in Canada, Europe and Asia Pacific of $0.7 million, $1.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

(3)

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred restructuring charges of $3.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively, related to the elimination of certain positions in the U.S. and the reduction of office space in Los Angeles.

(4)

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company incurred a charge of $0.9 million to increase the liability for vacated space in New York.

(5)

The Company has restated segment results for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, resulting in a decrease in U.S. expenses of $8.0 million and increases in expenses in Canada, Europe and Asia Pacific of $2.0 million, $3.8 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

(6)

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company deemed the remaining value of a customer intangible asset recorded in ITG Derivatives of $0.3 million fully impaired and incurred legal fees of $0.8 million related to the formation of the Matrix derivatives venture that was completed in the first quarter of 2018.

The table below details the total revenues for the categories of products and services provided by the Company (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Revenues:
Execution Services	$	84,899	$	80,141	$	269,214		253,225
Workflow Technology		24,407		22,553		78,094		69,005
Analytics		10,825		11,347		31,890		33,547
Corporate (non-product)		638		490		1,532		1,170
Total Revenues	$	120,769	$	114,531	$	380,730	$	356,947

The product group revenues noted above are consistent with the revenues recognized under ASC 606, except that the table includes revenue of $0.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 in Analytics for functionality that is not a separate performance obligation from products and services provided by Workflow Technology and Execution Services.

(17) Dividend Program

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Board of Directors declared, and the Company paid, a quarterly dividend of $0.07 per share totaling $2.3 million, including less than $0.1 million in stock under the Company’s equity award plans. Dividends declared and paid during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 totaled $0.21 per share for $6.9 million, including $0.1 million in stock under the Company’s equity award plans.

(18) Off-Balance Sheet Risk and Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company is a member of various U.S. and non-U.S. exchanges and clearing houses that trade and clear, respectively, equities and/or derivative contracts. Associated with the Company’s membership, the Company may be required to pay a proportionate share of financial obligations of another member who may default on its obligations to the exchanges or the clearing house. While the rules governing different exchange or clearing house memberships vary, in general, the Company’s obligations would arise only if the exchanges and clearing houses had previously exhausted other remedies. The maximum potential payout under these memberships cannot be estimated. The Company has not recorded any contingent liability in the condensed consolidated financial statements for these agreements and believes that any potential requirement to make payments under these agreements is remote. In the ordinary course of business, the Company guarantees obligations of subsidiaries which may arise from third-party clearing relationships and trading counterparties. The activities of the subsidiaries covered by these guarantees are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company is also subject to indemnification provisions within agreements with third-party clearing brokers in certain jurisdictions whereby the Company is obligated to reimburse the clearing broker, without limit, for losses incurred due to a counterparty’s failure to satisfy its contractual obligations.

The Company’s customer financing and securities settlement activities may require the Company to pledge customer securities as collateral in support of various secured financing transactions such as bank loans. In the event the financing counterparty is unable to meet its contractual obligation to return customer securities pledged as collateral, the Company may be exposed to the risk of acquiring the securities at prevailing market prices in order to satisfy its customer obligations. The Company controls this risk by monitoring the market value of securities pledged on a daily basis and by requiring adjustments of collateral levels in the event of excess market exposure.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, securities owned at fair value, receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and receivables from customers. Cash and cash equivalents and securities owned, at fair value are deposited with high credit quality financial institutions.

In connection with customer settlement activities, the Company loans securities temporarily to other brokers. The Company receives cash as collateral for the securities loaned. Increases in security prices may cause the market value of the securities loaned to exceed the amount of cash received as collateral. In the event the counterparty to these transactions does not return the loaned securities, the Company may be exposed to the risk of acquiring the securities at prevailing market prices in order to satisfy its client obligations. The Company controls this risk by requiring credit approvals for counterparties, by monitoring the market value of securities loaned on a daily basis, and by requiring additional cash as collateral or returning collateral when necessary.

The Company also borrows securities temporarily from other brokers in connection with customer settlement activities. The Company deposits cash as collateral for the securities borrowed. Decreases in security prices may cause the market value of the securities borrowed to fall below the amount of cash deposited as collateral. In the event the counterparty to these transactions does not return collateral, the Company may be exposed to the risk of selling the securities at prevailing market prices. The Company controls this risk by requiring credit approvals for counterparties, by monitoring the collateral values on a daily basis, and by depositing additional collateral with counterparties or receiving cash when deemed necessary.

The Company may at times maintain inventories in equity securities on both a long and short basis. Whereas long inventory positions represent the Company’s ownership of securities, short inventory positions represent obligations of the Company to deliver specified securities at a contracted price, which may differ from market prices prevailing at the time of completion of the transaction. Accordingly, both long and short inventory positions may result in losses or gains to the Company as market values of securities fluctuate. To mitigate the risk of losses, long and short positions are recorded at fair value and are continuously monitored by the Company.

(19) Contingencies – Legal Matters

On November 7, 2018, ITG Inc. and AlterNet reached a final settlement with the SEC to resolve the previously disclosed investigation of certain operational features of the U.S. POSIT alternative trading system and access to U.S. POSIT data, together with related disclosures. According to the terms of the settlement, the Company will pay a $12 million civil penalty. The Company reserved $12 million for a potential settlement with the SEC in the second quarter of 2018. The Company also incurred $0.2 million in legal fees associated with this matter during the second quarter of 2018, and an additional $0.8 million in legal fees during the third quarter of 2018.

With regard to the operational features of U.S. POSIT, the resolution was focused on: (i) the technological infrastructure supporting the matching engine from 2010 through mid-2014, which affected the ability of mainly clients engaged in low-latency trading to interact with other POSIT flow and (ii) a delay feature added in 2014 to ITG’s Liquidity Guard anti-gaming technology designed to prevent latency arbitrage by temporarily preventing day orders submitted by certain clients engaged in low-latency trading from interacting with day orders from other clients. The resolution was also focused on: (i) overbroad internal access to, and internal sharing of, U.S. POSIT data, (ii) between October 2010 and July 2015, the sharing of anonymized lists of the top 100 symbols executed in U.S. POSIT and the top 100 symbols sent to U.S. POSIT as immediate-or-cancel orders on the prior trading day mainly with clients or prospective clients engaged in low-latency trading, (iii) between June 2009 and November 2017, the sharing of a venue analysis report that contained up to 15 symbols (and associated aggregated, anonymized volume) executed in U.S. POSIT on the prior trading day with users of the Company’s algorithms and (iv) instances of sharing of anonymized U.S. POSIT execution information with clients.

The Company has remediated the conduct described in the SEC’s order. The order acknowledges ITG’s cooperation and several of the Company’s most significant remedial actions, including enhanced compliance procedures, stricter limits on access to POSIT data and additional training of employees concerning the handling of POSIT data.

In addition to the above, the Company’s broker-dealer subsidiaries are regularly subject to, or involved in, investigations and other proceedings by government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, with respect to which the Company is cooperating. Such investigations and other proceedings may result in judgments, settlements, fines, disgorgements, penalties, injunctions or other relief. Given the inherent uncertainties and the current stage of these inquiries, and the Company’s ongoing reviews, the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters at this time.

The Company is not a party to any pending material legal proceedings other than claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business, except a putative class action lawsuit and a derivative action have been filed with respect to the Company and certain of its current and former directors and/or executives in connection with the Company’s announcement of the SEC matter described in the following paragraph (and other related actions could be filed).

On August 12, 2015, the Company reached a final settlement with the SEC in connection with the SEC’s investigation into a proprietary trading pilot operated within AlterNet for sixteen months in 2010 through mid-2011. The investigation was focused on customer disclosures, Form ATS regulatory filings and customer information controls relating to the pilot’s trading activity, which included (a) crossing against sell-side clients in POSIT and (b) violations of Company policy and procedures by a former employee. These violations principally involved information breaches for a period of several months in 2010 regarding sell-side parent orders flowing into ITG’s algorithms and executions by all customers in non-POSIT markets that were not otherwise available to ITG clients. According to the terms of the settlement, the Company paid an aggregate amount of $20.3 million, representing a civil penalty of $18 million, disgorgement of approximately $2.1 million in trading revenues and prejudgment interest of approximately $0.25 million.

In connection with the announcement of the SEC investigation regarding AlterNet, two putative class action lawsuits were filed with respect to the Company and certain of its current and former executives, which were consolidated into a single action captioned In re Investment Technology Group, Inc. Securities Litigation before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the defendants made material misrepresentations or omitted to disclose material facts concerning, among other subjects, the matters that were the subject of the SEC settlement regarding AlterNet and the SEC investigation that led to the SEC settlement. The

complaint seeks an unspecified amount of damages under the federal securities laws. On April 26, 2017, the court granted in part and denied in part the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint and granted the plaintiff leave to file a motion to amend its complaint. On June 12, 2017, the plaintiff filed a motion to amend its complaint against certain of the individual defendants who were dismissed from the case in the court’s April opinion. On March 23, 2018, the court denied plaintiff’s motion to amend, thereby affirming its dismissal of certain of the individual defendants from the case.

On April 19, 2018, the Company reached an agreement in principle to settle the consolidated securities class action lawsuit. In exchange for a release of claims and a dismissal with prejudice, the settlement includes a payment to class members of $18 million, which is well within the policy limits of, and is expected to be paid by, the Company’s insurance carrier. The condensed consolidated statements of financial condition as of June 30, 2018 include a payable to class members of $18.0 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses (also, see Note 11, Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses) that is fully offset by a receivable from the Company’s insurance carrier in other assets. As a result, the settlement is not expected to impact the Company’s results. The settlement reached is solely to eliminate the uncertainties, burden and expense of further protracted litigation and does not constitute an admission of liability by the Company or its current or former executives or directors. Specifically, the Company and its current and former executives and directors deny any liability or responsibility for the claims made and make no admission of any wrongdoing. On August 8, 2018, the parties filed a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement (the “Settlement”) with the court, which was amended on October 26, 2018 and preliminarily approved by the court on November 5, 2018. The Settlement is subject to certain conditions, including, among others, notice to the class of plaintiffs in the lawsuit and final court approval. There is no assurance that the final Settlement will be completed, final court approval will be obtained or that class member participation will be sufficient.

On November 27, 2015, a purported shareholder of the Company filed a shareholder derivative action captioned Watterson v. Gasser et al. against eleven current or former officers and directors of the Company in the Supreme Court for the State of New York. The Company is named as a nominal defendant, and the plaintiff purports to seek recovery on its behalf. The complaint generally alleges that the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in connection with the matters that were the subject of the SEC settlement regarding AlterNet.

While the Company cannot predict the outcome of the derivative lawsuit, the Company intends to defend it as appropriate. No reserve has been established for the derivative lawsuit since the Company is unable to provide a reasonable estimate of any potential liability given the stage of the proceeding. The Company believes, based on information currently available, that the outcome of the derivative lawsuit will not likely have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position. In light of the inherent uncertainties of such proceeding, an adverse outcome may have a material impact on the results of operations for any particular period.

(20) Subsequent Event

On November 6, 2018, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Virtu Financial, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Virtu”) and Impala Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Virtu (“Merger Sub”). The Merger Agreement provides for the merger of Merger Sub with and into the Company (the “Merger”), with the Company surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Virtu.

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of common stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than (i) shares of common stock owned by Virtu, Merger Sub, any affiliate of Virtu or Merger Sub, or the Company, in each case immediately prior to the Effective Time, and (ii) shares of common stock held by stockholders who have not voted in favor of the Merger and who have properly and validly perfected their statutory rights of appraisal in respect of such shares of common stock in accordance with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law) will be canceled and converted into the right to receive $30.30 in cash without interest (the “Merger Consideration”), subject to applicable tax withholding.

The respective obligations of the Company, Virtu and Merger Sub to consummate the Merger are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary conditions, including the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the Company’s stockholders, the receipt of certain required governmental approvals, the absence of any legal prohibitions,

Sources of Revenues

Revenues from our products and services are generated from commissions and fees, recurring (subscriptions) and other sources.

Commissions and fees are derived primarily from (i) commissions charged for trade execution services, (ii) income generated on net executions, whereby equity orders are filled at different prices within or at the National Best Bid and Offer (“NBBO”) and (iii) commission sharing arrangements between ITG Net (our private value‑added FIX‑based financial electronic communications network) and third‑party brokers and alternative trading systems whose trading products are made available to our clients on our order management system (“OMS”), and our execution management system (“EMS”), including the new Algo Wheel functionality we have embedded within Triton. The Algo Wheel is a broker-neutral tool for allocating trades to broker algorithms in an unbiased systematic fashion using a quantifiable method for evaluating and rewarding brokers for execution performance. We also have commission sharing arrangements for our Single Ticket Clearing service and our RFQ‑hub request‑for‑quote service. Because commissions are earned on a per‑transaction basis, such revenues fluctuate from period-to-period depending on (a) the volume of securities traded through our services in the U.S. and Canada, (b) the contract value of securities traded in Europe and the Asia Pacific region and (c) our commission rates. Certain factors that affect our volumes and contract values traded include: (i) macro trends in the global equities markets that affect overall institutional equity trading activity, (ii) competitive pressure, including pricing, created by the existence of electronic execution competitors and (iii) potential changes in market structure in the U.S. and other regions. In addition to share volume, revenues from net executions are also impacted by the width of spreads within the NBBO. Trade orders are delivered to us from our OMS and EMS products and other vendors’ products, direct computer‑to‑computer links to customers through ITG Net and third‑party networks and phone orders from our customers.

Recurring revenues are derived from the following primary sources: (i) connectivity fees generated for providing the sell-side the ability to receive orders from, and send indications of interest to, the buy‑side and for the sell‑side to receive requests‑for‑quotes through RFQ‑hub, (ii) software and analytical products and services and (iii) maintenance and customer technical support for our OMS.

Other revenues primarily include: (1) the net spread on foreign exchange transactions executed on a principal basis to facilitate equity trades by clients in different currencies, as well as on other foreign exchange transactions unrelated to equity trades, (2) non-recurring consulting services, such as one-time implementation and customer training related activities, (3) investment income from treasury activity, (4) interest income on securities borrowed in connection with customers’ settlement activities, (5) market gains/losses resulting from temporary positions in securities assumed in the normal course of agency trading (including trade errors and client trade accommodations), (6) non‑recurring gains and losses such as divestitures, (7) fees earned for clearing securities transactions on behalf of other broker-dealers and (8) fees earned for commission aggregation services.

As a result of adopting ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, we identified two key accounting changes that affect the timing of revenue recognition as it relates to bundled commission arrangements and fees for software licenses. The financial impact of these accounting changes includes (1) a deferral of revenues primarily generated in the first half of the year for commissions attributable to analytics products under bundled arrangements that will be recognized over the course of the year as the performance obligations for those analytics products are satisfied and (2) an acceleration of license fee revenues to the delivery date for software provided for a specified period. These changes only relate to the timing of when revenue is recognized and have no effect on the underlying transaction price of the products and services we perform. For more information on our evaluation of the revenue recognition standard and its impact on our financial statements, see Note 3, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Expenses

Compensation and employee benefits, our largest expense, consist of salaries and wages, incentive compensation, employee benefits and taxes. Incentive compensation fluctuates based on revenues, profitability and other measures, taking into account the competitive environment for key talent. Incentive compensation includes a combination of cash and deferred share‑based awards. Only the cash portion of incentive compensation is a variable expense in the current period. As a result, our ratio of compensation expense to revenues may fluctuate from period-to-period based on revenue levels.

related per share amounts as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 are provided below (dollars in thousands except per share amounts).


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Total expenses	$	118,010	$	116,486	$	372,328	$	350,004
Less:
SEC settlement accrual and related fees (1)		(815)		—		(13,031)		—
Restructuring (2)		(3,436)		—		(10,601)		—
Lease consolidation (3)		(897)		—		(897)		—
Impairment of customer intangible asset (4)		—		(325)		—		(325)
Legal costs related to the planned formation of the derivatives venture (4)		—		(750)				(750)
Adjusted expenses	$	112,862	$	115,411	$	347,799	$	348,929

Income (loss) before income tax expense	$	2,759	$	(1,955)	$	8,402	$	6,943
Effect of adjustments		5,148		1,075		24,529		1,075
Adjusted pre-tax income (loss)	$	7,907	$	(880)	$	32,931	$	8,018

Income tax expense	$	2,530	$	45,012	$	6,831	$	43,965
Reduction in tax reserves (5)		—		—		1,862		—
Valuation allowance for historical U.S. deferred tax assets (6)		—		(42,262)		—		(42,262)
Adjusted income tax expense	$	2,530	$	2,750	$	8,693	$	1,703

Net income (loss)	$	229	$	(46,967)	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Net effect of adjustments		5,148		43,337		22,667		43,337
Adjusted net income (loss)	$	5,377	$	(3,630)	$	24,238	$	6,315

Diluted income (loss) per share	$	0.01	$	(1.42)	$	0.05	$	(1.12)
Net effect of adjustments		0.15		1.31		0.66		1.30
Adjusted diluted income (loss) per share	$	0.16	$	(0.11)	$	0.71	$	0.18

(1)

In the second quarter of 2018, we incurred a charge to establish an accrual of $12.0 million for a potential settlement with the SEC of an investigation into the operational features of U.S. POSIT and access to U.S. POSIT data, together with certain related disclosures, and incurred related legal fees of $0.2 million. Additional legal fees of $0.8 million were incurred in the third quarter of 2018. Due to non-deductibility of the settlement charge and the full valuation allowance on U.S. deferred tax assets, there is no tax effect on this adjustment. For more information, see Note 19, Contingencies – Legal Matters, to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2)

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred restructuring charges of $3.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively, related to the elimination of certain positions in the U.S. and the reduction of office space in Los Angeles. Due to the full valuation on U.S. deferred tax assets, there is no tax effect on this adjustment.

(3)

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred a charge of $0.9 million to increase the liability for vacated office space in New York.

(4)

In the third quarter of 2017, we deemed the remaining value of a customer intangible asset recorded in ITG Derivatives of $0.3 million fully impaired and incurred legal fees of $0.8 million related to the formation of the Matrix derivatives venture that was completed in the first quarter of 2018.

(5)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we resolved a multi-year tax contingency in the U.S. and reduced tax reserves by $1.9 million.

(6)

In the third quarter of 2017, we determined that it was appropriate to establish a full valuation allowance on its U.S. deferred tax assets, of which $42.3 million related to periods prior to the third quarter of 2017.

Executive Summary for the Quarter Ended September 30, 2018

Consolidated Overview

Our overall results for the third quarter were improved from the third quarter of 2017, with solid performance from our international operations outpacing seasonally low market-wide trading, together with a narrower loss in the U.S.

Our revenues during the third quarter of 2018 were $120.8 million, up 5% from revenues of $114.5 million in the third quarter of 2017. We generated GAAP net income of $0.2 million, or $0.01 per diluted share, compared with a GAAP net loss of $47.0 million, or $1.42 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2017. Expenses of $118.0 million were up 1% from $116.5 million in the third quarter of 2017.

Our GAAP net income in the third quarter of 2018 included (i) a restructuring charge of $3.4 million, or $0.10 per diluted share, including a charge of $2.3 million to reduce our Los Angeles office footprint and a charge of $1.1 million to eliminate certain positions; (ii) a charge of $0.9 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, to increase the liability for vacated space in our New York office; and (iii) $0.8 million, or $0.02 per diluted share, in legal expenses related to the settlement of the U.S. POSIT matter with the SEC (see Note 19, Contingencies – Legal Matters, to the condensed consolidated financial statements). On an adjusted basis excluding those items, we generated net income of $5.4 million, or $0.16 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2018.

Our GAAP loss in the third quarter of 2017 included a non-cash charge of $42.3 million, or $1.28 per diluted share, to establish the full valuation allowance on U.S deferred tax assets that arose in prior periods and charges of $1.1 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, related to the formation of the Matrix derivatives venture. On an adjusted basis excluding those items, we generated a loss of $3.6 million, or $0.11 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2017.

Third quarter 2018 results continued to reflect the impact of a new accounting rule, implemented in January 2018, which requires global commission revenues attributed to analytics products under bundled arrangements to be recognized over the course of the annual service period. This change resulted in the recognition of $2.1 million in previously deferred commission revenues in the third quarter of 2018. In the first and second quarters of 2018 we deferred $3.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively of commission revenues attributable to bundled arrangements. We expect substantially all of the remaining $2.8 million that was deferred in the first half of the year to be recognized in the fourth quarter of 2018. The accounting change also reduced the amount of software license revenue recognized during the third quarter of 2018 by $0.4 million.

We are continuing our focus on the completion of our ten-quarter Strategic Operating Plan (“SOP”), which aims to enhance global capabilities in liquidity, execution, analytics and workflow technology solutions. As of September 30, 2018, our total investment under the plan since its inception in late July 2016 is approximately $38 million. The total cost reduction measures we have implemented since launching the SOP have resulted in annual savings of more than $30 million. These savings are fully funding investments we are making under the SOP and in strategic hires.

Segment Discussions

In 2018, we changed the way we measure the profitability of our regional segments to reflect the global nature of our business operations. Certain expenses that are incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the entire Company are now being allocated to the international segments. For comparability purposes, we have restated previously reported segment results for the third quarter of 2017 resulting in a decrease in U.S. expenses of $2.7 million and increases in expenses in Canada, Europe and Asia Pacific of $0.7 million, $1.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

In the U.S., our average daily volume (“ADV”) was 4% lower than the second quarter of 2018, and 2% higher than the third quarter of 2017. Consolidated market-wide trading activity was down 8% from the second quarter of 2018 and up 5% compared to the third quarter of 2017. Overall revenues were down 4% as compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily reflecting the spin-out of the derivatives business to the Matrix venture in mid-February 2018 and decreased trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system. These decreases were partially offset by the impact of recognizing previously deferred commissions.

Results of Operations — Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

U.S. Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	33,647	$	34,618	$	(971)	(3)	%
Recurring		11,159		11,855		(696)	(6)	%
Other		592		930		(338)	(36)	%
Total revenues		45,398		47,403		(2,005)	(4)	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		21,964		24,613		(2,649)	(11)	%
Transaction processing		7,303		8,711		(1,408)	(16)	%
Other expenses		18,867		20,412		(1,545)	(8)	%
Total expenses		48,134		53,736		(5,602)	(10)	%
Loss before income tax	$	(2,736)	$	(6,333)	$	3,597	57	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in a decrease in U.S. expenses of $2.7 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

The 3% decline in commissions and fees was primarily attributable to the spin-out of our derivatives business to the Matrix venture in mid-February of this year and decreased trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in trading by quant hedge funds and the impact of $1.0 million realized in the U.S. from recognizing previously deferred commissions under bundled arrangements for analytics products. We expect to recognize an additional $1.4 million of previously deferred commissions in the U.S. during the fourth quarter. Although our market share increased sequentially to 2.00% in the third quarter of 2018 from 1.93% in the second quarter of 2018, it was still below the 2.06% share we achieved in the third quarter of 2017.


	Three Months Ended September 30,
U.S. Operations: Key Indicators*	2018		2017		Change		% Change
Total trading volume (in billions of shares)		8.0		7.9		0.1	2	%
Average trading volume per day (in millions of shares)		127.2		125.0		2.2	2	%
Average revenue per share	$	0.0035	$	0.0036	$	(0.0001)	(5)	%
U.S. market trading days		63		63		—	—	%

* Excludes activity from the trading of derivatives and Latin America equities, commission share arrangements and the deferral of commissions under bundled trading arrangements for analytics products.

Recurring revenues decreased 6% from the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to the impact of the new revenue recognition standard, which reduced the recognition of OMS license fees due to fewer license period lapses and corresponding renewals.

Other revenues declined from the third quarter of 2017 due to decreases in market data tape rebate revenue, clearing ticket fees and consulting revenue, offset in part by an increase in fees earned for commission aggregation services.

Compensation and employee benefits decreased 11% from the prior-year period primarily due to the impact of cost savings measures taken in the first quarter of 2018 and employee termination costs incurred in the third quarter of 2017 of $1.6 million, offset in part by increased cost for performance stock awards.

Transaction processing costs decreased 16% compared to the third quarter of 2017, even with a 2% increase in traded volume, primarily due to the impact of the spin-out of our derivatives business to the Matrix venture in mid-February 2018. Transaction processing costs as a percentage of commissions and fees decreased to 21.7% in the current period from 25.2% during the prior-year period. In addition to the impact of the derivatives spin-out, this ratio was also improved by the impact of recognizing previously deferred commissions.

Other expenses decreased 8% compared to the prior-year period due to a decrease in occupancy and equipment costs related to the reduction of office space in our New York headquarters completed in the fourth quarter of 2017. We also had lower market data and travel and entertainment costs.

Canadian Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	14,042	$	12,902	$	1,140	9	%
Recurring		1,261		1,307		(46)	(4)	%
Other		887		846		41	5	%
Total revenues		16,190		15,055		1,135	8	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		5,334		5,137		197	4	%
Transaction processing		3,059		2,915		144	5	%
Other expenses		5,964		6,265		(301)	(5)	%
Total expenses		14,357		14,317		40	0	%
Income before income tax	$	1,833	$	738	$	1,095	148	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in Canadian expenses of $0.7 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Currency translation from a weaker Canadian Dollar decreased total Canadian revenues and expenses by $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively, resulting in a decrease of $0.2 million to pre-tax income.

Overall commissions and fees increased 9% compared to the third quarter of 2017 as the ADV in our Canadian broker increased by 21%, outperforming the 15% growth in market-wide volumes. We also achieved growth in ADV of 42% in our MATCHNow marketplace as compared to the prior-year period and we realized a benefit in Canada of $0.4 million from the recognition of previously deferred commissions. These gains were offset in part by a reduction in our average commission rate attributable to client mix and a $0.5 million unfavorable currency impact.

Recurring revenues decreased 4% compared to the third quarter of 2017 due to a decrease in connectivity fees, partially offset by an increase in billed revenue for analytics products. Other revenues increased 5% due to an increase in fees earned for commission aggregation services and lower losses on client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits costs increased 4% compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to higher incentive compensation and increased stock-based compensation.

Transaction processing costs increased 5% compared to the prior-year period due to the growth in executed volume, offset in part by a reduction from self-clearing trades in U.S. stocks by Canadian clients. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs decreased to 21.8% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 22.6% in the third quarter of 2017.

Other expenses decreased 5% compared to the third quarter of 2017 due to currency movements and lower software amortization.

European Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues
Commissions and fees	$	35,260	$	32,393	$	2,867	9	%
Recurring		4,867		3,946		921	23	%
Other		(108)		(83)		(25)	(30)	%
Total revenues		40,019		36,256		3,763	10	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		11,123		10,480		643	6	%
Transaction processing		8,999		8,675		324	4	%
Other expenses		10,520		9,439		1,081	11	%
Total expenses		30,642		28,594		2,048	7	%
Income before income tax	$	9,377	$	7,662	$	1,715	22	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in European expenses of $1.3 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Overall currency rate changes in the European region decreased revenues and expenses by $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, resulting in a decrease of $0.2 million to pre-tax income.

Commissions and fees increased 9% over the third quarter of 2017 due to increased trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system, including from sell-side clients using conditional orders, as well as increases in algorithmic trading by clients and commission sharing revenues for trades executed with third-party brokers via Triton and the Algo Wheel. These increases were partially offset by currency movements and reduced levels of non-block trading in POSIT from the implementation in March of the dark pool volume caps required under the MiFID II regulations.

Recurring revenues increased 23% from the third quarter of 2017 due to higher billed analytics revenues from clients that converted from bundled arrangements, new revenues for research payment account (“RPA”) administration fees as a result of MiFID II regulations for unbundling that went into effect in January 2018, higher connectivity revenue and an increase in the recognition of OMS and EMS license fees. Other revenues decreased due to the lower impact of client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits increased 6% from the third quarter of 2017 due to increases in salaries and incentive compensation.

Transaction processing costs increased 4% from the third quarter of 2017, primarily due to an increase in value traded, offset in part by lower rebates paid to introducing firms and reduced stock borrowing. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs decreased to 25.5% in the third quarter of 2018 from 26.8% in the prior-year quarter.

Other expenses increased 11% from the third quarter of 2017 due to higher costs for facilities, data centers, software, and market data.

Asia Pacific Operations


	Three Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	16,284		13,561	$	2,723	20	%
Recurring		2,125		1,822		303	17	%
Other		115		(56)		171	nm
Total revenues		18,524		15,327		3,197	21	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		5,027		4,909		118	2	%
Transaction processing		3,932		3,126		806	26	%
Other expenses		5,713		5,088		625	12	%
Total expenses		14,672		13,123		1,549	12	%
Income before income tax	$	3,852	$	2,204	$	1,648	75	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in Asia Pacific expenses of $0.7 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

nm – not meaningful

Currency translation decreased total Asia Pacific revenues and expenses by $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, resulting in a decrease of $0.1 million to pre-tax income.

Commissions and fees increased 20% over the third quarter of 2017 due to a fifth consecutive quarterly record for trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system, as well as strong growth in algorithmic trading and portfolio trading. Our total average daily notional value traded in the region increased by 29%, significantly outperforming the 2% increase in average daily market-wide trading for the largest markets we operate in.

Recurring revenues increased 17% from the prior-year quarter due to the increases in connectivity revenue and billed revenue from analytics products. Other revenues increased due to lower client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits increased 2% over the third quarter primarily due to higher incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, partially offset by the impact of lower headcount.

Transaction processing costs increased 26% from the prior-year quarter, slightly lower than the 29% growth in daily value executed, due to a larger proportion of our trading in markets where the settlement and clearing costs are relatively lower. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs increased to 24.1% from 23.0% in the prior-year quarter, which was partially due to the impact of a lower average commission rate.

Other expenses increased 12% over the third quarter due to costs for expanded office space in Hong Kong, higher hardware and software costs and an increase in market data fees.

Corporate

Corporate activity includes investment income from treasury activity, certain non-operating revenues and other gains as well as costs not associated with operating the businesses within our regional segments. These costs include, among others, (a) the costs of being a public company, such as certain staff costs, a portion of external audit fees, and reporting, filing and listing costs, (b) intangible asset amortization, (c) interest expense, (d) professional fees associated with our global transfer pricing structure, (e) foreign exchange gains or losses and (f) certain non-operating expenses.

In the third quarter of 2018, we incurred a pre-tax loss from Corporate activities of $9.6 million, reflecting $0.6 million of investment income and $10.2 million of costs, compared to a pre-tax loss of $6.2 million in the prior-year period, reflecting $0.5 million of investment income and $6.7 million of costs. The increase in revenue represents higher rates earned on cash investments. The increase in corporate costs in the third quarter of 2018 included a restructuring charge of $3.4 million related to a reduction of our leased space in Los Angeles and the elimination of certain staff positions, a $0.9 million charge to increase the liability for vacant space in New York and $0.8 million of additional legal fees related to the U.S. POSIT matter with the SEC. For more information, see Note 19, Contingencies – Legal

Results of Operations — Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

U.S. Operations


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	104,313	$	115,268	$	(10,955)	(10)	%
Recurring		35,238		35,658		(420)	(1)	%
Other		2,359		2,633		(274)	(10)	%
Total revenues		141,910		153,559		(11,649)	(8)	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		65,850		73,834		(7,984)	(11)	%
Transaction processing		23,512		29,706		(6,194)	(21)	%
Other expenses		57,638		62,665		(5,027)	(8)	%
Total expenses		147,000		166,205		(19,205)	(12)	%
(Loss) income before income tax	$	(5,090)	$	(12,646)	$	7,556	(60)	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in a decrease in U.S. expenses of $8.0 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Commission and fees revenue declined 10% from the prior-year period due to reduced trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system, the spin-out of our derivatives business to the Matrix joint venture in mid-February 2018, a reduction in lower-margin sell-side trading and the $1.4 million impact realized in the U.S. for deferring commissions attributable to bundled commission arrangements for analytics products. These decreases were offset in part by increases in commission sharing revenues for trades executed with third-party brokers via Triton and the Algo Wheel.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
U.S. Operations: Key Indicators*	2018		2017		Change		% Change
Total trading volume (in billions of shares)		24.9		26.5		(1.6)	(6)	%
Average trading volume per day (in millions of shares)		132.4		141.2		(8.8)	(6)	%
Average revenue per share	$	0.0036	$	0.0036	$	(—)	(2)	%
U.S. market trading days		188		188		—	—	%

Recurring revenues were comparable to the first nine months of 2017 as an increase in OMS license fees from the revenue acceleration required by the new accounting standard was offset by a decrease in connectivity.

Other revenues declined 10% from the first nine months of 2017 primarily due to lower tape rebate revenue, clearing ticket fees and consulting revenue, offset in part by an increase in fees earned for commission aggregation services and lower losses from client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits decreased 11% from the prior-year period primarily due to the impact of cost savings measures taken in 2017 and the first quarter of 2018 and employee termination costs incurred in 2017 of $5.1 million.

Transaction processing costs decreased 21% compared to the first nine months of 2017, primarily due to the impact of the spin-out of our derivatives business to the Matrix venture in mid-February 2018, a decline in volume traded and reduced trade execution costs from lower liquidity taking. Transaction processing costs as a percentage of commissions and fees decreased to 22.5% in the current period from 25.8% during the prior-year period due to the factors mentioned above, offset in part by the impact of deferring commissions attributable to bundled arrangements for analytics products.

Other expenses decreased 8% compared to the prior-year period due primarily to decreases in occupancy and equipment expenses related to the reduction of office space in our New York headquarters in the fourth quarter 2017 and

the reduction in office space in Boston in late March 2017. We also had lower market data and travel and entertainment costs.

Canadian Operations


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	45,257	$	40,738	$	4,519	11	%
Recurring		3,828		3,894		(66)	(2)	%
Other		2,882		2,889		(7)	(0)	%
Total revenues		51,967		47,521		4,446	9	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		15,830		14,906		924	6	%
Transaction processing		9,211		8,626		585	7	%
Other expenses		18,214		17,955		259	1	%
Total expenses		43,255		41,487		1,768	4	%
Income before income tax	$	8,712	$	6,034	$	2,678	44	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in Canadian expenses of $2.0 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Currency translation from a stronger Canadian Dollar increased total Canadian revenues and expenses by $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively, resulting in an increase of $0.2 million to pre-tax income.

Overall commissions and fees increased 11% compared to the first nine months of 2017, including $0.5 million from favorable currency movements. The ADV in our Canadian broker grew by 16% compared to the prior-year period while market-wide trading increased by 1% due to growth from both buy-side and sell-side clients. We also achieved growth in ADV of 32% in our MATCHNow marketplace as compared to the first nine months of 2017. These gains were partially offset by $0.5 million for the impact of the commission deferral realized in Canada.

Recurring revenues were comparable to the prior-year period as an increase in billed revenue for analytics products was offset by a decrease in connectivity fees. Other revenues were comparable to the prior year period, as a decline in foreign exchange trading was offset by an increase in fees earned for commission aggregation services.

Compensation and employee benefits costs increased 6% compared to the first nine months of 2017 due to the impact of favorable currency movements and higher incentive compensation and stock-based compensation.

Transaction processing costs increased 7% compared to the prior-year period as the impact of a 16% growth in executed daily volume was offset by a higher crossing rate in MATCHNow, and a reduction in costs from self-clearing trades in U.S. stocks by Canadian clients. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs decreased to 20.4% compared to 21.2% in the prior-year period.

Other expenses increased 1% from the first nine months of 2017 due primarily to higher connectivity and consulting expenses.

European Operations


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues
Commissions and fees	$	114,146	$	100,033	$	14,113	14	%
Recurring		13,929		11,976		1,953	16	%
Other		(315)		(302)		(13)	(4)	%
Total revenues		127,760		111,707		16,053	14	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		33,444		30,380		3,064	10	%
Transaction processing		30,893		26,642		4,251	16	%
Other expenses		31,697		27,515		4,182	15	%
Total expenses		96,034		84,537		11,497	14	%
Income before income tax	$	31,726	$	27,170	$	4,556	17	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in European expenses of $3.8 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Overall currency rate changes in the European region increased revenues and expenses by $6.1 million and $4.1 million, respectively, resulting in an increase of $2.0 million to pre-tax income. This increase in pre-tax income was largely attributable to the strengthening of the Euro as revenues and expenses originated in British pounds largely offset.

Commissions and fees increased 14% compared to the first nine months of 2017, including $5.7 million in growth from favorable currency movements. The remaining growth was attributable to record trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system, growth in algorithmic trading and an increase in commission sharing revenues for trades executed with third-party brokers via Triton and the Algo Wheel. These increases were partially offset by reduced levels of non-block trading in POSIT from the implementation in March of the dark pool volume caps required under the MiFID II regulations.

Recurring revenues increased 16% from the prior-year period due to higher billed analytics revenues from clients that converted from bundled arrangements and delivery timing, new revenues for RPA administration fees as a result of MiFID II regulations for unbundling that went into effect in January 2018 and higher connectivity fees. Other revenues decreased due to the lower impact of client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits increased 10% from the prior-year period due to increased salaries and incentive compensation, as well as the $1.6 million unfavorable impact of currency movements.

Transaction processing costs increased 16% from the first nine months of 2017, which included a $1.6 million increase from unfavorable currency movements. The remaining increase was attributable to an increase in rebates paid to introducing firms, higher costs to execute ETF trades, increase in activity in emerging markets where clearing and settlement costs are more costly, increased settlement financing and the impact of a lower crossing rate in POSIT. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs increased to 27.1% compared to 26.6% in the prior-year period.

Other expenses increased 15% from the prior-year period due to higher costs for facilities, data centers, hardware and software maintenance and market data costs. In addition, other expenses increased by $1.0 million from the unfavorable impact of currency movements.

Asia Pacific Operations


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
$ in thousands	2018		2017*		Change		% Change
Revenues:
Commissions and fees	$	51,537	$	37,879	$	13,658	36	%
Recurring		6,061		5,285		776	15	%
Other		(37)		(174)		137	79	%
Total revenues		57,561		42,990		14,571	34	%
Expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits		15,667		15,237		430	3	%
Transaction processing		12,726		8,791		3,935	45	%
Other expenses		16,636		14,845		1,791	12	%
Total expenses		45,029		38,873		6,156	16	%
Income before income tax	$	12,532	$	4,117	$	8,415	204	%

* Restated for comparability purposes, resulting in an increase in Asia Pacific expenses of $2.2 million for costs incurred in the U.S. on behalf of the global business that are now being allocated to the international segments.

Currency translation increased total Asia Pacific revenues and expenses by $1.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, resulting in an increase of $1.3 million to pre-tax income.

Commissions and fees increased 36% over the prior-year period due to record trading in our POSIT Alert block crossing system and strong growth in algorithmic trading and portfolio trading. We also benefitted from higher commission sharing revenues from trades executed via our Triton EMS and the Algo Wheel and for trading technology licensed to regional broker-dealers. Our average daily notional value traded in the region increased by 49%, outperforming the 22% increase in average daily notional value traded in the major markets we operate in.

Recurring revenues increased 15% over the first nine months of 2017 due primarily to an increase in connectivity revenue and higher billed revenue from analytics products. Other revenues increased due to a lower impact from client trade accommodations.

Compensation and employee benefits increased 3% over the prior-year period primarily due to employee termination costs and higher incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, partially offset by an increase in capitalized compensation for software development.

Transaction processing costs increased 45% from the prior-year period, lower than the 49% growth in daily value executed, due primarily to the impact of a larger proportion of our trading in established markets where costs are lower. As a percentage of commissions and fees, transaction processing costs increased to 24.7% from 23.2% in the prior-year period due largely to the impact of a lower average commission rate.

Other expenses increased 12% over the first nine months of 2017 due to increased costs for expanded office space in Hong Kong, higher hardware and software costs and an increase in market data fees.

Corporate

In the first nine months of 2018, we incurred a pre-tax loss from Corporate activities of $39.5 million, reflecting $1.5 million of investment income and $41.0 million of costs, compared to a pre-tax loss of $17.7 million in the prior-year period, reflecting $1.2 million of investment income and $18.9 million of costs. Corporate costs in the first nine months of 2018 included a charge of $12.0 million to establish an accrual for a potential settlement of the U.S. POSIT matter along with related legal fees of $1.1 million, restructuring charges of $10.6 million to eliminate certain positions in the U.S. and to reduce office space in Los Angeles, and a charge of $0.9 million to increase the liability for vacant

Operating Activities

The table below summarizes the effect of the major components of operating cash flow.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2018		2017
Net income (loss)	$	1,571	$	(37,022)
Non-cash items included in net income (loss)		56,001		85,375
Effect of changes in receivables/payables from/to customers and brokers		(17,909)		(46,594)
Effect of changes in other working capital and operating assets and liabilities		14,099		(36,675)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	53,762	$	(34,916)

Our operating activities resulted in net cash provided during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to a net use of cash in the prior-year period. This was due to an increase to net income, partially reduced by adjustments for non-cash items as the prior-year period included a significant non-cash item for deferred taxes in the U.S. We also had a larger decrease in the prior-year period from cash tied up in receivables from brokers, dealers, clearing organizations and customers that was offset by a reduction in short-term bank borrowings in our financing activities. In addition, we had a decrease in cash used for other working capital items due in part to the impact of the settlement accrual for the U.S. POSIT matter and an increase in accrued research payables under client commission arrangements.

In the normal course of our clearing and settlement activities worldwide, cash is typically used to fund restricted or segregated cash accounts (under regulations and otherwise), broker and customer fails to deliver/receive, securities borrowed, deposits with clearing organizations and net activity related to receivables/payables from/to customers and brokers. The cash requirements vary from day to day depending on value transacted and customer trading patterns.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities of $31.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily includes investments in software development and asset purchases of computer hardware, software and office equipment, as well as $0.6 million of cash included in our investment in the Matrix derivatives venture.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities of $69.6 million primarily reflects repayment of short‑term bank borrowings that are used to support our settlement activities, shares withheld for net settlements of share-based awards and capital returns through repurchases of our stock and our dividend program.

During the first nine months of 2018, we repurchased approximately 0.7 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $14.6 million, which was funded from our available cash resources. Nearly 0.3 million of these shares were purchased under our Board of Directors’ authorization for a total cost of $5.8 million (average cost of $20.28 per share) and 0.4 million of these shares were repurchased for $8.8 million pertaining solely to the satisfaction of minimum statutory withholding tax upon the net settlement of equity awards. In February 2018, the Board of Directors increased our share repurchase authorization by an additional 4.0 million shares. As of September 30, 2018, the total remaining number of shares currently available for repurchase under ITG’s stock repurchase program was 4.3 million. The specific timing and amount of repurchases will vary depending on various factors, including, among others, market conditions and competing needs for the use of our capital. We may elect to conduct future share repurchases through open market purchases, private transactions or automatic share repurchase programs under SEC Rule 10b5-1. However, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, we are unable to purchase shares of our common stock, other than net settlement of equity awards with current or former employees or in connection with the acceptance of our common stock for purposes of paying the exercise price of outstanding stock options or tax withholding, without the prior written consent of Virtu (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld).

Regulatory Capital

ITG Inc. and AlterNet are subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3‑1), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital. ITG Inc. has elected to use the alternative method permitted by Rule 15c3‑1, which requires that ITG Inc. maintain minimum net capital equal to the greater of $1.0 million or 2% of aggregate debit balances arising from customer transactions, as defined. AlterNet has elected to use the basic method permitted by Rule 15c3‑1, which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital equal to the greater of 62/₃% of aggregate indebtedness or $100,000. Dividends or withdrawals of capital cannot be made if capital is needed to comply with regulatory requirements.

Net capital balances and the amounts in excess of required net capital at September 30, 2018 for the U.S. Operations are as follows (dollars in thousands):


U.S. Operations	Net Capital		Excess
ITG Inc.	$	81,073	$	80,073
AlterNet		5,817		5,717

As of September 30, 2018, ITG Inc. had $9.2 million of cash in a special reserve bank account for the benefit of customers under the Customer Protection Rule pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and $3.5 million under proprietary accounts of broker dealers.

In addition, our Canadian, European and Asia Pacific Operations have subsidiaries with regulatory capital requirements. The regulatory net capital balances and amount of regulatory capital in excess of the minimum requirements applicable to each business at September 30, 2018, is summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands):


	Net Capital		Excess
Canadian Operations
Canada	$	22,002	$	21,616
European Operations
Ireland		43,308		12,607
U.K.		1,430		455
Asia Pacific Operations
Australia		30,122		15,045
Hong Kong		2,933		2,485
Singapore		1,130		1,057

Liquidity and Capital Resource Outlook

Historically, our working capital, stock repurchase, dividend program and investment activity requirements have been funded from cash from operations and short‑term loans, with the exception of strategic acquisitions, which at times have required long‑term financing. We believe that our cash flow from operations, existing cash balances and our available credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our ongoing operating cash and regulatory capital needs, while also complying with the terms of the Credit Agreement. Our ability to borrow additional funds may be impacted by financial lending institutions’ ability or willingness to lend to us on commercially acceptable terms.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations

We are a member of various U.S. and non-U.S. exchanges and clearing houses that trade and clear, respectively, equities and/or derivative contracts. Associated with our membership, we may be required to pay a proportionate share of financial obligations of another member who may default on its obligations to the exchanges or the clearing house. While the rules governing different exchange or clearinghouse memberships vary, in general, our guarantee obligations would arise only if the exchange had previously exhausted its resources. The maximum potential payout under these memberships cannot be estimated. We have not recorded any contingent liability in the condensed consolidated financial statements for these agreements and believe that any potential requirement to make payments under these agreements is remote.

As of September 30, 2018, our other contractual obligations and commercial commitments consisted principally of fixed charges, including minimum future rentals under non-cancelable operating leases, minimum future purchases under non-cancelable purchase agreements and compensation under employment agreements.

There has been no significant change to such arrangements and obligations since December 31, 2017.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The amendments in this ASU expand the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payment awards to nonemployees, which were previously covered under Subtopic 505-50: Equity – Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of Topic 606. The new guidance is not expected to have any effect on our financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017‑04, Intangibles – Goodwill and other (Topic 350): Simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. The amendments in this ASU address concerns over the cost and complexity of the two-step goodwill impairment test and removes the second step of the test. An entity will apply a one-step quantitative test and record the amount of goodwill impairment as the excess of a reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The new guidance does not amend the optional qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment. ASU 2017‑04 is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We are currently evaluating the new guidance and have not yet determined the impact of adoption on our financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize leases on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard requires a lessee to recognize an asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. Classification will be based on criteria that are largely similar to those applied in current lease accounting, but more significant management judgment will be required. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842) – Targeted Improvements, which provides entities with an alternative transition method of adoption in addition to the previously required modified retrospective transition approach. Under the new transition method, comparative periods presented in the financial statements in the period of adoption will not need to be restated, whereas under the modified retrospective transition approach, leases are to be recognized and measured at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. This additional transition method changes only when an entity is required to initially apply the transition requirements of the new leases standard; it does not change how those requirements apply. We will adopt this new standard on January 1, 2019 using the additional (and optional) transition method of adoption.

We have completed the assessment, diagnostic and solution development phases of our evaluation of this guidance and have determined:

Real estate leases pertaining to office space and data centers make up the majority of our lease arrangements;

Equipment leases and embedded leases within service contracts are immaterial;

Two optional practical expedients regarding the separation of lease and non-lease components and the use of hindsight upon transition will be elected;

The optional package of practical expedients upon transition will not be elected.

We are currently in the implementation phase of our assessment, which includes:

Finalizing the key data inputs required to calculate the financial statement impact of the new guidance (the impact is not finalized but is expected to be material);

Developing a formal accounting policy, including updates to processes and internal controls.

PART II. — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in “Item 1. Financial Statements—Note 19. Contingencies—Legal Matters” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risk factors describing the major risks to our business can be found under Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Except for the addition of the risk factors below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors included in our Form 10-K.

The announcement and pendency of the proposed Merger may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Uncertainty about the effect of the proposed Merger on our employees, customers, and other parties may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation regardless of whether the proposed Merger is completed. These risks to our business include the following, all of which could be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the proposed Merger:

the impairment of our ability to attract, retain, and motivate our employees, including key personnel;

the diversion of significant management time and resources towards the completion of the proposed Merger;

difficulties maintaining relationships with customers, counterparties, and other business partners;

delays or deferments of certain business decisions by our customers, counterparties, and other business partners;

the inability to pursue alternative business opportunities or make appropriate changes to our business because the Merger Agreement requires us to conduct our business in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and not engage in certain kinds of transactions prior to the completion of the proposed Merger;

potential litigation relating to the proposed Merger and the costs related thereto; and

the incurrence of significant costs, expenses, and fees for professional services and other transaction costs in connection with the proposed Merger.

Failure to consummate the proposed Merger within the expected timeframe or at all could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that the proposed Merger will be consummated. The consummation of the proposed Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified closing conditions, including (i) the affirmative vote in favor of the adoption of the Merger Agreement by the holders of a majority of our outstanding shares of common stock, (ii) the satisfaction of certain required regulatory approvals including the termination or expiration of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, (iii) the absence of a Company Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) after the date of the Merger Agreement and (iv) other customary closing conditions. There can be no assurance that these and other conditions to closing will be satisfied in a timely manner or at all.

The Merger Agreement also provides that the Merger Agreement may be terminated by us or Virtu under certain circumstances, and in certain specified circumstances upon termination of the Merger Agreement we will be required to pay Virtu a termination fee of $33.8 million or up to $15.0 million in expenses. If we are required to make these payments, doing so may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES


					Maximum Number
				Total Number of	of Shares (or Units)
				Shares (or Units)	that May Yet
	Total Number of	Average		Purchased as Part of	Be Purchased
	Shares (or Units)	Price Paid per		Publicly Announced	Under the Plans or
Period	Purchased (a)	Share (or Unit) (a)		Plans or Programs (b)	Programs (b)
From: January 1, 2018
To: January 31, 2018	163,434	$	21.36	13,425	548,130
From: February 1, 2018
To: February 28, 2018	401,355		19.81	144,006	4,404,124
From: March 1, 2018
To: March 31, 2018	22,902		19.69	22,902	4,381,222
From: April 1, 2018
To: April 30, 2018	25,544		19.79	24,424	4,356,798
From: May 1, 2018
To: May 31, 2018	2,955		20.44	2,500	4,354,298
From: June 1, 2018
To: June 30, 2018	76,221		21.56	75,723	4,278,575
From: July 1, 2018
To: July 31, 2018	4,589		21.23	3,716	4,274,859
From: August 1, 2018
To: August 31, 2018	7,244		22.89	—	4,274,859
From: September 1, 2018
To: September 30, 2018	12,012		21.94	—	4,274,859
Total	716,256	$	20.42	286,696

(a)

This column includes the acquisition of 429,560 common shares from employees in order to satisfy statutory withholding tax requirements upon net settlement of equity awards.

(b)

In February 2018, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 4.0 million shares. This authorization has no expiration date. As of September 30, 2018, there were 4.3 million shares remaining available for repurchase under ITG’s stock repurchase program. The specific timing and amount of repurchases will vary depending on various factors including, among others, market conditions and competing needs for the use of our capital. In addition, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, we are unable to purchase shares of our common stock, other than net settlement of equity awards with current or former employees or in connection with the acceptance of our common stock for purposes of paying the exercise price of outstanding stock options or tax withholding, without the prior written consent of Virtu (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld).

During the first nine months of 2018, we repurchased approximately 0.7 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $14.6 million, which was funded from our available cash. Of these shares, nearly 0.3 million were purchased under our Board of Directors’ authorization for a total cost of $5.8 million (average cost of $20.28 per share). In addition, nearly 0.4 million shares repurchased for $8.8 million pertained solely to the satisfaction of statutory withholding tax upon the net settlement of equity awards. As of September 30, 2018, the total remaining number of shares currently available for repurchase under ITG’s stock repurchase program was 4.3 million.

During the third quarter of 2018, the Board of Directors declared, and we paid, a quarterly dividend of $0.07 per share, totaling $2.3 million, including less than $0.1 million in stock under the Company’s equity award plans.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 6. Exhibits

2.1			Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 6, 2018, by and among Virtu Financial, Inc., Impala Merger Sub, Inc. and Investment Technology Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2018).
10.1(†)			First Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of November 6, 2018, between Investment Technology Group, Inc. and Francis J. Troise (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2018).




31.1*			Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

31.2*			Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

32.1**			Section 1350 Certification

101*			Interactive Data File

			The following furnished materials from Investment Technology Group, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language), are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101:

			101. INS XBRL Instance Document.
			101. SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
			101. CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
			101. DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
			101. LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
			101. PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.


*		Filed herewith.
**		Furnished herewith.
(†)		Management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

		INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC.
		(Registrant)

Date: November 9, 2018	By:	/s/ STEVEN R. VIGLIOTTI
		Steven R. Vigliotti Chief Financial Officer and Chief Administrative Officer and Duly Authorized Signatory of Registrant

		Page

	PART I. — Financial Information

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition September 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	6

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	7

	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	8

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	9

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	10

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	48

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	48

	PART II. — Other Information

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	49

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	50

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	51

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	51

Item 5.	Other Information	52

Item 6.	Exhibits	53

	Signature	54