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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☑ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2022
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             .
Commission file number 1-9444
CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 
Delaware 34-1560655
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
One Cedar Point Drive, Sandusky, Ohio 44870-5259
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(419) 626-0830
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Depositary Units (Representing
Limited Partner Interests)		FUNNew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑  Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐   Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No 
The aggregate market value of Depositary Units held by non-affiliates of the Registrant based on the closing price of such units on June 24, 2022 of $42.80 per unit was approximately $2,404,874,220.
Number of Depositary Units representing limited partner interests outstanding as of February 10, 2023: 51,930,650 units

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the Registrant's definitive proxy statement to be used in connection with its annual meeting of limited partner unitholders to be held in May 2023.
************
Page 1 of 59 pages

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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
2022 FORM 10-K CONTENTS
  PAGE
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  


Table of Contents
PART I

Unless the context otherwise indicates, all references to "we," "us," "our," or the "Partnership" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Cedar Fair, L.P. together with its affiliated companies.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

We are one of the largest regional amusement park operators in the world with 13 properties in our portfolio consisting of amusement parks, water parks and complementary resort facilities. We are a publicly traded Delaware limited partnership formed in 1987 and managed by Cedar Fair Management, Inc., an Ohio corporation (the "General Partner"), whose shares are held by an Ohio trust. Our parks are family-oriented, with recreational facilities for people of all ages, and provide clean and attractive environments with exciting rides and immersive entertainment. We generate revenue from sales of admission to our amusement parks and water parks, from purchases of food, merchandise and games both inside and outside our parks, and from the sale of accommodations and other extra-charge products.

Our parks operate seasonally except for Knott's Berry Farm, which is typically open daily on a year-round basis. Our seasonal parks are generally open daily from Memorial Day until Labor Day. Outside of daily operations, our seasonal parks are open during select weekends, including at most properties in the fourth quarter for Halloween and winter events. As a result, a substantial portion of our revenues from these seasonal parks are generated from Memorial Day through Labor Day with the major portion concentrated during the peak vacation months of July and August.

The demographic groups that are most important to our business are families and young people ages 12 through 24. Families are believed to be attracted by a combination of rides, live entertainment and the clean, wholesome atmosphere. Young people are believed to be attracted by the action-packed rides. We conduct active television, radio, newspaper and internet advertising campaigns in our major market areas geared toward these two groups.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had a material impact on our business in 2020, had a continuing negative impact in 2021 and may have a longer-term negative effect. Beginning on March 14, 2020, we closed our properties for several months in response to the spread of COVID-19 and local government mandates. We ultimately resumed partial operations at 10 of our 13 properties in 2020, operating in accordance with local and state guidelines. We delayed the opening of our U.S. properties for the 2021 operating season until May 2021 and opened our Canadian property in July 2021. Upon opening in 2021, we operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place. As vaccination distribution efforts continued during the second quarter of 2021 and we were able to hire additional labor, we removed most capacity restrictions, guest reservation requirements and other protocols at our U.S. properties beginning in July 2021. Canada's Wonderland operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place throughout 2021.

Each of our properties opened for the 2022 operating season as planned and without restrictions. We currently anticipate continuing to operate without restrictions for the 2023 operating season. However, we have and may continue to adjust future park operating calendars as we respond to changes in guest demand, labor availability and any federal, provincial, state and local restrictions. Our future operations are dependent on factors beyond our knowledge or control, including any future actions taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and changing risk tolerances of our employees and guests regarding health matters.

DESCRIPTION OF OUR PARKS

Cedar Point
Cedar Fair's flagship park, Cedar Point, was first developed as a recreational area in 1870. Located on a peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio bordered by Lake Erie between Cleveland and Toledo, Cedar Point serves a six-state region which includes nearly all of Ohio and Michigan, western Pennsylvania and New York, northern West Virginia and Indiana, as well as southwestern Ontario, Canada. Attractive to both families and thrill-seekers, the park features 18 roller coasters, including many record-breakers, and three children's areas. Located adjacent to the park is Cedar Point Shores Water Park, a separately gated water park featuring more than 15 water rides and attractions. Cedar Point also features four hotels, three marinas, an upscale campground, and the nearby Cedar Point Sports Center which features both indoor and outdoor sports facilities. Cedar Point's four hotels include:
Hotel Breakers - the park's largest hotel and only hotel located on the Cedar Point peninsula, featuring various dining and lounge facilities, a mile-long beach, lake swimming, a conference/meeting center, an indoor pool and multiple outdoor pools;
Castaway Bay Indoor Waterpark Resort - a year-round hotel located adjacent to the entrance to the park featuring tropical, Caribbean themed hotel rooms centered around an indoor water park, as well as a marina and dining facilities;
Cedar Point's Express Hotel - a limited-service seasonal hotel located adjacent to the entrance to the park; and
Sawmill Creek Resort - a year-round resort lodge located near Cedar Point in Huron, Ohio, featuring a golf course, marina, half-mile beach, dining and shopping facilities, and a conference/meeting center.

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Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm, located near Los Angeles in Buena Park, California, first opened in 1920 and was acquired by the Partnership in 1997. The park is one of several year-round theme parks in Southern California and serves a market area centered in Orange County with a large national and international tourism population. The park is renowned for its seasonal events, including a spring culinary festival, Boysenberry Festival; a special holiday event, Knott's Merry Farm; and a Halloween event, Knott's Scary Farm, which has been held for nearly 50 years and is annually rated one of the best Halloween events in the industry by Amusement Today's international survey. Adjacent to Knott's Berry Farm is Knott's Soak City, a separately gated seasonal water park that features multiple water rides and attractions. Knott's Berry Farm also features the Knott's Berry Farm Hotel, a full-service hotel located adjacent to Knott's Berry Farm featuring a pool, fitness facilities and meeting/banquet facilities.

Canada's Wonderland
Canada's Wonderland, a combination amusement and water park located near Toronto in Vaughan, Ontario, first opened in 1981 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2006. It contains numerous attractions, including 18 roller coasters, and is one of the most attended amusement parks in North America. Canada's Wonderland is in a culturally diverse metropolitan market with large populations of different ethnicities and national origins. Each year the park showcases an extensive entertainment and special event line-up which includes cultural festivals.

Kings Island
Kings Island, a combination amusement and water park located near Cincinnati, Ohio, first opened in 1972 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2006. Kings Island is also one of the most attended amusement parks in North America. The park features a children's area that has been consistently named one of the "Best Kids' Area in the World" by Amusement Today. The park's market area includes Cincinnati, Dayton and Columbus, Ohio; Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky; and Indianapolis, Indiana.

Carowinds
Carowinds, a combination amusement and water park located in Charlotte, North Carolina, first opened in 1973 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2006. Carowinds' major markets include Charlotte, Greensboro, and Raleigh, North Carolina; as well as Greenville and Columbia, South Carolina. The park also features Camp Wilderness Resort, an upscale campground, and a SpringHill Suites by Marriott hotel located adjacent to the park entrance. The SpringHill Suites is a Marriott franchise operated by Cedar Fair. The hotel is open year-round and features suites, an outdoor pool, fitness center and bar.

Kings Dominion
Kings Dominion, a combination amusement and water park located near Richmond, Virginia, first opened in 1975 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2006. The park's market area includes Richmond and Norfolk, Virginia; Raleigh, North Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, D.C. Additionally, the park offers Kings Dominion Camp Wilderness Campground, an upscale campground.

California's Great America
California's Great America, a combination amusement and water park located in Santa Clara, California, first opened in 1976 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2006. The park draws its visitors primarily from San Jose, San Francisco, Sacramento, Modesto and Monterey, among other cities in northern California. On June 27, 2022, we sold the land at California's Great America. Concurrently with the sale, we entered into a lease contract that allows us to operate the park during a six-year term, and we have an option to extend the term for an additional five years. The lease is subject to early termination by the buyer with at least two years' prior notice.

Dorney Park
Dorney Park, a combination amusement and water park located in Allentown, Pennsylvania, was first developed as a summer resort area in 1884 and was acquired by the Partnership in 1992. Dorney Park's major markets include Philadelphia, Lancaster, Harrisburg, York, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton and the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania; New York City; and New Jersey.

Worlds of Fun
Worlds of Fun, which opened in 1973 and was acquired by the Partnership in 1995, is a combination amusement and water park located in Kansas City, Missouri. Worlds of Fun serves a market area centered in Kansas City, as well as most of Missouri and portions of Kansas and Nebraska. Worlds of Fun also features Worlds of Fun Village, an upscale campground.

Valleyfair
Valleyfair, which opened in 1976 and was acquired by the Partnership's predecessor in 1978, is a combination amusement and water park located near Minneapolis-St. Paul in Shakopee, Minnesota. Valleyfair's market area is centered in Minneapolis-St. Paul, but the park also draws visitors from other areas in Minnesota and surrounding states.

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Michigan's Adventure
Michigan's Adventure, which opened in 1956 as Deer Park and was acquired by the Partnership in 2001, is a combination amusement and water park located in Muskegon, Michigan. Michigan's Adventure serves a market area principally from central and western Michigan and eastern Indiana.

Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New Braunfels
Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New Braunfels began as a resort in 1966, was introduced as a water park in 1979 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2019. The park is consistently rated the best water park in the industry by Amusement Today's international survey and is one of the most attended water parks in North America. The park, located in New Braunfels, Texas, features many river rides, water slides and attractions along the Comal River. The Resort at Schlitterbahn New Braunfels includes hotel rooms, suites, cabins, luxury suites and vacation homes. Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New Braunfels’ major markets include San Antonio, Austin and Houston, Texas.

Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston
Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston opened in 2006 and was acquired by the Partnership in 2019. The park is one of the most attended water parks in North America. The park, located in Galveston, Texas, features many water attractions including an award-winning water coaster and a one-mile long river system. Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston serves a market area centered in Houston, Texas, as well as the tourism population in Galveston Island, Texas, a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

We believe that annual park attendance is influenced by annual investments in our properties, including new attractions and infrastructure, among other factors. Capital expenditures are planned on a seasonal basis with most expenditures made prior to the beginning of the peak operating season. Capital expenditures made in a calendar year may differ materially from amounts identified with a particular operating season because of timing considerations such as weather conditions, site preparation requirements and availability of ride components, which may result in accelerated or delayed expenditures around calendar year-end. Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, some capital expenditures were suspended in 2020 and 2021 in order to maintain flexibility and retain liquidity.

COMPETITION

We compete for discretionary spending with all aspects of the recreation industry within our primary market areas, including other destination and regional amusement parks. We also compete with other forms of entertainment and recreational activities, including movies, sports events, restaurants and vacation travel.

The principal competitive factors in the amusement park industry include the uniqueness and perceived quality of the rides and attractions in a particular park, proximity to metropolitan areas, the atmosphere and cleanliness of the park, and the quality and variety of the food and immersive entertainment available. We believe that our parks feature a variety of high-quality rides and attractions, restaurants, gift shops and family atmosphere to make them highly competitive with other parks and forms of entertainment.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Our operations are subject to regulatory requirements, such as those relating to employment practices, environmental requirements, and other regulatory matters. We are subject to extensive federal and state employment laws and regulations, including wage and hour laws and other pay practices and employee record-keeping requirements. We may be required to incur costs to comply with these requirements, and the costs of compliance, investigation, remediation, litigation, and resolution of regulatory matters could be substantial.

We also are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations such as those relating to water resources; discharges to air, water and land; the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste; and the cleanup of properties affected by regulated materials. Under these laws and regulations, we may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases from current or formerly owned or operated facilities or to mitigate potential environmental risks. Environmental laws typically impose cleanup responsibility and liability without regard to whether the relevant entity knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of regulated materials may be substantial, and the presence of those substances, or the failure to remediate a property properly, may impair our ability to use, transfer or obtain financing with respect to our property.

Currently, we believe we are in substantial compliance with applicable requirements under these laws and regulations. However, such requirements have generally become stricter over time, and there can be no assurance that new requirements, changes in enforcement policies or newly discovered conditions relating to our properties or operations will not require significant expenditures in the future.

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All rides are inspected daily by both our maintenance and ride operations personnel before being placed into operation for our guests. The parks are also periodically inspected by our insurance carrier and, at all parks except Valleyfair, Worlds of Fun, Schlitterbahn Waterpark New Braunfels, Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston and Carowinds' South Carolina rides, by state or county ride-safety inspectors. Valleyfair, Worlds of Fun, Schlitterbahn Waterpark New Braunfels, Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston and Carowinds each contract with a third party to inspect our rides pursuant to Minnesota, Missouri, Texas and South Carolina law, respectively, and submit the third-party report to the respective state agency. Additionally, all parks have added ride maintenance and operation inspections completed by third party qualified inspectors to make sure our standards are being maintained.

HUMAN CAPITAL

We employ approximately 4,400 full-time employees and employed approximately 48,800 seasonal and part-time employees in 2022, many of whom are high school and college students. We house some of our seasonal employees in dormitories owned by us at Cedar Point, Kings Island, Carowinds, Kings Dominion and Valleyfair, or rented by us at Dorney Park, Worlds of Fun, Schlitterbahn Waterpark New Braunfels and Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston. Approximately 260 of our employees are represented by labor unions. We believe we maintain good relations with our employees.

Our employee guidelines and policies are founded on our cornerstones of safety, service and cleanliness and our core values of integrity, courtesy and inclusiveness. Our highest priority continues to be the safety and well-being of our guests and employees. We continue to monitor developments of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as federal, state and local guidelines, and update our safety protocols based on the most recent recommendations and requirements. We are committed to equal opportunity employment and prohibit harassment or discrimination of any kind. We have adopted an open door policy to encourage an honest employer-associate relationship, which includes a confidential hotline available to all employees. As part of our commitment to our core values, we created a diversity, equity and inclusion ("DE&I") council and provided DE&I training to our employees in 2021. In 2022, we published our first Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") Strategy Report to establish an enterprise-wide framework to address ESG issues. The framework includes the prioritization of five key strategic pillars: Safety, Associate Happiness, Community, Environment, and Operations and Governance. The report included the introduction of the Associate Happiness Model, focusing on DE&I, and the Cedar Fair Safety Model, focusing on the safety of our employees and guests.

We maintain training programs for new employees, including safety training specific to job responsibilities. We participate in the J-1 Visa program providing cultural and educational exchange opportunities for our associates. We also have partnered with Bowling Green State University to create the Cedar Fair Resort and Attraction Management program, a bachelor's degree program, which is housed in downtown Sandusky, Ohio in a facility jointly owned by the Partnership and a third party developer. The bachelor's degree program prepares students for management careers at Cedar Fair parks or a similar establishment. We encourage a promote-from-within policy.

Our executive compensation program is designed to incentivize our key employees to drive superior results, to give key employees a vested interest in our growth and performance, and to enhance our ability to attract and retain exceptional managerial talent. Our executive compensation program rewards both successful individual performance and the consolidated operating results of the Partnership by directly tying compensation to our performance.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as filed or furnished with the SEC are available without charge upon written request to our Investor Relations Office or through our website (www.ir.cedarfair.com).

We use our website www.ir.cedarfair.com as a channel of distribution of information. The information we post through this channel may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor this channel, in addition to following our news releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of our website, including without limitation the ESG Strategy Report referenced above, shall not be deemed to be incorporated herein by reference.

The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains our reports, proxy statements and other information.

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SUPPLEMENTAL ITEM. Information about our Executive Officers
NameAgePosition(s)
Richard A. Zimmerman62 Richard Zimmerman has been President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2018 and a member of the Board of Directors since April 2019. Prior to becoming CEO, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer from October 2016 through December 2017 and served as Chief Operating Officer from 2011 through 2016. Prior to that, he was appointed as Executive Vice President in 2010 and as Regional Vice President in 2007. He has been with Cedar Fair since 2006, when Kings Dominion was acquired. Richard served as Vice President and General Manager of Kings Dominion from 1998 through 2006.
Brian C. Witherow56 Brian Witherow has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2012. Prior to that, he served as Vice President and Corporate Controller beginning in 2005. Brian has been with Cedar Fair in various other positions since 1995.
Tim V. Fisher62 Tim Fisher joined Cedar Fair as Chief Operating Officer in December 2017. Prior to joining Cedar Fair, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Village Roadshow Theme Parks International, an Australian-based theme park operator, since March 2017. Prior to this appointment with Village Roadshow Theme Parks International, Tim served as Chief Executive Officer of Village Roadshow Theme Parks since 2009.
Brian M. Nurse51 Brian Nurse joined Cedar Fair as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary in November 2021. Prior to joining Cedar Fair, he served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary for World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. ("WWE"), an integrated media and entertainment company, from September 2018 to November 2020. Prior to joining WWE, Brian served as Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Secretary at Nestle Waters North America, Inc., a former division of Nestle S.A. which is a multinational food and drink corporation, from 2012 to 2018. Prior to that, he was Senior Legal Counsel for North American beverage/soft drink brands at PepsiCo, Inc., a multinational food, snack and beverage corporation, from 2003 to 2012.
Kelley S. Ford58 Kelley Ford has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer since 2012. Prior to joining Cedar Fair, she served as Senior Vice President, Marketing Planning Director for TD Bank from 2010 through 2012. Prior to joining TD Bank, Kelley served as Senior Vice President of Brand Strategy and Management at Bank of America from 2005 through 2010.
David R. Hoffman54 Dave Hoffman has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since 2012. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Finance and Corporate Tax since 2010. He served as Vice President of Corporate Tax from 2006 through 2010. Prior to joining Cedar Fair, Dave served as a business advisor with Ernst & Young from 2002 through 2006.
Charles E. Myers59 Charles Myers joined Cedar Fair as Senior Vice President, Creative Development in June 2019. Prior to joining Cedar Fair, he held a variety of Senior Leadership roles including Show Design, Production Management and Producing at Walt Disney Imagineering, the research and development arm of the Walt Disney Company, from 2013 to June 2019. Prior to this, he served as Senior Vice President, Licensing, Project Development & Business Development of Paramount Pictures from 2002 to 2013.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Risks Related to the Amusement Park Industry

Instability in economic conditions could impact our business, including our results of operations and financial condition.
Uncertain or deteriorating economic conditions, including during inflationary and recessionary periods, may adversely impact attendance figures and guest spending patterns at our parks as uncertain economic conditions affect our guests' levels of discretionary spending. Both attendance and in-park spending at our parks are key drivers of our revenues and profitability, and reductions in either can directly and negatively affect revenues and profitability. A decrease in discretionary spending due to a decline in consumer confidence in the economy, an economic slowdown or deterioration in the economy could adversely affect the frequency with which our guests choose to attend our parks and the amount that our guests spend on our products when they visit.

Periods of inflation or economic downturn could also impact our ability to obtain supplies and services and increase our operating costs. We continue to see some inflationary effects and supply chain disruptions on our business, which may continue or worsen. In addition, the existence of unfavorable general economic conditions may also hinder the ability of those with which we do business, including vendors, concessionaires and customers, to satisfy their obligations to us. The materialization of these risks could lead to a decrease in our revenues, operating income and cash flows.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our business and may continue to adversely impact our business, as well as intensify certain risks we face, for an unknown length of time.
Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a material negative impact on our business. On March 14, 2020, we closed our properties in response to federal and local recommendations and restrictions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. We were ultimately able to resume partial operations, subject to capacity, social distancing mandates and other governmental restrictions, at 10 of our 13 properties on a staggered basis in 2020. We operated all of our properties in 2021. However, 2021 operating seasons were delayed and certain restrictions remained in place at some of our properties. Each of our properties opened for the 2022 operating season as planned and without restrictions.

Consumer behavior and preferences changed in response to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and may remain changed both in the short term and long term, including impacts on discretionary consumer spending due to significant economic uncertainty and changing risk tolerances of our employees and guests regarding health matters. In 2020, we experienced lower demand upon reopening our properties resulting in a material decrease in revenues generated. In 2021 and 2022, attendance improved, but we experienced lower demand at certain times and at certain properties. Future significant volatility or reductions in demand for, or interest in, our parks could materially adversely impact attendance, in-park per capita spending and revenue. In addition, we could experience damage to our brand and reputation due to actual or perceived health risks associated with our parks or the amusement park industry which could have a similar material adverse effect on attendance, in-park per capita spending and revenue. We may also continue to experience operational risks due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including limitations on our ability to recruit and train employees in sufficient numbers to fully staff our parks as a result of changing risk tolerances.

Because our amusement and water parks are the primary sources of net income and operating cash flows, any future mandated or voluntary closures or other operating restrictions would adversely impact our business and financial results. Our parks are geographically located throughout the United States and in Canada. The duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related restrictions at any one location could result in a potentially disproportionate amount of risk if concentrated amongst our largest properties.

We have not previously experienced the level of disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is difficult for management to estimate future performance under these conditions, and the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition cannot be reasonably predicted.

The high fixed cost structure of amusement park operations can result in significantly lower margins, profitability and cash flows if attendance levels do not meet expectations.
A large portion of our expense is relatively fixed because the costs for full-time employees, maintenance, utilities, advertising and insurance do not vary significantly with attendance. These fixed costs may increase and may not be able to be reduced at a rate proportional with ongoing attendance levels. If cost-cutting efforts are insufficient or are impractical, we could experience a material decline in margins, profitability and cash flows. Such effects can be especially pronounced during periods of economic contraction or slow economic growth.


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Bad or extreme weather conditions can adversely impact attendance at our parks, which in turn would reduce our revenues.
Because most of the attractions at our parks are outdoors, attendance at our parks can be adversely affected by continuous bad or extreme weather and by forecasts of bad or mixed weather conditions, which would negatively affect our revenues. We believe that our ownership of many parks in different geographic locations reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the effect that adverse weather can have on our consolidated results.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all possible losses that we could suffer, and our insurance costs may increase.
Although we carry liability insurance to cover possible incidents, there can be no assurance that our coverage will be adequate to cover liabilities, that we will be able to obtain coverage at commercially reasonable rates, or that we will be able to obtain adequate coverage should a catastrophic incident occur at our parks or at other parks. Companies engaged in the amusement park business may be sued for substantial damages in the event of an actual or alleged incident. An incident occurring at our parks or at competing parks could reduce attendance, increase insurance premiums, and negatively impact our operating results.

Unanticipated construction delays in completing capital improvement projects in our parks and resort facilities, significant ride downtime, or other unplanned park closures could adversely affect our revenues.
A principal competitive factor for an amusement park is the uniqueness and perceived quality of its rides and attractions in a particular market area. Accordingly, the regular addition of new rides and attractions is important, and a key element of our revenue growth is strategic capital spending on new rides and attractions. Any construction delays could adversely affect our attendance and our ability to realize revenue growth. Further, when rides, attractions, or an entire park, have unplanned downtime and/or closures, our revenue could be adversely affected.

There is a risk of accidents or other incidents occurring at amusement and water parks, which may reduce attendance and negatively impact our revenues.
The safety of our guests and employees is one of our top priorities. Our amusement and water parks feature thrill rides. There are inherent risks involved with these attractions, and an accident or a serious injury at any of our parks could result in negative publicity and could reduce attendance and result in decreased revenues. In addition, accidents or injuries at parks operated by our competitors could influence the general attitudes of amusement park patrons and adversely affect attendance at our parks. Other types of incidents such as food borne illnesses and disruptive, negative guest behavior which have either been alleged or proved to be attributable to our parks or our competitors could adversely affect attendance and revenues.

Extended disruptions to our technology platforms may adversely impact our sales and revenues.
A large portion of our sales are processed online and utilize third party technology platforms. Our increased dependence on these technology platforms may adversely impact our sales, and therefore our revenues, if key systems are disrupted for an extended period of time.

Risks Related to Our Strategy

Our growth strategy may not achieve the anticipated results.
Our future success will depend on our ability to grow our business, including fully recovering from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We grow our business through acquisitions and capital investments to improve our parks through new rides and attractions, as well as in-park product offerings and product offerings outside of our parks. Our growth and innovation strategies require significant commitments of management resources and our investments may not grow our revenues at the rate we expect or at all. As a result, we may not be able to recover the costs incurred in developing new projects and initiatives, or to realize their intended or projected benefits, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We compete for discretionary spending and discretionary free time with many other entertainment alternatives and are subject to factors that generally affect the recreation and leisure industry, including general economic conditions.
Our parks compete for discretionary spending and discretionary free time with other amusement, water and theme parks and with other types of recreational activities and forms of entertainment, including movies, sporting events, restaurants and vacation travel. Our business is also subject to factors that generally affect the recreation and leisure industries and are not within our control. Such factors include, but are not limited to, general economic conditions, including relative fuel prices, and changes in consumer tastes and spending habits. There may be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations if we are unable to effectively compete with other entertainment alternatives.

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The operating season at most of our parks is of limited duration, which can magnify the impact of adverse conditions or events occurring within that operating season.
Twelve of our properties are seasonal and are generally open daily from Memorial Day through Labor Day. Outside of daily operations, our seasonal properties are typically open during select weekends, including at most properties in the fourth quarter for Halloween and winter events. As a result, a substantial portion of our revenues from these seasonal parks are generated from Memorial Day through Labor Day with the major portion concentrated during the peak vacation months of July and August. Consequently, when adverse conditions or events occur during the operating season, particularly during the peak vacation months of July and August or the important fall season, there is only a limited period of time during which the impact of those conditions or events can be mitigated. Accordingly, the timing of such conditions or events may have a disproportionate adverse effect upon our revenues.

Risks Related to Human Capital

Increased costs of labor and employee health and welfare benefits may impact our results of operations.
Labor is a primary component in the cost of operating our business. Increased labor costs, due to competition, inflationary pressures, increased federal, state or local minimum wage requirements, and increased employee benefit costs, including health care costs, could adversely impact our operating expenses. Over the past two to three years, we experienced a meaningful increase in seasonal labor rate in order to recruit employees in a challenging labor market. Continued increases to both market wage rates and the statutory minimum wage rates could also materially impact our future seasonal labor rates. It is possible that these changes could significantly increase our labor costs, which would adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

Our business depends on our ability to meet our workforce needs.
Our success depends on our ability to attract, motivate and retain qualified employees to keep pace with our needs. If we are unable to do so, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. We employ a significant workforce each season. We recruit year-round to fill thousands of staffing positions to ensure the appropriate workforce is in place at the right time. There is no assurance that we will be able to recruit and hire adequate personnel as the business requires or that we will not experience material increases in the cost of securing our workforce in the future.

If we lose key personnel, our business may be adversely affected.
Our success depends in part upon a number of key employees, including our senior management team, whose members have been involved in the leisure and hospitality industries for an average of more than 20 years. The loss of services of our key employees or our inability to replace our key employees could cause disruption in important operational, financial and strategic functions and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

The amount of our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our debt agreements.
We had $2.3 billion of outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2022 (before reduction of debt issuance costs).

The amount of our indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:
•limit our ability to borrow money for our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements, strategic initiatives or other purposes;
•limit our flexibility in planning or reacting to changes in business and future business operations; and
•make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, could result in an event of default under the agreements governing other indebtedness.

In addition, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or be able to draw under our revolving credit facility or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to fund our liquidity needs, including the payment of principal and interest on our debt obligations. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our indebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, suspend partnership distributions, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt in the future will depend on the condition of the capital and credit markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, the terms of our existing or future debt agreements, including our credit agreement and the indentures governing our notes, may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In the absence of sufficient operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions for fair market value or at all. Furthermore, any proceeds that we could realize from any such dispositions may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due.

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Despite the amount of our indebtedness, we may be able to incur additional indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with the amount of our indebtedness.

Our debt agreements contain restrictions that could limit our flexibility in investing in our business, including the ability to pay partnership distributions.
Our credit agreement and the indentures governing our notes contain, and any future indebtedness of ours will likely contain, a number of covenants that could impose significant financial restrictions on us, including restrictions on our and our subsidiaries' ability to, among other things:

•pay distributions on or make distributions in respect of our partnership units or make other Restricted Payments, including unit repurchases;
•incur additional debt or issue certain preferred equity;
•make certain investments;
•sell certain assets;
•create restrictions on distributions from restricted subsidiaries;
•create liens on certain assets to secure debt;
•consolidate, merge, amalgamate, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all our assets;
•enter into certain transactions with our affiliates; and
•designate our subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.

Our credit agreement includes a Senior Secured Leverage Ratio of 4.50x Total First Lien Senior Secured Debt-to-Consolidated EBITDA, which will step down to 4.00x in the second quarter of 2023 and which will step down further to 3.75x in the third quarter of 2023. Following an amendment in the first quarter of 2023, this financial covenant is only required to be tested at the end of any fiscal quarter in which revolving credit facility borrowings are outstanding.

Our credit agreement and fixed rate note agreements include Restricted Payment provisions, which could limit our ability to pay partnership distributions. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the 2027 senior notes, which includes the most restrictive of these Restricted Payments provisions, if our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is greater than 5.25x, we can still make Restricted Payments of $100 million annually so long as no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. If our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is less than or equal to 5.25x, we can make Restricted Payments up to our Restricted Payment pool.

Variable rate indebtedness could subject us to the risk of higher interest rates, which could cause our future debt service obligations to increase.
Certain of our borrowings may be at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our annual debt service obligations on any variable-rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income would decrease.

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Matters

Cyber-security risks and the failure to maintain the integrity of internal or customer data could result in damages to our reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines or lawsuits.
In the normal course of business, we, or third parties on our behalf, collect and retain large volumes of internal and customer data, including credit card numbers and other personally identifiable information, which is used for marketing and promotional purposes, and our various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data. We also maintain personally identifiable information about our employees. The integrity and protection of such data is critical to our business, and our guests and employees have a high expectation that we will adequately protect their personal information. The regulatory environment, as well as the requirements imposed on us by the credit card industry, governing information, security and privacy laws is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve. Maintaining compliance with applicable security and privacy regulations may increase our operating costs and/or adversely impact our ability to market our parks, products and services to our guests. Furthermore, if a person could circumvent our security measures, he or she could destroy or steal valuable information or disrupt our operations. Any security breach could expose us to risks of data loss, which could harm our reputation and result in remedial and other costs, fines or lawsuits. Although we carry liability insurance to cover this risk, there can be no assurance that our coverage will be adequate to cover liabilities, or that we will be able to obtain adequate coverage should a catastrophic incident occur.

Our operations, our workforce and our ownership of property subject us to various laws and regulatory compliance, which may create uncertainty regarding future expenditures and liabilities.
We may be required to incur costs to comply with regulatory requirements, such as those relating to employment practices, environmental requirements, and other regulatory matters, and the costs of compliance, investigation, remediation, litigation, and resolution of regulatory matters could be substantial. We may also be required to incur additional costs and commit management resources to comply with proposed regulatory requirements that may become effective in the near future, including environmental, social and governance initiatives ("ESG") which continue to be a focus for investors and other stakeholders. Any ESG initiatives entered into by us may not realize their intended or projected benefits.
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We are subject to extensive federal and state employment laws and regulations, including wage and hour laws and other pay practices and employee record-keeping requirements. We periodically have had to, and may have to, defend against lawsuits asserting non-compliance. Such lawsuits can be costly, time consuming and distract management, and adverse rulings in these types of claims could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results.

We also are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations such as those relating to water resources; discharges to air, water and land; the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste; and the cleanup of properties affected by regulated materials. Under these laws and regulations, we may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases from current or formerly owned or operated facilities or to mitigate potential environmental risks. Environmental laws typically impose cleanup responsibility and liability without regard to whether the relevant entity knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of regulated materials may be substantial, and the presence of those substances, or the failure to remediate a property properly, may impair our ability to use, transfer or obtain financing regarding our property.

Our tax treatment is dependent on our status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. If the tax laws were to treat us as a corporation or we become subject to a material amount of entity-level taxation, it may substantially reduce our available cash.
We are a limited partnership under Delaware law and are treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. A change in current tax law may cause us to be taxed as a corporation for federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject us to taxation as an entity. If we were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would pay federal income tax on our entire taxable income at the corporate tax rate, rather than only on the taxable income from our corporate subsidiaries, and may be subject to additional state taxes at varying rates. Further, unitholder distributions would generally be taxed again as corporate distributions or dividends and no income, gains, losses, or deductions would flow through to unitholders. Because additional entity level taxes would be imposed upon us as a corporation, our available cash could be substantially reduced. Although we are not currently aware of any legislative proposal that would adversely impact our treatment as a partnership, we are unable to predict whether any changes or other proposals will ultimately be enacted.

Our status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes subjects us and our unitholders to additional tax reporting that may be costly and may increase complexity.
Because we are treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, we are required to annually report to our unitholders certain partnership items. The nature of these items and the evolving legislation surrounding these reporting requirements may increase our unitholders' compliance cost and the cost of owning our units.

General Risk Factors

Other factors, including local events, natural disasters, pandemics and terrorist activities, or threats of these events, could adversely impact park attendance and our revenues.
Lower attendance may result from various local events, natural disasters, pandemics or terrorist activities, or threats of these events, all of which are outside of our control.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

ParkLocationApproximate Total
Acreage		Approximate Developed AcreageApproximate Undeveloped Acreage
Cedar Point
Cedar Point Shores		(1)Sandusky, Ohio835 725 110 
Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Soak City		Buena Park, California175 175 — 
Canada's WonderlandVaughan, Ontario, Canada295 295 — 
Kings IslandMason, Ohio680 330 350 
CarowindsCharlotte, North Carolina and Fort Mill, South Carolina400 300 100 
Kings DominionDoswell, Virginia740 280 460 
California's Great America(2)Santa Clara, California175 175 — 
Dorney ParkAllentown, Pennsylvania210 180 30 
Worlds of FunKansas City, Missouri350 250 100 
ValleyfairShakopee, Minnesota190 110 80 
Michigan's AdventureMuskegon, Michigan260 120 140 
Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New BraunfelsNew Braunfels, Texas90 75 15 
Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston(3)Galveston, Texas40 35 5 
(1)    Cedar Point and Cedar Point Shores are located on approximately 365 acres, virtually all of which have been developed, on the Cedar Point peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio. We also own approximately 470 acres of property on the mainland near Cedar Point with approximately 110 acres undeveloped. Cedar Point's Express Hotel, Castaway Bay Indoor Waterpark Resort and an adjoining restaurant, Castaway Bay Marina, seasonal-employee housing complexes, Cedar Point Sports Center and Sawmill Creek Resort are located on this property.

We control, through ownership or an easement, a six-mile public highway and own approximately 40 acres of vacant land adjacent to this highway, which is a secondary access route to Cedar Point and serves about 250 private residences. We maintain this roadway pursuant to deed provisions. We also own the Cedar Point Causeway, a four-lane roadway across Sandusky Bay, which is the principal access road to Cedar Point.

(2)    We sold the land at California's Great America on June 27, 2022. Concurrently with the sale of the land, we entered into a lease contract that allows us to operate the park during a six-year term, and we have an option to extend the term for an additional five years. The lease is subject to early termination by the buyer with at least two years' prior notice; see Note 11.

(3)    We lease the land at Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston through a long-term lease agreement. The lease is renewable in 2024 with options to renew at our discretion through 2049 and a right of first refusal clause to purchase the land.

All of our property is owned in fee simple and is encumbered by our credit agreement and the 2025 senior notes, with the exception of the land at California's Great America, the land at Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston, the land at the location of the Cedar Fair Resort and Attraction Management program, and portions of the six-mile public highway that serves as secondary access route to Cedar Point. We consider our properties to be well maintained, in good condition and adequate for our present uses and business requirements.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.
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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S DEPOSITARY UNITS, RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER
PURCHASES OF DEPOSITARY UNITS.

Cedar Fair, L.P. Depositary Units representing limited partner interests are listed for trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "FUN". As of February 10, 2023, there were approximately 4,600 registered holders of Cedar Fair, L.P. Depositary Units, representing limited partner interests. Item 12 in this Form 10-K includes information regarding our equity incentive plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Our credit agreement and fixed rate note agreements include Restricted Payment provisions, which could limit our ability to pay partnership distributions. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the 2027 senior notes, which includes the most restrictive of these Restricted Payments provisions, if our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is greater than 5.25x, we can still make Restricted Payments of $100 million annually so long as no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. If our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is less than or equal to 5.25x, we can make Restricted Payments up to our Restricted Payment pool. Our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio was less than 5.25x as of December 31, 2022.

Unitholder Return Performance Graph

The graph below shows a comparison of the five-year cumulative total return (assuming all distributions/dividends reinvested) for Cedar Fair, L.P. limited partnership units, the S&P 500 Index, the S&P 400 Index, and the S&P - Movies and Entertainment Index, assuming investment of $100 on December 31, 2017.
fun-20221231_g1.jpg
Base PeriodReturn
201720182019202020212022
Cedar Fair, L.P.$100.00 $77.35 $97.04 $72.57 $92.35 $77.36 
S&P 500100.00 95.62 125.73 148.87 191.60 156.90 
S&P 400100.00 88.92 112.22 127.55 159.13 138.34 
S&P Movies and Entertainment100.00 100.61 127.49 177.32 172.96 86.08 

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes repurchases of Cedar Fair, L.P. Depositary Units representing limited partner interests by the Partnership during the three months ended December 31, 2022:

(a)(b)(c)(d)








Period
Total Number of Units Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid per Unit
Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
September 26 - October 311,230,943 $40.22 1,230,943 $134,529,377 
November 1 - November 30879,404 $40.74 879,404 $98,703,337 
December 1 - December 31905,837 $39.84 905,837 $62,618,601 
Total3,016,184 $40.26 3,016,184 $62,618,601 

(1)All units purchased were repurchased pursuant to our unit repurchase program described in Footnote 2.

(2)On August 3, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a unit repurchase plan authorizing the Partnership to repurchase units for an aggregate purchase price of not more than $250 million. No limit was placed on the duration of the repurchase program; see Note 8.

ITEM 6. RESERVED.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Business Overview

We generate our revenues from sales of (1) admission to our amusement parks and water parks, (2) food, merchandise and games both inside and outside our parks, and (3) accommodations, extra-charge products, and other revenue sources. Our principal costs and expenses, which include salaries and wages, operating supplies, maintenance and advertising, are relatively fixed for a typical operating season and do not vary significantly with attendance.

Each of our properties is overseen by a general manager and operates autonomously. Management reviews operating results, evaluates performance and makes operating decisions, including allocating resources, on a property-by-property basis.

Along with attendance and in-park per capita spending statistics, discrete financial information and operating results are prepared at the individual park level for use by the CEO, who is the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), as well as by the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, Senior Vice Presidents and the general managers.

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The following table presents certain financial data expressed as a percent of total net revenues and selective statistical information for the periods indicated.
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
(In thousands, except per capita spending, operating days and percentages)
Net revenues:
Admissions$925,903 50.9 %$674,799 50.4 %$67,852 37.4 %
Food, merchandise and games602,603 33.2 %432,513 32.3 %76,921 42.4 %
Accommodations, extra-charge products and other288,877 15.9 %230,907 17.3 %36,782 20.3 %
Net revenues1,817,383 100.0 %1,338,219 100.0 %181,555 100.0 %
Operating costs and expenses1,289,142 70.9 %1,030,466 77.0 %483,891 266.5 %
Depreciation and amortization153,274 8.4 %148,803 11.1 %157,549 86.8 %
Loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets, net10,275 0.6 %10,486 0.8 %8,135 4.5 %
Loss on impairment of goodwill and other intangibles— — %— — %103,999 57.3 %
Gain on sale of land(155,250)(8.5)%— — %— — %
Loss (gain) on other assets— — %129 — %(11)— %
Operating income (loss)519,942 28.6 %148,335 11.1 %(572,008)(315.1)%
Interest and other expense, net148,332 8.2 %183,732 13.7 %150,222 82.7 %
Net effect of swaps(25,641)(1.4)%(19,000)(1.4)%15,849 8.7 %
Loss on early debt extinguishment1,810 0.1 %5,909 0.4 %2,262 1.2 %
Loss (gain) on foreign currency23,784 1.3 %6,177 0.5 %(12,183)(6.7)%
Provision (benefit) for taxes63,989 3.5 %20,035 1.5 %(137,915)(76.0)%
Net (loss) income$307,668 16.9 %$(48,518)(3.6)%$(590,243)(325.1)%
Other data:
Attendance26,912 19,498 2,595 
In-park per capita spending$61.65 $62.03 $46.38 
Operating days2,302 1,765 487 

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had a material impact on our business in 2020, had a continuing negative impact in 2021 and may have a longer-term negative effect. Beginning on March 14, 2020, we closed our properties for several months in response to the spread of COVID-19 and local government mandates. We ultimately resumed partial operations at 10 of our 13 properties in 2020, operating in accordance with local and state guidelines. Due to soft demand trends upon reopening in 2020, park operating calendars were adjusted for the remainder of 2020, including reduced operating days per week and operating hours within each operating day and earlier closure of certain parks than a typical operating year. Following March 14, 2020, Knott's Berry Farm's partial operations in 2020 were limited to culinary festivals.

We delayed the opening of our U.S. properties for the 2021 operating season until May 2021 and opened our Canadian property in July 2021. Upon opening in 2021, we operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place. Our 2021 operating calendars were designed to align with anticipated capacity restrictions, guest demand and labor availability, including fewer operating days in July and August at some of our smaller properties and additional operating days in September and the fourth quarter at most of our properties. As vaccination distribution efforts continued during the second quarter of 2021 and we were able to hire additional labor, we removed most capacity restrictions, guest reservation requirements and other protocols at our U.S. properties beginning in July 2021. Canada's Wonderland operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place upon opening and throughout 2021.

Each of our properties opened for the 2022 operating season as planned and without restrictions. We currently anticipate continuing to operate without restrictions for the 2023 operating season. However, we have and may continue to adjust future park operating calendars as we respond to changes in guest demand, labor availability and any federal, provincial, state and local restrictions. Our future operations are dependent on factors beyond our knowledge or control, including any future actions taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and changing risk tolerances of our employees and guests regarding health matters.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These principles require us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions during the normal course of business that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. The following discussion addresses our critical accounting policies, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and operating results or involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity (see Note 2 for a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies). Application of the critical accounting policies described below involves the exercise of judgment and the use of assumptions as to future uncertainties, and as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, including property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; past, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; and a current expectation that a long-lived asset will be sold or disposed significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. An impairment loss may be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset, including disposition, are less than the carrying value of the asset. The measurement of the impairment loss to be recognized is based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying amounts of the assets. Fair value is generally determined using a combination of a cost and market approach. Significant factors considered in the cost approach include replacement cost, reproduction cost, depreciation, physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and economic obsolescence of the assets. The market approach estimates fair value by utilizing market data for similar assets. In order to determine if an asset has been impaired, assets are grouped and tested at the lowest level for which identifiable, independent cash flows are available.

The determination of whether an indicator of impairment has occurred and the estimation of undiscounted cash flows requires management to make significant estimates and consider an anticipated course of action as of the balance sheet date. Subsequent changes arising from changes in anticipated actions could impact the determination of whether impairment exists, the estimation of undiscounted cash flows and whether the effects could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including trade-names, are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in equity price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; unanticipated competition; the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit; and slower growth rates. The fair value of a reporting unit is established using a combination of an income (discounted cash flow) approach and market approach. The income approach uses a reporting unit's projection of estimated operating results and discounted cash flows using a weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions. Estimated operating results are established using management's best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in revenues and costs, estimates of future expected changes in operating margins and cash expenditures. Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, future estimates of capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements. A market approach estimates fair value by applying cash flow multiples to the reporting unit's operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics of the reporting units.

It is possible that our assumptions about future performance, as well as the economic outlook and related conclusions regarding valuation, could change adversely, which may result in additional impairment that would have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations in future periods.

Self-Insurance Reserves
Self-insurance reserves are recorded for the estimated amounts of guest and employee claims and related expenses incurred each period. Reserves are established for both identified claims and incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims and are recorded when claim amounts become probable and estimable. Reserves for identified claims are based upon our historical claim experience and third-party estimates of settlement costs. Reserves for IBNR claims are based upon our claims data history. Self-insurance reserves are periodically reviewed for changes in facts and circumstances and adjustments are made as necessary. The ultimate cost for identified claims can be difficult to predict due to the unique facts and circumstances associated with each claim.

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Revenue Recognition
As disclosed within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), revenues are generated from sales of (1) admission to our amusement parks and water parks, (2) food, merchandise and games both inside and outside the parks, and (3) accommodations, extra-charge products, and other revenue sources. Most revenues are recognized on a daily basis based on actual guest spend at our properties. Revenues from multi-use products, including season-long products for admission, dining, beverage and other products, are recognized over the estimated number of uses expected for each type of product. The estimated number of uses is reviewed and may be updated periodically during the operating season prior to the ticket or product expiration, which generally occurs no later than the close of the operating season associated with that product. The number of uses is estimated based on historical usage adjusted for current period trends.

Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we extended the validity of our 2020 season-long products through the 2021 operating season in order to ensure our season pass holders received a full season of access to our parks. The extended validity of the 2020 season-long products resulted in a significant amount of revenue deferred from 2020 into 2021. In addition to the extended validity through 2021, Knott's Berry Farm also offered a further day-for-day extension into calendar year 2022 for 2020 and 2021 season-long products for every day the park was closed in 2021, and Canada's Wonderland extended its 2020 and 2021 season-long products through Labour Day, or September 5, 2022. All revenue related to season-long product extensions was recognized by the third quarter of 2022. In order to calculate revenue recognized on extended season-long products, management made significant estimates regarding the estimated number of uses expected for these season-long products for admission, dining, beverage and other products, including during interim periods.

Income Taxes
Our legal entity structure includes both partnerships and corporate subsidiaries. We are subject to publicly traded partnership tax ("PTP tax") on certain partnership level gross income (net revenues less cost of food, merchandise, and games revenues), state and local income taxes on partnership income, U.S. federal state and local income taxes on income from our corporate subsidiaries and foreign income taxes on our foreign subsidiary. As such, the total provision for taxes includes amounts for the PTP gross income tax and federal, state, local and foreign income taxes. Under applicable accounting rules, the total provision for income taxes includes the amount of taxes payable for the current year and the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities, which represents future tax consequences of events that are recognized in different periods in the financial statements than for tax purposes.

Our corporate subsidiaries account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future book and tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law is recognized in income at the time of enactment of such change in tax law. Any interest or penalties due for payment of income taxes are included in the provision for income taxes.

We record a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The need for this allowance is based on several factors including the ten-year carryforward period allowed for excess foreign tax credits, experience to date of foreign tax credit limitations, carryforward periods of state net operating losses, and management's long-term estimates of domestic and foreign source income.

There is inherent uncertainty in the estimates used to project the amount of foreign tax credit and state net operating loss carryforwards that are more likely than not to be realized. It is possible that our future income projections, as well as the economic outlook and related conclusions regarding valuation allowances could change, which may result in additional valuation allowance being recorded or may result in additional valuation allowance reductions, and which may have a material negative or positive effect on our reported financial position and results of operations in future periods.

Results of Operations

We believe the following non-GAAP financial measures are key performance metrics in our managerial and operational reporting. They are used as major factors in significant operational decisions as they are primary drivers of our financial and operational performance, measuring demand, pricing and consumer behavior:

Attendance is defined as the number of guest visits to our amusement parks and separately gated outdoor water parks.

In-park per capita spending is calculated as revenues generated within our amusement parks and separately gated outdoor water parks along with related parking revenues (in-park revenues), divided by total attendance.

Out-of-park revenues are defined as revenues from resorts, out-of-park food and retail locations, online transaction fees charged to customers, sponsorships, and all other out-of-park operations.

Net revenues consist of in-park revenues and out-of-park revenues less amounts remitted to outside parties under concessionaire arrangements; see Note 3.
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In the Results of Operations section, we discuss our 2022 and 2021 results, including a comparison of our 2022 results with our 2021 and 2019 results. The comparison of our 2022 to 2019 results is provided due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our 2021 and 2020 results. For a discussion regarding our 2020 results, including comparisons of our 2021 results to our 2020 and 2019 results, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" within the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022.

2022 vs. 2021

Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the results for the year ended December 31, 2022 were not directly comparable with the results for the year ended December 31, 2021. The year ended December 31, 2022 included 2,302 operating days compared with 1,765 operating days for the year ended December 31, 2021.

In the 2021 period and due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we postponed the opening of our parks for the 2021 operating season to May 2021, when all of our properties opened on a staggered basis except for our Canadian property, Canada's Wonderland, which opened in July 2021. Upon opening in 2021, park operating calendars were reduced, guest reservations were required, and some operating restrictions were in place. We removed most capacity restrictions, guest reservation requirements and other protocols at our U.S. properties beginning in July 2021. Operating restrictions remained in place at our Canadian property throughout 2021. We adjusted our 2021 operating calendars to reflect anticipated changes in guest demand, labor availability and state and local restrictions by including fewer operating days in July and August at some of our smaller properties and by including additional operating days in September and the fourth quarter at most of our properties. The 2021 period also included the results from limited out-of-park operations prior to the May 2021 opening of our parks. Limited out-of-park operations included some of our hotel properties and a culinary festival at Knott's Berry Farm from March 5, 2021 through May 2, 2021. Each of our properties opened for the 2022 operating season as planned and without restrictions.

The following table presents key financial information and operating statistics for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 Increase (Decrease)
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021$%
(Amounts in thousands, except for per capita and operating days)
Net revenues$1,817,383 $1,338,219 $479,164 35.8 %
Operating costs and expenses1,289,142 1,030,466 258,676 25.1 %
Depreciation and amortization153,274 148,803 4,471 3.0 %
Loss on impairment/retirement of fixed assets, net10,275 10,486 (211)N/M
Gain on sale of land(155,250)— (155,250)N/M
Loss on other assets— 129 (129)N/M
Operating income$519,942 $148,335 $371,607 250.5 %
Other Data:
Attendance (1)26,912 19,498 7,414 38.0 %
In-park per capita spending (1)$61.65 $62.03 $(0.38)(0.6)%
Out-of-park revenues$213,337 $167,978 $45,359 27.0 %
Operating days2,302 1,765 537 30.4 %

N/M    Not meaningful due to the nature of the expense line-item.

(1)    Attendance and in-park per capita spending are non-GAAP financial measures. Theses metrics are used as major factors in significant operational decisions as they are primary drivers of our financial and operational performance, measuring demand, pricing and consumer behavior. See the definition and calculation of these measures above.

Consolidated net revenues totaled $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with $1.3 billion for 2021. This increase in net revenues was attributable to a 537 operating day increase in 2022 resulting in a 7.4 million-visit increase in attendance and a $45.4 million increase in out-of-park revenues. In-park per capita spending for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased 0.6% to $61.65, which was driven by lower sales volume per guest on extra-charge products and a higher season pass mix. While the majority of the increase in out-of-park revenues was attributable to the 537 operating day increase in 2022, out-of-park revenues also increased due to the reopening of Castaway Bay Resort and Sawmill Creek Resort at Cedar Point following temporary closures for renovations and higher average daily room rates across much of our resort portfolio, offset somewhat by a prior period culinary festival at Knott's Berry Farm. The increase in net revenues included a $6.5 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates at our Canadian park.

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Operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased to $1.3 billion from $1.0 billion for 2021. This was the result of a $51.8 million increase in cost of food, merchandise and games revenues ("COGS"), a $166.1 million increase in operating expenses, and a $40.8 million increase in selling, general, and administrative expenses ("SG&A"), all of which were largely the result of the 537 operating day increase in 2022. While the majority of the $166.1 million increase in operating expenses was attributable to the increase in operating days, there was also an increase in full-time wages primarily related to a planned increase in head count at select parks, and incremental land lease and property tax costs associated with the sale-leaseback of the land at California's Great America. The increase in operating costs and expenses included a $3.2 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates at our Canadian park.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $4.5 million compared with 2021 due primarily to the reduction of the estimated useful lives of the long-lived assets at California's Great America following the sale-leaseback of the land at California's Great America. The loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets for 2022 was $10.3 million compared to $10.5 million for 2021. The loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets for both periods included retirements of assets in the normal course of business. The 2021 period also included the impairment of a few specific assets in the second half of 2021.

After a $155.3 million gain on the sale of the land at California's Great America during the third quarter of 2022 and the items above, operating income for 2022 totaled $519.9 million compared with $148.3 million for 2021.

Interest expense for 2022 decreased $32.1 million compared with 2021 primarily due to the redemption of the 2024 senior notes in December 2021, and the repayment of our senior secured term loan facility and related termination of our interest rate swap agreements during the third quarter of 2022. The net effect of our swaps resulted in a $25.6 million benefit to earnings for 2022 compared with a $19.0 million benefit to earnings for 2021. The difference was attributable to the change in fair market value of our swap portfolio prior to the termination of our interest rate swap agreements. Upon termination of our interest rate swap agreements, we received $5.3 million at settlement, net of fees. In addition, we recognized a loss on early debt extinguishment of $1.8 million in 2022 upon full repayment of our senior secured term debt facility, and we recognized a $5.9 million loss on early debt extinguishment in 2021 related to the full redemption of our 2024 senior notes. During 2022, we also recognized a $23.8 million net charge to earnings for foreign currency gains and losses compared with a $6.2 million net charge to earnings for 2021. Both amounts primarily represented the remeasurement of U.S.-dollar denominated notes to our Canadian entity's functional currency.

For 2022, a provision for taxes of $64.0 million was recorded to account for PTP taxes and federal, state, local and foreign income taxes compared with $20.0 million recorded for 2021. The increase in provision for taxes was primarily attributable to higher pretax income from our taxable subsidiaries in 2022.

After the items above, net income for 2022 totaled $307.7 million, or $5.45 per diluted limited partner unit, compared with a net loss of $48.5 million, or $0.86 per diluted unit, for 2021.

2022 vs. 2019

As described above, the results for the year ended December 31, 2022 were not directly comparable with the results for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we have included analysis comparing our 2022 results with our 2019 results. While the 2019 results are more comparable to the 2022 results, the 2022 results are also not directly comparable with the 2019 results due to general inflationary impacts following three years of passed time, including rising costs following the COVID-19 pandemic, and the acquisition of Schlitterbahn Waterpark and Resort New Braunfels and Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston ("Schlitterbahn parks") on July 1, 2019. The year ended December 31, 2022 included 2,302 operating days compared with a total of 2,224 operating days for the year ended December 31, 2019. There were 85 incremental operating days at the Schlitterbahn parks in 2022 compared with 2019. Excluding the Schlitterbahn parks, there were seven fewer operating days in 2022 compared with 2019. The following table presents key financial information and operating statistics for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2019:
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 Increase (Decrease)
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2019$%
(Amounts in thousands, except for per capita and operating days)
Net revenues$1,817,383 $1,474,925 $342,458 23.2 %
Operating costs and expenses1,289,142 990,716 298,426 30.1 %
Depreciation and amortization153,274 170,456 (17,182)(10.1)%
Loss on impairment/retirement of fixed assets, net10,275 4,931 5,344 N/M
Gain on sale of land(155,250)— (155,250)N/M
Gain on other assets— (617)617 N/M
Operating income$519,942 $309,439 $210,503 68.0 %
Other Data:
Attendance (1)26,912 27,938 (1,026)(3.7)%
In-park per capita spending (1) (2)$61.65 $48.32 $13.33 27.6 %
Out-of-park revenues (2)$213,337 $168,708 $44,629 26.5 %
Operating days2,302 2,224 78 3.5 %

N/M    Not meaningful due to the nature of the expense line-item

(1)    Attendance and in-park per capita spending are non-GAAP financial measures. Theses metrics are used as major factors in significant operational decisions as they are primary drivers of our financial and operational performance, measuring demand, pricing and consumer behavior. See the definition and calculation of these measures above.

(2)        Net revenues as disclosed within the statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) consist of in-park revenues and out-of-park revenues less amounts remitted to outside parties under concessionaire arrangements. In-park per capita spending is calculated as in-park revenues divided by total attendance. In-park revenues and concessionaire remittance totaled $1.35 billion and $43.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net revenues totaled $1.8 billion compared with $1.5 billion for 2019. The increase in net revenues reflected the impact of a 28%, or $13.33, increase in in-park per capita spending to $61.65, and a 26.5%, or $44.6 million increase in out-of-park revenues. These increases were partially offset by the impact of a 4%, or 1.0 million-visit, decline in attendance. The increase in in-park per capita spending was driven by higher guest spending across all key revenue categories, particularly admissions, food and beverage and extra-charge products. The increase in food and beverage and extra-charge spending was driven by both increased pricing and increased sales volume. The increase in out-of-park revenues was attributable to higher average daily room rates across much of our resort portfolio, increased online transaction fees charged to customers, higher sales at Knott's Berry Farm's Marketplace, as well as revenues from properties that opened or were acquired in 2019, including the Resort at Schlitterbahn New Braunfels and a hotel adjacent to Carowinds. The decline in attendance was driven by an expected slower recovery in group sales attendance and the planned reduction of low-value ticket programs. The increase in net revenues included a $2.6 million favorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates at our Canadian park.

Operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $298.4 million compared with 2019. This was the result of a $38.0 million increase in COGS, a $222.1 million increase in operating expenses and a $38.3 million increase in SG&A expense. COGS as a percentage of food, merchandise and games revenue increased 0.6% as the result of general inflationary cost pressures. The increase in operating expenses was attributable to a significant increase in seasonal labor rate, higher full-time wages primarily related to a planned increase in head count at select parks, higher related employee taxes and benefits, the inclusion of the Schlitterbahn parks, higher costs for supplies, and incremental land lease and property tax costs associated with the sale-leaseback of the land at California's Great America. The increase in SG&A expense was largely due to an increase in full-time wages, including an increase in accrued bonus and equity-based compensation plan expenses, as well as an increase in transaction fees and technology related costs. These increases in SG&A expense were offset by a decline in advertising costs driven by a more efficient digital media strategy. The increase in operating costs and expenses included a $1.4 million unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates at our Canadian park.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased $17.2 million compared with 2019 due primarily to the full depreciation of 15-year useful lived property and equipment from our 2006 acquisition of Paramount Parks, Inc., as well as the change in estimated useful life of a long-lived asset at Kings Dominion in 2019. These decreases were somewhat offset by the reduction of the estimated useful lives of the long-lived assets at California's Great America following the sale-leaseback of the land at California's Great America. The loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets for 2022 was $10.3 million compared with $4.9 million for 2019, both of which included retirements of assets in the normal course of business.

After a $155.3 million gain on the sale of land at California's Great America during the third quarter of 2022 and the items above, operating income for 2022 totaled $519.9 million compared with $309.4 million for 2019.

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Interest expense for 2022 increased $51.6 million compared with 2019 due to interest incurred on the 2025 senior notes, 2028 senior notes and 2029 senior notes offset in part by the impact of the redemption of the 2024 senior notes in December 2021 and the prepayment of term debt in 2020. The 2025 senior notes and the 2028 senior notes were issued in 2020 to supplement liquidity in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the 2029 senior notes were issued at the end of the second quarter of 2019 in coordination with the acquisition of the Schlitterbahn parks. The net effect of our swaps resulted in a $25.6 million benefit to earnings for 2022 compared with a $16.5 million charge to earnings for 2019. The difference was attributable to the change in fair market value of our swap portfolio prior to termination of our interest rate swap agreements. We terminated our interest rate swap agreements during the third quarter of 2022 following the full repayment of our senior secured term loan facility resulting in a $5.3 million cash receipt upon termination, net of fees. In addition, we recognized a $1.8 million loss on early debt extinguishment in 2022 upon full repayment of our senior secured term debt facility. During 2022, we also recognized a $23.8 million net charge to earnings for foreign currency gains and losses compared with a $21.1 million net benefit to earnings for 2019. Both amounts primarily represented the remeasurement of U.S.-dollar denominated notes to our Canadian entity's functional currency.

For 2022, a provision for taxes of $64.0 million was recorded to account for PTP taxes and federal, state, local and foreign income taxes compared with $42.8 million recorded for 2019. The increase in provision for taxes was primarily attributable to higher pretax income from our taxable subsidiaries in 2022.

After the items above, net income for 2022 totaled $307.7 million, or $5.45 per diluted limited partner unit, compared with $172.4 million, or $3.03 per diluted unit, for 2019.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA represents earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, other non-cash items, and adjustments as defined in our current and prior credit agreements. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measurement of operating performance computed in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and should not be considered as a substitute for operating income, net income or cash flows from operating activities computed in accordance with GAAP. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is a meaningful measure of park-level operating profitability and we use it for measuring returns on capital investments, evaluating potential acquisitions, determining awards under incentive compensation plans, and calculating compliance with certain loan covenants. Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by analysts, investors and comparable companies in our industry to evaluate our operating performance on a consistent basis, as well as more easily compare our results with those of other companies in our industry. This measure is provided as a supplemental measure of our operating results and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for the periods indicated. Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our 2021 and 2020 results, we included a comparison of 2022 results to 2019 results.
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202220212019
Net income (loss)$307,668 $(48,518)$172,365 
Interest expense151,940 184,032 100,364 
Interest income(3,621)(94)(2,033)
Provision for taxes63,989 20,035 42,789 
Depreciation and amortization153,274 148,803 170,456 
EBITDA673,250 304,258 483,941 
Loss on early debt extinguishment1,810 5,909 — 
Net effect of swaps(25,641)(19,000)16,532 
Non-cash foreign currency loss (gain)23,856 6,255 (21,061)
Non-cash equity compensation expense20,589 15,431 12,434 
Loss on impairment/retirement of fixed assets, net10,275 10,486 4,931 
Gain on sale of land(155,250)— — 
Loss (gain) on other assets— 129 (617)
Acquisition-related costs— — 7,162 
Other (1)
3,064 1,173 1,351 
Adjusted EBITDA$551,953 $324,641 $504,673 

(1)    Consists of certain costs as defined in our current and prior credit agreements. These items are excluded from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and have included certain legal expenses and severance and related benefits. This balance also includes unrealized gains and losses on short-term investments.


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For 2022, Adjusted EBITDA increased $227.3 million compared with 2021. The increase was primarily due to the 537 operating day increase in 2022 and the related improvement in attendance and out-of-park revenues offset somewhat by an increase in expenses incurred, particularly for labor and cost of goods sold. As compared with 2019, Adjusted EBITDA increased $47.3 million for 2022. This increase in Adjusted EBITDA was due to higher net revenues in 2022 driven by higher in-park per capita spending, increased out-of-park revenues and the inclusion of the Schlitterbahn parks, all of which were somewhat offset by increased costs in the current period, particularly labor costs and macro-environment inflationary pressures that increased other operating costs and expenses across our operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity typically include cash from operating activities, funding from our long-term debt obligations and existing cash on hand. Due to the seasonality of our business, we typically fund pre-opening operations with revolving credit borrowings. Revolving credit borrowings are typically reduced with our positive cash flow during the seasonal operating period. Our primary uses of liquidity typically include operating expenses, partnership distributions, capital expenditures, interest payments, income tax obligations, and recently, limited partnership unit repurchases.

We funded our 2022 liquidity needs and expect to fund our 2023 liquidity needs from cash from operating activities and borrowings from our revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash on hand of $101.2 million and availability under our revolving credit facility of $280.1 million. Based on this level of liquidity, we concluded that we will have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our obligations and remain in compliance with our debt covenants at least through the first quarter of 2024. Due to limited open operations in 2020 and early 2021, our 2020 and first quarter 2021 liquidity needs were funded from cash on hand from senior notes issued in 2020. We began generating positive cash flows from operations during the second quarter of 2021.

Management has been focused on driving profitable and sustainable growth in the business, reducing the Partnership's outstanding debt, reinstating the quarterly partnership distribution, and accelerating the return of capital to our unitholders.

–We expect to invest between $185 million and $200 million in capital expenditures for the 2023 operating season, which will include large-scale updates to major sections of our parks, new roller coasters and other rides and attractions, upgraded and expanded food and beverage facilities, the renovation of the Knott's Berry Farm Hotel and major events to celebrate two 50-year park anniversaries.
–We sold the land at California's Great America for a cash purchase price of $310 million, subject to customary prorations in June 27, 2022; see Note 4.
–We continue to make progress towards our goal of reducing outstanding debt. In December 2021, we redeemed $450 million of senior unsecured notes due 2024. In 2022, we repaid the remaining outstanding principal amount on our senior secured term loan facility totaling $264.3 million.
–We began paying partnership distributions again following a suspension of partnership distributions that began in March 2020. We paid partnership distributions of $0.30 per limited partner unit on both September 15, 2022 and December 15, 2022. On February 16, 2023, we announced that our Board declared an additional partnership distribution of $0.30 per limited partner unit, which will be payable on March 21, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 7, 2023.
–Lastly, on August 3, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a unit repurchase plan authorizing the Partnership to repurchase units for an aggregate purchase price of not more than $250 million; see Note 8. There were 4.5 million limited partnership units repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022 at an average price of $41.28 per limited partner unit for an aggregate amount of $187.4 million. There was $62.6 million of remaining availability under the repurchase program as of December 31, 2022. Through January 31, 2023, we had repurchased approximately 5.0 million limited partnership units for an aggregate amount of $208.0 million.

We anticipate cash interest payments between $130 million and $140 million during 2023 of which approximately 70% of the payments will occur in the second and fourth quarters. We anticipate cash payments for income taxes to range from $50 million to $60 million in 2023.

As of December 31, 2022, deferred revenue totaled $172.7 million, including non-current deferred revenue. This represented a decrease of $24.9 million compared with total deferred revenue as of December 31, 2021. The decrease in total deferred revenue was largely attributable to approximately $30 million of 2020 and 2021 season-long product extensions at Knott's Berry Farm and Canada's Wonderland in 2021 into the 2022 operating season. Excluding the prior period deferred revenue associated with product extensions, deferred revenue increased 3% as of December 31, 2022 compared with deferred revenue as of December 31, 2021.

Operating Activities
Net cash from operating activities in 2022 totaled $407.7 million compared with $201.2 million in 2021 and net cash for operating activities of $416.5 million in 2020. The variance between years was attributable to lower earnings in 2020, and to a lesser extent in 2021, as a result of disrupted operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cash interest payments totaled $137.7 million in 2022 compared with $174.3 million in 2021 and $130.4 million in 2020. The decrease in cash interest payments from 2021 was attributable to the redemption of the 2024 senior notes in December 2021,
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and the repayment of our senior secured term loan facility and related termination of our interest rate swap agreements during the third quarter of 2022. The increase in cash interest payments from 2020 was attributable to a full year of interest paid on the 2025 senior notes and 2028 senior notes which were issued during 2020 offset by the redemption of the 2024 senior notes and repayment of our senior secured term loan facility in the current year. Net cash refunds for income taxes totaled $47.2 million in 2022 compared with net cash payments of $10.1 million in 2021 and $1.8 million in 2020. The variance between years for cash (refunds) payments for income taxes was attributable to $90.7 million in tax refunds received in the current year for the net operating loss in tax year 2020 being carried back to prior years. The remaining variance was due to the impact of disrupted operations in 2020, and to a lesser extent 2021.

Investing Activities
Net cash from investing activities in 2022 totaled $126.6 million, an increase of $184.4 million compared with net cash for investing activities in 2021 and an increase of $247.5 million compared with net cash for investing activities in 2020. The increases from 2021 and 2020 were attributable to the current year sale of the land at California's Great America somewhat offset by higher capital spending in 2022 following a planned reduction in capital spending in 2020 and 2021 to retain liquidity as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Financing Activities
Net cash for financing activities in 2022 totaled $489.6 million, an increase of $23.1 million compared with 2021 and a decrease of $1.2 billion compared with net cash from financing activities in 2020. The variances from 2021 and 2020 were attributable to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related timing of debt borrowings and payments. In 2020, we borrowed additional debt as a result of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 and 2022, we reduced our outstanding debt by redeeming the 2024 senior notes in 2021 and repaying our senior secured term loan facility in 2022. In 2022, we also repurchased $184.6 million of limited partnership units. We made partnership distributions in the third and fourth quarters of 2022 and the first quarter of 2020.

Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2022, our primary contractual obligations consisted of outstanding long-term debt agreements. We also have various commitments under our lease agreements; see Note 11. Before reduction for debt issuance costs, our long-term debt agreements consisted of the following:

•$1.0 billion of 5.500% senior secured notes, maturing in May 2025, issued at par. The 2025 senior notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority liens on the issuers' and the guarantors' assets that secure all the obligations under our credit facilities. The 2025 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed. The 2025 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in May and November.

•$500 million of 5.375% senior unsecured notes, maturing in April 2027, issued at par. The 2027 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed. The 2027 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in April and October.

•$300 million of 6.500% senior unsecured notes, maturing in October 2028, issued at par. Prior to October 1, 2023, up to 35% of the 2028 senior notes may be redeemed with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a price equal to 106.500% of the principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any. The 2028 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time prior to October 1, 2023 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus a "make-whole" premium together with accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to the redemption date. Thereafter, the 2028 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed. The 2028 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in April and October.

•$500 million of 5.250% senior unsecured notes, maturing in July 2029, issued at par. The 2029 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time prior to July 15, 2024 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus a "make-whole" premium together with accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to the redemption date. Thereafter, the 2029 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed. The 2029 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in January and July.

•No borrowings under the $300 million senior secured revolving credit facility under our current credit agreement with a Canadian sub-limit of $15 million. Following an amendment in the first quarter of 2023 (see Note 13), the revolving credit facility bears interest at Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 350 bps and requires the payment of a 62.5 bps commitment fee per annum on the unused portion of the credit facilities. Following the amendment, the senior secured revolving credit facility matures on February 10, 2028, provided that the maturity date will be (x) January 30, 2025 if at least $200.0 million of the 2025 senior notes remain outstanding as of that date, or (y) January 14, 2027 if at least $200.0 million of the 2027 senior notes remain outstanding as of that date. The credit agreement provides for the issuance of documentary and standby letters of credit. After letters of credit, which totaled $19.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and $15.8 million as of December 31, 2021, we had availability under our revolving credit facility of
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$280.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and $359.2 million as of December 31, 2021. Our letters of credit are primarily in place to backstop insurance arrangements.

On December 17, 2021, we redeemed $450 million of 5.375% senior unsecured notes, which otherwise would have matured in June 2024, at a redemption price equal to 100.896% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. We repaid the remaining outstanding balance on our senior secured term loan facility in 2022 ($264.3 million in principal amount), completing the full repayment of the term loan during the third quarter of 2022. Subsequently, we also terminated our interest rate swap agreements.

The 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended, includes a Senior Secured Leverage Ratio of 4.50x Total First Lien Senior Secured Debt-to-Consolidated EBITDA, which will step down to 4.00x in the second quarter of 2023 and which will step down further to 3.75x in the third quarter of 2023. Following the amendment in the first quarter of 2023, this financial covenant is only required to be tested at the end of any fiscal quarter in which revolving credit facility borrowings are outstanding. The 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended and as in effect prior to the first quarter of 2023 amendment, included an Additional Restrictions Period to provide further covenant relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. We terminated the Additional Restrictions Period during the first quarter of 2022 by achieving compliance with the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio covenant as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2021. We were in compliance with the applicable financial covenants under our credit agreement during 2022.

Our credit agreement and fixed rate note agreements include Restricted Payment provisions, which could limit our ability to pay partnership distributions. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the 2027 senior notes, which includes the most restrictive of these Restricted Payments provisions, if our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is greater than 5.25x, we can still make Restricted Payments of $100 million annually so long as no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. If our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is less than or equal to 5.25x, we can make Restricted Payments up to our Restricted Payment pool. Our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio was less than 5.25x as of December 31, 2022.

Financial and Non-Financial Disclosure About Issuers and Guarantors of our Registered Senior Notes

As discussed within the Long-Term Debt footnote at Note 6, we had four tranches of fixed rate senior notes outstanding at December 31, 2022: the 2025, 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes. The 2024 senior notes were fully redeemed on December 17, 2021. The 2024, 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes were registered under the Securities Act of 1933. The 2025 senior notes were sold in a private placement in reliance on exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933. Cedar Fair, L.P., Canada's Wonderland Company ("Cedar Canada"), and Magnum Management Corporation ("Magnum") were the co-issuers of the 2024 senior notes. Cedar Fair, L.P., Cedar Canada, Magnum, and Millennium Operations LLC (“Millennium”) are the co-issuers of the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes. Our senior notes have been irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed, on a joint and several basis, by each wholly owned subsidiary of Cedar Fair (other than the co-issuers) that guarantees our credit facilities under our credit agreement. A full listing of the issuers and guarantors of our registered senior notes can be found within Exhibit 22, and additional information with respect to our registered senior notes and the related guarantees follows.

The 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes each rank equally in right of payment with all of each issuer’s existing and future senior unsecured debt, including the other registered senior notes. However, the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes rank effectively junior to our secured debt under the 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended, and the 2025 senior notes to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt.

In the event that the co-issuers (except for Cedar Fair, L.P.) or any subsidiary guarantor is released from its obligations under our senior secured credit facilities (or the 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended), such entity will also be released from its obligations under the registered senior notes. In addition, the co-issuers (except for Cedar Fair, L.P.) or any subsidiary guarantor can be released from its obligations under the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes under the following circumstances, assuming the associated transactions are in compliance with the applicable provisions of the indentures governing the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes: i) any direct or indirect sale, conveyance or other disposition of the capital stock of such entity following which the entity ceases to be a direct or indirect subsidiary of Cedar Fair or a sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of such entity; ii) if such entity is dissolved or liquidated; iii) if we designate such entity as an Unrestricted Subsidiary; iv) upon transfer of such entity in a qualifying transaction if following such transfer the entity ceases to be a direct or indirect Restricted Subsidiary of Cedar Fair or is a Restricted Subsidiary that is not a guarantor under any credit facility; or v) in the case of the subsidiary guarantors, upon a discharge of the indenture or upon any legal defeasance or covenant defeasance of the indenture.

The obligations of each guarantor are limited to the extent necessary to prevent such guarantee from constituting a fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer under applicable law. This provision may not, however, protect a guarantee from being voided under fraudulent transfer law, or may reduce the applicable guarantor’s obligation to an amount that effectively makes its guarantee worthless. If a guarantee were rendered voidable, it could be subordinated by a court to all other indebtedness of the guarantor, and depending on the amount of such indebtedness, could reduce the guarantee to zero. Each guarantor that makes a payment or distribution under a guarantee is entitled to a pro rata contribution from each other guarantor based on the respective net assets of the guarantors.

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The following tables provide summarized financial information for each of our co-issuers and guarantors of the 2024, 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes (the "Obligor Group"). We presented each entity that is or was a co-issuer of any series of the registered senior notes separately. The subsidiaries that guarantee the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes are presented on a combined basis with intercompany balances and transactions between entities in such guarantor subsidiary group eliminated. Intercompany balances and transactions between the co-issuers and guarantor subsidiaries have not been eliminated. The subsidiaries that guaranteed the 2024 senior notes included the guarantor subsidiary group, as well as Millennium. Millennium is a co-issuer under the 2027, 2028 and 2029 senior notes and was a guarantor under the 2024 senior notes. Certain subsidiaries of Cedar Fair did not guarantee our credit facilities or senior notes as the assets and results of operations of these subsidiaries were immaterial (the "non-guarantor" subsidiaries). The summarized financial information excludes results of the non-guarantor subsidiaries and does not reflect investments of the Obligor Group in the non-guarantor subsidiaries. The Obligor Group's amounts due from, amounts due to, and transactions with the non-guarantor subsidiaries have not been eliminated and included intercompany receivables from non-guarantors of $14.3 million and $14.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Summarized Financial Information



(In thousands)		Cedar Fair L.P. (Parent)Magnum
(Co-Issuer Subsidiary)		Cedar Canada
(Co-Issuer Subsidiary)		Millennium
(Co-Issuer 2027, 2028 & 2029
Guarantor 2024)		Guarantor Subsidiaries (1)
Balance as of December 31, 2022
Current Assets$507 $32,194 $82,860 $409,869 $1,400,403 
Non-Current Assets(202,160)1,583,510 563,637 2,214,189 1,870,827 
Current Liabilities237,793 1,247,618 261,744 213,669 103,436 
Non-Current Liabilities147,937 1,238 14,142 2,135,550 159,493 
Balance as of December 31, 2021
Current Assets$517 $97,221 $96,042 $572,865 $1,187,211 
Non-Current Assets(138,126)1,647,952 540,332 2,368,737 2,145,307 
Current Liabilities410,779 1,331,130 29,050 227,483 58,949 
Non-Current Liabilities147,021 21,274 24,043 2,385,100 97,803 
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Net revenues$210,192 $522,915 $179,180 $2,174,828 $320,682 
Operating income (loss)207,251 (116,440)80,880 124,469 224,675 
Net income308,808 141,776 65,665 — 216,578 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net revenues$35,908 $363,340 $75,353 $1,449,022 $344,778 
Operating income (loss)31,808 (156,079)12,545 136,844 124,405 
Net (loss) income(46,741)(34,647)1,967 — 62,586 

(1)    With respect to the 2024 senior notes, if the financial information presented for Millennium was combined with that of the other guarantor subsidiaries that have been presented on a combined basis, the following additional intercompany balances and transactions between Millennium and such other guarantor entities would be eliminated: Current Assets and Current Liabilities - $13.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and $13.4 million as of December 31, 2021; Non-Current Assets - $2.10 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $2.25 billion as of December 31, 2021; and Net revenues - $43.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and $126.6 million as of December 31, 2021. Combined amounts for all guarantors of the 2024 senior notes for all other line items within the table would be computed by adding the amounts in the Millennium and Guarantor Subsidiaries columns.

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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks from fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates on our operations in Canada, and from time to time, on imported rides and equipment. The objective of our financial risk management is to reduce the potential negative impact of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations to acceptable levels. We do not acquire market risk sensitive instruments for trading purposes.

We typically manage interest rate risk using a combination of fixed-rate long-term debt, interest rate swaps that fix our variable-rate long-term debt, and variable-rate borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Translation exposures with regard to our Canadian operations are not hedged.

We repaid all of our outstanding variable-rate long-term debt during the third quarter of 2022 and subsequently terminated our interest rate swap agreements. Therefore, as of December 31, 2022, all of our outstanding long-term debt represented fixed-rate debt except for revolving credit borrowings. Assuming the daily average balance over the past twelve months on revolving credit borrowings of approximately $52.7 million, a hypothetical 100 bps increase in 30-day SOFR on our variable-rate debt would lead to an increase of approximately $0.5 million in cash interest costs over the next twelve months.

A uniform 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar would result in an $8.1 million decrease in annual operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Forward Looking Statements

Some of the statements contained in this report (including the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section) that are not historical in nature are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements as to our expectations, beliefs, goals and strategies regarding the future. These forward-looking statements may involve risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict, may be beyond our control and could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in such statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct or that our growth strategies will achieve the targeted results. Important factors, including those listed under Item 1A in this Form 10-K could adversely affect our future financial performance and our growth strategies and could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect future events, information or circumstances that arise after the filing date of this document.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

The information appearing under the subheading "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Report is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INDEX

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Unitholders and the Board of Directors of
Cedar Fair, L.P.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cedar Fair, L.P., and subsidiaries (the "Partnership") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), partners' deficit, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Partnership maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions
The Partnership's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Partnership's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
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Deferred Revenues - Refer to Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Partnership defers revenue for its multi-use products, including season-long products for admissions, dining, beverages, and other products and recognizes revenues over the estimated number of uses expected for each type of product. The Partnership estimates a redemption rate for each multi-use product using historical and forecasted uses at each park. Revenue is then recognized on a pro-rated basis based on the estimated allocated selling price of the multi-use product and the estimated uses of that product. During the third quarter of 2022, management began selling multi-use products for the 2023 operating season. These products include providing the customer park access for the remainder of the 2022 operating season. Deferred revenue as of December 31, 2022 was $163 million.

Auditing the amount of deferred revenue associated with the multi-use products that should be recognized in each fiscal year required a high degree of auditor judgment and increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the estimated park use projections and the recognition of revenue from deferred revenue included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over revenue recognition related to multi-use products.
•We tested the completeness and accuracy of the year end deferred revenue balance.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of the year-over-year change in deferred revenue.
•We tested whether revenue relating to the current fiscal year was appropriately recognized.

Schlitterbahn Goodwill Valuation - Refer to Notes 2 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Partnership's evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Partnership determines the fair value of its reporting units using a combination of an income (discounted cash flow) approach and the market approach. The determination of the fair value using the income approach requires management to make significant assumptions related to terminal value growth rates and weighted-average cost of capital. The determination of the fair value using the market approach requires management to make significant assumptions related to the selection of comparable publicly traded companies and cash flow multiples to determine the fair value. The goodwill balance was $263 million as of December 31, 2022, of which $93 million was allocated to the Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New Braunfels and the Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston Reporting Unit ("Schlitterbahn").

Given the significant estimates and assumptions management makes to estimate the fair value of Schlitterbahn and the sensitivity of Schlitterbahn's fair value to changes in those estimates and assumptions, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management's estimates and assumptions, including terminal value growth rate, weighted-average cost of capital, comparable publicly traded companies, and cash flow multiples required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the selection of the terminal value growth rate and weighted-average cost of capital for Schlitterbahn and the selection of comparable publicly traded companies and cash flow multiples. Those procedures included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management's goodwill impairment analysis, including those over the determination of the fair value of Schlitterbahn, such as controls related to management's selection of the terminal value growth rate, weighted-average cost of capital, comparable publicly traded companies, and cash flow multiples.
•We considered the impact of changes in the regulatory and operating environment on management's assumptions.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the terminal value growth rate and weighted-average cost of capital, including testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations, and developing ranges of independent estimates and comparing those to the terminal value growth rate and weighted-average cost of capital selected by management.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the selected comparable publicly traded companies and cash flow multiples, including testing the underlying source information and mathematical accuracy of the calculations, and comparing the multiples selected by management to its comparable publicly traded companies.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Cleveland, Ohio
February 17, 2023

We have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2004.
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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$101,189 $61,119 
Receivables70,926 62,109 
Inventories45,297 32,113 
Prepaid insurance12,570 10,914 
Current income tax receivable— 84,051 
Other current assets13,777 13,335 
243,759 263,641 
Property and Equipment:
Land287,968 443,190 
Land improvements492,324 486,014 
Buildings930,850 855,297 
Rides and equipment2,030,640 1,986,235 
Construction in progress75,377 57,666 
3,817,159 3,828,402 
Less accumulated depreciation(2,234,800)(2,117,659)
1,582,359 1,710,743 
Goodwill263,206 267,232 
Other Intangibles, net48,950 49,994 
Right-of-Use Asset92,966 16,294 
Other Assets4,657 5,116 
$2,235,897 $2,313,020 
LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable$54,983 $53,912 
Deferred revenue162,711 187,599 
Accrued interest32,173 32,011 
Accrued taxes35,329 9,075 
Accrued salaries, wages and benefits53,332 53,833 
Self-insurance reserves27,766 24,573 
Other accrued liabilities30,678 20,511 
396,972 381,514 
Deferred Tax Liability69,412 66,483 
Derivative Liability— 20,086 
Lease Liability81,757 13,345 
Other Liabilities11,203 11,144 
Long-Term Debt:
Term debt— 258,391 
Notes2,268,155 2,260,545 
2,268,155 2,518,936 
Partners’ Deficit:
Special L.P. interests5,290 5,290 
General partner(4)(7)
Limited partners, 52,563 and 56,854 units outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
(612,497)(712,714)
Accumulated other comprehensive income15,609 8,943 
(591,602)(698,488)
$2,235,897 $2,313,020 
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)

Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net revenues:
Admissions$925,903 $674,799 $67,852 
Food, merchandise and games602,603 432,513 76,921 
Accommodations, extra-charge products and other288,877 230,907 36,782 
1,817,383 1,338,219 181,555 
Costs and expenses:
Cost of food, merchandise and games revenues164,246 112,466 27,991 
Operating expenses864,304 698,242 347,782 
Selling, general and administrative260,592 219,758 108,118 
Depreciation and amortization153,274 148,803 157,549 
Loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets, net10,275 10,486 8,135 
Loss on impairment of goodwill and other intangibles— — 103,999 
Gain on sale of land(155,250)— — 
Loss (gain) on other assets— 129 (11)
1,297,441 1,189,884 753,563 
Operating income (loss)519,942 148,335 (572,008)
Interest expense151,940 184,032 150,669 
Net effect of swaps(25,641)(19,000)15,849 
Loss on early debt extinguishment1,810 5,909 2,262 
Loss (gain) on foreign currency23,784 6,177 (12,183)
Other income(3,608)(300)(447)
Income (loss) before taxes371,657 (28,483)(728,158)
Provision (benefit) for taxes63,989 20,035 (137,915)
Net income (loss)307,668 (48,518)(590,243)
Net income (loss) allocated to general partner3 — (6)
Net income (loss) allocated to limited partners$307,665 $(48,518)$(590,237)
Net income (loss) $307,668 $(48,518)$(590,243)
Other comprehensive income (loss), (net of tax):
Foreign currency translation6,666 6,344 (7,147)
Other comprehensive income (loss), (net of tax)6,666 6,344 (7,147)
Total comprehensive income (loss)$314,334 $(42,174)$(597,390)
Basic income (loss) per limited partner unit:
Weighted average limited partner units outstanding55,825 56,610 56,476 
Net income (loss) per limited partner unit$5.51 $(0.86)$(10.45)
Diluted income (loss) per limited partner unit:
Weighted average limited partner units outstanding56,414 56,610 56,476 
Net income (loss) per limited partner unit$5.45 $(0.86)$(10.45)
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PARTNERS’ DEFICIT
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)
Limited Partnership Units OutstandingLimited Partners’ DeficitGeneral Partner’s DeficitSpecial L.P. InterestsAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Partners’ Deficit
Balance as of December 31, 201956,666 $(25,001)$(1)$5,290 $9,746 $(9,966)
Net loss— (590,237)(6)— — (590,243)
Partnership distribution declared ($0.935 per unit)
— (53,020)— — — (53,020)
Limited partnership units related to equity-based compensation40 (4,721)— — — (4,721)
Tax effect of units involved in treasury unit transactions— (1,490)— — — (1,490)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $(546)
— — — — (7,147)(7,147)
Other— 150 — — — 150 
Balance as of December 31, 202056,706 $(674,319)$(7)$5,290 $2,599 $(666,437)
Net loss— (48,518)— — — (48,518)
Limited partnership units related to equity-based compensation148 11,050 — — — 11,050 
Tax effect of units involved in treasury unit transactions— (927)— — — (927)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $(154)
— — — — 6,344 6,344 
Balance as of December 31, 202156,854 $(712,714)$(7)$5,290 $8,943 $(698,488)
Net income— 307,665 3 — — 307,668 
Repurchase of limited partnership units(4,539)(187,381)— — — (187,381)
Partnership distribution declared ($0.600 per unit)
— (33,455)— — — (33,455)
Limited partnership units related to equity-based compensation248 15,452 — — — 15,452 
Tax effect of units involved in treasury unit transactions— (2,064)— — — (2,064)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $2,082
— — — — 6,666 6,666 
Balance as of December 31, 202252,563 $(612,497)$(4)$5,290 $15,609 $(591,602)
The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
CASH FLOWS FROM (FOR) OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss)$307,668 $(48,518)$(590,243)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from (for) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization153,274 148,803 157,549 
Loss on early debt extinguishment1,810 5,909 2,262 
Loss on impairment of goodwill and other intangibles— — 103,999 
Non-cash foreign currency loss (gain) on USD notes23,274 5,986 (9,344)
Non-cash equity-based compensation expense20,589 15,431 (209)
Non-cash deferred income tax expense (benefit)4,385 26,888 (41,933)
Net effect of swaps(25,641)(19,000)15,849 
Gain on sale of land before cash closing costs(159,405)— — 
Other non-cash expenses16,917 21,005 14,547 
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in receivables(9,117)(27,651)28,729 
(Increase) decrease in inventories(13,400)15,384 (14,499)
(Increase) decrease in tax receivable/payable110,511 (16,602)(97,488)
(Increase) decrease in other assets5,595 1,928 (12,180)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable(8,721)34,515 (9,917)
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue(23,677)3,622 31,160 
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest162 (1,711)12,235 
Increase (decrease) in accrued salaries, wages and benefits(274)28,850 (4,609)
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities3,722 6,387 (2,445)
Net cash from (for) operating activities407,672 201,226 (416,537)
CASH FLOWS FROM (FOR) INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures(183,352)(59,183)(129,087)
Proceeds from sale of land310,000 — — 
Proceeds from sale of other assets— 1,405 8,266 
Net cash from (for) investing activities126,648 (57,778)(120,821)
CASH FLOWS (FOR) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Note borrowings— — 1,300,000 
Term debt payments(264,250)— (465,125)
Note payments, including amounts paid for early termination— (460,755)— 
Repurchase of limited partnership units(184,646)— — 
Distributions paid to partners(33,455)— (53,020)
Payment of debt issuance costs— (367)(46,849)
Payments related to tax withholding for equity compensation(5,137)(4,652)(4,624)
Other(2,064)(659)468 
Net cash (for) from financing activities(489,552)(466,433)730,850 
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS(4,698)7,368 992 
Net increase (decrease) for the year40,070 (315,617)194,484 
Balance, beginning of year61,119 376,736 182,252 
Balance, end of year$101,189 $61,119 $376,736 
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Cash payments for interest$137,694 $174,253 $130,444 
Interest capitalized2,825 1,741 2,653 
Cash payments for income taxes, net of refunds(47,248)10,054 1,792 
Capital expenditures in accounts payable14,542 7,368 3,286 

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
INDEX FOR NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) Partnership Organization:
Cedar Fair, L.P. (together with its affiliated companies, the "Partnership") is a Delaware limited partnership that commenced operations in 1983 when it acquired Cedar Point, Inc., and became a publicly traded partnership in 1987. The Partnership's general partner is Cedar Fair Management, Inc., an Ohio corporation (the “General Partner”), whose shares are held by an Ohio trust. The General Partner owns a 0.001% interest in the Partnership's income, losses and cash distributions, except in defined circumstances, and has full responsibility for management of the Partnership. As of December 31, 2022, there were 52,562,832 outstanding limited partnership units listed on The New York Stock Exchange, net of 4,499,151 units held in treasury. As of December 31, 2021, there were 56,854,214 outstanding limited partnership units listed, net of 207,769 units held in treasury.

The General Partner may, with the approval of a specified percentage of the limited partners, make additional capital contributions to the Partnership, but is only obligated to do so if the liabilities of the Partnership cannot otherwise be paid or there exists a negative balance in its capital account at the time of its withdrawal from the Partnership. The General Partner, in accordance with the terms of the Partnership Agreement, is required to make regular cash distributions on a quarterly basis of all the Partnership's available cash, as defined in the Partnership Agreement. Following the temporary closure of our parks in March 2020 in response to COVID-19 health recommendations, the Board of Directors suspended quarterly partnership distributions to maintain flexibility and additional liquidity. The Board of Directors reinstituted quarterly partnership distributions and declared quarterly partnership distributions in the third and fourth quarters of 2022. The General Partner paid $0.60 per limited partner unit in distributions, or approximately $33.5 million in aggregate, in 2022.

(2) Description of the Business and Significant Accounting Policies:
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic had a material impact on our business in 2020, had a continuing negative impact in 2021 and may have a longer-term negative effect. Beginning on March 14, 2020, we closed our properties for several months in response to the spread of COVID-19 and local government mandates. We ultimately resumed partial operations at 10 of our 13 properties in 2020, operating in accordance with local and state guidelines. Due to soft demand trends upon reopening in 2020, park operating calendars were adjusted for the remainder of 2020, including reduced operating days per week and operating hours within each operating day and earlier closure of certain parks than a typical operating year. Following March 14, 2020, Knott's Berry Farm's partial operations in 2020 were limited to culinary festivals.

We delayed the opening of our U.S. properties for the 2021 operating season until May 2021 and opened our Canadian property in July 2021. Upon opening in 2021, we operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place. Our 2021 operating calendars were designed to align with anticipated capacity restrictions, guest demand and labor availability, including fewer operating days in July and August at some of our smaller properties and additional operating days in September and the fourth quarter at most of our properties. As vaccination distribution efforts continued during the second quarter of 2021 and we were able to hire additional labor, we removed most capacity restrictions, guest reservation requirements and other protocols at our U.S. properties beginning in July 2021. Canada's Wonderland operated with capacity restrictions, guest reservations, and other operating protocols in place upon opening and throughout 2021.

Each of our properties opened for the 2022 operating season as planned and without restrictions. We currently anticipate continuing to operate without restrictions for the 2023 operating season. However, we have and may continue to adjust future park operating calendars as we respond to changes in guest demand, labor availability and any federal, provincial, state and local restrictions. Our future operations are dependent on factors beyond our knowledge or control, including any future actions taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and changing risk tolerances of our employees and guests regarding health matters.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") was signed into law. During the year ended December 31, 2020, benefits from the CARES Act included an $8.2 million deferral of the employer's share of Social Security taxes and $3.7 million in tax benefits from the Employee Retention Credit program. We also received $0.5 million in tax benefits from the Employee Retention Credit program during the year ended December 31, 2021. The deferral of the employer's share of Social Security taxes was payable in 50% increments in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the fourth quarter of 2022. The current portion of the deferral was included within "Accrued salaries, wages and benefits" and the non-current portion of the deferral was included within "Other Liabilities" within the consolidated balance sheets for 2020 and 2021. The tax benefits from the Employee Retention Credit program were recorded as a reduction to wage expense within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as the benefits were offered to defray labor costs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We also received $5.1 million and $5.0 million from the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy ("CEWS") during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The CEWS provides cash payments to Canadian employers that experienced a decline in revenues related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also recorded the CEWS payments as a reduction to wage expense within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as the payments were offered to defray labor costs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Significant Accounting Policies
We use the following policies in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Partnership and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned or the Partnership is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Foreign Currency
The U.S. dollar is our reporting currency and the functional currency for most of our operations. The financial statements of our Canadian subsidiary are measured using the Canadian dollar as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the appropriate spot rates as of the balance sheet date, while income and expenses are translated at average monthly exchange rates. Translation gains and losses are included as components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in partners' deficit. Gains or losses from remeasuring foreign currency transactions from the transaction currency to functional currency are included in income (loss). Foreign currency losses (gains) for the periods presented were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202220212020
Loss (gain) on foreign currency related to re-measurement of U.S. dollar denominated notes held in Canada$23,274 $5,986 $(9,344)
Loss (gain) on other transactions510 191 (2,839)
Loss (gain) on foreign currency$23,784 $6,177 $(12,183)

Segment Reporting
Our properties operate autonomously, and management reviews operating results, evaluates performance and makes operating decisions, including the allocation of resources, on a property-by-property basis. In addition to reviewing and evaluating performance of the business at the property level, the structure of our management incentive compensation systems is centered on the operating results of each property as an integrated operating unit. Therefore, each property represents a separate operating segment of our business with the exception of the Schlitterbahn parks, which are aggregated into one segment. Although we manage our properties with a high degree of autonomy, each property offers and markets a similar collection of products and services to similar customers. In addition, our properties have similar economic characteristics, in that they show similar long-term growth trends in key industry metrics such as attendance, in-park per capita spending, net revenue, operating margin and operating profit. Therefore, we operate within a single reportable segment of amusement/water parks with accompanying resort facilities.

Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, or an exit price. Inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value may be observable or unobservable, and valuation techniques used to measure fair value should maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Accordingly, a hierarchical disclosure framework ranks the quality and reliability of information used to determine fair values. The three broad levels of inputs defined by the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
•Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis include our derivatives, debt and short-term investments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

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Inventories
Our inventories primarily consist of purchased products, such as merchandise and food, for sale to our customers. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost methods of accounting at the park level.

Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Expenditures made to maintain such assets in their original operating condition are expensed as incurred, and improvements and upgrades are generally capitalized. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation expense totaled $153.0 million in 2022, $148.4 million in 2021, and $157.0 million in 2020.

The estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows:
Land improvementsApproximately25 years
Buildings25 years-40 years
Rides10 years-20 years
Equipment2 years-10 years

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; past, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; and a current expectation that a long-lived asset will be sold or disposed significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. An impairment loss may be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset, including disposition, are less than the carrying value of the asset. The measurement of the impairment loss to be recognized is based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying amounts of the assets. Fair value is generally determined using a combination of a cost and market approach. Significant factors considered in the cost approach include replacement cost, reproduction cost, depreciation, physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and economic obsolescence of the assets. The market approach estimates fair value by utilizing market data for similar assets. In order to determine if an asset has been impaired, assets are grouped and tested at the lowest level for which identifiable, independent cash flows are available.

Accounting for Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The amounts assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with acquisitions are based on estimated fair values as of the date of the acquisition, with the remainder, if any, recorded as goodwill. The fair values are determined by management, taking into consideration information supplied by the management of the acquired entities, valuations supplied by independent appraisal experts and other relevant information. The valuations are generally based upon future cash flow projections for the acquired assets, discounted to present value. The determination of fair values requires significant judgment by management.

Goodwill
Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is allocated to reporting units and goodwill impairment tests are performed at the reporting unit level. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of the first day of the fourth quarter.

We may elect to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value of a reporting unit is established using a combination of an income (discounted cash flow) approach and market approach. The income approach uses a reporting unit's projection of estimated operating results and discounted cash flows using a weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions. Estimated operating results are established using management's best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in revenues and costs, estimates of future expected changes in operating margins and cash expenditures. Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, future estimates of capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements. A market approach estimates fair value by applying cash flow multiples to the reporting unit's operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics of the reporting units. If an impairment is identified, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

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Other Intangible Assets
Our finite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of licenses, franchise agreements and the California's Great America trade name. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement, ranging from five to twenty years.

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names other than the California's Great America trade name. Our indefinite-lived trade names are reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. We may elect to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a trade name is impaired. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the trade name exceeds its carrying amount, we calculate the fair value of the trade name using a relief-from-royalty model. Principal assumptions under the relief-from-royalty model include royalty rates, growth rates in revenues, estimates of future expected changes in operating margins, terminal value growth rates, and a discount rate based on a weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions. We assess the indefinite-lived trade names for impairment separately from goodwill.

Self-Insurance Reserves
Self-insurance reserves are recorded for the estimated amounts of guest and employee claims and related expenses incurred each period. Reserves are established for both identified claims and incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims and are recorded when claim amounts become probable and estimable. Reserves for identified claims are based upon our historical claim experience and third-party estimates of settlement costs. Reserves for IBNR claims are based upon our claims data history. Self-insurance reserves are periodically reviewed for changes in facts and circumstances and adjustments are made as necessary. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the accrued self-insurance reserves totaled $27.8 million and $24.6 million, respectively.

Derivative Financial Instruments
We are exposed to market risks, primarily resulting from changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. To manage these risks, we may enter into derivative transactions pursuant to our overall financial risk management program. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We typically do not designate our derivatives as cash flow hedges. Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are prospectively adjusted to fair value each reporting period through "Net effect of swaps".

Leases
We have commitments under various operating leases. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The discount rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is generally our incremental borrowing rate as the rate implicit in most of our leases is not readily determinable. As a practical expedient, a relief provided in the accounting standard to simplify compliance, we do not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with an original term of one year or less and have elected to not separate lease components from non-lease components. The current portion of our lease liability is recorded within "Other accrued liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue Recognition and related receivables and contract liabilities
As disclosed within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), revenues are generated from sales of (1) admission to our amusement parks and water parks, (2) food, merchandise and games both inside and outside the parks, and (3) accommodations, extra-charge products, and other revenue sources. Admission revenues include amounts paid to gain admission into our parks, including parking fees. Revenues related to extra-charge products, including premium benefit offerings such as front-of-line products, and online transaction fees charged to customers are included in "Accommodations, extra-charge products and other". Due to our highly seasonal operations, a substantial portion of our revenues typically are generated from Memorial Day through Labor Day. Most revenues are recognized on a daily basis based on actual guest spend at our properties. Revenues from multi-use products, including season-long products for admission, dining, beverage and other products, are recognized over the estimated number of uses expected for each type of product. The estimated number of uses is reviewed and may be updated periodically during the operating season prior to the ticket or product expiration, which generally occurs no later than the close of the operating season associated with that product. The number of uses is estimated based on historical usage adjusted for current period trends. For any bundled products that include multiple performance obligations, revenue is allocated using the retail price of each distinct performance obligation and any inherent discounts are allocated based on the gross margin and expected redemption of each performance obligation. We do not typically provide for refunds or returns.

In some instances, we arrange with outside parties ("concessionaires") to provide goods to guests, typically food and merchandise, and we act as an agent, resulting in net revenues recorded within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Concessionaire arrangement revenues are recognized over the operating season and are variable. Sponsorship revenues and marina revenues, which are classified as "Accommodations, extra-charge products and other," are recognized over the park operating season which represents the period in which the performance obligations are satisfied. Sponsorship revenues are either fixed or are variable based on achievement of specified operating metrics. We estimate variable revenues and perform a constraint analysis using both historical information and current trends to determine the amount of revenue that is not probable of a significant reversal.

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Most deferred revenue is classified as current within the balance sheet. However, a portion of deferred revenue is typically classified as non-current during the third quarter related to season-long products sold in the current season for use in the subsequent season. Season-long products are typically sold beginning in August of the year preceding the operating season. Season-long products may subsequently be recognized 12 to 16 months after purchase depending on the date of sale. We estimate the number of uses expected outside of the next twelve months for each type of product and classify the related deferred revenue as non-current in the consolidated balance sheets.

Except for the non-current deferred revenue described above, our contracts with customers typically have an original duration of one year or less. For these short-term contracts, we use the practical expedient applicable to such contracts and have not disclosed the transaction price for the remaining performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when we expect to recognize this revenue. Further, we elected to recognize incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred as the amortization period of the asset would be less than one year. Lastly, we elected not to adjust consideration for the effects of significant financing components of our installment purchase plans because the terms of these plans do not exceed one year.

Advertising Costs
Production costs of commercials and programming are expensed in the year first aired. All other costs associated with advertising, promotion and marketing programs are expensed as incurred, or for certain costs, over each park's operating season. Certain prepaid costs incurred through year-end for the following year's advertising programs are included within "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets. Advertising expense totaled $45.5 million in 2022, $37.0 million in 2021 and $10.5 million in 2020. Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we incurred limited advertising expense in 2020 to correspond with lower than typical attendance levels and abbreviated park operating calendars. In 2021, we also incurred less advertising costs due to fewer operating days in the year.

Equity-Based Compensation
We measure compensation cost for all equity-based awards at fair value on the date of grant. We recognize the compensation cost over the service period. We recognize forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes
Our legal entity structure includes both partnerships and corporate subsidiaries. We are subject to publicly traded partnership tax ("PTP tax") on certain partnership level gross income (net revenues less cost of food, merchandise, and games revenues), state and local income taxes on partnership income, U.S. federal state and local income taxes on income from our corporate subsidiaries and foreign income taxes on our foreign subsidiary. As such, the total provision for taxes includes amounts for the PTP gross income tax and federal, state, local and foreign income taxes. Under applicable accounting rules, the total provision for income taxes includes the amount of taxes payable for the current year and the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities, which represents future tax consequences of events that are recognized in different periods in the financial statements than for tax purposes.

Neither financial reporting income, nor the cash distributions to unitholders, can be used as a substitute for the detailed tax calculations that we must perform annually for our partners. Net income from the Partnership is not treated as passive income for federal income tax purposes. As a result, partners subject to the passive activity loss rules are not permitted to offset income from the Partnership with passive losses from other sources.

Our corporate subsidiaries account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future book and tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law is recognized in income at the time of enactment of such change in tax law. Any interest or penalties due for payment of income taxes are included in the provision for income taxes.

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Earnings Per Unit
For purposes of calculating the basic and diluted earnings per limited partner unit, no adjustments have been made to the reported amounts of net income (loss). The unit amounts used in calculating the basic and diluted earnings per limited partner unit for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)202220212020
Basic weighted average units outstanding55,825 56,610 56,476 
Effect of dilutive units:
Deferred units (Note 8)
72 — — 
Performance units (Note 8)
29 — — 
Restricted units (Note 8)
463 — — 
Unit options (Note 8)
25 — — 
Diluted weighted average units outstanding56,414 56,610 56,476 
Net (loss) income per unit - basic$5.51 $(0.86)$(10.45)
Net (loss) income per unit - diluted$5.45 $(0.86)$(10.45)

There were approximately 0.4 million and 0.3 million potentially dilutive units excluded from the computation of diluted loss per limited partner unit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss in the period.

New Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting ("ASU 2020-04"). ASU 2020-04 provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB amended ASU 2020-04 by issuing Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform Scope ("ASU 2021-01"). ASU 2021-01 clarifies the scope of optional expedients and exceptions to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. The standard did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

(3) Revenue Recognition:
As disclosed within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), revenues are generated from sales of (1) admission to our amusement parks and water parks, (2) food, merchandise and games both inside and outside the parks, and (3) accommodations, extra-charge products, and other revenue sources. Admission revenues include amounts paid to gain admission into our parks, including parking fees. Revenues related to extra-charge products, including premium benefit offerings such as front-of-line products, and online transaction fees charged to customers are included in "Accommodations, extra-charge products and other".

The following table presents net revenues disaggregated by revenues generated within the parks and revenues generated from out-of-park operations less amounts remitted to outside parties under concessionaire arrangements for the periods presented. The amounts are not comparable due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)202220212020
In-park revenues$1,659,183 $1,209,505 $120,370 
Out-of-park revenues213,337 167,978 67,375 
Concessionaire remittance(55,137)(39,264)(6,190)
Net revenues$1,817,383 $1,338,219 $181,555 

Many products, including season-long products, are sold to customers in advance, resulting in a contract liability ("deferred revenue"). Deferred revenue is typically at its highest immediately prior to the peak summer season, and at its lowest at the beginning of the calendar year following the close of our parks' operating seasons. Season-long products represent most of the deferred revenue balance in any given period.

Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we extended the validity of our 2020 season-long products through the 2021 operating season in order to ensure our season pass holders received a full season of access to our parks. The extended validity of the 2020 season-long products resulted in a significant amount of revenue deferred from 2020 into 2021. All 2020 and 2021 season-long product revenue had been recognized as of December 31, 2021 except for season-long product extensions into 2022 at two parks. Knott's Berry Farm offered a further day-for-day extension into calendar year 2022 for 2020 and 2021 season-long products for every day the park was closed in 2021. The extension for the 2020 and 2021 season-long products at Knott's
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Berry Farm concluded and all related revenue had been recognized by the end of the second quarter of 2022. Canada's Wonderland extended its 2020 and 2021 season-long products through Labour Day, or September 5, 2022. All Canada's Wonderland 2020 and 2021 season-long product revenue had been recognized by the end of the third quarter of 2022. In order to calculate revenue recognized on these extended season-long products, management made significant estimates regarding the estimated number of uses expected for these season-long products for admission, dining, beverage and other products, including during interim periods.

Of the $187.6 million of current deferred revenue recorded as of January 1, 2022, all of the deferred revenue was recognized by December 31, 2022, except for an immaterial amount of deferred revenue for prepaid products such as gift cards and prepaid games cards. As of December 31, 2022, we had recorded $10.0 million of non-current deferred revenue which largely represented prepaid lease payments for a portion of the California's Great America parking lot. The prepaid lease payments are being recognized through 2027 following the sale of the land under California's Great America; see Note 4. Prior to the sale, the prepaid lease payments were being recognized through 2039.

Payment is due immediately on the transaction date for most products. Our receivable balance includes outstanding amounts on installment purchase plans which are offered for season-long products, and includes sales to retailers, group sales and catering activities which are billed. Installment purchase plans vary in length from three monthly installments to 12 monthly installments. Payment terms for billings are typically net 30 days. Receivables in a typical operating year are highest in the peak summer months and lowest in the winter months. We are not exposed to a significant concentration of customer credit risk. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we recorded a $5.8 million and $5.7 million allowance for doubtful accounts, respectively, representing estimated defaults on installment purchase plans. The default estimate is calculated using historical default rates adjusted for current period trends. The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as a reduction of deferred revenue to the extent revenue has not been recognized on the corresponding season-long products.

(4) Long-Lived Assets:
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. In order to determine if an asset has been impaired, assets are grouped and tested at the lowest level for which identifiable, independent cash flows are available. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; past, current or future operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; and a current expectation that a long-lived asset will be sold or disposed significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of these assets and could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

On June 27, 2022, the Partnership sold the land at California's Great America for a cash purchase price of $310 million, subject to customary prorations, which resulted in a $155.3 million gain recorded, net of transaction costs, within "Gain on sale of assets" in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) during the third quarter of 2022. Concurrently with the sale, we entered into a lease contract that allows us to operate the park during a six-year term; see Note 11. As a result, we changed the estimated useful lives of the remaining property and equipment at California's Great America to an approximate 5.5-year period, or through December 31, 2027. We expect this to result in an approximate $8 million increase in annual depreciation expense over the 5.5-year period. We may dispose of the remaining property and equipment at California's Great America significantly before the end of their previously estimated useful lives if the assets are not sold to a third party or transferred for an alternate use. As a result, we also tested the long-lived assets at California's Great America for impairment during the second quarter of 2022, which resulted in no impairment. The fair value of the long-lived assets was determined using a replacement cost approach. We concluded no other indicators of impairment existed during 2022 and 2021, respectively. We based our conclusions on our financial performance projections, as well as an updated analysis of macroeconomic and industry-specific conditions.

During the first and third quarters of 2020 and due to the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our forecasted operating results, we tested our long-lived assets for impairment. We concluded the estimated fair values of the long-lived assets at the Schlitterbahn parks no longer exceeded the related carrying values during the first quarter of 2020. Therefore, we recorded a $2.7 million impairment charge equal to the difference between the fair value and the carrying amounts of the assets in "Loss on impairment / retirement of fixed assets" within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss during the first quarter of 2020. The fair value of the long-lived assets was determined using a real and personal property appraisal which was performed in accordance with ASC 820 - Fair Value Measurement.

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(5) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including trade names are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. During the second quarter of 2022, we concluded the useful life of the trade name, California's Great America, was no longer indefinite due to the then-anticipated sale of the land and the eventual disposal of the remaining assets; see Note 4. As a result, we tested the California's Great America trade name totaling $0.7 million for impairment during the second quarter of 2022 resulting in no impairment charge. The fair value of the trade name was calculated using a relief-from-royalty model. We are amortizing the trade name over an approximate 5.5-year period, or through December 31, 2027. We concluded no other indicators of impairment existed during 2022 and 2021, respectively. We based our conclusions on our financial performance projections, as well as an updated analysis of macroeconomic and industry-specific conditions. We performed our annual impairment test as of the first days of the fourth quarter in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and concluded there was no further impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets in either period.

As of our 2022 annual impairment test on September 26, 2022, the Schlitterbahn Waterpark & Resort New Braunfels and the Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston ("Schlitterbahn") reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying value by less than 10%. The fair value of the Schlitterbahn parks reporting unit was impacted by a slower than expected near-term recovery of attendance following the COVID-19 pandemic, increased projected capital expenditures, and an increase in the weighted average cost of capital. If future operating results do not meet expectations, the goodwill assigned to the Schlitterbahn reporting unit may become impaired. The goodwill assigned to the Schlitterbahn reporting unit totaled $93.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The fair values of all other reporting units with goodwill exceeded their respective carrying values by a substantial margin.

During the first and third quarters of 2020 and due to the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our forecasted operating results, we tested our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. We concluded the estimated fair value of goodwill at the Schlitterbahn parks and Dorney Park reporting units, and the estimated fair value of the Schlitterbahn trade name no longer exceeded their carrying values. Therefore, we recorded a $73.6 million, $6.8 million and $7.9 million impairment of goodwill at the Schlitterbahn parks, goodwill at Dorney Park, and the Schlitterbahn trade name, respectively, during the first quarter of 2020. We also recorded an $11.3 million, $2.3 million and $2.2 million impairment of goodwill at the Schlitterbahn parks, goodwill at Dorney Park, and the Schlitterbahn trade name, respectively, during the third quarter of 2020. The impairment charges were equal to the amount by which the carrying amounts exceeded the assets' fair value and were recorded in "Loss on impairment of goodwill and other intangibles" within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The fair value of our reporting units is established using a combination of an income (discounted cash flow) approach and market approach. The income approach uses each reporting unit's projection of estimated operating results and discounted cash flows using a weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions. Estimated operating results are established using our best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in revenues and costs, estimates of future expected changes in operating margins and cash expenditures. Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, future estimates of capital expenditures and changes in future working capital requirements. The market approach estimates fair value by applying cash flow multiples to each reporting unit's operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics of the reporting units. The impairment charges recognized are for the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names. The fair value of our trade names is calculated using a relief-from-royalty model. The impairment charges recognized are for the amount by which the trade name's carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

Management makes significant estimates calculating the fair value of our reporting units and trade names. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were:
(In thousands)Goodwill
Balance as of December 31, 2020$266,961 
Foreign currency exchange translation271 
Balance as of December 31, 2021$267,232 
Foreign currency exchange translation(4,026)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$263,206 

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As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, other intangible assets consisted of the following:
(In thousands)Weighted Average Amortization PeriodGross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Value
December 31, 2022
Other intangible assets:
Trade names (1)5.5 years$48,619 $(63)$48,556 
License / franchise agreements13.0 years4,293 (3,899)394 
Total other intangible assets$52,912 $(3,962)$48,950 
December 31, 2021
Other intangible assets:
Trade names— $49,515 $— $49,515 
License / franchise agreements12.0 years4,262 (3,783)479 
Total other intangible assets$53,777 $(3,783)$49,994 

(1)    The weighted average amortization period represents the California's Great America trade name. Our other trade names are indefinite-lived.

Amortization expense of finite-lived other intangible assets for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was immaterial and is expected to be immaterial going forward.

(6) Long-Term Debt:
Long-term debt as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following:
(In thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
U.S. term loan averaging 2.56% in 2022; 1.85% in 2021 (1)
$— $264,250 
Notes
2025 U.S. fixed rate senior secured notes at 5.500%
1,000,000 1,000,000 
2027 U.S. fixed rate senior unsecured notes at 5.375%
500,000 500,000 
2028 U.S. fixed rate senior unsecured notes at 6.500%
300,000 300,000 
2029 U.S. fixed rate senior unsecured notes at 5.250%
500,000 500,000 
2,300,000 2,564,250 
Less current portion— — 
2,300,000 2,564,250 
Less debt issuance costs and original issue discount(31,845)(45,314)
$2,268,155 $2,518,936 

(1)The weighted average interest rates do not reflect the effect of interest rate swap agreements; see Note 7. The 2022 year-to-date interest rate reflects borrowings prior to full repayment of the term loan facility during the third quarter of 2022.

Term Debt and Revolving Credit Facilities
In April 2017, we amended and restated our credit agreement (the "2017 Credit Agreement") which includes our senior secured revolving credit facility and which included a senior secured term loan facility. During 2022, we made the remaining $264.3 million of principal payments on the senior secured term loan facility, fully repaying the term loan facility. As a result, we recognized a $1.8 million loss on early debt extinguishment during the third quarter of 2022, inclusive of the write-off of debt issuance costs and original issue discount. Prior to repayment, the term loan facility was scheduled to mature on April 15, 2024 and bore interest at London InterBank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 175 basis points (bps).

As of December 31, 2022, our total senior secured revolving credit facility capacity under the 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended, was $300 million with a Canadian sub-limit of $15 million. The senior secured revolving credit facility bore interest at LIBOR plus 350 bps or Canadian Dollar Offered Rate ("CDOR") plus 250 bps, requires the payment of a 62.5 bps commitment fee per annum on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, in each case without any step-downs, and matured in December 2023. In April 2022, $75 million of the senior secured revolving credit facility capacity under the 2017 Credit Agreement matured, and the outstanding borrowings were repaid. While such $75 million of senior secured revolving credit facility capacity was available, borrowings under this portion of the revolver capacity bore interest at LIBOR plus 300 bps or CDOR plus 200 bps, and the unused portion of this revolving credit facility capacity required the payment of a 37.5 bps commitment fee per annum. The 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended, also provides for the issuance of documentary and standby letters of credit, and is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Partnership. We amended the 2017 Credit
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Agreement in February 2022 to allow for greater sale and leaseback transactions. In the first quarter of 2023, we further amended the 2017 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity of the senior secured revolving credit facility, among other things; see Note 13.

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, no amounts were outstanding under the revolving credit facility. After letters of credit of $19.9 million and $15.8 million, we had $280.1 million and $359.2 million of availability under our revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The maximum outstanding revolving credit facility balance during 2022 was $185.0 million.

Notes
In April 2020, as a result of the anticipated effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we issued $1.0 billion of 5.500% senior secured notes due 2025 ("2025 senior notes") in a private placement. The 2025 senior notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority liens on the issuers' and the guarantors' assets that secure all the obligations under our credit facilities. The net proceeds from the offering of the 2025 senior notes were used to repay $463.3 million of our then-outstanding senior secured term loan facility. The remaining amount was for general corporate and working capital purposes, including fees and expenses related to the transaction. The 2025 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in May and November, with the principal due in full on May 1, 2025. The 2025 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed.

In June 2014, we issued $450 million of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024 ("2024 senior notes"). The 2024 senior notes paid interest semi-annually in June and December, with the principal due in full on June 1, 2024. On December 17, 2021, we redeemed all of the 2024 senior notes at a redemption price equal to 100.896% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. As a result, we recognized a $5.9 million loss on early debt extinguishment during the fourth quarter of 2021, inclusive of debt premium payments of $4.1 million and the write-off of debt issuance costs of $1.8 million.

In April 2017, we issued $500 million of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2027 ("2027 senior notes"). The 2027 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in April and October, with the principal due in full on April 15, 2027. The 2027 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed.

In June 2019, we issued $500 million of 5.250% senior unsecured notes due 2029 ("2029 senior notes"). The 2029 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in January and July, with the principal due in full on July 15, 2029. The 2029 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time prior to July 15, 2024 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus a "make-whole" premium together with accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to the redemption date. Thereafter, the 2029 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed.

In October 2020, in response to the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we issued $300 million of 6.500% senior unsecured notes due 2028 ("2028 senior notes"). The net proceeds from the offering of the 2028 senior notes were for general corporate and working capital purposes, including fees and expenses related to the transaction. The 2028 senior notes pay interest semi-annually in April and October with the principal due in full on October 1, 2028. Prior to October 1, 2023, up to 35% of the 2028 senior notes may be redeemed with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a price equal to 106.500% of the principal amount thereof, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The 2028 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time prior to October 1, 2023 at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus a "make-whole" premium together with accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to the redemption date. Thereafter, the 2028 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at various prices depending on the date redeemed.

As market conditions warrant, we may from time to time repurchase our outstanding debt securities in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer, exchange offer or otherwise.

Covenants
The 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended, includes a Senior Secured Leverage Ratio of 4.50x Total First Lien Senior Secured Debt-to-Consolidated EBITDA, which will step down to 4.00x in the second quarter of 2023 and which will step down further to 3.75x in the third quarter of 2023. Following the amendment in the first quarter of 2023, this financial covenant is only required to be tested at the end of any fiscal quarter in which revolving credit facility borrowings are outstanding. The 2017 Credit Agreement, as amended and as in effect prior to the first quarter of 2023 amendment, included an Additional Restrictions Period to provide further covenant relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. We terminated the Additional Restrictions Period during the first quarter of 2022 by achieving compliance with the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio covenant as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2021. We were in compliance with the applicable financial covenants under our credit agreement during 2022.

Our credit agreement and fixed rate note agreements include Restricted Payment provisions, which could limit our ability to pay partnership distributions. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the 2027 senior notes, which includes the most restrictive of these Restricted Payments provisions, if our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is greater than 5.25x, we can still make Restricted Payments of $100 million annually so long as no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. If our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio is less than or equal to 5.25x,
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we can make Restricted Payments up to our Restricted Payment pool. Our pro forma Total-Indebtedness-to-Consolidated-Cash-Flow Ratio was less than 5.25x as of December 31, 2022.

(7) Derivative Financial Instruments:
Derivative financial instruments are used within our overall risk management program to manage certain interest rate and foreign currency risks. By utilizing a derivative instrument to hedge exposure to LIBOR rate changes, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk, in particular the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. To mitigate this risk, hedging instruments are placed with a counterparty that we believe poses minimal credit risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

As of December 31, 2021, we had four interest rate swap agreements with a notional value of $500 million that converted one-month variable rate LIBOR to a fixed rate of 2.88% through December 31, 2023. This resulted in a 4.63% fixed interest rate for borrowings under our then-outstanding senior secured term loan facility after the impact of interest rate swap agreements. None of the interest rate swap agreements were designated as hedging instruments. We terminated our interest rate swap agreements during the third quarter of 2022 following the full repayment of our senior secured term loan facility, resulting in a $5.3 million cash receipt, net of fees. The fair value of our swap portfolio, including the location within the consolidated balance sheets, for the periods presented were as follows:
(In thousands)Balance Sheet LocationDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swapsDerivative Liability— $(20,086)

Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are adjusted to fair value each reporting period through "Net effect of swaps" within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

(8) Partners' Equity and Equity-Based Compensation:
Special L.P. Interests
In accordance with the Partnership Agreement, certain partners were allocated $5.3 million of 1987 and 1988 taxable income (without any related cash distributions) for which they received Special L.P. Interests. The Special L.P. Interests do not participate in cash distributions and have no voting rights. However, the holders of Special L.P. Interests will receive in the aggregate $5.3 million upon liquidation of the Partnership.

Equity-Based Incentive Plan
The 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan was approved by our unitholders in June 2016 and allows the awarding of up to 2.8 million unit options and other forms of equity as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors as an element of compensation to senior management, key employees and directors. The 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan superseded the 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan which was approved by our unitholders in May 2008 and allowed the awarding of up to 2.5 million unit options and other forms of equity. Outstanding awards under the 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan continue to be in effect and are governed by the terms of that plan. The 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan provides an opportunity for officers, directors, and eligible persons to acquire an interest in the growth and performance of our units and provides employees annual and long-term incentive awards as determined by the Board of Directors. Under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors may grant unit options, unit appreciation rights, restricted units, performance awards, other unit awards, cash incentive awards and unrestricted unit awards. The awards granted by the Compensation Committee fall into two categories, Awards Payable in Cash or Equity, and Awards Payable in Equity. The impact of these awards is more fully described below.

Equity-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) within "Selling, General and Administrative Expense" for the applicable periods was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)2022
2021 (1)
2020 (2)
Awards Payable in Cash or Equity
Deferred units$(206)$1,014 $(588)
Awards Payable in Equity
Performance units12,787 10,554 (5,270)
Restricted units7,613 4,878 5,061 
Total equity-based compensation expense$20,194 $16,446 $(797)

(1)    Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on 2020 results, the 2018-2020 three-year performance plan was below the payout threshold. Given that two full years of the program were completed, the 2018-2020 performance unit awards were modified to allow for a payout taking into account 2018-2019 results, management's performance relative to 2020
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COVID-19 strategic goals and 2020 pre-COVID-19 forecast, resulting in $3.9 million of additional expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.

(2)    The market value of our deferred unit awards and the anticipated payout of our annual performance unit awards decreased due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in expense reversed during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Awards Payable in Cash or Equity

Deferred Units
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)Number of UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding deferred units at December 31, 202156 $51.70 
Granted (1)
7 $42.31 
Settled(13)$56.67 
Outstanding deferred units at December 31, 202250 $49.00 
(1)    Includes 1 forfeitable distribution-equivalent units

Deferred unit awards vest over a one-year period and the settlement of these units is deferred until the individual's service to the Partnership ends. The deferred units begin to accumulate distribution-equivalents upon vesting and are paid when the restriction ends. The effect of outstanding deferred unit awards has been included in the diluted earnings per unit calculation for the year ended December 31, 2022, as a portion of the awards are expected to be settled in limited partnership units. As of December 31, 2022, the market value of the deferred units was $2.1 million, was classified as current and was recorded within "Other accrued liabilities" within the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, there was no unamortized expense related to unvested deferred unit awards as all units were fully vested.

Awards Payable in Equity

Performance Units
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)Number of UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Unvested performance units at December 31, 2021430 $43.13 
Granted (1)
414 $55.73 
Forfeited(15)$54.71 
Vested(92)$27.92 
Unvested performance units at December 31, 2022737 $51.87 

(1)    Includes 10 forfeitable distribution-equivalent units

Of the unvested performance units outstanding as of December 31, 2022, 343,511 units represented annual awards for the 2022-2024 three-year performance period. The number of performance units issuable under these performance unit awards are contingently based upon certain performance targets over the three-year vesting period. The annual performance awards and the related forfeitable distribution-equivalent units are paid out in the first quarter following the performance period in limited partnership units. Our annual performance unit awards based upon the 2020-2022 three-year performance period did not payout due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The remaining outstanding performance units as of December 31, 2022 represented the 2021-2025 performance-based units awarded in 2021. These units were awarded instead of the traditional annual performance unit awards with three-year performance periods due to continued uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of performance units issuable under the 2021-2025 performance-based unit awards are contingently based upon three separate financial performance targets which can vest over a three to five-year period. The performance targets become incrementally higher over the five-year period. The 2021-2025 performance-based unit awards and related forfeitable distribution-equivalent units will be paid out in limited partnership units upon the achievement of each target in the first quarter following the year the target was earned. The first opportunity for units to be paid out under the 2021-2025 performance-based unit awards will be in the first quarter of 2024.

The effect of outstanding performance unit awards, for which the performance conditions had been met, have been included in the diluted earnings per unit calculation for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The vested performance units for the year ended December 31, 2022 represented performance-based other units awarded in 2020 to incentivize optimal executive performance in light of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of units issuable
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were contingently based upon the level of attainment of various performance objectives over a six-month period with the awards payable in limited partnership units following the one-year anniversary of the six-month performance period, which occurred in the first quarter of 2022. These unit awards did not earn distribution-equivalent units.

As of December 31, 2022, unamortized compensation expense related to unvested performance unit awards was $20.6 million, which is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The fair value of the performance units is based on the unit price the day before the date of grant. We assess the probability of the performance targets being met and may reverse prior period expense or recognize additional expense accordingly.

Restricted Units
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)Number of UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Unit
Unvested restricted units at December 31, 2021228 $49.44 
Granted241 $52.65 
Forfeited(7)$53.82 
Vested(121)$49.02 
Unvested restricted units at December 31, 2022341 $51.77 

As of December 31, 2022, 212,273 of our outstanding restricted units vest evenly over an approximate three-year period, 107,274 units outstanding vest following an approximate three-year cliff vesting period, and 21,235 units outstanding vest under alternate vesting schedules, all of which approximate three years. Restrictions on our restricted unit awards lapse upon vesting. During the vesting period for restricted unit awards, the units accumulate forfeitable distribution-equivalents, which when the units are fully vested, are payable in cash. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of forfeitable distribution equivalents accrued totaled $0.3 million; $0.1 million of which was classified as current and recorded within "Other accrued liabilities" within the consolidated balance sheet and $0.1 million of which was classified as non-current and recorded within "Other Liabilities".

As of December 31, 2022, unamortized compensation expense, determined as the market value of the units on the day before the date of grant, related to unvested restricted unit awards was $10.2 million, which is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.

Unit Options
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)Unit OptionsWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual LifeAggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021118 $35.27 
Exercised(27)$29.53 
Options outstanding at December 31, 202291 $36.95 
Options exercisable, end of year91 $36.95 0.2 years$399 

Unit options are issued with an exercise price no less than the market closing price of the Partnership's units on the day before the date of grant. Outstanding unit options vested over three years and have a maximum term of ten years. As of December 31, 2022, we had 90,928 fixed-price unit options outstanding under the 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan. No options have been granted under the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

The exercise price of the unit options outstanding was $36.95 as of December 31, 2022. The total intrinsic value of unit options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0.7 million, $2.0 million, and $0.0 million, respectively.

We have a policy of issuing limited partnership units from treasury to satisfy unit option exercises, and we expect our treasury unit balance to be sufficient for 2023 based on estimates of unit option exercises for that period.

Unit Repurchase Plan
On August 3, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a unit repurchase plan authorizing the Partnership to repurchase units for an aggregate purchase price of not more than $250 million. The unit repurchase program is subject to Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Subject to applicable rules and regulations, we may repurchase units from time-to-time in the open market or by negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of repurchases are based on a variety of factors, including liquidity, capital needs of the business, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and other corporate considerations. No limit was placed on the duration of the repurchase program. The unit repurchase program does not obligate the Partnership to repurchase any minimum dollar amount or specific number of units, and the program may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time.

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There were 4.5 million limited partnership units repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022 at an average price of $41.28 per limited partner unit for an aggregate amount of $187.4 million. There was $62.6 million of remaining availability under the repurchase program as of December 31, 2022. There were no unit repurchases in 2021 or 2020.

(9) Retirement Plans:
We have trusteed, noncontributory retirement plans for most of our full-time employees. Contributions are discretionary and amounts accrued were approximately $4.8 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not make any discretionary contributions due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial performance. Additionally, we have a trusteed, contributory retirement plan for most of our full-time employees. This plan permits employees to contribute specified percentages of their salary, matched up to a limit. Matching contributions, net of forfeitures, approximated $5.7 million, $4.7 million and $3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

In addition, approximately 260 employees are covered by union-sponsored, multi-employer pension plans for which approximately $2.1 million, $1.9 million and $2.0 million were contributed for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A union representing approximately 15 employees is expected to decertify in 2023. The related withdrawal liability is expected to be immaterial.

(10) Income and Partnership Taxes:
Federal and state tax legislation in 1997 provided a permanent income tax exemption to existing publicly traded partnerships (PTP), such as Cedar Fair, L.P., with a PTP tax levied on partnership gross income (net revenues less cost of food, merchandise and games) beginning in 1998. In addition, income taxes are recognized for the amount of income taxes payable by Cedar Fair, L.P. and its corporate subsidiaries for the current year and for the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities that represent future tax consequences of events that have been recognized differently in the financial statements than for tax purposes. As such, the "Provision (benefit) for taxes" includes amounts for both the PTP tax and for federal, state, local and foreign income taxes.

The 2022 tax provision totaled $64.0 million, which consisted of a $14.4 million provision for the PTP tax and a $49.6 million provision for income taxes. This compared with a 2021 tax provision of $20.0 million, which consisted of a $10.3 million provision for the PTP tax and a $9.7 million provision for income taxes, and a 2020 tax benefit of $137.9 million, which consisted of a $2.5 million provision for the PTP tax and a $140.4 million benefit for income taxes. The calculation of the tax provision (benefit) involves significant estimates and assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant components of income (loss) before taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
(In thousands)202220212020
Domestic$327,897 $(3,603)$(675,746)
Foreign43,760 (24,880)(52,412)
Total income (loss) before taxes$371,657 $(28,483)$(728,158)
The provision (benefit) for income taxes was comprised of the following for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
(In thousands)202220212020
Current federal$22,912 $(21,438)$(61,726)
Current state and local2,799 1,395 (3,747)
Current foreign19,456 2,896 (32,987)
Total current45,167 (17,147)(98,460)
Deferred federal, state and local6,113 17,870 (43,220)
Deferred foreign(1,728)9,018 1,287 
Total deferred4,385 26,888 (41,933)
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes$49,552 $9,741 $(140,393)

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The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the corporate subsidiaries differed from the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before taxes. The sources and tax effects of the differences were as follows:    
(In thousands)202220212020
Income tax provision based on the U.S. federal statutory tax rate$78,048 $(5,981)$(152,913)
Partnership (income) loss not subject to corporate income tax(38,556)257 47,631 
State and local taxes, net8,154 776 (20,594)
Valuation allowance9 14,619 3,150 
Expired foreign tax credits— 888 2,253 
Tax credits(1,483)(901)(426)
Change in U.S. tax law(107)(1,326)(17,983)
Foreign currency translation losses (gains)4,754 1,143 (1,455)
Nondeductible expenses and other(1,267)266 (56)
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes$49,552 $9,741 $(140,393)
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:    
(In thousands)20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Compensation$14,817 $11,835 
Accrued expenses4,135 5,051 
Foreign tax credits11,467 8,392 
Tax attribute carryforwards13,823 20,580 
Derivatives— 5,021 
Foreign currency translation5,313 2,523 
Deferred revenue1,911 3,539 
Lease liability19,037 — 
Deferred tax assets70,503 56,941 
Valuation allowance(24,228)(24,374)
Net deferred tax assets46,275 32,567 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property(76,871)(78,062)
Intangibles(20,170)(20,988)
Right-of-use asset(18,646)— 
Deferred tax liabilities(115,687)(99,050)
Net deferred tax liability$(69,412)$(66,483)

We record a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The need for this allowance is based on several factors including the carryforward periods for net operating losses and tax credits, prior experience of tax credit limitations, and management's long-term estimates of domestic and foreign source income.

As of December 31, 2022, we recorded a $24.2 million valuation allowance related to two items, $11.5 million related to foreign tax credits and $12.7 million related to other tax attribute carryforwards. The valuation allowance related to foreign tax credits equaled the entire $11.5 million deferred tax asset for foreign tax credit carryforwards. We do not expect to fully realize the foreign tax credit carryforwards primarily due to the U.S. statutory rate being less than the Canadian statutory tax rate. The amount recorded represented a $3.1 million increase in the valuation allowance from 2021.

The valuation allowance related to other tax attributes is the sum of $10.4 million and $2.3 million and related to $11.5 million of state net operating loss carryforwards and $2.3 million of Canadian capital loss carryforwards, respectively. We do not expect to fully realize all of the unused state net operating loss carryforwards before they expire from 2025 to 2041. This represented a $3.1 million decrease in the valuation allowance from 2021 due to income in the corporate subsidiaries. The valuation allowance relating to Canadian capital losses equals the total amount generated during 2021. We do not expect to use these capital losses as they are only available to offset Canadian capital gain. The amount recorded for Canadian capital losses represented a $0.1 million decrease in valuation allowance from 2021.

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The CARES Act resulted in various changes to the U.S. tax law, including, among other things, allowing net operating losses arising in tax years 2018 through 2020 to be carried back to the preceding five taxable years and removing the limitation that such losses only offset 80% of taxable income. As a result of these changes, we received U.S. tax refunds attributable to the net operating loss in tax year 2020 being carried back to prior years. We received refunds of $77.1 million during the second quarter of 2022 and an additional $2.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2022. We also received $11.1 million in tax refunds attributable to the net operating loss of our Canadian corporate subsidiary being carried back to prior years in Canada during the first quarter of 2022. The refunds were recorded within "Current income tax receivable" in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021.

We have recorded a deferred tax liability of $1.2 million and $3.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, to account for foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive income.

Our unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest and penalties, were not material in any year presented. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S., Canada and various state and local jurisdictions. Our tax returns are subject to examination by state and federal tax authorities. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to examination by the major taxing authorities for tax years before 2018.

(11) Lease Commitments:
Our most significant lease commitment is for the land at California's Great America, which we sold on June 27, 2022. Concurrently with the sale of the land, we entered into a lease contract that allows us to operate the park during a six-year term, and we have an option to extend the term for an additional five years. The lease is subject to early termination by the buyer with at least two years' prior notice. The annual base rent under the lease liability was initially $12.2 million and will increase by 2.5% per year. Upon commencement of the lease, we recognized a right-of-use asset and lease liability equal to the annual base rent for the initial six-year term. Upon termination of the lease, we will close existing park operations and remove the rides and attractions from the land. As of December 31, 2022, we included estimated lease payments to dismantle and remove rides and attractions totaling $12.9 million within the right-of-use asset and lease liability. The discount rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments was our incremental borrowing rate. We sublease a portion of the California's Great America parking lot to the Santa Clara Stadium Authority during Levi's Stadium events. The lease payments were prepaid, and the corresponding income is being recognized over the lease term, or through 2027. The annual lease income recognized is immaterial.

Other significant lease commitments include corporate office space in Charlotte, North Carolina and the land on which Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston is located. The corporate office space is generally leased through 2029. The Schlitterbahn Waterpark Galveston land lease has an initial term through 2024 with renewal options at our discretion through 2049, which we have concluded we are reasonably certain to exercise. We have also entered into various operating leases for office equipment, vehicles, storage and revenue-generating assets.

Total lease cost and related supplemental information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except for lease term and discount rate)202220212020
Operating lease expense$9,857 $2,711 $2,797 
Variable lease expense972 872 173 
Short-term lease expense8,769 7,563 2,205 
Sublease income(715)— — 
Total lease cost$18,883 $11,146 $5,175 
Weighted-average remaining lease term6.7 years14.1 years16.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate3.7 %3.7 %4.1 %
Operating cash flows for operating leases$9,034 $2,299 $2,679 
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities (non-cash activity)$85,789 $4,914 $1,769 

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Future undiscounted cash flows under our operating leases and a reconciliation to the operating lease liabilities recognized as of December 31, 2022 are included below:
(In thousands)December 31, 2022
Undiscounted cash flows
2023$15,256 
202415,039 
202515,251 
202615,316 
202715,325 
Thereafter31,836 
Total$108,023 
Present value of cash flows
Current lease liability$12,043 
Lease Liability81,757 
Total$93,800 
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows$14,223 

(12) Fair Value Measurements:
The table below presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 on a recurring basis, as well as the fair values of other financial instruments, including their locations within the consolidated balance sheets:
(In thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Balance Sheet LocationFair Value Hierarchy LevelCarrying ValueFair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Financial assets (liabilities) measured on a recurring basis:
Short-term investmentsOther current assetsLevel 1$432 $432 $478 $478 
Interest rate swapsDerivative LiabilityLevel 2— — $(20,086)$(20,086)
Other financial assets (liabilities):
Term debt
Long-Term Debt (1)
Level 2— — $(264,250)$(257,644)
2025 senior notes
Long-Term Debt (1)
Level 2$(1,000,000)$(985,000)$(1,000,000)$(1,035,000)
2027 senior notes
Long-Term Debt (1)
Level 1$(500,000)$(476,250)$(500,000)$(513,750)
2028 senior notes
Long-Term Debt (1)
Level 1$(300,000)$(291,000)$(300,000)$(319,125)
2029 senior notes
Long-Term Debt (1)
Level 1$(500,000)$(446,250)$(500,000)$(513,750)
(1)Carrying values of long-term debt balances are before reductions for debt issuance costs and original issue discount of $31.8 million and $45.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Fair values of the interest rate swap agreements are determined using significant inputs, including LIBOR forward curves, which are considered Level 2 observable market inputs.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

(13) Subsequent Events:
On February 10, 2023, we further amended the 2017 Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date of our senior secured revolving credit facility, convert the existing LIBOR-based interest rate for our senior secured revolving credit facility to the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), and make other certain amendments to provide greater covenant flexibility, including modifying the requirement for the financial maintenance covenant to only be applicable at the end of any fiscal quarter in which revolving credit borrowings are outstanding. Following this amendment, the senior secured revolving credit facility matures on February 10, 2028, provided that the maturity date will be (x) January 30, 2025 if at least $200.0 million of the 2025 senior notes remain outstanding as of that date, or (y) January 14, 2027 if at least $200.0 million of the 2027 senior notes remain outstanding as of that date. In addition, the senior secured revolving credit facility will bear interest at SOFR plus 350 bps.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING
AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain a system of controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Commission and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of December 31, 2022, management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, it used the criteria described in "Internal Control - Integrated Framework" (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. As a result of its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

Cedar Fair Management, Inc., an Ohio corporation owned by an Ohio trust, is the General Partner of the Partnership and has full responsibility for the management of the Partnership; see Note 1.

A. Identification of Directors:

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material in our Proxy Statement to be used in connection with the annual meeting of limited partner unitholders to be held in May 2023 (the "Proxy Statement") under the captions "Proposal One. Election of Directors", "Board Committees", and, if required, "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports".

B. Identification of Executive Officers:

Information regarding executive officers of the Partnership is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Supplemental Item. Information about our Executive Officers" in Item 1 of Part I and is incorporated herein by reference.

C. Code of Ethics and Certifications:

In accordance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Item 406 of Regulation S-K, we have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics (the "Code"), which applies to all directors, officers and employees, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. A copy of the Code is available on our Investor Relations website (www.ir.cedarfair.com).

We submitted an unqualified Section 303A.12(a) Chief Executive Officer certification to the New York Stock Exchange on June 15, 2022, stating that we were in compliance with the NYSE's Corporate Governance Listing Standards. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer certifications under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are included as exhibits to this Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material in our Proxy Statement under the captions "Executive Compensation", "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation", and "Compensation Committee Report".

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED UNITHOLDER MATTERS.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material in our Proxy Statement under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management".

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

The following table sets forth information concerning units authorized or available for issuance under our equity compensation plan (see Note 8) as of December 31, 2022:
Plan Category


Number of units to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(a) (1)


Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(b) (2)
Number of units remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans
(excluding units
reflected in column (a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by unitholders1,181,686 $36.95 1,435,133 
Equity compensation plans not approved by unitholders— — — 
Total1,181,686 $36.95 1,435,133 

(1)The units in column (a) include performance awards and deferred unit awards at the maximum number of units issuable, as well as unit options outstanding.

(2)The weighted average price in column (b) represents the weighted average price of 90,928 unit options outstanding. Performance awards and deferred unit awards are excluded from column (b).

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material in our Proxy Statement under the captions "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions", "Board Independence", and "Board Committees".

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the material in our Proxy Statement under the caption "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Services and Fees".

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

A. 1. Financial Statements

The following consolidated financial statements of the Registrant, the notes thereto and the related Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are filed under Item 8 of this Report:
Page
(i)Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(ii)
Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2022 and 2021
(iii)
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
(iv)
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
(v)
Consolidated Statements of Partners' Deficit - Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020
(vi)
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020

A. 2. Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules are omitted as the information is not required or is otherwise furnished.

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A. 3. Exhibits

The exhibits listed below are incorporated herein by reference to prior SEC filings by the Registrant or are included as exhibits in this Form 10-K.
Exhibit NumberDescription
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Exhibit NumberDescription

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Exhibit NumberDescription
101 
The following materials from the Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Partners' Deficit, and (v) related notes, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
104 
The cover page from the Partnership's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).
(+) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY.

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CEDAR FAIR, L.P.
(Registrant)

DATED:     February 17, 2023        
By:    Cedar Fair Management, Inc.
General Partner

/S/ Richard A. Zimmerman
Richard A. Zimmerman
President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SignatureTitleDate
/S/Richard A. ZimmermanDirector, President and Chief Executive OfficerFebruary 17, 2023
Richard A. Zimmerman(Principal Executive Officer)
/S/Brian C. WitherowExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerFebruary 17, 2023
Brian C. Witherow(Principal Financial Officer)
/S/David R. HoffmanSenior Vice President and Chief Accounting OfficerFebruary 17, 2023
David R. Hoffman(Principal Accounting Officer)
/S/Daniel J. HanrahanChairman of the Board of DirectorsFebruary 17, 2023
Daniel J. Hanrahan
/S/Louis CarrDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Louis Carr
/S/Gina D. FranceDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Gina D. France
/S/Michelle M. FrymireDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Michelle M. Frymire
/S/Jennifer MasonDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Jennifer Mason
/S/D. Scott OlivetDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
D. Scott Olivet
/S/Matthew A. OuimetDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Matthew A. Ouimet
/S/Carlos A. RuisanchezDirectorFebruary 17, 2023
Carlos A. Ruisanchez
 

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