EX-13 6 f56816exv13.htm EX-13 exv13
EXHIBIT 13

         
    Financial Review
       
 
34   Overview
       
 
38   Earnings Performance
       
 
49   Balance Sheet Analysis
       
 
52   Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
       
 
54   Risk Management
       
 
82   Capital Management
       
 
84   Critical Accounting Policies
       
 
90   Current Accounting Developments
       
 
90   Forward-Looking Statements
       
 
92   Risk Factors
       
 
    Controls and Procedures
       
 
102   Disclosure Controls and Procedures
       
 
102   Internal Control over Financial Reporting
       
 
102   Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
       
 
103   Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
       
 
    Financial Statements
       
 
104   Consolidated Statement of Income
       
 
105   Consolidated Balance Sheet
       
 
106   Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity and Comprehensive Income
       
 
110   Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
       
 
    Notes to Financial Statements
       
 
111   1  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
       
 
121   2  
Business Combinations
         
122   3  
Cash, Loan and Dividend Restrictions
       
 
122   4  
Federal Funds Sold, Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Other Short-Term Investments
       
 
123   5  
Securities Available for Sale
       
 
131   6  
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
       
 
145   7  
Premises, Equipment, Lease Commitments and Other Assets
       
 
146   8  
Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
       
 
156   9  
Mortgage Banking Activities
       
 
159   10  
Intangible Assets
       
 
161   11  
Deposits
       
 
162   12  
Short-Term Borrowings
       
 
163   13  
Long-Term Debt
       
 
166   14  
Guarantees and Legal Actions
       
 
172   15  
Derivatives
       
 
179   16  
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
       
 
194   17  
Preferred Stock
       
 
196   18  
Common Stock and Stock Plans
       
 
201   19  
Employee Benefits and Other Expenses
       
 
209   20  
Income Taxes
       
 
211   21  
Earnings Per Common Share
       
 
212   22  
Other Comprehensive Income
       
 
213   23  
Operating Segments
       
 
215   24  
Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements
       
 
220   25  
Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements
       
 
221   Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
       
 
222   Quarterly Financial Data
       
 
223   Glossary of Acronyms


33


 

This Annual Report, including the Financial Review and the Financial Statements and related Notes, contains forward-looking statements, which may include forecasts of our financial results and condition, expectations for our operations and business, and our assumptions for those forecasts and expectations. Do not unduly rely on forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from our forward-looking statements due to several factors. Some of these factors are described in the Financial Review and in the Financial Statements and related Notes. For a discussion of other factors, refer to the “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections in this Report and the “Regulation and Supervision” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010 (2010 Form 10-K).
See the Glossary of Acronyms at the end of this Report for terms used throughout this Report.
Financial Review
Overview
 

Wells Fargo & Company is a $1.3 trillion diversified financial services company providing banking, insurance, trust and investments, mortgage banking, investment banking, retail banking, brokerage and consumer finance through banking stores, the internet and other distribution channels to individuals, businesses and institutions in all 50 states, the District of Columbia (D.C.) and in other countries. We ranked fourth in assets and second in the market value of our common stock among our large bank peers at December 31, 2010. When we refer to “Wells Fargo,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” in this Report, we mean Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries (consolidated). When we refer to the “Parent,” we mean Wells Fargo & Company. When we refer to “legacy Wells Fargo,” we mean Wells Fargo excluding Wachovia Corporation (Wachovia).
     Our vision is to satisfy all our customers’ financial needs, help them succeed financially, be recognized as the premier financial services company in our markets and be one of America’s great companies. Our primary strategy to achieve this vision is to increase the number of products our customers buy from us and to offer them all of the financial products that fulfill their needs. Our cross-sell strategy, diversified business model and the breadth of our geographic reach facilitate growth in both strong and weak economic cycles, as we can grow by expanding the number of products our current customers have with us, gain new customers in our extended markets, and increase market share in many businesses. We continued to earn more of our customers’ business in 2010 in both our retail and commercial banking businesses and in our equally customer-centric securities brokerage and investment banking businesses.
     Reflecting solid growth in a variety of businesses, Wells Fargo net income was a record $12.4 billion in 2010. Diluted earnings per common share were $2.21. Pre-tax pre-provision profit (PTPP) was $34.8 billion in 2010, which covered almost 2.0 times annual net charge-offs. PTPP is total revenue less noninterest expense. Management believes that PTPP is a useful financial measure because it enables investors and others to assess the Company’s ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through a credit cycle.
     Our combined company retail bank household cross-sell, reported for the first time in December 2010, was 5.70 products per household, up from 5.47 a year ago. Cross-sell for the
combined company, which is lower than legacy Wells Fargo stand-alone cross-sell, indicates the opportunity to earn more business from our Wachovia customers. The cross-sell for customers in the West was 6.14 products, compared with 5.11 for customers in the East. Our goal is eight products per customer, which is approximately half of our estimate of potential demand for an average U.S. household. One of every four of our retail banking households has eight or more products. Business banking cross-sell offers another potential opportunity for growth, with cross-sell of 4.04 products in our Western footprint (including legacy Wells Fargo and converted Wachovia customers).
     Wells Fargo remained one of the largest providers of credit to the U.S. economy. We continued to lend to creditworthy customers and, during 2010, made $665 billion in new loan commitments to consumer, small business and commercial customers, including $386 billion of residential mortgage originations. We are an industry leader in loan modifications for homeowners. As of December 31, 2010, more than 620,000 Wells Fargo mortgage customers were in active trial or had completed the loan modifications since the beginning of 2009. We also continued to support our communities by making a $400 million charitable contribution to the Wells Fargo Foundation in 2010, covering three years of estimated future funding.
     Our core deposits grew 2% from December 31, 2009. Average core deposits funded 100% of total average loans in 2010, up from 93% in 2009. We continue to attract high quality core deposits in the form of checking and savings deposits, which grew 6% to $720.9 billion at December 31, 2010, from $679.9 billion a year ago, as we continued to gain new customers and deepen our relationships with existing customers.
     On December 31, 2008, Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia, one of the nation’s largest diversified financial services companies. Wachovia’s assets and liabilities were included in the December 31, 2008, consolidated balance sheet at their respective fair values on the acquisition date. Because the acquisition was completed on December 31, 2008, Wachovia’s results of operations were not included in our 2008 income statement. Beginning in 2009, our consolidated results and associated financial information, as well as our consolidated average balances, include Wachovia.
     We are beginning our third year of the Wachovia integration, which we expect to substantially complete by the end of 2011.


34


 

     Our progress to date remains on track and on schedule, with business and revenue synergies exceeding our expectations at the time the merger was announced. The Wachovia merger has already proven to be a financial success, with substantially all of the expected savings already realized and growing revenue synergies reflecting market share gains in many businesses, including mortgage, auto dealer services and investment banking.
     We continued to invest in core businesses while maintaining a strong balance sheet. In 2010, we opened 47 retail banking stores for a retail network total of 6,314 stores. We converted a total of 749 Wachovia banking stores in Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Nevada, Tennessee and Texas, as well as the Wachovia credit card business and ATM network. The conversion of the remaining Wachovia eastern markets is expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2011.
     We continued taking actions to further strengthen our balance sheet, including reducing our non-strategic and liquidating loan portfolios, which have declined $54.6 billion since the Wachovia acquisition, including $26.3 billion in 2010, to $115.7 billion at December 31, 2010. We significantly built capital in 2010, up $12.9 billion, or 12%, from a year ago. Our capital growth since our merger with Wachovia has been driven by record retained earnings and other sources of internal capital generation, as well as three common stock offerings between October 2008 and December 2009 totaling over $33 billion. This included the $12.2 billion offering in fourth quarter 2009, which allowed us to repay in full the U.S. Treasury’s Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) preferred stock investment. We substantially increased the size of the Company with the Wachovia merger, and experienced cyclically elevated credit costs. However, our capital ratios at December 31, 2010, were higher than they were prior to the Wachovia acquisition. Tier 1 common equity increased to $81.3 billion at December 31, 2010, or 8.30% of risk-weighted assets. The Tier 1 capital ratio increased to 11.16% and Tier 1 leverage ratio increased to 9.19%. See the “Capital Management” section in this Report for more information regarding Tier 1 common equity.
     We experienced continued and significant improvement in our credit portfolio, with most metrics showing positive movement by the end of 2010. Net charge-offs declined in 2010 from the peak in fourth quarter 2009, with almost every major loan category recording lower charge-offs by the end of 2010. Delinquencies continued to decline from the peak at the end of 2009 and, in the fourth quarter 2010, nonaccrual loans declined for the first time since the Wachovia merger. The improvement in credit quality was also evident in the portfolio of purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans acquired through the Wachovia merger, which overall has performed better than originally expected. Reflecting improved performance in our loan portfolios, the provision for credit losses was $2.0 billion less than net charge-offs for 2010. Absent significant deterioration in the economy, we expect future reductions in the allowance for credit losses. The improvement in losses, a more favorable economic outlook and improved credit statistics in several portfolios further increase our confidence that our credit cycle is turning, provided economic conditions do not deteriorate.
     We believe it is important to maintain a well controlled operating environment as we complete the integration of the Wachovia businesses and grow the combined company. We manage our credit risk by establishing what we believe are sound credit policies for underwriting new business, while monitoring and reviewing the performance of our loan portfolio. We manage the interest rate and market risks inherent in our asset and liability balances within established ranges, while ensuring adequate liquidity and funding. We maintain strong capital levels to facilitate future growth.
     As a result of PCI accounting for loans acquired in the merger with Wachovia, ratios of the Company, including the growth rate in nonperforming assets (NPAs) since December 31, 2008, may not be directly comparable with periods prior to the merger or with credit-related ratios of other financial institutions. In particular:
  Wachovia’s high risk loans were written down pursuant to PCI accounting at the time of merger. Therefore, the allowance for credit losses is lower than otherwise would have been required without PCI loan accounting; and
  Because we virtually eliminated Wachovia’s nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2008, quarterly growth in our nonaccrual loans during 2010 and 2009 was higher than it would have been without PCI loan accounting. Similarly, our net charge-offs rate was lower than it otherwise would have been.


35


 

Overview (continued)
Table 1:  Six-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data
                                                                 
   
   
                                                    %     Five-year  
                                                    Change     compound  
                                                    2010/     growth  
(in millions, except per share amounts)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006     2005     2009     rate  
   
Income statement
                                                               
Net interest income
  $ 44,757       46,324       25,143       20,974       19,951       18,504       (3 )%     19  
Noninterest income
    40,453       42,362       16,734       18,546       15,817       14,591       (5 )     23  
                   
Revenue
    85,210       88,686       41,877       39,520       35,768       33,095       (4 )     21  
Provision for credit losses
    15,753       21,668       15,979       4,939       2,204       2,383       (27 )     46  
Noninterest expense
    50,456       49,020       22,598       22,746       20,767       18,943       3       22  
Net income before noncontrolling interests
    12,663       12,667       2,698       8,265       8,567       7,892             10  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    301       392       43       208       147       221       (23 )     6  
                   
Wells Fargo net income
    12,362       12,275       2,655       8,057       8,420       7,671       1       10  
Earnings per common share
    2.23       1.76       0.70       2.41       2.50       2.27       27        
Diluted earnings per common share
    2.21       1.75       0.70       2.38       2.47       2.25       26        
Dividends declared per common share
    0.20       0.49       1.30       1.18       1.08       1.00       (59 )     (28 )
   
Balance sheet (at year end)
                                                               
Securities available for sale
  $ 172,654       172,710       151,569       72,951       42,629       41,834       %     33  
Loans
    757,267       782,770       864,830       382,195       319,116       310,837       (3 )     19  
Allowance for loan losses
    23,022       24,516       21,013       5,307       3,764       3,871       (6 )     43  
Goodwill
    24,770       24,812       22,627       13,106       11,275       10,787             18  
Assets
    1,258,128       1,243,646       1,309,639       575,442       481,996       481,741       1       21  
Core deposits (1)
    798,192       780,737       745,432       311,731       288,068       253,341       2       26  
Long-term debt
    156,983       203,861       267,158       99,393       87,145       79,668       (23 )     15  
Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity
    126,408       111,786       99,084       47,628       45,814       40,660       13       25  
Noncontrolling interests
    1,481       2,573       3,232       286       254       239       (42 )     44  
Total equity
    127,889       114,359       102,316       47,914       46,068       40,899       12       26  
   
(1)   Core deposits are noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing checking, savings certificates, certain market rate and other savings, and certain foreign deposits (Eurodollar sweep balances).

36


 

Table 2:  Ratios and Per Common Share Data
                         
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
   
Profitability ratios
                       
Wells Fargo net income to average assets (ROA)
    1.01 %     0.97       0.44  
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock to average
                       
Wells Fargo common stockholders’ equity (ROE)
    10.33       9.88       4.79  
Efficiency ratio (1)
    59.2       55.3       54.0  
Capital ratios
                       
At year end:
                       
Wells Fargo common stockholders’ equity to assets
    9.41       8.34       5.21  
Total equity to assets
    10.16       9.20       7.81  
Risk-based capital (2)
                       
Tier 1 capital
    11.16       9.25       7.84  
Total capital
    15.01       13.26       11.83  
Tier 1 leverage (2)(3)
    9.19       7.87       14.52  
Tier 1 common equity (4)
    8.30       6.46       3.13  
Average balances:
                       
Average Wells Fargo common stockholders’ equity to average assets
    9.17       6.41       8.18  
Average total equity to average assets
    9.96       9.34       8.89  
Per common share data
                       
Dividend payout (5)
    9.0       27.9       185.4  
Book value
  $ 22.49       20.03       16.15  
Market price (6)
                       
High
    34.25       31.53       44.68  
Low
    23.02       7.80       19.89  
Year end
    30.99       26.99       29.48  
   
(1)   The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by total revenue (net interest income and noninterest income).
 
(2)   See Note 25 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information.
 
(3)   Due to the Wachovia transaction that closed on December 31, 2008, the Tier 1 leverage ratio, which considers period-end Tier 1 capital and quarterly averages in the computation of the ratio, does not reflect average assets of Wachovia for the full period ended December 31, 2008.
 
(4)   See the “Capital Management” section in this Report for additional information.
 
(5)   Dividends declared per common share as a percentage of earnings per common share.
 
(6)   Based on daily prices reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Transaction Reporting System.

37


 

Earnings Performance
 

Net income for 2010 was $12.4 billion ($2.21 diluted per share) with $11.6 billion applicable to common stock, compared with net income of $12.3 billion ($1.75 diluted per share) with $8.0 billion applicable to common stock for 2009. Preferred stock dividends and accretion of preferred stock discount included $3.5 billion in 2009 for Series D preferred stock issued to the U.S. Treasury Department in 2008, which reduced 2009 diluted earnings by $0.76 per share. These preferred shares were redeemed December 23, 2009, when we repaid the U.S. Treasury Department’s TARP preferred stock investment.
     Our 2010 earnings were influenced by a slow recovery from the recession that dominated 2009 and most of 2008 and by a continuation of a low rate environment. These economic conditions caused declining loan demand, solid deposit generation and continued elevated credit losses. Earnings for 2009 were influenced by the worsening of the recession that began in 2008, and low market rates. Both 2010 and 2009 were affected by merger integration costs.
     Revenue, the sum of net interest income and noninterest income, was $85.2 billion in 2010 compared with $88.7 billion in 2009 and $41.9 billion in 2008. In 2010, net interest income of $44.8 billion represented 53% of revenue, compared with $46.3 billion (52%) in 2009 and $25.1 billion (60%) in 2008.
     Noninterest income was relatively stable in 2010 at $40.5 billion, representing 47% of revenue, compared with $42.4 billion (48%) in 2009 and $16.7 billion (40%) in 2008. The increase in 2009 to 48% from 40% in 2008 was primarily due to a higher percentage of trust and investment fees (11% in 2009, up from 7% in 2008) and very strong mortgage banking results (14% in 2009, up from 6% in 2008, predominantly from legacy Wells Fargo).
     Noninterest expense was $50.5 billion in 2010, compared with $49.0 billion in 2009 and $22.6 billion in 2008. Noninterest expense as a percentage of revenue was 59% in 2010, 55% in 2009 and 54% in 2008. Noninterest expense for 2010 included $1.9 billion of Wachovia merger-related integration expense compared with $895 million in 2009.
     Table 3 presents the components of revenue and noninterest expense as a percentage of revenue for year-over-year results.


38


 

Table 3:  Net Interest Income, Noninterest Income and Noninterest Expense as a Percentage of Revenue
                                                 
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
            % of             % of             % of  
(in millions)   2010     revenue     2009     revenue     2008     revenue  
   
Interest income
                                               
Trading assets
  $ 1,121       1 %   $ 944       1 %   $ 189       %
Securities available for sale
    10,236       12       11,941       13       5,577       13  
Mortgages held for sale (MHFS)
    1,736       2       1,930       2       1,573       4  
Loans held for sale (LHFS)
    101             183             48        
Loans
    39,808       47       41,659       47       27,651       66  
Other interest income
    437       1       336             181        
                                         
Total interest income
    53,439       63       56,993       64       35,219       84  
                                       
Interest expense
                                               
Deposits
    2,832       3       3,774       4       4,521       11  
Short-term borrowings
    106             231             1,478       4  
Long-term debt
    4,888       6       5,786       7       3,789       9  
Other interest expense
    227             172                    
                                       
Total interest expense
    8,053       9       9,963       11       9,788       23  
                                       
Net interest income (on a taxable-equivalent basis)
    45,386       53       47,030       53       25,431       61  
                                       
Taxable-equivalent adjustment
    (629 )     (1 )     (706 )     (1 )     (288 )     (1 )
                                       
Net interest income
    44,757       53       46,324       52       25,143       60  
Noninterest income
                                               
Service charges on deposit accounts
    4,916       6       5,741       6       3,190       8  
Trust and investment fees (1)
    10,934       13       9,735       11       2,924       7  
Card fees
    3,652       4       3,683       4       2,336       6  
Other fees (1)
    3,990       5       3,804       4       2,097       5  
Mortgage banking (1)
    9,737       11       12,028       14       2,525       6  
Insurance
    2,126       2       2,126       2       1,830       4  
Net gains from trading activities
    1,648       2       2,674       3       275       1  
Net gains (losses) on debt securities available for sale
    (324 )           (127 )           1,037       2  
Net gains (losses) from equity investments
    779       1       185             (757 )     (2 )
Operating leases
    815       1       685       1       427       1  
Other
    2,180       3       1,828       2       850       2  
                                       
Total noninterest income
    40,453       47       42,362       48       16,734       40  
                                       
Noninterest expense
                                               
Salaries
    13,869       16       13,757       16       8,260       20  
Commission and incentive compensation
    8,692       10       8,021       9       2,676       6  
Employee benefits
    4,651       5       4,689       5       2,004       5  
Equipment
    2,636       3       2,506       3       1,357       3  
Net occupancy
    3,030       4       3,127       4       1,619       4  
Core deposit and other intangibles
    2,199       3       2,577       3       186        
FDIC and other deposit assessments
    1,197       1       1,849       2       120        
Other (2)
    14,182       17       12,494       14       6,376       15  
                                       
Total noninterest expense
    50,456       59       49,020       55       22,598       54  
                                       
Revenue
  $ 85,210             $ 88,686             $ 41,877          
                                       
   
(1)   See Table 7 – Noninterest Income in this Report for additional detail.
 
(2)   See Table 8 – Noninterest Expense in this Report for additional detail.

39


 

Earnings Performance (continued)

Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the interest earned on debt securities, loans (including yield-related loan fees) and other interest-earning assets minus the interest paid for deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt. The net interest margin is the average yield on earning assets minus the average interest rate paid for deposits and our other sources of funding. Net interest income and the net interest margin are presented on a taxable-equivalent basis in Table 5 to consistently reflect income from taxable and tax-exempt loans and securities based on a 35% federal statutory tax rate.
     Net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis was $45.4 billion in 2010, compared with $47.0 billion in 2009, and $25.4 billion in 2008. The net interest margin was 4.26% in 2010, down 2 basis points from 4.28% in 2009 and 2009 was down 55 basis points from 4.83% in 2008. During 2010, net interest income was affected by prepayments of higher yielding mortgage-backed securities, relatively soft commercial loan demand, and planned runoff of liquidating loan portfolios. The impact of these factors was mitigated by disciplined deposit pricing and reduced market funding costs. For 2009, changes in net interest income from 2008 were primarily due to the impact of acquiring Wachovia. Although the addition of Wachovia increased earning assets and net interest income, it decreased the net interest margin because Wachovia’s net interest margin was lower than that of legacy Wells Fargo.
     Table 4 presents the components of earning assets and funding sources as a percentage of earning assets to provide a more meaningful analysis of year-over-year changes that influenced net interest income.
     The mix of earning assets and their yields are important drivers of net interest income. During 2010, there were slight shifts in our earning asset mix from loans and investments to more liquid assets. Although total loans increased during fourth quarter 2010, the soft loan demand earlier in 2010 and in 2009, as well as the impact of liquidating certain loan portfolios, reduced average loans in 2010 to 72% of average earning assets from 75% for 2009 and from 76% in 2008. Also, average mortgage-backed securities (MBS) dropped to 10% in 2010 from 12% in 2009 and 13% in 2008. Average short-term investments and trading account assets increased to 9% in 2010 from 4% in 2009 and 2% in 2008.
     Average interest-bearing deposits increased to 59% of average earning assets for 2010, from 58% for 2009 and 51% for 2008. Average short-term borrowings decreased to 4% of average earning assets from 5% for 2009 and 13% for 2008. Average interest-bearing deposits increased as a percentage of funding for earning assets in 2010, yet the cost of deposits declined significantly as the mix shifted from higher cost certificates of deposit to checking and savings products, which were at lower yields in 2010 due to the prolonged low interest rate environment. Core deposits are a low-cost source of funding and thus an important contributor to growth in net interest income and the net interest margin. Core deposits include noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing checking, savings certificates, certain market rate and other savings, and certain foreign deposits (Eurodollar sweep balances). Average core deposits rose to $772.0 billion in 2010 from $762.5 billion in 2009 and funded 100% and 93% of average loans, respectively. In 2008, core deposits of legacy Wells Fargo funded 82% of average loans. About 90% of our core deposits are now in checking and savings deposits, one of the highest percentages in the industry.
     Table 5 presents the individual components of net interest income and the net interest margin. The effect on interest income and costs of earning asset and funding mix changes described above, combined with rate changes during 2010, are analyzed in Table 6.


40


 

Table 4:  Average Earning Assets and Funding Sources as a Percentage of Average Earning Assets
                                 
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
            % of             % of  
    Average     earning     Average     earning  
(in millions)   balance     assets     balance     assets  
   
Earning assets
                               
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments
  $ 62,961       6 %   $ 26,869       2 %
Trading assets
    29,920       3       21,092       2  
Debt securities available for sale:
                               
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    1,926             2,480        
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    16,392       2       12,702       1  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                               
Federal agencies
    75,875       7       87,197       8  
Residential and commercial
    33,191       3       41,618       4  
       
Total mortgage-backed securities
    109,066       10       128,815       12  
Other debt securities (1)
    34,752       3       32,011       3  
       
Total debt securities available for sale (1)
    162,136       15       176,008       16  
Mortgages held for sale (2)
    36,716       3       37,416       3  
Loans held for sale (2)
    3,773             6,293       1  
Loans:
                               
Commercial:
                               
Commercial and industrial
    149,576       14       180,924       16  
Real estate mortgage
    98,497       9       96,273       9  
Real estate construction
    31,286       3       40,885       4  
Lease financing
    13,451       1       14,751       1  
Foreign
    29,726       3       30,661       3  
       
Total commercial
    322,536       30       363,494       33  
       
Consumer:
                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    235,568       22       238,359       22  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    101,537       10       106,957       10  
Credit card
    22,375       2       23,357       2  
Other revolving credit and installment
    88,585       8       90,666       8  
       
Total consumer
    448,065       42       459,339       42  
       
Total loans (2)
    770,601       72       822,833       75  
Other
    5,849       1       6,113       1  
       
Total earning assets
  $ 1,071,956       100 %   $ 1,096,624       100 %
       
Funding sources
                               
Deposits:
                               
Interest-bearing checking
  $ 60,941       6 %   $ 70,179       6 %
Market rate and other savings
    416,877       39       351,892       32  
Savings certificates
    87,133       8       140,197       13  
Other time deposits
    14,654       1       20,459       2  
Deposits in foreign offices
    55,097       5       53,166       5  
       
Total interest-bearing deposits
    634,702       59       635,893       58  
Short-term borrowings
    46,824       4       51,972       5  
Long-term debt
    185,426       18       231,801       21  
Other liabilities
    6,863       1       4,904        
       
Total interest-bearing liabilities
    873,815       82       924,570       84  
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources
    198,141       18       172,054       16  
       
Total funding sources
  $ 1,071,956       100 %   $ 1,096,624       100 %
       
Noninterest-earning assets
                               
Cash and due from banks
  $ 17,618               19,218          
Goodwill
    24,824               23,997          
Other
    112,540               122,515          
                           
Total noninterest-earning assets
  $ 154,982               165,730          
                         
Noninterest-bearing funding sources
                               
Deposits
  $ 183,008               171,712          
Other liabilities
    47,877               48,193          
Total equity
    122,238               117,879          
Noninterest-bearing funding sources used to fund earning assets
    (198,141 )             (172,054 )        
                           
Net noninterest-bearing funding sources
  $ 154,982               165,730          
                         
Total assets
  $ 1,226,938               1,262,354          
                         
   
(1)   Includes certain preferred securities.
 
(2)   Nonaccrual loans are included in their respective loan categories.

41


 

Earnings Performance (continued)
Table 5:  Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Taxable-Equivalent Basis) (1)(2)(3)
                                                 
   
   
    2010     2009  
                    Interest                     Interest  
    Average     Yields/     income/     Average     Yields/     income/  
(in millions)   balance     rates     expense     balance     rates     expense  
   
Earning assets
                                               
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments
  $ 62,961       0.36 %   $ 230       26,869       0.56 %   $ 150  
Trading assets
    29,920       3.75       1,121       21,092       4.48       944  
Debt securities available for sale (4):
                                               
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    1,926       3.24       61       2,480       2.83       69  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    16,392       6.09       980       12,702       6.42       840  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                               
Federal agencies
    75,875       5.14       3,697       87,197       5.45       4,591  
Residential and commercial
    33,191       10.67       3,396       41,618       9.09       4,150  
                                       
Total mortgage-backed securities
    109,066       6.84       7,093       128,815       6.73       8,741  
Other debt securities (5)
    34,752       6.45       2,102       32,011       7.16       2,291  
                                       
Total debt securities available for sale (5)
    162,136       6.63       10,236       176,008       6.73       11,941  
Mortgages held for sale (6)
    36,716       4.73       1,736       37,416       5.16       1,930  
Loans held for sale (6)
    3,773       2.67       101       6,293       2.90       183  
Loans:
                                               
Commercial:
                                               
Commercial and industrial
    149,576       4.80       7,186       180,924       4.22       7,643  
Real estate mortgage
    98,497       3.89       3,836       96,273       3.50       3,365  
Real estate construction
    31,286       3.36       1,051       40,885       2.91       1,190  
Lease financing
    13,451       9.21       1,239       14,751       9.32       1,375  
Foreign
    29,726       3.49       1,037       30,661       3.95       1,212  
                                       
Total commercial
    322,536       4.45       14,349       363,494       4.07       14,785  
                                       
Consumer:
                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    235,568       5.18       12,206       238,359       5.45       12,992  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    101,537       4.45       4,519       106,957       4.76       5,089  
Credit card
    22,375       13.35       2,987       23,357       12.16       2,841  
Other revolving credit and installment
    88,585       6.49       5,747       90,666       6.56       5,952  
                                       
Total consumer
    448,065       5.68       25,459       459,339       5.85       26,874  
                                       
Total loans (6)
    770,601       5.17       39,808       822,833       5.06       41,659  
Other
    5,849       3.56       207       6,113       3.05       186  
                                       
Total earning assets
  $ 1,071,956       5.02 %   $ 53,439       1,096,624       5.19 %   $ 56,993  
                                     
Funding sources
                                               
Deposits:
                                               
Interest-bearing checking
  $ 60,941       0.12 %   $ 72       70,179       0.14 %   $ 100  
Market rate and other savings
    416,877       0.26       1,088       351,892       0.39       1,375  
Savings certificates
    87,133       1.43       1,247       140,197       1.24       1,738  
Other time deposits
    14,654       2.07       302       20,459       2.03       415  
Deposits in foreign offices
    55,097       0.22       123       53,166       0.27       146  
                                     
Total interest-bearing deposits
    634,702       0.45       2,832       635,893       0.59       3,774  
Short-term borrowings
    46,824       0.22       106       51,972       0.44       231  
Long-term debt
    185,426       2.64       4,888       231,801       2.50       5,786  
Other liabilities
    6,863       3.31       227       4,904       3.50       172  
                                     
Total interest-bearing liabilities
    873,815       0.92       8,053       924,570       1.08       9,963  
Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources
    198,141                   172,054              
                                     
Total funding sources
  $ 1,071,956       0.76       8,053       1,096,624       0.91       9,963  
                                     
Net interest margin and net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis (7)
            4.26 %   $ 45,386               4.28 %   $ 47,030  
                             
Noninterest-earning assets
                                               
Cash and due from banks
  $ 17,618                       19,218                  
Goodwill
    24,824                       23,997                  
Other (8)
    112,540                       122,515                  
                                           
Total noninterest-earning assets
  $ 154,982                       165,730                  
                                           
Noninterest-bearing funding sources
                                               
Deposits
  $ 183,008                       171,712                  
Other liabilities
    47,877                       48,193                  
Total equity
    122,238                       117,879                  
Noninterest-bearing funding sources used to fund earning assets
    (198,141 )                     (172,054 )                
                                           
Net noninterest-bearing funding sources
  $ 154,982                       165,730                  
                                         
Total assets
  $ 1,226,938                       1,262,354                  
                                         
   
(1)   Because the Wachovia acquisition was completed at the end of 2008, Wachovia’s assets and liabilities are included in average balances, and Wachovia’s results are reflected in interest income/expense beginning in 2009.
 
(2)   Our average prime rate was 3.25%, 3.25%, 5.09%, 8.05%, and 7.96% for 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively. The average three-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) was 0.34%, 0.69%, 2.93%, 5.30%, and 5.20% for the same years, respectively.
 
(3)   Interest rates and amounts include the effects of hedge and risk management activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.
 
(4)   Yields and rates are based on interest income/expense amounts for the period, annualized based on the accrual basis for the respective accounts. The average balance amounts include the effects of any unrealized gain or loss marks but those marks carried in other comprehensive income are not included in yield determination of affected earning assets. Thus yields are based on amortized cost balances computed on a settlement date basis.

42


 

 
Table 5:  Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Taxable-Equivalent Basis) (1)(2)(3)
                                                                         
   
   
    2008     2007     2006  
                    Interest                     Interest                     Interest  
    Average     Yields/     income/     Average     Yields/     income/     Average     Yields/     income/  
    balance     rates     expense     balance     rates     expense     balance     rates     expense  
   
 
                                                                       
 
 
  $ 5,293       1.71 %   $ 90       4,468       4.99 %   $ 223       5,515       4.80 %   $ 265  
 
    4,971       3.80       189       4,291       4.37       188       4,958       4.95       245  
 
 
    1,083       3.84       41       848       4.26       36       875       4.36       39  
 
    6,918       6.83       501       4,740       7.37       342       3,192       7.98       245  
 
                                                                       
 
    44,777       5.97       2,623       38,592       6.10       2,328       36,691       6.04       2,206  
 
    20,749       6.04       1,412       6,548       6.12       399       6,640       6.57       430  
 
                                                           
 
    65,526       5.99       4,035       45,140       6.10       2,727       43,331       6.12       2,636  
 
    12,818       7.17       1,000       6,295       7.52       477       6,204       7.10       439  
 
                                                           
 
    86,345       6.22       5,577       57,023       6.34       3,582       53,602       6.31       3,359  
 
    25,656       6.13       1,573       33,066       6.50       2,150       42,855       6.41       2,746  
 
    837       5.69       48       896       7.76       70       630       7.40       47  
 
                                                                       
 
                                                                       
 
    98,620       6.12       6,034       77,965       8.17       6,367       65,720       8.13       5,340  
 
    41,659       5.80       2,416       32,722       7.38       2,414       29,344       7.32       2,148  
 
    19,453       5.08       988       16,934       7.80       1,321       14,810       7.94       1,175  
 
    7,141       5.62       401       5,921       5.84       346       5,437       5.72       311  
 
    7,127       10.50       748       7,321       11.68       855       6,343       12.39       786  
 
                                                           
 
    174,000       6.08       10,587       140,863       8.02       11,303       121,654       8.02       9,760  
 
                                                           
 
                                                                       
 
    75,116       6.67       5,008       61,527       7.25       4,463       57,509       7.27       4,182  
 
    75,375       6.55       4,934       72,075       8.12       5,851       64,255       7.98       5,126  
 
    19,601       12.13       2,378       15,874       13.58       2,155       12,571       13.29       1,670  
 
    54,368       8.72       4,744       54,436       9.71       5,285       50,922       9.60       4,889  
 
                                                           
 
    224,460       7.60       17,064       203,912       8.71       17,754       185,257       8.57       15,867  
 
                                                           
 
    398,460       6.94       27,651       344,775       8.43       29,057       306,911       8.35       25,627  
 
    1,920       4.73       91       1,402       5.07       71       1,357       4.97       68  
 
                                                           
 
  $ 523,482       6.69 %   $ 35,219       445,921       7.93 %   $ 35,341       415,828       7.79 %   $ 32,357  
 
                                                           
 
                                                                       
 
                                                                       
 
  $ 5,650       1.12 %   $ 64       5,057       3.16 %   $ 160       4,302       2.86 %   $ 123  
 
    166,691       1.32       2,195       147,939       2.78       4,105       134,248       2.40       3,225  
 
    39,481       3.08       1,215       40,484       4.38       1,773       32,355       3.91       1,266  
 
    6,656       2.83       187       8,937       4.87       435       32,168       4.99       1,607  
 
    47,578       1.81       860       36,761       4.57       1,679       20,724       4.60       953  
 
                                                           
 
    266,056       1.70       4,521       239,178       3.41       8,152       223,797       3.21       7,174  
 
    65,826       2.25       1,478       25,854       4.81       1,245       21,471       4.62       992  
 
    102,283       3.70       3,789       93,193       5.18       4,824       84,035       4.91       4,124  
 
                                                     
 
                                                           
 
    434,165       2.25       9,788       358,225       3.97       14,221       329,303       3.73       12,290  
 
    89,317                   87,696                   86,525              
 
                                                           
 
  $ 523,482       1.86       9,788       445,921       3.19       14,221       415,828       2.96       12,290  
 
                                                           
 
 
            4.83 %   $ 25,431               4.74 %   $ 21,120               4.83 %   $ 20,067  
                                           
 
                                                                       
 
  $ 11,175                       11,806                       12,466                  
 
    13,353                       11,957                       11,114                  
 
    56,386                       51,068                       46,615                  
 
                                                                 
 
  $ 80,914                       74,831                       70,195                  
 
                                                                 
 
                                                                       
 
  $ 87,820                       88,907                       89,117                  
 
    28,658                       26,287                       24,221                  
 
    53,753                       47,333                       43,382                  
 
 
    (89,317 )                     (87,696 )                     (86,525 )                
 
                                                                 
 
  $ 80,914                       74,831                       70,195                  
 
                                                                 
 
  $ 604,396                       520,752                       486,023                  
 
                                                                 
   
(5)   Includes certain preferred securities.
 
(6)   Nonaccrual loans and related income are included in their respective loan categories.
 
(7)   Includes taxable-equivalent adjustments of $629 million, $706 million, $288 million, $146 million and $116 million for 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, primarily related to tax-exempt income on certain loans and securities. The federal statutory tax rate utilized was 35% for the periods presented.
 
(8)   See Note 7 (Premises, Equipment, Lease Commitments and Other Assets) to Financial Statements in this Report for detail of balances of other noninterest-earning assets at December 31, 2010 and 2009.

43


 

Earnings Performance (continued)

     Table 6 allocates the changes in net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis to changes in either average balances or average rates for both interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Because of the numerous simultaneous volume and rate changes during any period, it is
not possible to precisely allocate such changes between volume and rate. For this table, changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated to these categories in proportion to the percentage changes in average volume and average rate.


Table 6:  Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income
                                                 
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
 
    2010 over 2009     2009 over 2008  
 
(in millions)   Volume     Rate     Total     Volume     Rate     Total  
 
Increase (decrease) in interest income:
                                               
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments
  $ 148       (68 )     80       156       (96 )     60  
Trading assets
    349       (172 )     177       715       40       755  
Debt securities available for sale:
                                               
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    (17 )     9       (8 )     41       (13 )     28  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    190       (50 )     140       369       (30 )     339  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                               
Federal agencies
    (622 )     (272 )     (894 )     2,229       (261 )     1,968  
Residential and commercial
    (1,113 )     359       (754 )     1,823       915       2,738  
         
Total mortgage-backed securities
    (1,735 )     87       (1,648 )     4,052       654       4,706  
Other debt securities
    123       (312 )     (189 )     1,292       (1 )     1,291  
         
Total debt securities available for sale
    (1,439 )     (266 )     (1,705 )     5,754       610       6,364  
Mortgages held for sale
    (35 )     (159 )     (194 )     635       (278 )     357  
Loans held for sale
    (69 )     (13 )     (82 )     169       (34 )     135  
Loans:
                                               
Commercial:
                                               
Commercial and industrial
    (1,425 )     968       (457 )     3,904       (2,295 )     1,609  
Real estate mortgage
    81       390       471       3,278       (2,329 )     949  
Real estate construction
    (306 )     167       (139 )     1,140       (938 )     202  
Lease financing
    (120 )     (16 )     (136 )     602       372       974  
Foreign
    (36 )     (139 )     (175 )     1,176       (712 )     464  
         
Total commercial
    (1,806 )     1,370       (436 )     10,100       (5,902 )     4,198  
         
Consumer:
                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    (150 )     (636 )     (786 )     9,055       (1,071 )     7,984  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    (249 )     (321 )     (570 )     1,727       (1,572 )     155  
Credit card
    (123 )     269       146       457       6       463  
Other revolving credit and installment
    (140 )     (65 )     (205 )     2,594       (1,386 )     1,208  
         
Total consumer
    (662 )     (753 )     (1,415 )     13,833       (4,023 )     9,810  
         
Total loans
    (2,468 )     617       (1,851 )     23,933       (9,925 )     14,008  
         
Other
    (8 )     29       21       137       (42 )     95  
         
Total increase (decrease) in interest income
    (3,522 )     (32 )     (3,554 )     31,499       (9,725 )     21,774  
         
Increase (decrease) in interest expense:
                                               
Deposits:
                                               
Interest-bearing checking
    (13 )     (15 )     (28 )     136       (100 )     36  
Market rate and other savings
    224       (511 )     (287 )     1,396       (2,216 )     (820 )
Savings certificates
    (729 )     238       (491 )     1,601       (1,078 )     523  
Other time deposits
    (121 )     8       (113 )     294       (66 )     228  
Deposits in foreign offices
    5       (28 )     (23 )     91       (805 )     (714 )
         
Total interest-bearing deposits
    (634 )     (308 )     (942 )     3,518       (4,265 )     (747 )
Short-term borrowings
    (21 )     (104 )     (125 )     (259 )     (988 )     (1,247 )
Long-term debt
    (1,209 )     311       (898 )     3,544       (1,547 )     1,997  
Other liabilities
    65       (10 )     55       172             172  
         
Total increase (decrease) in interest expense
    (1,799 )     (111 )     (1,910 )     6,975       (6,800 )     175  
         
Increase (decrease) in net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis
  $ (1,723 )     79       (1,644 )     24,524       (2,925 )     21,599  
   

44


 

Noninterest Income
Table 7:  Noninterest Income
                         
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
 
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Service charges on deposit accounts
  $ 4,916       5,741       3,190  
Trust and investment fees:
                       
Trust, investment and IRA fees
    4,038       3,588       2,161  
Commissions and all other fees
    6,896       6,147       763  
   
Total trust and investment fees
    10,934       9,735       2,924  
   
Card fees
    3,652       3,683       2,336  
Other fees:
                       
Cash network fees
    260       231       188  
Charges and fees on loans
    1,690       1,801       1,037  
All other fees
    2,040       1,772       872  
   
Total other fees
    3,990       3,804       2,097  
   
Mortgage banking:
                       
Servicing income, net
    3,340       5,791       1,233  
Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities
    6,397       6,237       1,292  
   
Total mortgage banking
    9,737       12,028       2,525  
   
Insurance
    2,126       2,126       1,830  
Net gains from trading activities
    1,648       2,674       275  
Net gains (losses) on debt securities available for sale
    (324 )     (127 )     1,037  
Net gains (losses) from equity investments
    779       185       (757 )
Operating leases
    815       685       427  
All other
    2,180       1,828       850  
   
Total
  $ 40,453       42,362       16,734  
   
Noninterest income of $40.5 billion represented 47% of revenue for 2010 compared with $42.4 billion or, 48%, for 2009. The decrease from 2009 was primarily the net result of an increase in trust and investment fees to 13% of 2010 revenues from 11% for 2009, offset by the decrease in mortgage banking to 11% of 2010 revenues from 14% for 2009.
     Our service charges on deposit accounts decreased in 2010 by $825 million from 2009, although the deposit account portfolio increased for the year. This decrease was related to regulatory changes to debit card and ATM overdraft practices announced by the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) in fourth quarter 2009. In third quarter 2009, we also announced policy changes to help customers limit overdraft and returned item fees. The combination of these changes reduced our 2010 fee revenue by approximately $810 million.
     We earn trust, investment and IRA (Individual Retirement Account) fees from managing and administering assets, including mutual funds, corporate trust, personal trust, employee benefit trust and agency assets. At December 31, 2010, these assets totaled $2.1 trillion, up 11% from $1.9 trillion at December 31, 2009. Trust, investment and IRA fees are largely based on a tiered scale relative to the market value of the assets under management or administration. The fees increased to $4.0 billion in 2010 from $3.6 billion a year ago.
     We receive commissions and other fees for providing services to full-service and discount brokerage customers. These fees increased to $6.9 billion in 2010 from $6.1 billion a year ago. These fees include transactional commissions, which are based on the number of transactions executed at the customer’s direction, and asset-based fees, which are based on the market value of the customer’s assets. Brokerage client assets totaled $1.2 trillion at December 31, 2010, up 6% from a year ago. Commissions and other fees also include fees from investment banking activities including equity and bond underwriting.
     Card fees were $3.7 billion in 2010, essentially flat from 2009. Legislative and regulatory changes enacted in 2010 caused a reduction in card fee income, which was offset by growth in purchase volume driven by improvements in the economy. The effect of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (the Card Act) on card fees is fully reflected in our 2010 results.
     Mortgage banking noninterest income is generated by servicing activities and loan origination/sales activities. This income was $9.7 billion in 2010, compared with $12.0 billion for 2009. The reduction in mortgage banking noninterest income was primarily driven by a $2.5 billion decline in net servicing income, partially offset by a $160 million increase in net gains on mortgage origination/sales.
     Net servicing income includes both changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) during the period as well as changes in the value of derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge the MSRs. Net servicing income for 2010 included a $1.5 billion net MSR valuation gain that was recorded to earnings ($3.0 billion decrease in the fair value of the MSRs offset by a $4.5 billion hedge gain) and for 2009 included a $5.3 billion net MSR valuation gain ($1.5 billion decrease in the fair value of MSRs offset by a $6.8 billion hedge gain). The $3.8 billion decline in the net MSR valuation gain results for 2010 compared with 2009 was primarily due to a decline in hedge carry income. See the “Risk Management — Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section of this Report for a detailed discussion of our MSRs risks and hedging approach. Our portfolio of loans serviced for others was $1.84 trillion at December 31, 2010, and $1.88 trillion at December 31, 2009. At December 31, 2010, the ratio of MSRs to related loans serviced for others was 0.86%, compared with 0.91% at December 31, 2009.
     Income from loan origination/sale activities was $6.4 billion in 2010 compared with $6.2 billion for 2009. The slight increase in 2010 was driven by higher margins on loan originations, offset by lower loan origination volume and higher provision for loan repurchase losses. Residential real estate originations were $386 billion in 2010 compared with $420 billion a year ago and mortgage applications were $620 billion in 2010 compared with $651 billion in 2009. The 1-4 family first mortgage unclosed pipeline was $73 billion at December 31, 2010, and $57 billion at December 31, 2009. For additional detail, see the “Risk Management — Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section and Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 9 (Mortgage Banking Activities) and Note 16 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report.


45


 

Earnings Performance (continued)

     Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities include the cost of any additions to the mortgage repurchase liability. Mortgage loans are repurchased from third parties based on standard representations and warranties and early payment default clauses in mortgage sale contracts. Additions to the mortgage repurchase liability that were charged against net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities during 2010 totaled $1.6 billion ($927 million for 2009), of which $144 million ($302 million for 2009) was related to our estimate of loss content associated with loan sales during the year and $1.5 billion ($625 million for 2009) was for subsequent increases in estimated losses on prior year’s loan sales because of the current economic environment. For additional information about mortgage loan repurchases, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section in this Report.
     Income from trading activities was $1.6 billion in 2010, down from $2.7 billion a year ago. This decrease reflects a return to a more normal trading environment from a year ago as well as a continued reduction in risk levels while we continue to prioritize support for our customer-related activities.
     Net gains on debt and equity securities totaled $455 million for 2010 and $58 million for 2009, after other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) write-downs of $940 million for 2010 and $1.7 billion for 2009.
     Noninterest income of $42.4 billion in 2009 represented 48% of revenue, up from $16.7 billion (40%) in 2008. The increase in noninterest income as a percentage of revenue was due to a higher percentage of trust and investment fees (11% in 2009, up from 7% in 2008) with the addition of Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly Wachovia Securities) retail brokerage business, Wachovia wealth management and retirement, and reinsurance businesses, and also due to strong mortgage banking results, primarily from legacy Wells Fargo (14% in 2009, up from 6% in 2008).
Noninterest Expense
Table 8:  Noninterest Expense
                         
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Salaries
  $ 13,869       13,757       8,260  
Commission and incentive compensation
    8,692       8,021       2,676  
Employee benefits
    4,651       4,689       2,004  
Equipment
    2,636       2,506       1,357  
Net occupancy
    3,030       3,127       1,619  
Core deposit and other intangibles
    2,199       2,577       186  
FDIC and other deposit assessments
    1,197       1,849       120  
Outside professional services
    2,370       1,982       847  
Contract services
    1,642       1,088       407  
Foreclosed assets
    1,537       1,071       414  
Operating losses
    1,258       875       142  
Outside data processing
    1,046       1,027       480  
Postage, stationery and supplies
    944       933       556  
Travel and entertainment
    783       575       447  
Advertising and promotion
    630       572       378  
Telecommunications
    596       610       321  
Insurance
    464       845       725  
Operating leases
    109       227       389  
All other
    2,803       2,689       1,270  
   
Total
  $ 50,456       49,020       22,598  
   
Noninterest expense increased $1.4 billion (3%) in 2010 over 2009, primarily due to merger integration costs, Wells Fargo Financial restructuring costs and a charitable donation to the Wells Fargo Foundation. The increase in 2009 over 2008 was predominantly due to the acquisition of Wachovia, increased staffing and other costs related to problem loan modifications and workouts, special deposit assessments and operating losses.
     Merger integration costs totaled $1.9 billion in 2010 and $1.1 billion in 2009, and primarily contributed to the increases in outside professional and contract services for both years. The acquisition of Wachovia resulted in an expanded geographic platform in our banking businesses and added capabilities in businesses such as retail brokerage, asset management and investment banking. As part of our integration investment to enhance both the short- and long-term benefits to our customers, we added platform team members in the Eastern market to align Wachovia’s banking stores with Wells Fargo’s sales and service model. We completed the second year of our merger integration, converting 749 Wachovia stores in Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Nevada, Tennessee and Texas. We migrated major processing systems for credit card, mortgage, trust, and mutual funds. We expect to substantially complete our integration of Wachovia by the end of 2011.
     In July 2010, we announced the restructuring of our Wells Fargo Financial consumer finance division, including the closing of 638 Wells Fargo Financial stores, realigning this business into other Wells Fargo business units and transitioning employees into other parts of our organization. The restructuring costs totaled $161 million, predominantly for severance and store closures.


46


 

     Commission and incentive compensation expense increased proportionately more than salaries in both 2010 and 2009, due to higher revenues generated by businesses with revenue-based compensation, including the retail securities, brokerage and mortgage businesses.
     Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and other deposit assessments decreased in 2010 from 2009, predominantly due to a midyear 2009 FDIC special assessment of $565 million.
     Problem loans and foreclosures increased workout-related salaries and foreclosure costs in both 2010 and 2009. Workout-related costs were influenced in both years by the higher volume of mortgage loan modifications driven by both federal and our own proprietary loan modification programs designed to help customers stay in their homes. Foreclosure costs have been affected by the high volume of foreclosed properties and the length of time the properties remained in inventory. During 2010, we began to see a decline in nonperforming loans and other indications of improvement in credit quality.
     Operating losses increased in 2010 predominantly due to additional litigation accruals.
     We continued to support our communities by making a $400 million charitable contribution to the Wells Fargo Foundation in 2010, covering three years of estimated future funding.
Income Tax Expense
The 2010 annual effective tax rate was 33.9% compared with 30.3% in 2009 and 18.5% in 2008. The increase in 2010 was primarily due to the new health care legislation and fewer favorable settlements with tax authorities. The increase in 2009 was primarily due to higher pre-tax earnings and increased tax expense (with a comparable increase in interest income) associated with purchase accounting for leveraged leases, partially offset by higher levels of tax exempt income, tax credits and the impact of changes in our liability for uncertain tax positions. We recognized a net tax benefit of approximately $150 million and $200 million during the fourth quarter and year-ended December 31, 2009, respectively, primarily related to changes in our uncertain tax positions, due to federal and state income tax settlements.
     Effective January 1, 2009, we adopted new accounting guidance that changed the way noncontrolling interests are presented in the income statement such that the consolidated income statement includes amounts from both Wells Fargo interests and the noncontrolling interests. As a result, our effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by income before income tax expense less the net income from noncontrolling interests.


47


 

Earnings Performance (continued)

Operating Segment Results
We define our operating segments by product and customer. In first quarter 2010, we conformed certain funding and allocation methodologies of Wachovia to those of Wells Fargo; in addition integration expense related to mergers other than the Wachovia merger is now included in the segment results. In fourth quarter 2010, we aligned certain lending businesses into Wholesale Banking from Community Banking to reflect our previously
announced restructuring of Wells Fargo Financial. Prior periods have been revised to reflect these changes. Table 9 and the following discussion present our results by operating segment. For a more complete description of our operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 23 (Operating Segments) to Financial Statements in this Report.


Table 9:  Operating Segment Results – Highlights
                                                 
   
   
    Year ended December 31 ,
                                    Wealth, Brokerage  
    Community Banking     Wholesale Banking     and Retirement  
(in billions)   2010     2009     2010     2009     2010     2009  
   
Revenue
  $ 54.7       60.5       22.2       20.6       11.7       10.8  
Net income
    7.1       8.9       5.8       3.9       1.0       0.5  
   
Average loans
    530.1       552.7       230.5       260.2       43.0       45.7  
Average core deposits
    536.4       552.8       170.0       147.3       121.2       114.2  
   

Community Banking offers a complete line of diversified financial products and services for consumers and small businesses including investment, insurance and trust services in 39 states and D.C., and mortgage and home equity loans in all 50 states and D.C. through its Regional Banking and Wells Fargo Home Mortgage business units.
     Community Banking reported net income of $7.1 billion and revenue of $54.7 billion in 2010. Revenue declined from 2009 driven primarily by a decrease in mortgage banking income compared with a record year in 2009 (originations of $420 billion in 2009 compared with $384 billion in 2010), as well as lower deposit service charges due to changes to Regulation E and the planned reduction in certain liquidating loan portfolios. Core deposits declined due to planned certificates of deposit (CD) run-off; however, we continued to grow low cost deposits. We saw strong growth in the number of consumer and business checking accounts (up 7.5% and 4.8%, respectively, from December 31, 2009). Noninterest expense was flat from 2009, with Wells Fargo Financial restructuring costs and higher charitable contributions offset by continued expense management and realization of merger synergies. To benefit our customers we continued to add platform team members in regional banking’s Eastern markets as we aligned Wachovia banking stores with the Wells Fargo sales and service model. The provision for credit losses decreased $4.1 billion from 2009 and credit quality indicators in most of our consumer and commercial loan portfolios were either stable or continued to improve. Net credit losses declined in almost all portfolios and we released $1.4 billion in reserves in 2010 compared with a $2.2 billion reserve build in 2009.
Wholesale Banking provides financial solutions across the U.S. and globally to middle market and large corporate customers with annual revenue generally in excess of $20 million. Products and businesses include commercial banking, investment banking and capital markets, securities investment, government and institutional banking, corporate
banking, commercial real estate, treasury management, capital finance, international, insurance, real estate capital markets, commercial mortgage servicing, corporate trust, equipment finance, asset backed finance, and asset management.
     On the strength of increasing credit demands from middle market and international businesses, solid investment banking and capital markets performance, and a modest rebound in commercial mortgages, Wholesale Banking generated earnings of $5.8 billion, up 49% from 2009, with revenue of $22.2 billion, up 8% from 2009. Growth in core deposits, up 15% from 2009, and the related increase in fees and commissions, helped offset the impact on loan revenues of lower loan balances in 2010. Total noninterest expense increased 5% as continued focus on expense management helped keep the rate of expense growth below the rate of revenue growth, resulting in an overall operating efficiency ratio of 51% versus 52% in 2009. Loan loss rates also improved from 2009 levels, which allowed for a $561 million release of the allowance for loan losses in 2010.
     Our financial results in 2010 were driven by the performance of our many diverse businesses, including the real estate capital markets group, which re-entered the commercial MBS securitization market with its first deal in three years; investment banking, which helped drive more than $172 million of growth in trust and investment fees; commercial mortgage servicing, which capitalized on its strong competitive position to win the servicing rights on more than 70% of new commercial MBS deals; and commercial real estate, where re-pricing efforts lifted loan portfolio yields 49 basis points to add $180 million in revenue growth.
     Wholesale Banking’s performance was also supported by additional efficiencies created by the merger with Wachovia. Key achievements included funds management group consolidations, leasing and equipment finance system migrations, Commercial Electronic Office® (CEO®) access for Wachovia Global Connect customers, and building of treasury product solutions to prepare for full customer migrations in 2011.


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Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement provides a full range of financial advisory services to clients using a planning approach to meet each client’s needs. Wealth Management provides affluent and high net worth clients with a complete range of wealth management solutions including financial planning, private banking, credit, investment management and trust. Family Wealth meets the unique needs of the ultra high net worth customers. Brokerage serves customers’ advisory, brokerage and financial needs as part of one of the largest full-service brokerage firms in the United States. Retirement is a national leader in providing institutional retirement and trust services (including 401(k) and pension plan record keeping) for businesses, retail retirement solutions for individuals, and reinsurance services for the life insurance industry.
     Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement earned net income of $1.0 billion in 2010. Revenue of $11.7 billion included a mix of brokerage commissions, asset-based fees and net interest income. Net interest income growth was dampened by the continued low short-term interest rate environment. Equity market gains helped drive growth in fee income. During 2010 client assets grew 6% from a year ago, including managed account asset growth of 20%. Deposit balances grew 10% during 2010. Expenses increased slightly from the prior year due to growth in broker commissions partially offset by the realization of merger synergies during the year and the loss reserve for the auction rate securities (ARS) legal settlement in 2009. The wealth, brokerage and retirement businesses have strengthened partnerships across the Company, working with Community Banking and Wholesale Banking to provide financial solutions for clients.


Balance Sheet Analysis
 

During 2010, our total assets grew 1%, funded by core deposit growth of 2% and internal capital generation, partially offset by a reduction in our long-term borrowings. As a result of continued soft loan demand, our loans decreased 3% and most of our asset growth was therefore in more liquid earning assets. However, the strength of our business model continued to produce high rates of internal capital generation as reflected in our improved capital ratios. Tier 1 capital increased to 11.16% as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets, total capital to 15.01%, Tier 1 leverage to 9.19% and Tier 1 common equity to 8.30% at

December 31, 2010, up from 9.25%, 13.26%, 7.87% and 6.46%, respectively, at December 31, 2009. At December 31, 2010, core deposits funded 105% of the loan portfolio, and we have significant capacity to add loans and higher yielding long-term MBS to generate future revenue and earnings growth.
     The following discussion provides additional information about the major components of our balance sheet. Information about changes in our asset mix and about our capital is included in the “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” and “Capital Management” sections of this Report.


Securities Available for Sale
Table 10:  Securities Available for Sale – Summary
                                                 
   
   
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
            Net                     Net          
            unrealized     Fair             unrealized     Fair  
(in millions)   Cost     gain     value     Cost     gain     value  
   
Debt securities available for sale
  $ 160,071       7,394       167,465       162,314       4,804       167,118  
Marketable equity securities
    4,258       931       5,189       4,749       843       5,592  
   
Total securities available for sale
  $ 164,329       8,325       172,654       167,063       5,647       172,710  
   

     Table 10 presents a summary of our securities available-for-sale portfolio. Securities available for sale consist of both debt and marketable equity securities. We hold debt securities available for sale primarily for liquidity, interest rate risk management and long-term yield enhancement. Accordingly, this portfolio consists primarily of very liquid, high-quality federal agency debt and privately issued MBS. The total net unrealized gains on securities available for sale were $8.3 billion at December 31, 2010, up from net unrealized gains of $5.6 billion at December 31, 2009, due to a general decline in long-term yields and narrowing of credit spreads.
     We analyze securities for OTTI quarterly, or more often if a potential loss-triggering event occurs. Of the $692 million OTTI write-downs in 2010, $672 million related to debt securities and

$20 million to equity securities. For a discussion of our OTTI accounting policies and underlying considerations and analysis see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Securities) and Note 5 (Securities Available for Sale) to Financial Statements in this Report.
     At December 31, 2010, debt securities available for sale included $19 billion of municipal bonds, of which 84% were rated “A-” or better, based on external, and in some cases internal, ratings. Additionally, some of these bonds are guaranteed against loss by bond insurers. These bonds are predominantly investment grade and were generally underwritten in accordance with our own investment standards prior to the determination to purchase, without relying on the bond insurer’s guarantee in making the investment decision. These municipal bonds will continue to be monitored as part of


49


 

Balance Sheet Analysis (continued)

our on-going impairment analysis of our securities available for sale.
     The weighted-average expected maturity of debt securities available for sale was 6.1 years at December 31, 2010. Because 69% of this portfolio is MBS, the expected remaining maturity may differ from contractual maturity because borrowers generally have the right to prepay obligations before the underlying mortgages mature. The estimated effect of a 200 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates on the fair value and the expected remaining maturity of the MBS available for sale are shown in Table 11.

Table 11:  Mortgage-Backed Securities
                         
   
   
                    Expected  
            Net     remaining  
    Fair     unrealized     maturity  
(in billions)   value     gain (loss)     (in years)  
   
At December 31, 2010
  $ 115.8       5.9       4.5  
At December 31, 2010, assuming a 200 basis point:
                       
Increase in interest rates
    105.8       (4.1)     5.7  
Decrease in interest rates
    124.3       14.4       3.3  
   

     See Note 5 (Securities Available for Sale) to Financial Statements in this Report for securities available for sale by security type.


Loan Portfolio
Table 12:  Loan Portfolios
                                         
   
   
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006  
   
Commercial
  $ 322,058       336,465       389,964       160,282       128,731  
Consumer
    435,209       446,305       474,866       221,913       190,385  
   
Total loans
  $ 757,267       782,770       864,830       382,195       319,116  
   

Balances decreased during 2010 for nearly all types of loans as demand remained soft in response to economic conditions. Non-strategic and liquidating loan portfolios decreased by $26.3 billion from 2009. Table 12 provides a breakdown by loan portfolio.
     A discussion of average loan balances and a comparative detail of average loan balances is included in Table 5 under “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” earlier in this Report. Year-end balances and other loan related information are in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.

     Effective June 30, 2010, real estate construction outstanding balances and all other related data include certain commercial real estate (CRE) secured loans acquired from Wachovia previously classified as real estate mortgage. Balances for 2009 and 2008 have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
     Table 13 shows contractual loan maturities for selected loan categories and sensitivities of those loans to changes in interest rates.


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Table 13:  Maturities for Selected Loan Categories
                                                                 
   
   
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
            After                             After              
    Within     one year     After             Within     one year     After        
    one     through     five             one     through     five        
(in millions)   year     five years     years     Total     year     five years     years     Total  
   
Selected loan maturities:
                                                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 39,576       90,497       21,211       151,284       44,919       91,951       21,482       158,352  
Real estate mortgage
    27,544       44,627       27,264       99,435       25,339       42,179       30,009       97,527  
Real estate construction
    15,009       9,189       1,135       25,333       23,362       12,188       1,428       36,978  
Foreign
    25,087       5,508       2,317       32,912       21,266       5,715       2,417       29,398  
   
Total selected loans
  $ 107,216       149,821       51,927       308,964       114,886       152,033       55,336       322,255  
   
Distribution of loans due after one year to changes in interest rates:
                                                               
Loans at fixed interest rates
          $ 29,886       14,543                       26,373       18,921          
Loans at floating/variable interest rates
            119,935       37,384                       125,660       36,415          
   
Total selected loans
          $ 149,821       51,927                       152,033       55,336          
   

Deposits
Deposits totaled $847.9 billion at December 31, 2010, compared with $824.0 billion at December 31, 2009. Table 14 provides additional detail regarding deposits. Comparative detail of average deposit balances is provided in Table 5 under “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” earlier in this
Report. Total core deposits were $798.2 billion at December 31, 2010, up $17.5 billion from $780.7 billion at December 31, 2009. We continued to gain new deposit customers and deepen our relationships with existing customers.


Table 14:  Deposits
                                         
   
   
    December 31 ,      
            % of             % of        
            total             total     %  
(in millions)   2010     deposits     2009     deposits     Change  
   
Noninterest-bearing
  $ 191,231       23 %   $ 181,356       22 %     5  
Interest-bearing checking
    63,440       7       63,225       8        
Market rate and other savings
    431,883       51       402,448       49       7  
Savings certificates
    77,292       9       100,857       12       (23 )
Foreign deposits (1)
    34,346       4       32,851       4       5  
           
Core deposits
    798,192       94       780,737       95       2  
Other time and savings deposits
    19,412       2       16,142       2       20  
Other foreign deposits
    30,338       4       27,139       3       12  
           
Total deposits
  $ 847,942       100 %   $ 824,018       100 %     3  
   
(1)   Reflects Eurodollar sweep balances included in core deposits.

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Balance Sheet Analysis (continued)
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in financial transactions that are not recorded in the balance sheet, or may be recorded in the balance sheet in amounts that are different from the full contract or notional amount of the transaction. These transactions are designed to (1) meet the financial needs of customers, (2) manage our credit, market or liquidity risks, (3) diversify our funding sources, and/or (4) optimize capital.
Off-Balance Sheet Transactions with Unconsolidated Entities
We routinely enter into various types of on- and off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities (SPEs), which are corporations, trusts or partnerships that are established for a limited purpose. Historically, the majority of SPEs were formed in connection with securitization transactions. For more information on securitizations, including sales proceeds and cash flows from securitizations, see Note 8 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Newly Consolidated VIE Assets and Liabilities
Effective January 1, 2010, we adopted new consolidation accounting guidance and, accordingly, consolidated certain variable interest entities (VIEs) that were not included in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2009. On January 1, 2010, we recorded the assets and liabilities of the newly consolidated VIEs and derecognized our existing interests in those VIEs. We also recorded a $183 million increase to beginning retained earnings as a cumulative effect adjustment and recorded a $173 million increase to other comprehensive income (OCI).
     Table 15 presents the net incremental assets recorded on our balance sheet by structure type upon adoption of new consolidation accounting guidance.
Table 15:  Net Incremental Assets Upon Adoption of New Consolidation Accounting Guidance
         
   
   
    Incremental  
    assets as of  
(in millions)   Jan. 1, 2010  
   
Structure type:
       
Residential mortgage loans - nonconforming (1)
  $ 11,479  
Commercial paper conduit
    5,088  
Other
    2,002  
 
Total
  $ 18,569  
   
(1)   Represents certain of our residential mortgage loans that are not guaranteed by government-sponsored entities (GSEs) (“nonconforming”).
     In accordance with the transition provisions of the new consolidation accounting guidance, we initially recorded newly consolidated VIE assets and liabilities on a basis consistent with our accounting for respective assets at their amortized cost basis, except for those VIEs for which the fair value option was elected. The carrying amount for loans approximates the outstanding unpaid principal balance, adjusted for allowance for loan losses. Short-term borrowings and long-term debt approximate the outstanding principal amount due to creditors.
     Upon adoption of new consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2010, we elected fair value option accounting for certain nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitization VIEs. This election requires us to recognize the VIE’s eligible assets and liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.
     Such eligible assets and liabilities consisted primarily of loans and long-term debt, respectively. The fair value option was elected for those newly consolidated VIEs for which our interests, prior to January 1, 2010, were predominantly carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded to earnings. Accordingly, the fair value option was elected to effectively continue fair value accounting through earnings for those interests. Conversely, fair value option was not elected for those newly consolidated VIEs that did not share these characteristics. At January 1, 2010, the fair value for both loans and long-term debt for which the fair value option was elected was $1.0 billion each. The incremental impact of electing fair value option (compared to not electing) on the cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was an increase of $15 million.
Guarantees and Certain Contingent Arrangements
Guarantees are contracts that contingently require us to make payments to a guaranteed party based on an event or a change in an underlying asset, liability, rate or index. Guarantees are generally in the form of standby letters of credit, securities lending and other indemnifications, liquidity agreements, written put options, recourse obligations, residual value guarantees and contingent consideration.
     For more information on guarantees and certain contingent arrangements, see Note 14 (Guarantees and Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report.


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Contractual Obligations
In addition to the contractual commitments and arrangements previously described, which, depending on the nature of the obligation, may or may not require use of our resources, we enter into other contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business, including debt issuances for the funding of operations and leases for premises and equipment.
     Table 16 summarizes these contractual obligations as of December 31, 2010, excluding obligations for short-term borrowing arrangements and pension and postretirement benefit plans. More information on those obligations is in Note 12 (Short-Term Borrowings) and Note 19 (Employee Benefits and Other Expenses) to Financial Statements in this Report.


Table 16:  Contractual Obligations
                                                         
   
   
    Note(s) to                             More            
    Financial     Less than     1-3     3-5     than     Indeterminate        
(in millions)   Statements     1 year     years     years     5 years     maturity     Total  
   
Contractual payments by period:
                                                       
Deposits
    11     $ 108,232       33,601       10,855       2,500       692,754  (1)     847,942  
Long-term debt (2)
    7,13       36,223       35,529       19,585       65,646             156,983  
Operating leases
    7       1,134       2,334       1,732       3,405             8,605  
Unrecognized tax obligations
    20       22                         2,630       2,652  
Commitments to purchase debt securities
            1,153       650                         1,803  
Purchase obligations (3)
            383       278       40       1             702  
   
Total contractual obligations
          $         147,147       72,392       32,212       71,552       695,384       1,018,687  
   
 
(1)   Includes interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing checking, and market rate and other savings accounts.
 
(2)   Includes obligations under capital leases of $26 million.
 
(3)   Represents agreements to purchase goods or services.

     We are subject to the income tax laws of the U.S., its states and municipalities, and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. We have various unrecognized tax obligations related to these operations that may require future cash tax payments to various taxing authorities. Because of their uncertain nature, the expected timing and amounts of these payments generally are not reasonably estimable or determinable. We attempt to estimate the amount payable in the next 12 months based on the status of our tax examinations and settlement discussions. See Note 20 (Income Taxes) to Financial Statements in this Report for more information.
     We enter into derivatives, which create contractual obligations, as part of our interest rate risk management process for our customers or for other trading activities. See the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability” section and Note 15 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report for more information.
Transactions with Related Parties
The Related Party Disclosures topic of the Codification requires disclosure of material related party transactions, other than compensation arrangements, expense allowances and other similar items in the ordinary course of business. We had no related party transactions required to be reported for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008.


53


 

Risk Management
 

All financial institutions must manage and control a variety of business risks that can significantly affect their financial performance. Key among those are credit, asset/liability and market risk.

Credit Risk Management
Our credit risk management process is governed centrally, but provides for decentralized management and accountability by our lines of business. Our overall credit process includes comprehensive credit policies, judgmental or statistical credit underwriting, frequent and detailed risk measurement and modeling, extensive credit training programs, and a continual loan review and audit process. In addition, banking regulatory examiners review and perform detailed tests of our credit underwriting, loan administration and allowance processes.
     A key to our credit risk management is adhering to a well controlled underwriting process, which we believe is appropriate for the needs of our customers as well as investors who purchase the loans or securities collateralized by the loans. We approve applications and make loans only if we believe the customer has the ability to repay the loan or line of credit according to all its terms. Our underwriting of loans collateralized by residential real property includes appraisals or automated valuation models (AVMs) to support property values. AVMs are computer-based tools used to estimate the market value of homes. AVMs are a lower-cost alternative to appraisals and support valuations of large numbers of properties in a short period of time. AVMs estimate property values based on processing large volumes of market data including market comparables and price trends for local market areas. The primary risk associated with the use of AVMs is that the value of an individual property may vary significantly from the average for the market area. We have processes to periodically validate AVMs and specific risk management guidelines addressing the circumstances when AVMs may be used. Generally AVMs are used in underwriting to support property values on loan originations only where the loan amount is under $250,000. For underwriting residential property loans of $250,000 or more, we require property visitation appraisals by qualified independent appraisers.
     We continually evaluate and modify our credit policies to address appropriate levels of risk. Accordingly, from time to time, we designate certain portfolios and loan products as non-strategic or high risk to limit or cease their continued origination as we actively work to limit losses and reduce our exposures.
     Table 17 identifies our non-strategic and liquidating loan portfolios as of December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008. These portfolios have decreased 32% since the merger with Wachovia at December 31, 2008, and decreased 19% from the end of 2009. The portfolios consist primarily of the Pick-a-Pay mortgages portfolio and PCI loans acquired in our acquisition of Wachovia as well as some portfolios from legacy Wells Fargo home equity and Wells Fargo Financial. The legacy Wells Fargo

Financial debt consolidation portfolio included $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, that was considered prime based on secondary market standards. The remainder is non-prime but was originated with standards to reduce credit risk. These loans were originated through our retail channel with documented income, LTV limits based on credit quality and property characteristics, and risk-based pricing. In addition, the loans were originated without teaser rates, interest-only or negative amortization features. Credit losses in the portfolio have increased in the current economic environment compared with historical levels, but performance has remained similar to prime portfolios in the industry with overall loss rates of 4.15% in 2010 on the entire portfolio. Analysis of the Pick-a-Pay and the commercial and industrial and CRE domestic PCI portfolios is presented later in this section.

Table 17:  Non-Strategic and Liquidating Loan Portfolios
                         
   
   
    Outstanding balance  
    December 31 ,
(in billions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Commercial and industrial, CRE and foreign PCI
loans (1)(2)
  $ 7.9       13.0       18.7  
Pick-a-Pay mortgage (1)
    74.8       85.2       95.3  
Liquidating home equity
    6.9       8.4       10.3  
Legacy Wells Fargo Financial indirect auto
    6.0       11.3       18.2  
Legacy Wells Fargo Financial debt consolidation (2)(3)
    19.0       22.4       25.3  
Other PCI loans (1)(2)
    1.1       1.7       2.5  
 
Total non-strategic and liquidating loan portfolios
  $ 115.7       142.0       170.3  
   
(1)   Net of purchase accounting adjustments related to PCI loans.
 
(2)   These portfolios were designated as non-strategic and liquidating in 2010. Prior periods have been adjusted to reflect this change.
 
(3)   In July 2010, we announced the restructuring of our Wells Fargo Financial division and the exiting of the origination of non-prime portfolio mortgage loans.

     Measuring and monitoring our credit risk is an ongoing process that tracks delinquencies, collateral values, FICO scores, economic trends by geographic areas, loan-level risk grading for certain portfolios (typically commercial) and other indications of credit risk. Our credit risk monitoring process is designed to enable early identification of developing risk and to support our determination of an adequate allowance for credit losses. The following analysis reviews the relevant concentrations and certain credit metrics of our significant portfolios. See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for more analysis and credit metric information.


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COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE (CRE) The CRE portfolio consists of both CRE mortgages and CRE construction loans. The combined CRE loans outstanding totaled $124.8 billion at December 31, 2010, or 16% of total loans. Of the $124.8 billion, approximately $5.8 billion represents the net balance of PCI CRE loans. CRE construction loans totaled $25.3 billion at December 31, 2010, or 3% of total loans. CRE mortgage loans totaled $99.4 billion at December 31, 2010, or 13% of total loans, of which over 40% is to owner-occupants, who historically have a low level of default. The portfolio is diversified both geographically and by property type. The largest geographic concentrations are found in California and Florida, which represented 23% and 11% of the total CRE portfolio, respectively. By property type, the largest concentrations are office buildings at 23% and industrial/warehouse at 11% of the portfolio.
     The underwriting of CRE loans primarily focuses on cash flows and creditworthiness, in addition to collateral valuations. To identify and manage newly emerging problem CRE loans, we employ a high level of surveillance and regular customer interaction to understand and manage the risks associated with these assets, including regular loan reviews and appraisal updates. As issues are identified, management is engaged and dedicated workout groups are put in place to manage problem assets. At December 31, 2010, the recorded investment in PCI CRE loans totaled $5.8 billion, down from $12.3 billion since the Wachovia acquisition at December 31, 2008, reflecting the reduction resulting from loan resolutions and write-downs.
     Table 18 summarizes CRE loans by state and property type with the related nonaccrual totals. At December 31, 2010, the highest concentration of total loans by state was $28.2 billion in California, more than double the next largest state concentration, and the related nonaccrual loans totaled about $1.5 billion, or 5% of CRE loans in California. Office buildings, at $28.7 billion, were the largest property type concentration, more than double the next largest, and the related nonaccrual loans totaled $1.4 billion, or 5% of total CRE loans for office buildings. In aggregate, nonaccrual loans totaled 7% of the non-PCI outstanding balance at December 31, 2010.


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)
Table 18:  CRE Loans by State and Property Type
                                                         
   
   
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate mortgage     Real estate construction     Total     % of  
    Nonaccrual     Outstanding     Nonaccrual     Outstanding     Nonaccrual     Outstanding     total  
(in millions)   loans     balance (1)     loans     balance (1)     loans     balance (1)     loans  
 
By state:
                                                       
PCI loans:
                                                       
Florida
  $       459             578             1,037       * %
California
          588             193             781       *  
Georgia
          301             250             551       *  
North Carolina
          180             353             533       *  
New York
          226             225             451       *  
Other
          1,101             1,350             2,451  (2)     *  
 
Total PCI loans
  $       2,855             2,949             5,804       * %
 
All other loans:
                                                       
California
  $ 1,172       23,780       375       3,648       1,547       27,428       4 %
Florida
    912       10,023       412       2,286       1,324       12,309       2  
Texas
    376       6,523       165       2,186       541       8,709       1  
North Carolina
    346       4,663       254       1,477       600       6,140       *  
New York
    56       4,440       17       1,111       73       5,551       *  
Virginia
    49       3,574       147       1,512       196       5,086       *  
Georgia
    374       3,726       181       885       555       4,611       *  
Arizona
    259       3,445       140       726       399       4,171       *  
Colorado
    106       2,868       76       698       182       3,566       *  
New Jersey
    109       2,641       40       513       149       3,154       *  
Other
    1,468       30,897       869       7,342       2,337       38,239  (3)     5  
 
Total all other loans
  $ 5,227       96,580       2,676       22,384       7,903       118,964       16 %
 
Total
  $ 5,227       99,435       2,676       25,333       7,903       124,768       16 %
 
By property:
                                                       
PCI loans:
                                                       
Office buildings
  $       953             317             1,270       * %
Apartments
          565             704             1,269       *  
1-4 family land
          249             559             808       *  
Retail (excluding shopping center)
          341             90             431       *  
1-4 family structure
          29             353             382       *  
Other
          718             926             1,644       *  
 
Total PCI loans
  $       2,855             2,949             5,804       * %
 
All other loans:
                                                       
Office buildings
  $ 1,214       24,841       233       2,598       1,447       27,439       4 %
Industrial/warehouse
    730       13,058       76       931       806       13,989       2  
Real estate - other
    576       11,853       61       691       637       12,544       2  
Apartments
    368       8,309       305       3,451       673       11,760       2  
Retail (excluding shopping center)
    591       9,628       126       868       717       10,496       1  
Shopping center
    363       6,578       270       1,622       633       8,200       1  
Land (excluding 1-4 family)
    41       524       671       7,013       712       7,537       1  
Hotel/motel
    469       5,916       74       999       543       6,915       *  
Institutional
    112       2,646       9       179       121       2,825       *  
1-4 family land
    157       328       514       2,255       671       2,583       *  
Other
    606       12,899       337       1,777       943       14,676       2  
 
Total all other loans
  $ 5,227       96,580       2,676       22,384       7,903       118,964       16 %
 
Total
  $ 5,227       99,435  (4)     2,676       25,333       7,903       124,768       16 %
 
 
*   Less than 1%.
 
(1)   For PCI loans, amounts represent carrying value.
 
(2)   Includes 35 states; no state had loans in excess of $436 million.
 
(3)   Includes 40 states; no state had loans in excess of $3.1 billion.
 
(4)   Includes $40.0 billion of loans to owner-occupants where 51% or more of the property is used in the conduct of their business.

56


 

COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LOANS AND LEASE FINANCING For purposes of portfolio risk management, we aggregate commercial and industrial loans and lease financing according to market segmentation and standard industry codes. Table 19 summarizes commercial and industrial loans and lease financing by industry with the related nonaccrual totals. While this portfolio has experienced deterioration in the current credit cycle, we believe this portfolio has experienced less credit deterioration than our CRE portfolios. For the year ended December 31, 2010, the commercial and industrial loans and lease financing portfolios had (1) a lower percentage of loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing (0.19% at year end; 0.24% for CRE), (2) a lower percentage of nonperforming loans to total loans outstanding (2.02% at year end; 6.33% for CRE), and (3) a lower loss rate to average total loans (1.50% for the year; 1.67% for CRE). We believe this portfolio is well underwritten and is diverse in its risk with relatively even concentrations across several industries. A majority of our commercial and industrial loans and lease financing portfolio is secured by short-term liquid assets, such as accounts receivable, inventory and securities, as well as long-lived assets, such as equipment and other business assets. Our credit risk management process for this portfolio primarily focuses on a customer’s ability to repay the loan through their cash flow. Generally, the collateral securing this portfolio represents a secondary source of repayment.
Table 19:  Commercial and Industrial Loans and Lease Financing by Industry
                         
   
   
    December 31, 2010  
                    % of  
    Nonaccrual     Outstanding     total  
(in millions)   loans     balance (1)     loans  
   
PCI loans:
                       
Investors
  $       111       * %
Media
          107       *  
Insurance
          91       *  
Technology
          65       *  
Healthcare
          47       *  
Residential construction
          41       *  
Other
          256 (2)     *  
   
Total PCI loans
  $       718       * %
   
All other loans:
                       
Financial institutions
  $         167       10,468       1 %
Cyclical retailers
    67       8,804       1  
Food and beverage
    32       8,392       1  
Oil and gas
    156       8,140       1  
Healthcare
    87       7,885       1  
Transportation
    34       6,427       *  
Industrial equipment
    113       6,284       *  
Real estate - other
    90       5,713       *  
Business services
    66       5,632       *  
Technology
    28       5,609       *  
Investors
    114       5,326       *  
Utilities
    107       4,793       *  
Other
    2,260       80,187 (3)     11  
   
Total all other loans
  $ 3,321       163,660       22 %
   
Total
  $ 3,321       164,378       22 %
   
 
*   Less than 1%.
 
(1)   For PCI loans, amounts represent carrying value.
 
(2)   No other single category had loans in excess of $35 million.
 
(3)   No other single category had loans in excess of $4.6 billion. The next largest categories included public administration, hotel/restaurant, media, non-residential construction and securities firms.


57


 

Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

     During the recent credit cycle, we have experienced an increase in requests for extensions of commercial and industrial and CRE loans, which have repayment guarantees. All extensions granted are based on a re-underwriting of the loan and our assessment of the borrower’s ability to perform under the agreed-upon terms. At the time of extension, borrowers are generally performing in accordance with the contractual loan terms. Extension terms generally range from six to thirty-six months and may require that the borrower provide additional economic support in the form of partial repayment, amortization or additional collateral or guarantees. In cases where the value of collateral or financial condition of the borrower is insufficient to repay our loan, we may rely upon the support of an outside repayment guarantee in providing the extension. In considering the impairment status of the loan, we evaluate the collateral and future cash flows as well as the anticipated support of any repayment guarantor. When performance under a loan is not reasonably assured, including the performance of the guarantor, we place the loan on nonaccrual status and we charge-off all or a portion of a loan based on the fair value of the collateral securing the loan.
     Our ability to seek performance under the guarantee is directly related to the guarantor’s creditworthiness, capacity and willingness to perform, which is evaluated on an annual basis, or more frequently as warranted. Our evaluation is based on the most current financial information available and is focused on various key financial metrics, including net worth, leverage, and current and future liquidity. We consider the guarantor’s reputation, creditworthiness, and willingness to work with us based on our analysis as well as other lenders’ experience with the guarantor. Our assessment of the guarantor’s credit strength is reflected in our loan risk ratings for such loans. The loan risk rating is an important factor in our allowance methodology for commercial and industrial and CRE loans.
REAL ESTATE 1-4 FAMILY FIRST MORTGAGE LOANS The concentrations of real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans by state are presented in Table 20. Our real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans to borrowers in California represented approximately 14% of total loans (3% of this amount were PCI loans from Wachovia) at both December 31, 2010 and 2009, mostly within the larger metropolitan areas, with no single area consisting of more than 3% of total loans. Changes in real estate values and underlying economic or market conditions for these areas are monitored continuously within our credit risk management process.
     Some of our real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans (representing first mortgage and home equity products) include an interest-only feature as part of the loan terms. At December 31, 2010, these loans were approximately 25% of total loans, compared with 26% at the end of 2009. Substantially all of these loans are considered to be prime or near prime. We believe we have manageable adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) reset risk across our Wells Fargo originated and owned mortgage loan portfolios.
Table 20:  Real Estate 1-4 Family Mortgage Loans by State
                                 
   
   
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate     Total real        
    1-4 family     1-4 family     estate 1-4     % of  
    first     junior lien     family     total  
(in millions)   mortgage     mortgage     mortgage     loans  
   
PCI loans:
                               
California
  $ 21,630       49       21,679       3 %
Florida
    3,076       56       3,132       *  
New Jersey
    1,293       36       1,329       *  
Other (1)
    7,246       109       7,355       *  
   
Total PCI loans
  $ 33,245       250       33,495       4 %
   
All other loans:
                               
California
  $ 55,794       26,612       82,406       11 %
Florida
    17,296       7,782       25,078       3  
New Jersey
    8,908       6,403       15,311       2  
New York
    8,169       3,709       11,878       2  
Virginia
    6,145       4,622       10,767       1  
Pennsylvania
    6,233       4,066       10,299       1  
North Carolina
    5,860       3,552       9,412       1  
Texas
    6,645       1,519       8,164       1  
Georgia
    4,886       3,472       8,358       1  
Other (2)
    77,054       34,162       111,216       15  
   
Total all other loans
  $ 196,990       95,899       292,889       39 %
   
Total
  $ 230,235       96,149       326,384       43 %
   
 
*   Less than 1%.
 
(1)   Consists of 45 states; no state had loans in excess of $759 million.
 
(2)   Consists of 41 states; no state had loans in excess of $7.2 billion. Includes $15.5 billion in Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) pool buyouts.


58


 

PURCHASED CREDIT-IMPAIRED (PCI) LOANS As of December 31, 2008, certain of the loans acquired from Wachovia had evidence of credit deterioration since their origination, and it was probable that we would not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. Such loans identified at the time of the acquisition were accounted for using the measurement provisions for PCI loans. PCI loans were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, and the historical allowance for credit losses related to these loans was not carried over.
     PCI loans were written down to an amount estimated to be collectible. Accordingly, such loans are not classified as nonaccrual, even though they may be contractually past due, because we expect to fully collect the new carrying values of such loans (that is, the new cost basis arising out of our purchase accounting).
     A nonaccretable difference was established in purchase accounting for PCI loans to absorb losses expected at that time on those loans. Amounts absorbed by the nonaccretable difference do not affect the income statement or the allowance for credit losses.
     Substantially all commercial and industrial, CRE and foreign PCI loans are accounted for as individual loans. Conversely, Pick-a-Pay and other consumer PCI loans have been aggregated into several pools based on common risk characteristics. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
     Resolutions of loans may include sales of loans to third parties, receipt of payments in settlement with the borrower, or
foreclosure of the collateral. Our policy is to remove an individual loan from a pool based on comparing the amount received from its resolution with its contractual amount. Any difference between these amounts is absorbed by the nonaccretable difference. This removal method assumes that the amount received from resolution approximates pool performance expectations. The remaining accretable yield balance is unaffected and any material change in remaining effective yield caused by this removal method is addressed by our quarterly cash flow evaluation process for each pool. For loans that are resolved by payment in full, there is no release of the nonaccretable difference for the pool because there is no difference between the amount received at resolution and the contractual amount of the loan. Modified PCI loans are not removed from a pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed troubled debt restructurings (TDRs). Modified PCI loans that are accounted for individually are considered TDRs, and removed from PCI accounting, if there has been a concession granted in excess of the original nonaccretable difference.
     During 2010, we recognized in income $989 million of nonaccretable difference related to commercial PCI loans due to payoffs and dispositions of these loans. We also transferred $3.4 billion from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield, of which $2.4 billion was due to sustained positive performance in the Pick-a-Pay portfolio evidenced through an increase in expected cash flows. Table 21 provides an analysis of changes in the nonaccretable difference related to principal that is not expected to be collected.


Table 21:  Changes in Nonaccretable Difference for PCI Loans
                                 
   
   
                    Other        
(in millions)   Commercial     Pick-a-Pay     consumer     Total  
   
Balance at December 31, 2008
  $ 10,410       26,485       4,069       40,964  
Release of nonaccretable difference due to:
                               
Loans resolved by settlement with borrower (1)
    (330 )                 (330 )
Loans resolved by sales to third parties (2)
    (86 )           (85 )     (171 )
Reclassification to accretable yield for loans with improving cash flows (3)
    (138 )     (27 )     (276 )     (441 )
Use of nonaccretable difference due to:
                               
Losses from loan resolutions and write-downs (4)
    (4,853 )     (10,218 )     (2,086 )     (17,157 )
   
Balance at December 31, 2009
    5,003       16,240       1,622       22,865  
Release of nonaccretable difference due to:
                               
Loans resolved by settlement with borrower (1)
    (817 )                 (817 )
Loans resolved by sales to third parties (2)
    (172 )                 (172 )
Reclassification to accretable yield for loans with improving cash flows (3)
    (726 )     (2,356 )     (317 )     (3,399 )
Use of nonaccretable difference due to:
                               
Losses from loan resolutions and write-downs (4)
    (1,698 )     (2,959 )     (391 )     (5,048 )
   
Balance at December 31, 2010
  $ 1,590       10,925       914       13,429  
   
 
(1)   Release of the nonaccretable difference for settlement with borrower, on individually accounted PCI loans, increases interest income in the period of settlement. Pick-a-Pay and Other consumer PCI loans do not reflect nonaccretable difference releases due to pool accounting for those loans, which assumes that the amount received approximates the pool performance expectations.
 
(2)   Release of the nonaccretable difference as a result of sales to third parties increases noninterest income in the period of the sale.
 
(3)   Reclassification of nonaccretable difference to accretable yield for loans with increased cash flow estimates will result in increased interest income as a prospective yield adjustment over the remaining life of the loan or pool of loans.
 
(4)   Write-downs to net realizable value of PCI loans are absorbed by the nonaccretable difference when severe delinquency (normally 180 days) or other indications of severe borrower financial stress exist that indicate there will be a loss of contractually due amounts upon final resolution of the loan.

59


 

Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

     Since the Wachovia acquisition, we have released $5.3 billion in nonaccretable difference for certain PCI loans and pools of loans, including $3.8 billion transferred from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield and $1.5 billion released through loan resolutions. We have provided $1.6 billion in the allowance for credit losses for certain PCI loans or pools of loans that have had loss-related decreases to cash flows expected to be collected. The net result is a $3.7 billion improvement in our initial projected losses on all PCI loans.

     At December 31, 2010, the allowance for credit losses in excess of nonaccretable difference on certain PCI loans was $298 million. The allowance is necessary to absorb decreases in cash flows expected to be collected since acquisition and primarily relates to individual PCI loans. Table 22 analyzes the actual and projected loss results on PCI loans since the acquisition of Wachovia on December 31, 2008, through December 31, 2010.


Table 22:  Actual and Projected Loss Results on PCI Loans
                                 
   
   
                    Other        
(in millions)   Commercial     Pick-a-Pay     consumer     Total  
   
Release of unneeded nonaccretable difference due to:
                               
Loans resolved by settlement with borrower (1)
  $ 1,147                   1,147  
Loans resolved by sales to third parties (2)
    258             85       343  
Reclassification to accretable yield for loans with improving cash flows (3)
    864       2,383       593       3,840  
 
Total releases of nonaccretable difference due to better than expected losses
    2,269       2,383       678       5,330  
Provision for worse than originally expected losses (4)
    (1,562 )           (62 )     (1,624 )
 
Actual and projected losses on PCI loans better than originally expected
  $ 707       2,383       616       3,706  
 
 
 
(1)   Release of the nonaccretable difference for settlement with borrower, on individually accounted PCI loans, increases interest income in the period of settlement. Pick-a-Pay and Other consumer PCI loans do not reflect nonaccretable difference releases due to pool accounting for those loans, which assumes that the amount received approximates the pool performance expectations.
 
(2)   Release of the nonaccretable difference as a result of sales to third parties increases noninterest income in the period of the sale.
 
(3)   Reclassification of nonaccretable difference to accretable yield for loans with increased cash flow estimates will result in increased interest income as a prospective yield adjustment over the remaining life of the loan or pool of loans.
 
(4)   Provision for additional losses recorded as a charge to income, when it is estimated that the cash flows expected to be collected for a PCI loan or pool of loans have decreased subsequent to the acquisition.

     For further detail on PCI loans, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Loans) and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
      


60


 

PICK-A-PAY PORTFOLIO The Pick-a-Pay portfolio was one of the consumer residential first mortgage portfolios we acquired from Wachovia. We considered a majority of the Pick-a-Pay loans to be PCI loans.
     The Pick-a-Pay portfolio had an outstanding balance of $84.2 billion and a carrying value of $74.8 billion at December 31, 2010. It is a liquidating portfolio, as Wachovia ceased originating new Pick-a-Pay loans in 2008.
     Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgages and lines of credit associated with Pick-a-Pay loans are reported in the Home Equity core portfolio. The Pick-a-Pay portfolio includes loans

that offer payment options (Pick-a-Pay option payment loans), loans that were originated without the option payment feature, loans that no longer offer the option feature as a result of our modification efforts since the acquisition, and loans where the customer voluntarily converted to a fixed-rate product. The Pick-a-Pay portfolio is included in the consumer real estate 1-4 family first mortgage class of loans in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report. Table 23 provides balances over time related to the types of loans included in the portfolio.


Table 23:  Pick-a-Pay Portfolio - Balances Over Time
                                                 
   
   
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
    Unpaid             Unpaid             Unpaid        
    principal             principal             principal        
(in millions)   balance     % of total     balance     % of total     balance     % of total  
 
Option payment loans (1)
  $ 49,958       59 %   $ 67,170       69 %   $ 99,937       86 %
Non-option payment adjustable-rate and fixed-rate loans (1)
    11,070       13       13,926       14       15,763       14  
Full-term loan modifications (1)
    23,132       28       16,378       17              
 
Total unpaid principal balance (1)
  $ 84,160       100 %   $ 97,474       100 %   $ 115,700       100 %
 
Total carrying value
  $ 74,815             $ 85,238             $ 95,315          
 
 
 
(1)   Unpaid principal balance includes write-downs taken on loans where severe delinquency (normally 180 days) or other indications of severe borrower financial stress exist that indicate there will be a loss of contractually due amounts upon final resolution of the loan.

     PCI loans in the Pick-a-Pay portfolio had an outstanding balance of $41.9 billion and a carrying value of $32.4 billion at December 31, 2010. The carrying value of the PCI loans is net of remaining purchase accounting write-downs, which reflected their fair value at acquisition. Upon acquisition, we recorded a $22.4 billion write-down in purchase accounting on Pick-a-Pay loans that were impaired.
     Due to the sustained positive performance observed on the Pick-a-Pay portfolio compared to the original acquisition estimates, we have reclassified $2.4 billion from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield since the Wachovia merger. This improvement in the lifetime credit outlook for this portfolio is primarily attributable to the significant modification efforts as well as the portfolio’s delinquency stabilization. This improvement in the credit outlook is expected to be realized over the remaining life of the portfolio, which is estimated to have a weighted-average life of approximately nine years. The accretable yield percentage at the end of 2010 was 4.54% compared with 5.34% at the end of 2009. Fluctuations in the accretable yield are driven by changes in interest rate indices for variable rate PCI loans, prepayment assumptions, and expected principal and interest payments over the estimated life of the portfolio. Changes in the projected timing of cash flow events, including loan liquidations, modifications and short sales, can also affect the accretable yield percentage and the estimated weighted-average life of the portfolio.
     Pick-a-Pay option payment loans may be adjustable or fixed rate. They are home mortgages on which the customer has the

option each month to select from among four payment options: (1) a minimum payment as described below, (2) an interest-only payment, (3) a fully amortizing 15-year payment, or (4) a fully amortizing 30-year payment.
     The minimum monthly payment for substantially all of our Pick-a-Pay loans is reset annually. The new minimum monthly payment amount usually cannot increase by more than 7.5% of the then-existing principal and interest payment amount. The minimum payment may not be sufficient to pay the monthly interest due and in those situations a loan on which the customer has made a minimum payment is subject to “negative amortization,” where unpaid interest is added to the principal balance of the loan. The amount of interest that has been added to a loan balance is referred to as “deferred interest.” Total deferred interest of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2010, was down from $3.7 billion at December 31, 2009, due to loan modification efforts as well as falling interest rates resulting in the minimum payment option covering the interest and some principal on many loans. At December 31, 2010, approximately 75% of customers choosing the minimum payment option did not defer interest.
     Deferral of interest on a Pick-a-Pay loan may continue as long as the loan balance remains below a pre-defined principal cap, which is based on the percentage that the current loan balance represents to the original loan balance. Loans with an original loan-to-value (LTV) ratio equal to or below 85% have a cap of 125% of the original loan balance, and these loans represent substantially all the Pick-a-Pay portfolio. Loans with an original LTV ratio above 85% have a cap of 110% of the


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

original loan balance. Most of the Pick-a-Pay loans on which there is a deferred interest balance re-amortize (the monthly payment amount is reset or “recast”) on the earlier of the date when the loan balance reaches its principal cap, or the 10-year anniversary of the loan. For a small population of Pick-a-Pay loans, the recast occurs at the five-year anniversary. After a recast, the customers’ new payment terms are reset to the amount necessary to repay the balance over the remainder of the original loan term.
     Due to the terms of the Pick-a-Pay portfolio, there is little recast risk over the next three years. Based on assumptions of a flat rate environment, if all eligible customers elect the minimum payment option 100% of the time and no balances prepay, we would expect the following balances of loans to recast based on reaching the principal cap: $3 million in 2011, $4 million in 2012 and $32 million in 2013. In 2010, the amount of loans recast based on reaching the principal cap was $1 million. In addition, we would expect the following balances of loans to start fully
amortizing due to reaching their recast anniversary date and also having a payment change at the recast date greater than the annual 7.5% reset: $34 million in 2011, $69 million in 2012 and $275 million in 2013. In 2010, the amount of loans reaching their recast anniversary date and also having a payment change over the annual 7.5% reset was $39 million.
     Table 24 reflects the geographic distribution of the Pick-a-Pay portfolio broken out between PCI loans and all other loans. In stressed housing markets with declining home prices and increasing delinquencies, the LTV ratio is a useful metric in predicting future real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loan performance, including potential charge-offs. Because PCI loans were initially recorded at fair value, including write-downs for expected credit losses, the ratio of the carrying value to the current collateral value will be lower compared with the LTV based on the unpaid principal balance. For informational purposes, we have included both ratios in the following table.


Table 24:  Pick-a-Pay Portfolio (1)
                                                         
   
   
    December 31, 2010  
    PCI loans     All other loans  
                            Ratio of                    
                            carrying                    
    Unpaid     Current             value to     Unpaid     Current        
    principal     LTV     Carrying     current     principal     LTV     Carrying  
(in millions)   balance (2)     ratio (3)     value (4)     value     balance (2)     ratio (3)     value (4)  
 
California
  $ 28,451       117 %   $ 21,623       88 %   $ 20,782       81 %   $ 20,866  
Florida
    3,925       122       2,960       88       4,317       100       4,335  
New Jersey
    1,432       91       1,242       78       2,568       77       2,578  
Texas
    371       78       337       72       1,725       64       1,732  
Washington
    525       96       488       89       1,288       80       1,293  
Other states
    7,189       106       5,726       83       11,587       84       11,635  
                                             
Total Pick-a-Pay loans
  $ 41,893             $ 32,376             $ 42,267             $ 42,439  
                                             
 
 
(1)   The individual states shown in this table represent the top five states based on the total net carrying value of the Pick-a-Pay loans at the beginning of 2010.
 
(2)   Unpaid principal balance includes write-downs taken on loans where severe delinquency (normally 180 days) or other indications of severe borrower financial stress exist that indicate there will be a loss of contractually due amounts upon final resolution of the loan.
 
(3)   The current LTV ratio is calculated as the unpaid principal balance divided by the collateral value. Collateral values are generally determined using automated valuation models (AVM) and are updated quarterly. AVMs are computer-based tools used to estimate market values of homes based on processing large volumes of market data including market comparables and price trends for local market areas.
 
(4)   Carrying value, which does not reflect the allowance for loan losses, includes remaining purchase accounting adjustments, which, for PCI loans may include the nonaccretable difference and the accretable yield and, for all other loans, an adjustment to mark the loans to a market yield at date of merger less any subsequent charge-offs.

     To maximize return and allow flexibility for customers to avoid foreclosure, we have in place several loss mitigation strategies for our Pick-a-Pay loan portfolio. We contact customers who are experiencing difficulty and may in certain cases modify the terms of a loan based on a customer’s documented income and other circumstances.
     We also have taken steps to work with customers to refinance or restructure their Pick-a-Pay loans into other loan products. For customers at risk, we offer combinations of term extensions of up to 40 years (from 30 years), interest rate reductions, forbearance of principal, and, in geographies with substantial property value declines, we may offer permanent principal reductions.
     In 2009, we rolled out the U.S. Treasury Department’s Home Affordability Modification Program (HAMP) to the customers in
this portfolio. As of December 31, 2010, more than 11,000 HAMP applications were being reviewed by our loan servicing department and more than 7,000 loans have been approved for the HAMP trial modification. We believe a key factor to successful loss mitigation is tailoring the revised loan payment to the customer’s sustainable income. We continually reassess our loss mitigation strategies and may adopt additional or different strategies in the future.
     In 2010, we completed more than 27,700 proprietary and HAMP loan modifications and have completed more than 80,400 modifications since the Wachovia acquisition, resulting in $3.7 billion of principal forgiveness to our customers. The majority of the loan modifications were concentrated in our PCI Pick-a-Pay loan portfolio. Approximately 49,000 modification offers were proactively sent to customers in 2010. As part of the modification process, the loans are re-underwritten, income is documented and the negative amortization feature is eliminated.


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Most of the modifications result in material payment reduction to the customer. Because of the write-down of the PCI loans in purchase accounting, our post-merger modifications to PCI Pick-
a-Pay loans have not resulted in any modification-related provision for credit losses. To the extent we modify loans not in the PCI Pick-a-Pay portfolio, we may establish an allowance for consumer loans modified in a TDR.


      

HOME EQUITY PORTFOLIOS The deterioration in specific segments of the legacy Wells Fargo Home Equity portfolios, which began in 2007, required a targeted approach to managing these assets. In fourth quarter 2007, a liquidating portfolio was identified, consisting of home equity loans generated through the wholesale channel not behind a Wells Fargo first mortgage, and home equity loans acquired through correspondents. The liquidating portfolio was $6.9 billion at December 31, 2010, compared with $8.4 billion at December 31, 2009. The loans in this liquidating portfolio represent less than 1% of our total loans outstanding at December 31, 2010, and contain some of the highest risk in our $117.5 billion Home Equity portfolio, with a loss rate of 10.90% compared with 3.62% for the core portfolio.
     The loans in the liquidating portfolio are largely concentrated in geographic markets that have experienced the most abrupt and steepest declines in housing prices. The core portfolio was $110.6 billion at December 31, 2010, of which 98% was originated through the retail channel and approximately 19% of the outstanding balance was in a first lien position. Table 25 includes the credit attributes of the Home Equity portfolios. California loans represent the largest state concentration in each of these portfolios and have experienced among the highest early-term delinquency and loss rates.


Table 25:  Home Equity Portfolios (1)
                                                 
 
 
                    % of loans        
                    two payments        
    Outstanding balance     or more past due     Loss rate  
    December 31 ,   December 31 ,   December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2010     2009     2010     2009  
 
Core portfolio (2)
                                               
California
  $ 27,850       30,264       3.30 %     4.12       4.92       5.42  
Florida
    12,036       12,038       5.46       5.48       6.13       4.73  
New Jersey
    8,629       8,379       3.44       2.50       1.95       1.30  
Virginia
    5,667       5,855       2.33       1.91       1.86       1.06  
Pennsylvania
    5,432       5,051       2.48       2.03       1.24       1.49  
Other
    50,976       53,811       2.83       2.85       3.04       2.44  
                                   
Total
    110,590       115,398       3.24       3.35       3.62       3.28  
                                   
Liquidating portfolio
                                               
California
    2,555       3,205       6.66       8.78       15.19       16.74  
Florida
    330       408       8.85       9.45       13.72       16.90  
Arizona
    149       193       6.91       10.46       20.89       18.57  
Texas
    125       154       2.02       1.94       2.81       2.56  
Minnesota
    91       108       5.39       4.15       9.57       7.58  
Other
    3,654       4,361       4.53       5.06       7.48       6.46  
                                   
Total
    6,904       8,429       5.54       6.74       10.90       11.17  
                                   
Total core and liquidating portfolios
  $ 117,494       123,827       3.37       3.58       4.08       3.88  
                                   
 
 
(1)   Consists predominantly of real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgages and first and junior lines of credit secured by real estate, excluding PCI loans.
 
(2)   Includes $1.7 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, associated with the Pick-a-Pay portfolio.

CREDIT CARDS Our credit card portfolio totaled $22.3 billion at December 31, 2010, which represented 3% of our total outstanding loans and was smaller than the credit card portfolios of each of our large bank peers. Delinquencies of 30 days or more were 4.4% of credit card outstandings at December 31, 2010, down from 5.5% a year ago. Net charge-offs were 9.7% for 2010, down from 10.8% in 2009, reflecting previous risk mitigation efforts and overall economic improvements.
 


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

NONACCRUAL LOANS AND OTHER NONPERFORMING ASSETS
Table 26 shows the five-year trend for nonaccrual loans and other NPAs. We generally place loans on nonaccrual status when:
  the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain;
 
  they are 90 days (120 days with respect to real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages) past due for interest or principal, unless both well-secured and in the process of collection; or
 
  part of the principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred.
     Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Loans) to Financial Statements in this Report describes our accounting policy for nonaccrual and impaired loans.
     Wachovia nonaccrual loans were virtually eliminated at December 31, 2008 (acquisition date), due to the purchase accounting adjustments. As a result, the rate of growth for nonaccrual loans since acquisition has been higher than it would have been without the PCI loan accounting. The impact of purchase accounting on our credit data will diminish over time. Table 27 summarizes NPAs for each of the four quarters of 2010 and shows a decline in the total balance in fourth quarter 2010 for the first quarter since the acquisition of Wachovia.


Table 26:  Nonaccrual Loans and Other Nonperforming Assets
                                         
   
   
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006  
   
Nonaccrual loans:
                                       
Commercial:
                                       
Commercial and industrial
    $      3,213       4,397       1,253       432       331  
Real estate mortgage
    5,227       3,696       594       128       105  
Real estate construction
    2,676       3,313       989       293       78  
Lease financing
    108       171       92       45       29  
Foreign
    127       146       57       45       43  
   
Total commercial (1)
    11,351       11,723       2,985       943       586  
   
Consumer:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (2)
    12,289       10,100       2,648       1,272       688  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    2,302       2,263       894       280       212  
Other revolving credit and installment
    300       332       273       184       180  
   
Total consumer
    14,891       12,695       3,815       1,736       1,080  
   
Total nonaccrual loans (3)(4)
    26,242       24,418       6,800       2,679       1,666  
   
As a percentage of total loans
    3.47 %     3.12       0.79       0.70       0.52  
Foreclosed assets:
                                       
GNMA (5)
  $ 1,479       960       667       535       322  
Other
    4,530       2,199       1,526       649       423  
Real estate and other nonaccrual investments (6)
    120       62       16       5       5  
   
Total nonaccrual loans and other nonperforming assets
  $ 32,371       27,639       9,009       3,868       2,416  
   
As a percentage of total loans
    4.27 %     3.53       1.04       1.01       0.76  
   
(1)   Includes LHFS of $3 million and $27 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
 
(2)   Includes MHFS of $426 million, $339 million, $193 million, $222 million, and $82 million at December 31, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
 
(3)   Excludes loans acquired from Wachovia that are accounted for as PCI loans because they continue to earn interest income from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms.
 
(4)   See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for further information on impaired loans.
 
(5)   Consistent with regulatory reporting requirements, foreclosed real estate securing GNMA loans is classified as nonperforming. Both principal and interest for GNMA loans secured by the foreclosed real estate are collectible because the GNMA loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
 
(6)   Includes real estate investments (loans with non-traditional interest terms accounted for as investments) that would be classified as nonaccrual if these assets were recorded as loans, and nonaccrual debt securities.

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Table 27:  Nonaccrual Loans and Other Nonperforming Assets During 2010
                                                                 
 
 
    December 31, 2010     September 30, 2010     June 30, 2010     March 31, 2010  
            % of             % of             % of             % of  
            total             total             total             total  
($ in millions)   Balances     loans     Balances     loans     Balances     loans     Balances     loans  
 
Commercial:
                                                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 3,213       2.12 %   $ 4,103       2.79 %   $ 3,843       2.63 %   $ 4,273       2.84 %
Real estate mortgage
    5,227       5.26       5,079       5.14       4,689       4.71       4,345       4.44  
Real estate construction
    2,676       10.56       3,198       11.46       3,429       11.10       3,327       9.64  
Lease financing
    108       0.82       138       1.06       163       1.21       185       1.33  
Foreign
    127       0.39       126       0.42       115       0.38       135       0.48  
                                                     
Total commercial
    11,351       3.52       12,644       3.99       12,239       3.82       12,265       3.77  
                                                     
Consumer:
                                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    12,289       5.34       12,969       5.69       12,865       5.50       12,347       5.13  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    2,302       2.39       2,380       2.40       2,391       2.36       2,355       2.27  
Other revolving credit and installment
    300       0.35       312       0.35       316       0.36       334       0.37  
                                                     
Total consumer
    14,891       3.42       15,661       3.58       15,572       3.49       15,036       3.30  
                                                   
Total nonaccrual loans
    26,242       3.47       28,305       3.76       27,811       3.63       27,301       3.49  
                                                     
Foreclosed assets:
                                                               
GNMA
    1,479               1,492               1,344               1,111          
All other
    4,530               4,635               3,650               2,970          
                                                     
Total foreclosed assets
    6,009               6,127               4,994               4,081          
                                                     
Real estate and other nonaccrual investments
    120               141               131               118          
                                                     
Total nonaccrual loans and other nonperforming assets
  $ 32,371       4.27 %   $ 34,573       4.59 %   $ 32,936       4.30 %   $ 31,500       4.03 %
                                                     
Change from prior quarter
  $ (2,202 )             1,637               1,436               3,861          
 

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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

     Total NPAs were $32.4 billion (4.27% of total loans) at December 31, 2010, and included $26.2 billion of nonaccrual loans and $6.0 billion of foreclosed assets. The growth rate in nonaccrual loans slowed in 2010, peaking in third quarter. Growth occurred in the real estate portfolios (commercial and

residential) which consist of secured loans. Nonaccruals in all other loan portfolios were essentially flat or down year over year. New inflows to nonaccrual loans continued to decline. Table 28 provides an analysis of the changes in nonaccrual loans.


Table 28:  Analysis of Changes in Nonaccrual Loans
                                         
   
   
    Quarter ended  
    Dec. 31   Sept. 30   June 30   Mar. 31   Dec. 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2010     2010     2010     2009  
   
Commercial nonaccrual loans
                                       
Balance, beginning of quarter
  $ 12,644       12,239       12,265       11,723       10,408  
Inflows
    2,329       2,807       2,560       2,763       3,856  
Outflows
    (3,622 )     (2,402 )     (2,586 )     (2,221 )     (2,541 )
   
Balance, end of quarter
    11,351       12,644       12,239       12,265       11,723  
   
Consumer nonaccrual loans
                                       
Balance, beginning of quarter
    15,661       15,572       15,036       12,695       10,461  
Inflows
    4,357       4,866       4,733       6,169       5,626  
Outflows
    (5,127 )     (4,777 )     (4,197 )     (3,828 )     (3,392 )
   
Balance, end of quarter
    14,891       15,661       15,572       15,036       12,695  
   
Total nonaccrual loans
    26,242       28,305       27,811       27,301       24,418  
   

     Typically, changes to nonaccrual loans period-over-period represent inflows for loans that reach a specified past due status, offset by reductions for loans that are charged off, sold, transferred to foreclosed properties, or are no longer classified as nonaccrual because they return to accrual status. We have increased our loan modification activity to assist homeowners and other borrowers in the current difficult economic cycle. Loans are re-underwritten at the time of the modification in accordance with underwriting guidelines established for governmental and proprietary loan modification programs. For an accruing loan that has been modified, if the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and shows the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will remain in accruing status. Otherwise, the loan will be placed in a nonaccrual status generally until the borrower has made six consecutive months of payments, or equivalent, inclusive of consecutive payments made prior to modification.
     Loss expectations for nonaccrual loans are driven by delinquency rates, default probabilities and severities. While nonaccrual loans are not free of loss content, we believe the estimated loss exposure remaining in these balances is significantly mitigated by four factors. First, 99% of consumer nonaccrual loans and 95% of commercial nonaccrual loans are secured. Second, losses have already been recognized on 52% of the remaining balance of consumer nonaccruals and commercial nonaccruals have been written down by $2.6 billion. Residential nonaccrual loans are written down to net realizable value at 180 days past due, except for loans that go into trial modification prior to becoming 180 days past due, and which are not written down in the trial period (three months) as long as trial payments are being made on time. Third, as of December 31, 2010, 57% of commercial nonaccrual loans were current on interest. Fourth, the inherent risk of loss

in all nonaccruals is adequately covered by the allowance for loan losses.
     Commercial nonaccrual loans, net of write-downs, amounted to $11.4 billion at December 31, 2010, compared with $11.7 billion a year ago. Consumer nonaccrual loans amounted to $14.9 billion at December 31, 2010, compared with $12.7 billion a year ago. The $2.2 billion increase in nonaccrual consumer loans from a year ago was due to an increase in 1-4 family first mortgage loans. Residential mortgage nonaccrual loans increased largely due to slower disposition and assets brought on the balance sheet upon consolidation of VIEs. Federal government programs, such as HAMP, and Wells Fargo proprietary programs, such as the Company’s Pick-a-Pay Mortgage Assistance program, require customers to provide updated documentation, and to demonstrate sustained performance by completing trial payment periods, before the loan can be removed from nonaccrual status. In addition, for loans in foreclosure, many states, including California and Florida, have enacted legislation that significantly increases the time frames to complete the foreclosure process, meaning that loans will remain in nonaccrual status for longer periods. At the conclusion of the foreclosure process, we continue to sell real estate owned in a timely fashion.
     When a consumer real estate loan is 120 days past due, we move it to nonaccrual status. When the loan reaches 180 days past due it is our policy to write these loans down to net realizable value, except for modifications in their trial period. Thereafter, we revalue each loan regularly and recognize additional charges if needed. Of the $14.9 billion of consumer nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2010, 98% are secured by real estate and 33% have a combined LTV (CLTV) ratio of 80% or below.
     Table 29 provides a summary of foreclosed assets.


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Table 29:  Foreclosed Assets
                                         
   
   
    Dec. 31 ,   Sept. 30 ,   June 30 ,   Mar. 31 ,   Dec. 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2010     2010     2010     2009  
 
GNMA
  $ 1,479       1,492       1,344       1,111       960  
PCI loans:
                                       
Commercial
    967       1,043       940       697       405  
Consumer
    1,068       1,109       722       490       336  
 
Total PCI loans
    2,035       2,152       1,662       1,187       741  
 
All other loans:
                                       
Commercial
    1,412       1,343       1,087       820       655  
Consumer
    1,083       1,140       901       963       803  
 
Total all other loans
    2,495       2,483       1,988       1,783       1,458  
 
Total foreclosed assets
  $ 6,009       6,127       4,994       4,081       3,159  
 

     NPAs at December 31, 2010, included $1.5 billion of foreclosed real estate that is FHA insured or VA guaranteed and expected to have little to no loss content, and $4.5 billion of foreclosed assets, which have been written down to the value of the underlying collateral. Foreclosed assets increased $2.9 billion, or 90%, in 2010 from the prior year. Of this increase, $1.3 billion were foreclosed loans from the PCI portfolio that are now recorded as foreclosed assets. At December 31, 2010, substantially all of our foreclosed assets of $6.0 billion have been in the portfolio one year or less.
     Given our real estate-secured loan concentrations and current economic conditions, we anticipate continuing to hold a high level of NPAs on our balance sheet. The loss content in the nonaccrual loans has been recognized through charge-offs or provided for in the allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2010. The performance of any one loan can be affected by external factors, such as economic or market conditions, or factors affecting a particular borrower. We increased staffing in our workout and collection organizations to ensure troubled borrowers receive the attention and help they need. See the “Risk Management – Allowance for Credit Losses” section in this Report for additional information.

     We process foreclosures on a regular basis for the loans we service for others as well as those we hold in our loan portfolio. However, we utilize foreclosure only as a last resort for dealing with borrowers who are experiencing financial hardships. We employ extensive contact and restructuring procedures to attempt to find other solutions for our borrowers, and on average we attempt to contact borrowers over 75 times by phone and nearly 50 times by letter during the period from first delinquency to foreclosure sale.
     We employ the same foreclosure procedures for loans we service for others as we use for loans that we hold in our portfolio. We transmit customer and loan data directly from our system of record to outside foreclosure counsel to help ensure the quality of the customer and loan data included in our foreclosure affidavits. We continuously test this process to confirm the proper transmission of the data. Completed foreclosure affidavits that are submitted to the courts are reviewed, signed, and notarized as one of the last steps in a multi-step process intended to comply with applicable law and help ensure the quality of customer and loan data. As previously disclosed, in the course of completing a thorough review of our foreclosure affidavit preparation and execution procedures, we did identify practices where final steps relating to the execution of foreclosure affidavits, as well as some aspects of the notarization process were not adhered to. However, we do not believe that any of these practices led to unwarranted foreclosures. In addition, we have enhanced those procedures to help ensure that foreclosure affidavits are properly prepared, reviewed, and signed.


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRs)
Table 30:  Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)
                                         
   
   
    Dec. 31 ,   Sept. 30 ,   June 30 ,   Mar. 31 ,   Dec. 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2010     2010     2010     2009  
   
Consumer TDRs:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
  $ 11,603       10,951       9,525       7,972       6,685  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    1,626       1,566       1,469       1,563       1,566  
Other revolving credit and installment
    778       674       502       310       17  
   
Total consumer TDRs
    14,007       13,191       11,496       9,845       8,268  
   
Commercial TDRs
    1,751       1,350       656       386       265  
   
Total TDRs
  $ 15,758       14,541       12,152       10,231       8,533  
   
TDRs on nonaccrual status
  $ 5,185       5,177       3,877       2,738       2,289  
TDRs on accrual status
    10,573       9,364       8,275       7,493       6,244  
   
Total TDRs
  $ 15,758       14,541       12,152       10,231       8,533  
   

     Table 30 provides information regarding the recorded investment of loans modified in TDRs. We establish an allowance for loan losses when a loan is modified in a TDR, which was $3.9 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Total charge-offs related to loans modified in a TDR were $812 million in 2010 and $479 million in 2009.
     Our nonaccrual policies are generally the same for all loan types when a restructuring is involved. We underwrite loans at the time of restructuring to determine whether there is sufficient evidence of sustained repayment capacity based on the borrower’s documented income, debt to income ratios, and other factors. Any loans lacking sufficient evidence of sustained repayment capacity at the time of modification are charged down to the fair value of the collateral, if applicable. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and the underwriting process shows the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will remain in accruing status. Otherwise, the loan will be placed in nonaccrual status generally until the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance, generally six consecutive months of payments, or equivalent, inclusive of consecutive payments made prior to modification. Loans will also be placed on nonaccrual, and a corresponding charge-off is recorded to the loan balance, if we believe that principal and interest contractually due under the modified agreement will not be collectible.

     We do not forgive principal for a majority of our TDRs, but in those situations where principal is forgiven, the entire amount of such principal forgiveness is immediately charged off. When a TDR performs in accordance with its modified terms, the loan either continues to accrue interest (for performing loans), or will return to accrual status after the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance.
     If interest due on all nonaccrual loans (including loans that were, but are no longer on nonaccrual at year end) had been accrued under the original terms, approximately $1.3 billion of interest would have been recorded as income in 2010, compared with $362 million recorded as interest income.


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LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Loans included in this category are 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal and still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $11.6 billion at December 31, 2010, and $16.1 billion at December 31, 2009, are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing due to the existence of the accretable yield and not based on consideration given to contractual interest payments.
     Non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing were $18.5 billion at December 31, 2010, and $22.2 billion at
December 31, 2009. Those balances include $14.7 billion and $15.3 billion, respectively, in loans whose repayments are insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
     Excluding these insured/guaranteed loans, loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at December 31, 2010, were down $3.1 billion, or 45%, from December 31, 2009. The decline was due to loss mitigation activities including modifications and increased collection capacity/process improvements, charge-offs, lower early stage delinquency levels and credit stabilization.
     Table 31 reflects loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing excluding the insured/guaranteed loans.


Table 31:  Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing (Excluding Insured/Guaranteed Loans)
                                         
   
   
    December 31
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006  
   
Commercial:
                                       
Commercial and industrial
  $ 308       590       218       32       15  
Real estate mortgage
    104       1,014       70       10       3  
Real estate construction
    193       909       250       24       3  
Foreign
    22       73       34       52       44  
   
Total commercial
    627       2,586       572       118       65  
   
Consumer:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1)
    941       1,623       883       286       154  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (1)
    366       515       457       201       63  
Credit card
    516       795       687       402       262  
Other revolving credit and installment
    1,305       1,333       1,047       552       616  
   
Total consumer
    3,128       4,266       3,074       1,441       1,095  
   
Total
  $ 3,755       6,852       3,646       1,559       1,160  
   
(1)   Includes MHFS 90 days or more past due and still accruing.

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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

NET CHARGE-OFFS
Table 32:  Net Charge-offs
                                                                                 
 
 
    Year ended     Quarter ended  
    December 31 ,   December 31 ,   September 30   June 30 ,   March 31 ,
    Net loan     % of     Net loan     % of     Net loan     % of     Net loan     % of     Net loan     % of  
    charge-     avg.     charge-     avg.     charge-     avg.     charge-     avg.     charge-     avg.  
($ in millions)   offs     loans     offs     loans (1)     offs     loans (1)     offs     loans (1)     offs     loans (1)  
 
2010
                                                                               
Commercial:
                                                                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 2,348       1.57 %   $ 500       1.34 %   $ 509       1.38 %   $ 689       1.87 %   $ 650       1.68 %
Real estate mortgage
    1,083       1.10       234       0.94       218       0.87       360       1.47       271       1.12  
Real estate construction
    1,079       3.45       171       2.51       276       3.72       238       2.90       394       4.45  
Lease financing
    100       0.74       21       0.61       23       0.71       27       0.78       29       0.85  
Foreign
    145       0.49       28       0.36       39       0.52       42       0.57       36       0.52  
                                                                   
Total commercial
    4,755       1.47       954       1.19       1,065       1.33       1,356       1.69       1,380       1.68  
                                                                   
Consumer:
                                                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    4,378       1.86       1,024       1.77       1,034       1.78       1,009       1.70       1,311       2.17  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    4,723       4.65       1,005       4.08       1,085       4.30       1,184       4.62       1,449       5.56  
Credit card
    2,178       9.74       452       8.21       504       9.06       579       10.45       643       11.17  
Other revolving credit and installment
    1,719       1.94       404       1.84       407       1.83       361       1.64       547       2.45  
                                                                   
Total consumer
    12,998       2.90       2,885       2.63       3,030       2.72       3,133       2.79       3,950       3.45  
                                                                   
Total
  $ 17,753       2.30 %   $ 3,839       2.02 %   $ 4,095       2.14 %   $ 4,489       2.33 %   $ 5,330       2.71 %
                                                                   
 
2009
                                                                               
Commercial:
                                                                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 3,111       1.72 %   $ 927       2.24 %   $ 924       2.09 %   $ 704       1.51 %   $ 556       1.15 %
Real estate mortgage
    637       0.66       315       1.29       184       0.77       119       0.49       19       0.08  
Real estate construction
    1,047       2.56       409       4.23       274       2.67       259       2.48       105       0.99  
Lease financing
    209       1.42       49       1.37       82       2.26       61       1.68       17       0.43  
Foreign
    197       0.64       46       0.62       60       0.79       46       0.61       45       0.56  
                                                                   
Total commercial
    5,201       1.43       1,746       2.02       1,524       1.70       1,189       1.29       742       0.78  
                                                                   
Consumer:
                                                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    3,133       1.31       1,018       1.74       966       1.63       758       1.26       391       0.65  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    4,638       4.34       1,329       5.09       1,291       4.85       1,171       4.33       847       3.12  
Credit card
    2,528       10.82       634       10.61       648       10.96       664       11.59       582       10.13  
Other revolving credit and installment
    2,668       2.94       686       3.06       682       3.00       604       2.66       696       3.05  
                                                                   
Total consumer
    12,967       2.82       3,667       3.24       3,587       3.13       3,197       2.77       2,516       2.16  
                                                                   
Total
  $ 18,168       2.21 %   $ 5,413       2.71 %   $ 5,111       2.50 %   $ 4,386       2.11 %   $ 3,258       1.54 %
                                                                   
 
(1)   Quarterly net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans are annualized.

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     Table 32 presents net charge-offs for the four quarters and full year of 2010 and 2009. Net charge-offs in 2010 were $17.8 billion (2.30% of average total loans outstanding) compared with $18.2 billion (2.21%) in 2009. Total net charge-offs decreased in 2010 in part due to lower average loan balances and as a result of modestly improving economic conditions, aggressive loss mitigation activities aimed at working with our customers through their financial challenges, and a depletion of the pool of the most challenged vintages/relationships in the portfolio. Total net charge-offs decreased each quarter throughout the year from the peak loss level in fourth quarter of 2009. While loss levels remained elevated, the broad-based improvement across the portfolio was an encouraging trend.
     Net charge-offs in the 1-4 family first mortgage portfolio totaled $4.4 billion in 2010. Our relatively high quality 1-4 family first mortgage portfolio continued to reflect relatively low loss rates, although until housing prices fully stabilize, these credit losses will continue to remain elevated.
     Net charge-offs in the real estate 1-4 family junior lien portfolio were $4.7 billion in 2010. Loss levels increased throughout 2009 and peaked in the first quarter of 2010. Loss levels will remain elevated, however, until conditions in the real estate markets improve. More information about the Home Equity portfolio, which includes substantially all of our real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage loans, is available in Table 25 in this Report and the related discussion.
     Credit card charge-offs decreased $350 million to $2.2 billion in 2010. Delinquency and loss levels improved in 2010 as the economy showed signs of stabilization.
     Commercial and CRE net charge-offs were $4.8 billion in 2010 compared with $5.2 billion a year ago. Wholesale credit results improved from 2009 as market liquidity and improving market conditions helped stabilize performance results. Increased lending activity in fourth quarter 2010 in the majority of our commercial business lines further supported our belief of a turn in the demand for credit.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, is management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and unfunded credit commitments at the balance sheet date, excluding loans carried at fair value. The detail of the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment (including charge-offs and recoveries by loan class) is in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
     We employ a disciplined process and methodology to establish our allowance for credit losses each quarter. This process takes into consideration many factors, including historical and forecasted loss trends, loan-level credit quality ratings and loan grade-specific loss factors. The process involves subjective as well as complex judgments. In addition, we review a variety of credit metrics and trends. However, these trends do not solely determine the adequacy of the allowance as we use several analytical tools in determining its adequacy. For additional information on our allowance for credit losses, see the “Critical Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
     At December 31, 2010, the allowance for loan losses totaled $23.0 billion (3.04% of total loans), compared with $24.5 billion (3.13%), at December 31, 2009. The allowance for credit losses was $23.5 billion (3.10% of total loans) at December 31, 2010, and $25.0 billion (3.20%) at December 31, 2009. The allowance for credit losses included $298 million and $333 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, related to PCI loans acquired from Wachovia. The allowance for unfunded credit commitments was $441 million and $515 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In addition to the allowance for credit losses there was $13.4 billion and $22.9 billion of nonaccretable difference at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, to absorb losses for PCI loans. For additional information on PCI loans, see the “Risk Management — Credit Risk Management – Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
     The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total nonaccrual loans was 89% and 103% at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. This ratio may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to such factors as the mix of loan types in the portfolio, borrower credit strength and the value and marketability of collateral. Over half of nonaccrual loans were home mortgages, auto and other consumer loans at December 31, 2010.
     The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to annual net charge-offs was 130% and 135% at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The $1.5 billion decline in the allowance for loan losses in 2010 reflected lower loan balances and lower levels of inherent credit loss in the portfolio compared with previous year-end levels. When anticipated charge-offs are projected to decline from current levels, this ratio will decrease. As more of the portfolio experiences charge-offs, charge-off levels continue to increase and the remaining portfolio is anticipated to consist of higher quality vintage loans subjected to tightened underwriting standards administered during the downturn in the credit cycle. As charge-off levels peak, we anticipate coverage levels will decrease until charge-off levels return to more normalized levels. This ratio may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to many factors, including general economic conditions, customer credit strength and the marketability of collateral.


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

     Total provision for credit losses was $15.8 billion in 2010, $21.7 billion in 2009 and $16.0 billion in 2008. The 2010 provision was $2.0 billion less than credit losses, compared with a provision that was $3.5 billion in excess of credit losses in 2009. Absent significant deterioration in the economy, we expect future reductions in the allowance for credit losses.
     Primary drivers of the 2010 provision reduction were continued improvement in the consumer portfolios and related loss estimates and improvement in management’s view of economic conditions. These drivers were partially offset by an increase in impaired loans and related allowance primarily associated with increased consumer loan modification efforts and a $693 million adjustment due to adoption of consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2010.
     In 2009, the provision of $21.7 billion included a provision in excess of credit losses of $3.5 billion, which was primarily driven by three factors: (1) deterioration in economic conditions that increased the projected losses in our commercial portfolios, (2) additional allowance associated with loan modification programs designed to keep qualifying borrowers in their homes, and (3) the establishment of additional allowance for PCI loans.
     In 2008, the provision of $16.0 billion included a provision in excess of credit losses of $8.1 billion, which included $3.9 billion to conform loss emergence coverage periods to the most conservative of legacy Wells Fargo and Wachovia within Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council guidelines. The remainder of the allowance build was attributable to higher projected loss rates across the majority of the consumer credit businesses, and some credit deterioration and growth in the wholesale portfolios.
     In determining the appropriate allowance attributable to our residential real estate portfolios, the loss rates used in our analysis include the impact of our established loan modification programs. When modifications occur or are probable to occur, our allowance considers the impact of these modifications, taking into consideration the associated credit cost, including re-defaults of modified loans and projected loss severity. The loss content associated with existing and probable loan modifications has been considered in our allowance reserving methodology.
     Changes in the allowance reflect changes in statistically derived loss estimates, historical loss experience, current trends in borrower risk and/or general economic activity on portfolio performance, and management’s estimate for imprecision and uncertainty.
     We believe the allowance for credit losses of $23.5 billion was adequate to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit commitments, at December 31, 2010. The allowance for credit losses is subject to change and considers existing factors at the time, including economic or market conditions and ongoing internal and external examination processes. Due to the sensitivity of the allowance for credit losses to changes in the economic environment, it is possible that unanticipated economic deterioration would create incremental credit losses not anticipated as of the balance sheet date. Our process for determining the allowance for credit losses is discussed in the “Critical Accounting Policies – Allowance for Credit Losses” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
LIABILITY FOR MORTGAGE LOAN REPURCHASE LOSSES We sell residential mortgage loans to various parties, including (1) Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae (GSEs) who include the mortgage loans in GSE-guaranteed mortgage securitizations, (2) SPEs that issue private label MBS, and (3) other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. In addition, we pool FHA-insured and VA-guaranteed mortgage loans that back securities guaranteed by GNMA. We may be required to repurchase these mortgage loans, indemnify the securitization trust, investor or insurer, or reimburse the securitization trust, investor or insurer for credit losses incurred on loans (collectively “repurchase”) in the event of a breach of such contractual representations or warranties that is not remedied within a period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach.
     We establish mortgage repurchase liabilities related to various representations and warranties that reflect management’s estimate of losses for loans for which we could have repurchase obligation, whether or not we currently service those loans, based on a combination of factors. Currently, repurchase demands primarily relate to 2006 through 2008 vintages and to GSE-guaranteed MBS.
     During 2010, we continued to experience elevated levels of repurchase activity measured by number of loans, investor repurchase demands and our level of repurchases. We repurchased or reimbursed investors for incurred losses on mortgage loans with balances of $2.6 billion. Additionally, in 2010, we negotiated global settlements on pools of mortgage loans of $675 million, which effectively eliminates the risk of repurchase on these loans from our outstanding servicing portfolio. We incurred net losses on repurchased loans, investor reimbursements and loan pool global settlements totaling $1.4 billion in 2010.
     Adjustments made to our mortgage repurchase liability in recent periods have incorporated the increase in repurchase demands, mortgage insurance rescissions, and higher than anticipated losses on repurchased loans that we have experienced. Table 33 provides the number of unresolved repurchase demands and mortgage insurance rescissions. We generally do not have unresolved repurchase demands from the FHA and VA for loans in GNMA-guaranteed securities because those demands are relatively few and we quickly resolve them.


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Table 33:  Unresolved Repurchase Demands and Mortgage Insurance Recissions
                                                           
   
      Government                       Mortgage insurance        
      sponsored entities (1)       Private       recissions with no demand (2)       Total  
      Number of       Original loan       Number of       Original loan       Number of       Original loan       Number of       Original loan  
($ in millions)     loans       balance (3)       loans       balance (3)       loans       balance (3)       loans       balance (3)  
 
2010
                                                               
December 31
    6,501     $ 1,467       2,899     $ 680       3,248     $ 801       12,648     $ 2,948  
September 30
    9,887       2,212       3,605       882       3,035       748       16,527       3,842  
June 30
    12,536       2,840       3,160       707       2,979       760       18,675       4,307  
March 31
    10,804       2,499       2,320       519       2,843       737       15,967       3,755  
December 31, 2009
    8,354       1,911       2,929       886       2,965       859       14,248       3,656  
 
(1) Includes repurchase demands on 1,495 loans totaling $291 million and 1,536 loans totaling $322 million at December 31, 2010, and December 31, 2009, respectively, received from investors on mortgage servicing rights acquired from other originators. We have the right of recourse against the seller for these repurchase demands and would incur a loss only for counterparty risk associated with the seller.
 
(2)   As part of our representations and warranties in our loan sales contracts, we represent that certain loans have mortgage insurance. To the extent the mortgage insurance is rescinded by the mortgage insurer, the lack of insurance may result in a repurchase demand from an investor.
 
(3)   While original loan balance related to these demands is presented above, the establishment of the repurchase reserve is based on a combination of factors, such as our appeals success rates, reimbursement by correspondent and other third party originators, and projected loss severity, which is driven by the difference between the current loan balance and the estimated collateral value less costs to sell the property.

     The level of repurchase demands outstanding at December 31, 2010, was down from a year ago in both number of outstanding loans and in total dollar balances as we continued to work through the demands. Customary with industry practice, we have the right of recourse against correspondent lenders with respect to representations and warranties. Of the repurchase demands presented in Table 33, approximately 20% relate to loans purchased from correspondent lenders. Due primarily to the financial difficulties of some correspondent lenders, we typically recover on average approximately 50% of losses from these lenders. Historical recovery rates as well as projected lender performance are incorporated in the establishment of our mortgage repurchase liability.
     Our liability for repurchases, included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in our consolidated financial statements, was $1.3 billion and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In 2010, $1.6 billion of additions to the liability were recorded, which reduced net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities. Our additions to the repurchase liability in 2010 reflect updated assumptions about the losses we expect on repurchases and future demands, particularly on the 2006-2008 vintages.
     We believe we have a high quality residential mortgage loan servicing portfolio. Of the $1.8 trillion in the residential mortgage loan servicing portfolio at December 31, 2010, 92% was current, less than 2% was subprime at origination, and approximately 1% was home equity securitizations. Our combined delinquency and foreclosure rate on this portfolio was 8.02% at December 31, 2010, compared with 8.96% at December 31, 2009. In this portfolio 7% are private securitizations where we originated the loan and therefore have some repurchase risk; 58% of these loans are from 2005 vintages or earlier (weighted average age of 63 months); 81% were prime at origination; and approximately 70% are jumbo loans. The weighted-average LTV as of December 31, 2010, was 72%. In addition, the highest risk segment of these private securitizations are the subprime loans originated in 2006 and 2007. These subprime loans have seller representations and warranties and currently have LTVs close to or exceeding 100%, and represent 8% of the 7% private securitization portion of the residential mortgage servicing portfolio. We had only $114 million of repurchases related to private securitizations in 2010. Of the servicing portfolio, 4% is non-agency acquired servicing and 3% is private whole loan sales. We did not underwrite and securitize the non-agency acquired servicing and therefore we have no obligation on that portion of our servicing portfolio to the investor for any repurchase demands arising from origination practices.
     Table 34 summarizes the changes in our mortgage repurchase reserve.


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Table 34:  Changes in Mortgage Repurchase Liability
                                                 
   
   
    Quarter ended        
    Dec. 31 ,   Sept. 30 ,   June 30 ,   Mar. 31 ,   Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2010     2010     2010     2010     2009  
   
Balance, beginning of period
  $ 1,331       1,375       1,263       1,033       1,033       620  (1)
Provision for repurchase losses:
                                               
Loan sales
    35       29       36       44       144       302   
Change in estimate - primarily due to credit deterioration
    429       341       346       358       1,474       625   
   
Total additions
    464       370       382       402       1,618       927   
Losses
    (506 )     (414 )     (270 )     (172 )     (1,362 )     (514)
   
Balance, end of period
  $ 1,289       1,331       1,375       1,263       1,289       1,033   
   
(1)   Reflects purchase accounting refinements.

     The mortgage repurchase liability of $1.3 billion at December 31, 2010, represents our best estimate of the probable loss that we may incur for various representations and warranties in the contractual provisions of our sales of mortgage loans. There may be a range of reasonably possible losses in excess of the estimated liability that cannot be estimated with confidence. Because the level of mortgage loan repurchase losses depends upon economic factors, investor demand strategies and other external conditions that may change over the life of the underlying loans, the level of the liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. We maintain regular contact with the GSEs and other significant investors to monitor and address their repurchase demand practices and concerns. For additional information on our repurchase liability, see the “Critical Accounting Policies – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section and Note 9 (Mortgage Banking Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
     The repurchase liability is only applicable to loans we originated and sold with representations and warranties. Most of these loans are included in our servicing portfolio. Our repurchase liability estimate involves consideration of many factors that influence the key assumptions of what our repurchase volume may be and what loss on average we may incur. Those key assumptions and the sensitivity of the liability to immediate adverse changes in them at December 31, 2010, are presented in Table 35.

Table 35:  Mortgage Repurchase Liability – Sensitivity/Assumptions
           
   
   
      Mortgage  
      repurchase  
(in millions)     liability  
   
Balance at December 31, 2010
    $ 1,289  
Loss on repurchases (1)
      36.0 %
Increase in liability from:
         
10% higher losses
    $ 145  
25% higher losses
      362  
Repurchase rate assumption
      0.3 %
Increase in liability from:
         
10% higher repurchase rates
    $ 108  
25% higher repurchase rates
      269  
   
(1)   Represents total estimated average loss rate on repurchased loans, net of recovery from third party originators, based on historical experience and current economic conditions. The average loss rate includes the impact of repurchased loans for which no loss is expected to be realized.

     To the extent that economic conditions and the housing market do not recover or future investor repurchase demands and appeals success rates differ from past experience, we could continue to have increased demands and increased loss severity on repurchases, causing future additions to the repurchase liability. However, some of the underwriting standards that were permitted by the GSEs for conforming loans in the 2006 through 2008 vintages, which significantly contributed to recent levels of repurchase demands, were tightened starting in mid to late 2008. Accordingly, we do not expect a similar rate of repurchase requests from the 2009 and prospective vintages, absent deterioration in economic conditions or changes in investor behavior.


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RISKS RELATING TO SERVICING ACTIVITIES In addition to servicing loans in our portfolio, we act as servicer and/or master servicer of residential mortgage loans included in GSE-guaranteed mortgage securitizations, GNMA-guaranteed mortgage securitizations and private label mortgage securitizations, as well as for unsecuritized loans owned by institutional investors. The loans we service were originated by us or by other mortgage loan originators. As servicer, our primary duties are typically to (1) collect payment due from borrowers, (2) advance certain delinquent payments of principal and interest, (3) maintain and administer any hazard, title or primary mortgage insurance policies relating to the mortgage loans, (4) maintain any required escrow accounts for payment of taxes and insurance and administer escrow payments, and (5) foreclose on defaulted mortgage loans or, to the extent consistent with the documents governing a securitization, consider alternatives to foreclosure, such as loan modifications or short sales. As master servicer, our primary duties are typically to (1) supervise, monitor and oversee the servicing of the mortgage loans by the servicer, (2) consult with each servicer and use reasonable efforts to cause the servicer to observe its servicing obligations, (3) prepare monthly distribution statements to security holders and, if required by the securitization documents, certain periodic reports required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), (4) if required by the securitization documents, calculate distributions and loss allocations on the mortgage-backed securities, (5) prepare tax and information returns of the securitization trust, and (6) advance amounts required by non-affiliated servicers who fail to perform their advancing obligations.
     Each agreement under which we act as servicer or master servicer generally specifies a standard of responsibility for actions we take in such capacity and provides protection against expenses and liabilities we incur when acting in compliance with the specified standard. For example, most private label securitization agreements under which we act as servicer or master servicer typically provide that the servicer and the master servicer are entitled to indemnification by the securitization trust for taking action or refraining from taking action in good faith or for errors in judgment. However, we are not indemnified, but rather are required to indemnify the securitization trustee, against any failure by us, as servicer or master servicer, to perform our servicing obligations or any of our acts or omissions that involve willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of, or reckless disregard of, our duties. In addition, if we commit a material breach of our obligations as servicer or master servicer, we may be subject to termination if the breach is not cured within a specified period following notice, which can generally be given by the securitization trustee or a specified percentage of security holders. Whole loan sale contracts under which we act as servicer generally include similar provisions with respect to our actions as servicer. The standards governing servicing in GSE-guaranteed securitizations, and the possible remedies for violations of such standards, vary, and those standards and remedies are determined by servicing guides maintained by the GSEs, contracts between the GSEs and individual servicers and topical guides published by the GSEs from time to time. Such remedies could include indemnification or repurchase of an affected mortgage loan.
     During fourth quarter 2010, we completed our review of our foreclosure procedures related to affidavit preparation and execution. We identified practices where final steps relating to the execution of foreclosure affidavits, as well as some aspects of the notarization process were not adhered to. However, we do
not believe that any of these practices led to unwarranted foreclosures. In addition, we have enhanced those procedures to help ensure that foreclosure affidavits are properly prepared, reviewed, and signed.
     Any re-execution or redelivery of any documents in connection with foreclosures will involve costs that may not be legally or otherwise reimbursable to us to the extent they relate to securitized mortgage loans. Further, if the validity of any foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower, whether successfully or not, we may incur significant litigation costs, which may not be reimbursable to us to the extent they relate to securitized mortgage loans. In addition, if a court were to overturn a foreclosure due to errors or deficiencies in the foreclosure process, we may have liability to the borrower if the required process was not followed and such failure resulted in damages to the borrower. We could also have liability to a title insurer that insured the title to the property sold in foreclosure. Any such liabilities may not be reimbursable to us to the extent they relate to a securitized mortgage loan.
     Other concerns cited within recent press reports are that securitization loan files may be lacking mortgage notes, assignments or other critical documents required to be produced on behalf of the trust. Although we believe that we delivered all documents in accordance with the requirements of each securitization involving our mortgage loans, if any required document with respect to a securitized mortgage loan sold by us is missing or defective, we would be obligated to cure the defect or to repurchase the loan.
     Some commentators also have suggested that the common industry practice of recording a mortgage in the name of Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS) creates issues regarding whether a securitization trust has good title to the mortgage loan. MERS is a company that acts as mortgagee of record and as agent for the owner of the related mortgage note. When mortgage notes are assigned, such as between an originator and a securitization trust, the change of ownership is recorded electronically on a register maintained by MERS, which then acts as agent for the new owner. The purpose of MERS is to save borrowers and lenders from having to record assignments of mortgages in county land offices each time ownership of the mortgage note is assigned. Although MERS has been in existence and used for many years, it has recently been suggested by some commentators that having a mortgagee of record that is different from the owner of the mortgage note “breaks the chain of title” and clouds the ownership of the loan. We do not believe that to be the case, and believe that the operative legal principle is that the ownership of a mortgage follows the ownership of the mortgage note, and that a securitization trust should have good title to a mortgage loan if the note is endorsed and delivered to it, regardless of whether MERS is the mortgagee of record or whether an assignment of mortgage is recorded to the trust.


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Risk Management – Credit Risk Management (continued)

However, in order to foreclose on the mortgage loan, it may be necessary for an assignment of the mortgage to be completed by MERS to the trust, in order to comply with state law requirements governing foreclosure. A delay by a servicer in processing any related assignment of mortgage to the trust could delay foreclosure, with adverse effects to security holders and potential for servicer liability. Our practice is to obtain assignments of mortgages from MERS during the foreclosure process.
     The FRB and OCC have completed a joint interagency horizontal examination of foreclosure processing at large mortgage servicers, including Wells Fargo, to evaluate the adequacy of their controls and governance over bank foreclosure processes, including compliance with applicable federal and state law. The OCC and other federal banking regulators are finalizing actions that will incorporate remedial requirements and sanctions with respect to servicers within their relevant jurisdictions for identified deficiencies.
 


Asset/Liability Management
Asset/liability management involves the evaluation, monitoring and management of interest rate risk, market risk, liquidity and funding. The Corporate Asset/Liability Management Committee (Corporate ALCO), which oversees these risks and reports periodically to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors (Board), consists of senior financial and business executives. Each of our principal business groups has its own asset/liability management committee and process linked to the Corporate ALCO process.
INTEREST RATE RISK Interest rate risk, which potentially can have a significant earnings impact, is an integral part of being a financial intermediary. We are subject to interest rate risk because:
  assets and liabilities may mature or reprice at different times (for example, if assets reprice faster than liabilities and interest rates are generally falling, earnings will initially decline);
 
  assets and liabilities may reprice at the same time but by different amounts (for example, when the general level of interest rates is falling, we may reduce rates paid on checking and savings deposit accounts by an amount that is less than the general decline in market interest rates);
 
  short-term and long-term market interest rates may change by different amounts (for example, the shape of the yield curve may affect new loan yields and funding costs differently); or
 
  the remaining maturity of various assets or liabilities may shorten or lengthen as interest rates change (for example, if long-term mortgage interest rates decline sharply, MBS held in the securities available-for-sale portfolio may prepay significantly earlier than anticipated, which could reduce portfolio income).
     Interest rates may also have a direct or indirect effect on loan demand, credit losses, mortgage origination volume, the fair value of MSRs and other financial instruments, the value of the pension liability and other items affecting earnings.
     We assess interest rate risk by comparing our most likely earnings plan with various earnings simulations using many interest rate scenarios that differ in the direction of interest rate changes, the degree of change over time, the speed of change and the projected shape of the yield curve. For example, as of December 31, 2010, our most recent simulation indicated estimated earnings at risk of approximately 5% of our most likely earnings plan over the next 12 months using a scenario in which the federal funds rate rises to 4.25% and the 10-year Constant Maturity Treasury bond yield rises to 5.10%. Simulation estimates depend on, and will change with, the size and mix of our actual and projected balance sheet at the time of each
simulation. Due to timing differences between the quarterly valuation of MSRs and the eventual impact of interest rates on mortgage banking volumes, earnings at risk in any particular quarter could be higher than the average earnings at risk over the 12-month simulation period, depending on the path of interest rates and on our hedging strategies for MSRs. See the “Risk Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section in this Report for more information.
     We use exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives to hedge our interest rate exposures. The notional or contractual amount, credit risk amount and estimated net fair value of these derivatives as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, are presented in Note 15 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report. We use derivatives for asset/liability management in three main ways:
  to convert a major portion of our long-term fixed-rate debt, which we issue to finance the Company, from fixed-rate payments to floating-rate payments by entering into receive-fixed swaps;
 
  to convert the cash flows from selected asset and/or liability instruments/portfolios from fixed-rate payments to floating-rate payments or vice versa; and
 
  to hedge our mortgage origination pipeline, funded mortgage loans and MSRs using interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, forwards and options.
MORTGAGE BANKING INTEREST RATE AND MARKET RISK We originate, fund and service mortgage loans, which subjects us to various risks, including credit, liquidity and interest rate risks. Based on market conditions and other factors, we reduce credit and liquidity risks by selling or securitizing some or all of the long-term fixed-rate mortgage loans we originate and most of the ARMs we originate. On the other hand, we may hold originated ARMs and fixed-rate mortgage loans in our loan portfolio as an investment for our growing base of core deposits. We determine whether the loans will be held for investment or held for sale at the time of commitment. We may subsequently change our intent to hold loans for investment and sell some or all of our ARMs or fixed-rate mortgages as part of our corporate asset/liability management. We may also acquire and add to our securities available for sale a portion of the securities issued at the time we securitize MHFS.
     Notwithstanding the continued downturn in the housing sector, and the continued lack of liquidity in the nonconforming secondary markets, our mortgage banking revenue remained strong, reflecting the complementary origination and servicing


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strengths of the business. The secondary market for agency-conforming mortgages functioned well during the year.
     Interest rate and market risk can be substantial in the mortgage business. Changes in interest rates may potentially reduce total origination and servicing fees, the value of our residential MSRs measured at fair value, the value of MHFS and the associated income and loss reflected in mortgage banking noninterest income, the income and expense associated with instruments (economic hedges) used to hedge changes in the fair value of MSRs and MHFS, and the value of derivative loan commitments (interest rate “locks”) extended to mortgage applicants.
     Interest rates affect the amount and timing of origination and servicing fees because consumer demand for new mortgages and the level of refinancing activity are sensitive to changes in mortgage interest rates. Typically, a decline in mortgage interest rates will lead to an increase in mortgage originations and fees and may also lead to an increase in servicing fee income, depending on the level of new loans added to the servicing portfolio and prepayments. Given the time it takes for consumer behavior to fully react to interest rate changes, as well as the time required for processing a new application, providing the commitment, and securitizing and selling the loan, interest rate changes will affect origination and servicing fees with a lag. The amount and timing of the impact on origination and servicing fees will depend on the magnitude, speed and duration of the change in interest rates.
     We measure MHFS at fair value for prime MHFS originations for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist to reliably support fair value pricing models used for these loans. At December 31, 2008, we measured at fair value similar MHFS acquired from Wachovia. Loan origination fees on these loans are recorded when earned, and related direct loan origination costs are recognized when incurred. We also measure at fair value certain of our other interests held related to residential loan sales and securitizations. We believe fair value measurement for prime MHFS and other interests held, which we hedge with free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) along with our MSRs measured at fair value, reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. During 2009 and 2010, in response to continued secondary market illiquidity, we continued to originate certain prime non-agency loans to be held for investment for the foreseeable future rather than to be held for sale. In addition, in 2010, we have originated certain prime agency-eligible loans to be held for investment as part of our asset/liability management strategy.
     We initially measure all of our MSRs at fair value and carry substantially all of them at fair value depending on our strategy for managing interest rate risk. Under this method, the MSRs are recorded at fair value at the time we sell or securitize the related mortgage loans. The carrying value of MSRs carried at fair value reflects changes in fair value at the end of each quarter and changes are included in net servicing income, a component of mortgage banking noninterest income. If the fair value of the MSRs increases, income is recognized; if the fair value of the MSRs decreases, a loss is recognized. We use a dynamic and sophisticated model to estimate the fair value of our MSRs and periodically benchmark our estimates to independent appraisals. The valuation of MSRs can be highly subjective and involve complex judgments by management about matters that are
inherently unpredictable. See “Critical Accounting Policies – Valuation of Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights” section of this Report for additional information. Changes in interest rates influence a variety of significant assumptions included in the periodic valuation of MSRs, including prepayment speeds, expected returns and potential risks on the servicing asset portfolio, the value of escrow balances and other servicing valuation elements.
     A decline in interest rates generally increases the propensity for refinancing, reduces the expected duration of the servicing portfolio and therefore reduces the estimated fair value of MSRs. This reduction in fair value causes a charge to income for MSRs carried at fair value, net of any gains on free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge MSRs. We may choose not to fully hedge all the potential decline in the value of our MSRs resulting from a decline in interest rates because the potential increase in origination/servicing fees in that scenario provides a partial “natural business hedge.” An increase in interest rates generally reduces the propensity for refinancing, extends the expected duration of the servicing portfolio and therefore increases the estimated fair value of the MSRs. However, an increase in interest rates can also reduce mortgage loan demand and therefore reduce origination income.
     The price risk associated with our MSRs is economically hedged with a combination of highly liquid interest rate forward instruments including mortgage forward contracts, interest rate swaps and interest rate options. All of the instruments included in the hedge are marked to market daily. Because the hedging instruments are traded in highly liquid markets, their prices are readily observable and are fully reflected in each quarter’s mark to market. Quarterly MSR hedging results include a combination of directional gain or loss due to market changes as well as any carry income generated. If the economic hedge is effective, its overall directional hedge gain or loss will offset the change in the valuation of the underlying MSR asset. Consistent with our longstanding approach to hedging interest rate risk in the mortgage business, the size of the hedge and the particular combination of forward hedging instruments at any point in time is designed to reduce the volatility of the mortgage business’s earnings over various time frames within a range of mortgage interest rates. Because market factors, the composition of the mortgage servicing portfolio and the relationship between the origination and servicing sides of our mortgage business change continually, the types of instruments used in our hedging are reviewed daily and rebalanced based on our evaluation of current market factors and the interest rate risk inherent in our MSRs portfolio. Throughout 2010, our economic hedging strategy generally used forward mortgage purchase contracts that were effective at offsetting the impact of interest rates on the value of the MSR asset.
     Mortgage forward contracts are designed to pass the full economics of the underlying reference mortgage securities to the holder of the contract, including both the directional gain or loss


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Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management (continued)

from the forward delivery of the reference securities and the corresponding carry income. Carry income represents the contract’s price accretion from the forward delivery price to the current spot price including both the yield earned on the reference securities and the market implied cost of financing during the period. The actual amount of carry income earned on the hedge each quarter will depend on the amount of the underlying asset that is hedged and the particular instruments included in the hedge. The level of carry income is driven by the slope of the yield curve and other market driven supply and demand factors affecting the specific reference securities. A steep yield curve generally produces higher carry income while a flat or inverted yield curve can result in lower or potentially negative carry income. The level of carry income is also affected by the type of instrument used. In general, mortgage forward contracts tend to produce higher carry income than interest rate swap contracts. Carry income is recognized over the life of the mortgage forward as a component of the contract’s mark to market gain or loss.
     Hedging the various sources of interest rate risk in mortgage banking is a complex process that requires sophisticated modeling and constant monitoring. While we attempt to balance these various aspects of the mortgage business, there are several potential risks to earnings:
  Valuation changes for MSRs associated with interest rate changes are recorded in earnings immediately within the accounting period in which those interest rate changes occur, whereas the impact of those same changes in interest rates on origination and servicing fees occur with a lag and over time. Thus, the mortgage business could be protected from adverse changes in interest rates over a period of time on a cumulative basis but still display large variations in income from one accounting period to the next.
 
  The degree to which the “natural business hedge” offsets valuation changes for MSRs is imperfect, varies at different points in the interest rate cycle, and depends not just on the direction of interest rates but on the pattern of quarterly interest rate changes.
 
  Origination volumes, the valuation of MSRs and hedging results and associated costs are also affected by many factors. Such factors include the mix of new business between ARMs and fixed-rate mortgages, the relationship between short-term and long-term interest rates, the degree of volatility in interest rates, the relationship between mortgage interest rates and other interest rate markets, and other interest rate factors. Many of these factors are hard to predict and we may not be able to directly or perfectly hedge their effect.
 
  While our hedging activities are designed to balance our mortgage banking interest rate risks, the financial instruments we use may not perfectly correlate with the values and income being hedged. For example, the change in the value of ARMs production held for sale from changes in mortgage interest rates may or may not be fully offset by Treasury and LIBOR index-based financial instruments used as economic hedges for such ARMs. Additionally, the hedge-carry income we earn on our economic hedges for the MSRs may not continue if the spread between short-term and long-term rates decreases, we shift composition of the hedge to more interest rate swaps, or there are other
    changes in the market for mortgage forwards that affect the implied carry.
     The total carrying value of our residential and commercial MSRs was $15.9 billion and $17.1 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The weighted-average note rate on our portfolio of loans serviced for others was 5.39% and 5.66% at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Our total MSRs were 0.86% of mortgage loans serviced for others at December 31, 2010, compared with 0.91% at December 31, 2009.
     As part of our mortgage banking activities, we enter into commitments to fund residential mortgage loans at specified times in the future. A mortgage loan commitment is an interest rate lock that binds us to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specified interest rate and within a specified period of time, generally up to 60 days after inception of the rate lock. These loan commitments are derivative loan commitments if the loans that will result from the exercise of the commitments will be held for sale. These derivative loan commitments are recognized at fair value in the balance sheet with changes in their fair values recorded as part of mortgage banking noninterest income. The fair value of these commitments include, at inception and during the life of the loan commitment, the expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing of the loan as part of the fair value measurement of derivative loan commitments. Changes subsequent to inception are based on changes in fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the exercise of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will not fund within the terms of the commitment, referred to as a fall-out factor. The value of the underlying loan commitment is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time.
     Outstanding derivative loan commitments expose us to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments might decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. To minimize this risk, we employ forwards and options, Eurodollar futures and options, and Treasury futures, forwards and options contracts as economic hedges against the potential decreases in the values of the loans. We expect that these derivative financial instruments will experience changes in fair value that will either fully or partially offset the changes in fair value of the derivative loan commitments. However, changes in investor demand, such as concerns about credit risk, can also cause changes in the spread relationships between underlying loan value and the derivative financial instruments that cannot be hedged.
MARKET RISK – TRADING ACTIVITIES From a market risk perspective, our net income is exposed to changes in interest rates, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and their implied volatilities. The primary purpose of our trading businesses is to accommodate customers in the management of their market price risks. Also, we take positions based on market expectations or to benefit from price


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differences between financial instruments and markets, subject to risk limits established and monitored by Corporate ALCO. All securities, foreign exchange transactions, commodity transactions and derivatives used in our trading businesses are carried at fair value. The Institutional Risk Committee establishes and monitors counterparty risk limits. The credit risk amount and estimated net fair value of all customer accommodation derivatives at December 31, 2010 and 2009 are included in Note 15 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report. Open, “at risk” positions for all trading businesses are monitored by Corporate ALCO.
     The standardized approach for monitoring and reporting market risk for the trading activities consists of value-at-risk (VaR) metrics complemented with factor analysis and stress testing. VaR measures the worst expected loss over a given time interval and within a given confidence interval. We measure and report daily VaR at a 99% confidence interval based on actual changes in rates and prices over the past 250 trading days. The analysis captures all financial instruments that are considered trading positions. The average one-day VaR throughout 2010 was $32 million, with a lower bound of $22 million and an upper bound of $52 million. The average VaR for fourth quarter 2010 was $30 million, with a lower bound of $22 million and an upper bound of $38 million.
MARKET RISK – EQUITY MARKETS We are directly and indirectly affected by changes in the equity markets. We make and manage direct equity investments in start-up businesses, emerging growth companies, management buy-outs, acquisitions and corporate recapitalizations. We also invest in non-affiliated funds that make similar private equity investments. These private equity investments are made within capital allocations approved by management and the Board. The Board’s policy is to review business developments, key risks and historical returns for the private equity investment portfolio at least annually. Management reviews the valuations of these investments at least quarterly and assesses them for possible OTTI. For nonmarketable investments, the analysis is based on facts and circumstances of each individual investment and the expectations for that investment’s cash flows and capital needs, the viability of its business model and our exit strategy. Nonmarketable investments include private equity investments accounted for under the cost method and equity method. Private equity investments are subject to OTTI. Principal investments are carried at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses reported in noninterest income.
     As part of our business to support our customers, we trade public equities, listed/OTC equity derivatives and convertible bonds. We have risk mandates that govern these activities. We also have marketable equity securities in the securities available-for-sale portfolio, including securities relating to our venture capital activities. We manage these investments within capital risk limits approved by management and the Board and monitored by Corporate ALCO. Gains and losses on these securities are recognized in net income when realized and periodically include OTTI charges.
     Changes in equity market prices may also indirectly affect our net income by affecting (1) the value of third party assets under management and, hence, fee income, (2) particular borrowers, whose ability to repay principal and/or interest may be affected by the stock market, or (3) brokerage activity, related commission income and other business activities. Each business line monitors and manages these indirect risks.
      Table 36 provides information regarding our marketable and nonmarketable equity investments.
Table 36:  Marketable and Nonmarketable Equity Investments
                 
   
   
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Nonmarketable equity investments:
               
Private equity investments:
               
Cost method
  $ 3,240       3,808  
Equity method
    7,624       5,138  
Federal bank stock
    5,254       5,985  
Principal investments
    305       1,423  
   
Total nonmarketable equity investments (1)
  $ 16,423       16,354  
   
Marketable equity securities:
               
Cost
  $ 4,258       4,749  
Net unrealized gains
    931       843  
   
Total marketable equity securities (2)
  $ 5,189       5,592  
   
(1)    Included in other assets on the balance sheet. See Note 7 (Premises, Equipment, Lease Commitments and Other Assets) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information.
 
(2)   Included in securities available for sale. See Note 5 (Securities Available for Sale) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information.


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Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management (continued)

LIQUIDITY AND FUNDING The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that we can meet customer loan requests, customer deposit maturities/withdrawals and other cash commitments efficiently under both normal operating conditions and under unpredictable circumstances of industry or market stress. To achieve this objective, the Corporate ALCO establishes and monitors liquidity guidelines that require sufficient asset-based liquidity to cover potential funding requirements and to avoid over-dependence on volatile, less reliable funding markets. We set these guidelines for both the consolidated balance sheet and for the Parent to ensure that the Parent is a source of strength for its regulated, deposit-taking banking subsidiaries.
     Unencumbered debt and equity securities in the securities available-for-sale portfolio provide asset liquidity, in addition to the immediately liquid resources of cash and due from banks and federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments. The weighted-average expected remaining maturity of the debt securities within this portfolio was 6.1 years at December 31, 2010. Of the $160.1 billion (cost basis) of debt securities in this portfolio at December 31, 2010, $32.6 billion (20%) is expected to mature or be prepaid in 2011 and an additional $20.4 billion (13%) in 2012. Asset liquidity is further enhanced by our ability to sell or securitize loans in secondary markets and to pledge loans to access secured borrowing facilities through the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB) and the FRB. In 2010, we sold mortgage loans of $363 billion. The amount of mortgage loans and other consumer loans available to be sold, securitized or pledged was approximately $236 billion at December 31, 2010.
     Core customer deposits have historically provided a sizeable source of relatively stable and low-cost funds. Average core deposits funded 62.9% and 60.4% of average total assets in 2010 and 2009, respectively.
     Additional funding is provided by long-term debt (including trust preferred securities), other foreign deposits, and short-term borrowings. Long-term debt averaged $185.4 billion in 2010 and $231.8 billion in 2009. Short-term borrowings averaged $46.8 billion in 2010 and $52.0 billion in 2009.
     We anticipate making capital expenditures of approximately $1.5 billion in 2011 for our stores, relocation and remodeling of our facilities, and routine replacement of furniture, equipment and servers. We fund expenditures from various sources, including retained earnings and borrowings.
     Liquidity is also available through our ability to raise funds in a variety of domestic and international money and capital markets. We access capital markets for long-term funding through issuances of registered debt securities, private placements and asset-backed secured funding. Investors in the long-term capital markets generally will consider, among other factors, a company’s debt rating in making investment decisions. Rating agencies base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, the level and quality of earnings, and rating agency assumptions regarding the probability and extent of Federal financial assistance or support for certain large financial institutions. Adverse changes in these factors could
result in a reduction of our credit rating; however, a reduction in credit rating would not cause us to violate any of our debt covenants. See the “Risk Factors” section of this Report for additional information regarding recent legislative developments and our credit ratings.
     We continue to evaluate the potential impact on liquidity management of regulatory proposals, including Basel III and those required under the Dodd-Frank Act, as they move closer to the final rule-making process.
Parent Under SEC rules, the Parent is classified as a “well-known seasoned issuer,” which allows it to file a registration statement that does not have a limit on issuance capacity. “Well-known seasoned issuers” generally include those companies with a public float of common equity of at least $700 million or those companies that have issued at least $1 billion in aggregate principal amount of non-convertible securities, other than common equity, in the last three years. In June 2009, the Parent filed a registration statement with the SEC for the issuance of senior and subordinated notes, preferred stock and other securities. The Parent’s ability to issue debt and other securities under this registration statement is limited by the debt issuance authority granted by the Board. The Parent is currently authorized by the Board to issue $60 billion in outstanding short-term debt and $170 billion in outstanding long-term debt. During 2010, the Parent issued $1.3 billion in non-guaranteed registered senior notes. In February 2011, the Parent remarketed $2.5 billion of junior subordinated notes in connection with Wachovia’s 2006 issuance of 5.80% Fixed-to-floating rate Wachovia Income Trust hybrid securities. The junior subordinated notes were exchanged with Wells Fargo for newly issued senior notes.
     The proceeds from securities issued in 2010 were used for general corporate purposes, and we expect that the proceeds from securities issued in the future will also be used for the same purposes. The Parent also issues commercial paper from time to time, subject to its short-term debt limit.
     Table 37 provides information regarding the Parent’s medium-term note (MTN) programs. The Parent may issue senior and subordinated debt securities under Series I & J, and the European and Australian programmes. Under Series K, the Parent may issue senior debt securities linked to one or more indices.


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Table 37:  Medium-Term Note (MTN) Programs
                         
   
   
            December 31, 2010  
            Debt     Available  
    Date     issuance     for  
(in billions)   established     authority     issuance  
   
MTN program:
                       
Series I & J (1)
  August 2009     $ 25.0       21.8  
Series K (1)
  April 2010       25.0       24.7  
European (2)
  December 2009       25.0       25.0  
Australian (2)(3)
  June 2005       10.0       6.8  
 
(1)   SEC registered.
(2)    Not registered with the SEC. May not be offered in the United States without applicable exemptions from registration. The Australian MTN amounts are presented in Australian dollars.
(3)   As amended in October 2005 and March 2010.

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. is authorized by its board of directors to issue $100 billion in outstanding short-term debt and $125 billion in outstanding long-term debt. In December 2007, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. established a $100 billion bank note program under which, subject to any other debt outstanding under the limits described above, it may issue $50 billion in outstanding short-term senior notes and $50 billion in long-term senior or subordinated notes. At December 31, 2010, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. had remaining issuance capacity on the bank note program of $50 billion in short-term senior notes and $50 billion in long-term senior or subordinated notes. Securities are issued under this program as private placements in accordance with Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) regulations.

Wells Fargo Financial Canada Corporation In January 2010, Wells Fargo Financial Canada Corporation (WFFCC), an indirect wholly owned Canadian subsidiary of the Parent, qualified with the Canadian provincial securities commissions CAD$7.0 billion in medium-term notes for distribution from time to time in Canada. At December 31, 2010, CAD$7.0 billion remained available for future issuance. All medium-term notes issued by WFFCC are unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK MEMBERSHIP We are a member of the Federal Home Loan Banks based in Dallas, Des Moines and San Francisco (collectively, the FHLBs). Each member of each of the FHLBs is required to maintain a minimum investment in capital stock of the applicable FHLB. The board of directors of each FHLB can increase the minimum investment requirements in the event it has concluded that additional capital is required to allow it to meet its own regulatory capital requirements. Any increase in the minimum investment requirements outside of specified ranges requires the approval of the Federal Housing Finance Board. Because the extent of any obligation to increase our investment in any of the FHLBs depends entirely upon the occurrence of a future event, potential future payments to the FHLBs are not determinable.


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Capital Management
 

We have an active program for managing stockholders’ equity and regulatory capital and we maintain a comprehensive process for assessing the Company’s overall capital adequacy. We generate capital internally primarily through the retention of earnings net of dividends. Our objective is to maintain capital levels at the Company and its bank subsidiaries above the regulatory “well-capitalized” thresholds by an amount commensurate with our risk profile. Our potential sources of stockholders’ equity include retained earnings and issuances of common and preferred stock. Retained earnings increased $10.4 billion from December 31, 2009, predominantly from Wells Fargo net income of $12.4 billion, less common and preferred dividends of $1.8 billion. During 2010, we issued approximately 87 million shares of common stock, with net proceeds of $1.4 billion, including 28 million shares during the period under various employee benefit (including our employee stock option plan) and director plans, as well as under our dividend reinvestment and direct stock purchase programs.
     On April 29, 2010, following stockholder approval, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to provide for an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance from 6 billion to 9 billion.
     From time to time the Board authorizes the Company to repurchase shares of our common stock. Although we announce when the Board authorizes share repurchases, we typically do not give any public notice before we repurchase our shares. Various factors determine the amount and timing of our share repurchases, including our capital requirements, the number of shares we expect to issue for acquisitions and employee benefit plans, market conditions (including the trading price of our stock), and regulatory and legal considerations. The FRB published clarifying supervisory guidance in first quarter 2009 and amended in December 2009, SR 09-4 Applying Supervisory Guidance and Regulations on the Payment of Dividends, Stock Redemptions, and Stock Repurchases at Bank Holding Companies, pertaining to the FRB’s criteria, assessment and approval process for reductions in capital. As with all 19 participants in the FRB’s Supervisory Capital Assessment Program (SCAP), under this supervisory letter, before repurchasing our common shares, we must consult with the FRB staff and demonstrate that the proposed actions are consistent with the existing supervisory guidance, including demonstrating that our internal capital assessment process is consistent with the complexity of our activities and risk profile. In 2008, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to 25 million additional shares of our outstanding common stock. During 2010, we repurchased 3 million shares of our common stock, all from our employee benefit plans. At December 31, 2010, the total remaining common stock repurchase authority from the 2008 authorization was approximately 3 million shares.
     Historically, our policy has been to repurchase shares under the “safe harbor” conditions of Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 including a limitation on the daily volume of repurchases. Rule 10b-18 imposes an additional daily volume
limitation on share repurchases during a pending merger or acquisition in which shares of our stock will constitute some or all of the consideration. Our management may determine that during a pending stock merger or acquisition when the safe harbor would otherwise be available, it is in our best interest to repurchase shares in excess of this additional daily volume limitation. In such cases, we intend to repurchase shares in compliance with the other conditions of the safe harbor, including the standing daily volume limitation that applies whether or not there is a pending stock merger or acquisition.
     In connection with our participation in the TARP Capital Purchase Program (CPP), we issued to the U.S. Treasury Department warrants to purchase 110,261,688 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $34.01 per share expiring on October 28, 2018. On May 26, 2010, in an auction by the U.S. Treasury, we purchased 70,165,963 of the warrants at a price of $7.70 per warrant. In addition, we purchased 651,244 warrants from the open market throughout the year. At December 31, 2010, 39,444,481 warrants were outstanding and exercisable. In June 2010, the Board authorized the purchase of up to $1 billion of the warrants, including the warrants purchased in the auction. As of December 31, 2010, $455 million of that authority remained. Depending on market conditions, we may purchase from time to time additional warrants and/or our outstanding debt securities in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer or otherwise.
     The Company and each of our subsidiary banks are subject to various regulatory capital adequacy requirements administered by the FRB and the OCC. Risk-based capital (RBC) guidelines establish a risk-adjusted ratio relating capital to different categories of assets and off-balance sheet exposures. At December 31, 2010, the Company and each of our subsidiary banks were “well capitalized” under applicable regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. See Note 25 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information.
     Current regulatory RBC rules are based primarily on broad credit-risk considerations and limited market-related risks, but do not take into account other types of risk a financial company may be exposed to. Our capital adequacy assessment process contemplates a wide range of risks that the Company is exposed to and also takes into consideration our performance under a variety of economic conditions, as well as regulatory expectations and guidance, rating agency viewpoints and the view of capital market participants.
     Wells Fargo was a participant in the FRB’s Capital Plan Review in December 2010. We submitted a Capital Plan Review including proposed future dividends and share repurchase programs to the FRB on January 7, 2011. We cannot guarantee whether or when the FRB will approve our Capital Plan Review or what other conditions the FRB may impose on us in order to increase our common stock dividend or repurchase shares.
     In July 2009, the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision published an additional set of international guidelines for review known as Basel III and finalized these guidelines in December 2010. The additional guidelines were developed in response to the financial crisis of 2009 and 2010 and address many of the weaknesses identified in the banking sector as contributing to


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the crisis including excessive leverage, inadequate and low quality capital and insufficient liquidity buffers. The U.S. regulatory bodies are reviewing the final international standards and final U.S. rulemaking is expected to be completed in 2011. Although uncertainty exists regarding the final rules, we are evaluating the impact of Basel III on our capital ratios based on our interpretation of the proposed capital requirements and expect to be above a 7% Tier 1 common equity ratio under Basel III within the next few quarters.
     We are well underway toward Basel II and Basel III implementation and are currently on schedule to enter the
parallel run phase of Basel II in 2012 with regulatory approval. Our delayed entry into the parallel run phase was approved by the FRB in 2010 as a result of the acquisition of Wachovia.
     At December 31, 2010, stockholders’ equity and Tier 1 common equity levels were higher than the quarter ending prior to the Wachovia acquisition. During 2009, as regulators and the market focused on the composition of regulatory capital, the Tier 1 common equity ratio gained significant prominence as a metric of capital strength. There is no mandated minimum or “well capitalized” standard for Tier 1 common equity; instead the RBC rules state voting common stockholders’ equity should be the dominant element within Tier 1 common equity. Tier 1 common equity was $81.3 billion at December 31, 2010, or 8.30% of risk-weighted assets, an increase of $15.8 billion from December 31, 2009. Table 38 provides the details of the Tier 1 common equity calculation.


Table 38:  Tier 1 Common Equity (1)
                     
   
        December 31 ,
(in billions)       2010     2009  
   
Total equity
      $ 127.9       114.4  
Noncontrolling interests
        (1.5 )     (2.6 )
   
Total Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity
        126.4       111.8  
   
Adjustments:
                   
Preferred equity
        (8.1 )     (8.1 )
Goodwill and intangible assets (other than MSRs)
        (35.5 )     (37.7 )
Applicable deferred taxes
        4.3       5.3  
Deferred tax asset limitation
              (1.0 )
MSRs over specified limitations
        (0.9 )     (1.6 )
Cumulative other comprehensive income
        (4.6 )     (3.0 )
Other
        (0.3 )     (0.2 )
   
Tier 1 common equity
  (A)   $ 81.3       65.5  
   
Total risk-weighted assets (2)
  (B)   $ 980.0       1,013.6  
   
Tier 1 common equity to total risk-weighted assets
  (A)/(B)     8.30 %     6.46  
   
(1)   Tier 1 common equity is a non-generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP) financial measure that is used by investors, analysts and bank regulatory agencies to assess the capital position of financial services companies. Tier 1 common equity includes total Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity, less preferred equity, goodwill and intangible assets (excluding MSRs), net of related deferred taxes, adjusted for specified Tier 1 regulatory capital limitations covering deferred taxes, MSRs, and cumulative other comprehensive income. Management reviews Tier 1 common equity along with other measures of capital as part of its financial analyses and has included this non-GAAP financial information, and the corresponding reconciliation to total equity, because of current interest in such information on the part of market participants.
 
(2)   Under the regulatory guidelines for risk-based capital, on-balance sheet assets and credit equivalent amounts of derivatives and off-balance sheet items are assigned to one of several broad risk categories according to the obligor or, if relevant, the guarantor or the nature of any collateral. The aggregate dollar amount in each risk category is then multiplied by the risk weight associated with that category. The resulting weighted values from each of the risk categories are aggregated for determining total risk-weighted assets.

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Critical Accounting Policies
 

Our significant accounting policies (see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report) are fundamental to understanding our results of operations and financial condition because they require that we use estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Six of these policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These policies govern:
  the allowance for credit losses;
 
  purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans;
 
  the valuation of residential mortgage servicing rights (MSRs);
 
  liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses;
 
  the fair valuation of financial instruments; and
 
  income taxes.
     Management has reviewed and approved these critical accounting policies and has discussed these policies with the Board’s Audit and Examination Committee.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, is management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date, excluding loans carried at fair value. We develop and document our allowance methodology at the portfolio segment level. Our loan portfolio consists of a commercial loan portfolio segment and a consumer loan portfolio segment.
     We employ a disciplined process and methodology to establish our allowance for credit losses. The total allowance for credit losses considers both impaired and unimpaired loans. While our methodology attributes portions of the allowance to specific portfolio segments, the entire allowance for credit losses is available to absorb credit losses inherent in the total loan portfolio. No single statistic or measurement determines the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.
COMMERCIAL PORTFOLIO SEGMENT The allowance for credit losses for unimpaired commercial loans is estimated through the application of loss factors to loans based on credit risk rating for each loan. In addition, the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments, including letters of credit, is estimated by applying these loss factors to loan equivalent exposures. The loss factors reflect the estimated default probability and quality of the underlying collateral. The loss factors used are statistically derived through the observation of historical losses incurred for loans within each credit risk rating over a relevant specified period of time. As appropriate, we adjust or supplement these loss factors and estimates to reflect other risks that may be identified from current conditions and developments in selected portfolios.
     The allowance also includes an amount for estimated credit losses on impaired loans such as nonaccrual loans and loans that have been modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status.
CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SEGMENT Loans are pooled generally by product type with similar risk characteristics. Losses are estimated using forecasted losses to represent our best estimate of inherent loss based on historical experience, quantitative and other mathematical techniques over the loss emergence period. Each business group exercises significant judgment in the determination of the credit loss estimation model that fits the credit risk characteristics of its portfolio. We use both internally developed and vendor supplied models in this process. We often use roll rate or net flow models for near-term loss projections, and vintage-based models, behavior score models, and time series or statistical trend models for longer-term projections. Management must use judgment in establishing additional input metrics for the modeling processes, considering further stratification into sub-product, origination channel, vintage, loss type, geographic location and other predictive characteristics. In addition, we establish an allowance for consumer loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status.
     The models used to determine the allowance are validated by an independent internal model validation group operating in accordance with Company policies.
OTHER ACL MATTERS An allowance for impaired consumer and commercial loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on an estimate of cash flows, both principal and interest, expected to be collected or an assessment of the fair value of collateral underlying the impaired loan, if applicable. Management exercises significant judgment to develop these estimates.
     Commercial and consumer PCI loans may require an allowance subsequent to their acquisition. This allowance requirement is due to probable decreases in expected principal and interest cash flows (other than due to decreases in interest rate indices and changes in prepayment assumptions).
     The allowance for credit losses for both portfolio segments includes an amount for imprecision or uncertainty that may change from period to period. This amount represents management’s judgment of risks inherent in the processes and assumptions used in establishing the allowance. This imprecision considers economic environmental factors, modeling assumptions and performance, process risk, and other subjective factors, including industry trends.
SENSITIVITY TO CHANGES Changes in the allowance for credit losses and, therefore, in the related provision expense can materially affect net income. The establishment of the allowance for credit losses relies on a consistent quarterly process that requires significant management review and judgment. Management considers changes in economic conditions, customer behavior, and collateral value, among other influences. From time to time, economic factors or business decisions, such


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as the addition or liquidation of a loan product or business unit, may affect the loan portfolio, causing management to provide or release amounts from the allowance for credit losses.
     The allowance for credit losses for commercial loans, including unfunded credit commitments (individually risk weighted) is sensitive to credit risk ratings assigned to each credit exposure. Commercial loan risk ratings are evaluated based on each situation by experienced senior credit officers and are subject to periodic review by an independent internal team of credit specialists.
     The allowance for credit losses for consumer loans (statistically modeled) is sensitive to economic assumptions and delinquency trends. Forecasted losses are modeled using a range of economic scenarios.
     Assuming a one risk rating downgrade throughout our commercial portfolio segment, a stressed economic scenario for modeled losses on our consumer portfolio segment and incremental deterioration in our PCI portfolio could imply an additional allowance requirement of approximately $10.7 billion.
     Assuming a one risk rating upgrade throughout our commercial portfolio segment and a strong recovery economic scenario for modeled losses on our consumer portfolio segment could imply a reduced allowance requirement of approximately $4.5 billion.
     The sensitivity analyses provided are hypothetical scenarios and are not considered probable. They do not represent management’s view of inherent losses in the portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Because significant judgment is used, it is possible that others performing similar analyses could reach different conclusions.
     See the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for further discussion of our allowance.
Purchased Credit-Impaired (PCI) Loans
Loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration since origination and for which it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected are considered to be credit impaired. Our PCI loans represent loans acquired in the Wachovia merger that were deemed to be credit-impaired. PCI loans are initially measured at fair value, which includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Accordingly, the historical allowance for credit losses related to these loans was not carried over.
     Management evaluated whether there was evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date using indicators such as past due and nonaccrual status, commercial risk ratings, recent borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages.
     The fair value at acquisition was based on an estimate of cash flows, both principal and interest, expected to be collected, discounted at the prevailing market rate of interest. We estimated the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition using our internal credit risk, interest rate risk and prepayment
risk models, which incorporate our best estimate of current key assumptions, such as property values, default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds.
     Substantially all commercial and industrial, CRE and foreign PCI loans are accounted for as individual loans. Conversely, Pick-a-Pay and other consumer PCI loans have been aggregated into several pools based on common risk characteristics. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
     The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying value (estimated fair value at acquisition date) is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income using an effective yield method over the remaining life of the loan, or pool of loans, in situations where there is a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be collected. The difference between the contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the nonaccretable difference.
     Subsequent to acquisition, we regularly evaluate our estimates of cash flows expected to be collected. These evaluations, performed quarterly, require the continued usage of key assumptions and estimates, similar to our initial estimate of fair value. We must apply judgment to develop our estimates of cash flows for PCI loans given the impact of home price and property value changes, changing loss severities, modification activity, and prepayment speeds.
     If we have probable decreases in cash flows expected to be collected (other than due to decreases in interest rate indices and changes in prepayment assumptions), we charge the provision for credit losses, resulting in an increase to the allowance for loan losses. If we have probable and significant increases in cash flows expected to be collected, we first reverse any previously established allowance for loan losses and then increase interest income as a prospective yield adjustment over the remaining life of the loan, or pool of loans. Estimates of cash flows are impacted by changes in interest rate indices for variable rate loans and prepayment assumptions, both of which are treated as prospective yield adjustments included in interest income.
     Resolutions of loans may include sales of loans to third parties, receipt of payments in settlement with the borrower, or foreclosure of the collateral. Our policy is to remove an individual loan from a pool based on comparing the amount received from its resolution with its contractual amount. Any difference between these amounts is absorbed by the nonaccretable difference for the entire pool. This removal method assumes that the amount received from resolution approximates pool performance expectations. The remaining accretable yield balance is unaffected and any material change in remaining effective yield caused by this removal method is addressed by our quarterly cash flow evaluation process for each pool. For loans that are resolved by payment in full, there is no release of the nonaccretable difference for the pool because there is no difference between the amount received at resolution and the contractual amount of the loan. Modified PCI loans are not removed from a pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed TDRs. Modified PCI loans that are accounted for individually are considered TDRs, and removed from PCI accounting if there has been a concession granted in excess of the original nonaccretable difference.


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Critical Accounting Policies (continued)

     The amount of cash flows expected to be collected and, accordingly, the adequacy of the allowance for loan loss due to certain decreases in cash flows expected to be collected, is particularly sensitive to changes in loan credit quality. The sensitivity of the overall allowance for credit losses, including PCI loans, is presented in the preceding section, “Critical Accounting Policies – Allowance for Credit Losses.”
     PCI loans that were classified as nonperforming loans by Wachovia are no longer classified as nonperforming because, at acquisition, we believe we will fully collect the new carrying value of these loans and due to the existence of the accretable yield. It is important to note that judgment is required to classify PCI loans as performing and is dependent on having a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be collected, even if the loan is contractually past due.
     See the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for further discussion of PCI loans.
Valuation of Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights
Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are assets that represent the rights to service mortgage loans for others. We recognize MSRs when we purchase servicing rights from third parties, or retain servicing rights in connection with the sale or securitization of loans we originate (asset transfers). We also have MSRs acquired in the past under co-issuer agreements that provide for us to service loans that were originated and securitized by third-party correspondents. We initially measure and carry substantially all of our MSRs related to residential mortgage loans at fair value.
     At the end of each quarter, we determine the fair value of MSRs using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of prepayment speeds (including housing price volatility), discount rate, default rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, ancillary income and late fees.
     To reduce the sensitivity of earnings to interest rate and market value fluctuations, we may use securities available for sale and free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of MSRs, with the resulting gains or losses reflected in income. Changes in the fair value of the MSRs from changing mortgage interest rates are generally offset by gains or losses in the fair value of the derivatives and the particular instruments used to hedge the MSRs. In addition, we also consider origination volume in our risk management strategy as it tends to act as a “natural hedge.” For example, as interest rates decline, servicing values generally decrease and fees from origination volume tend to increase. Conversely, as interest rates increase, the fair value of the MSRs generally increases, while fees from origination volume tend to decline. See the “Risk Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and
Market Risk” section in this Report for discussion of the timing of the effect of changes in mortgage interest rates.
     Net servicing income, a component of mortgage banking noninterest income, includes the changes from period to period in fair value of both our residential MSRs and the free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge our residential MSRs. Changes in the fair value of residential MSRs from period to period result from (1) changes in the valuation model inputs or assumptions (principally reflecting changes in discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in interest rates and costs to service, including delinquency and foreclosure costs), and (2) other changes, representing changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows.
     We use a dynamic and sophisticated model to estimate the value of our MSRs. The model is validated by an independent internal model validation group operating in accordance with Company policies. Senior management reviews all significant assumptions quarterly. Mortgage loan prepayment speed – a key assumption in the model – is the annual rate at which borrowers are forecasted to repay their mortgage loan principal. The discount rate used to determine the present value of estimated future net servicing income – another key assumption in the model – is the required rate of return investors in the market would expect for an asset with similar risk. To determine the discount rate, we consider the risk premium for uncertainties from servicing operations (e.g., possible changes in future servicing costs, ancillary income and earnings on escrow accounts). Both assumptions can, and generally will, change quarterly as market conditions and interest rates change. For example, an increase in either the prepayment speed or discount rate assumption results in a decrease in the fair value of the MSRs, while a decrease in either assumption would result in an increase in the fair value of the MSRs. In recent years, there have been significant market-driven fluctuations in loan prepayment speeds and the discount rate. These fluctuations can be rapid and may be significant in the future. Therefore, estimating prepayment speeds within a range that market participants would use in determining the fair value of MSRs requires significant management judgment.
     The valuation and sensitivity of MSRs is discussed further in Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), Note 8 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities), Note 9 (Mortgage Banking Activities) and Note 16 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses
We sell residential mortgage loans to various parties, including (1) Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae (GSEs), which include the mortgage loans in GSE-guaranteed mortgage securitizations, (2) special purpose entities that issue private label MBS, and (3) other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. In addition, we pool FHA-insured and VA-guaranteed mortgage loans, which back securities guaranteed by GNMA. The agreements under which we sell mortgage loans and the insurance or guaranty agreements with FHA and VA contain provisions that include various representations and warranties regarding the origination and characteristics of the mortgage loans. Although the specific representations and warranties vary among different sales, insurance or guarantee agreements, they typically cover ownership of the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, validity of the lien securing the loan,


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absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, compliance with applicable origination laws, and other matters. For more information about these loan sales and the related risks that may result in liability see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section in this Report.
     We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans, indemnify the securitization trust, investor or insurer, or reimburse the securitization trust, investor or insurer for credit losses incurred on loans (collectively “repurchase”) in the event of a breach of contractual representations or warranties that is not remedied within a period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach. Typically, we would only be required to repurchase securitized loans if any such breach is deemed to have material and adverse effect on the value of the mortgage loan or to the interests of the security holders in the mortgage loan. The time periods specified in our mortgage loan sales contracts to respond to repurchase requests vary, but are generally 90 days or less. While many contracts do not include specific remedies if the applicable time period for a response is not met, contracts for mortgage loan sales to the GSEs include various types of specific remedies and penalties that could be applied to inadequate responses to repurchase requests. Similarly, the agreements under which we sell mortgage loans require us to deliver various documents to the securitization trust or investor, and we may be obligated to repurchase any mortgage loan for which the required documents are not delivered or are defective. Upon receipt of a repurchase request, we work with securitization trusts, investors or insurers to arrive at a mutually agreeable resolution. Repurchase demands are typically reviewed on an individual loan by loan basis to validate the claims made by the securitization trust, investor or insurer, and to determine whether a contractually required repurchase event occurred. Occasionally, in lieu of conducting the loan level evaluation, we may negotiate global settlements in order to resolve a pipeline of demands in lieu of repurchasing the loans. We manage the risk associated with potential repurchases or other forms of settlement through our underwriting and quality assurance practices and by servicing mortgage loans to meet investor and secondary market standards.
     We establish mortgage repurchase liabilities related to various representations and warranties that reflect management’s estimate of losses for loans for which we could have repurchase obligation, whether or not we currently service those loans, based on a combination of factors. Such factors incorporate estimated levels of defects based on internal quality assurance sampling, default expectations, historical investor repurchase demand and appeals success rates (where the investor rescinds the demand based on a cure of the defect or acknowledges that the loan satisfies the investor’s applicable representations and warranties), reimbursement by correspondent and other third party originators, and projected
loss severity. We establish a liability at the time loans are sold and continually update our liability estimate during their life. Although investors may demand repurchase at any time, the majority of repurchase demands occur in the first 24 to 36 months following origination of the mortgage loan and can vary by investor. Most repurchases under our representation and warranty provisions are attributable to borrower misrepresentations and appraisals obtained at origination that investors believe do not fully comply with applicable industry standards.
     Although, to date, repurchase demands with respect to private label mortgage-backed securities have been more limited than with respect to GSE-guaranteed securities, it is possible that requests to repurchase mortgage loans in private label securitizations may increase in frequency as investors explore every possible avenue to recover losses on their securities. In addition, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, as conservator of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, recently used its subpoena power to request loan applications, property appraisals and other documents from large mortgage securitization industry participants, including us, relating to private label MBS in order to determine whether breaches of representations and warranties exist in those securities owned by the GSEs. We believe the risk of repurchase in our private label securitizations is substantially reduced, relative to other private label securitizations, because approximately half of the private label securitizations that include our mortgage loans do not contain representations and warranties regarding borrower or other third party misrepresentations related to the mortgage loan, general compliance with underwriting guidelines, or property valuation, which are commonly asserted bases for repurchase. We evaluate the validity and materiality of any claim of breach of representations and warranties in private label MBS that is brought to our attention and work with securitization trustees to resolve any repurchase requests. Nevertheless, we may be subject to legal and other expenses if private label securitization trustees or investors choose to commence legal proceedings in the event of disagreements.
     The mortgage loan repurchase liability at December 31, 2010, represents our best estimate of the probable loss that we may incur for various representations and warranties in the contractual provisions of our sales of mortgage loans. Because the level of mortgage loan repurchase losses are dependent on economic factors, investor demand strategies and other external conditions that may change over the life of the underlying loans, the level of the liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses is difficult to estimate and requires considerable management judgment. We maintain regular contact with the GSEs and other significant investors to monitor and address their repurchase demand practices and concerns. For additional information on our repurchase liability, including an adverse impact analysis, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section in this Report.
Fair Valuation of Financial Instruments
We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures. Trading assets, securities available for sale, derivatives, prime residential MHFS, certain commercial LHFS, principal investments and securities sold but not yet purchased (short sale liabilities) are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as certain MHFS and LHFS, loans held for investment and certain


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Critical Accounting Policies (continued)

other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Additionally, for financial instruments not recorded at fair value we disclose the estimate of their fair value.
     Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell the financial asset or paid to transfer the financial liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
     The accounting provisions for fair value measurements include a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market-derived or market-based information obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our estimates about market data.
  Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 1 instruments include securities traded on active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, as well as U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active OTC markets.
 
  Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques, such as matrix pricing, for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 2 instruments include securities traded in functioning dealer or broker markets, plain-vanilla interest rate derivatives and MHFS that are valued based on prices for other mortgage whole loans with similar characteristics.
 
  Level 3 – Valuation is generated primarily from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
     When developing fair value measurements, we maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. When available, we use quoted prices in active markets to measure fair value. If quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value measurement is based upon models that use primarily market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves, prepayment speeds, option volatilities and currency rates. However, in certain cases, when market observable inputs for model-based
valuation techniques are not readily available, we are required to make judgments about assumptions market participants would use to estimate the fair value.
     The degree of management judgment involved in determining the fair value of a financial instrument is dependent upon the availability of quoted prices in active markets or observable market parameters. For financial instruments with quoted market prices or observable market parameters in active markets, there is minimal subjectivity involved in measuring fair value. When quoted prices and observable data in active markets are not fully available, management judgment is necessary to estimate fair value. Changes in the market conditions, such as reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities, may reduce the availability and reliability of quoted prices or observable data used to determine fair value. When significant adjustments are required to price quotes or inputs, it may be appropriate to utilize an estimate based primarily on unobservable inputs. When an active market for a financial instrument does not exist, the use of management estimates that incorporate current market participant expectations of future cash flows, adjusted for an appropriate risk premium, is acceptable.
     When markets for our financial assets and liabilities become inactive because the level and volume of activity has declined significantly relative to normal conditions, it may be appropriate to adjust quoted prices. The methodology we use to adjust the quoted prices generally involves weighting the quoted prices and results of internal pricing techniques, such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable inputs, where available) discounted at a rate of return market participants require to arrive at the fair value. The more active and orderly markets for particular security classes are determined to be, the more weighting we assign to quoted prices. The less active and orderly markets are determined to be, the less weighting we assign to quoted prices.
     We may use independent pricing services and brokers to obtain fair values based on quoted prices. We determine the most appropriate and relevant pricing service for each security class and generally obtain one quoted price for each security. For certain securities, we may use internal traders to obtain quoted prices. Quoted prices are subject to our internal price verification procedures. We validate prices received using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, comparison to pricing services, corroboration of pricing by reference to other independent market data such as secondary broker quotes and relevant benchmark indices, and review of pricing by Company personnel familiar with market liquidity and other market-related conditions.
     Significant judgment is also required to determine whether certain assets measured at fair value are included in Level 2 or Level 3. When making this judgment, we consider all available information, including observable market data, indications of market liquidity and orderliness, and our understanding of the valuation techniques and significant inputs used. For securities in inactive markets, we use a predetermined percentage to evaluate the impact of fair value adjustments derived from weighting both external and internal indications of value to determine if the instrument is classified as Level 2 or Level 3. Otherwise, the classification of Level 2 or Level 3 is based upon the specific facts and circumstances of each instrument or instrument category and judgments are made regarding the significance of the Level 3 inputs to the instruments’ fair value measurement in its entirety. If Level 3 inputs are considered significant, the instrument is classified as Level 3.
     Our financial assets valued using Level 3 measurements consisted of certain asset-backed securities, including those


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collateralized by auto leases or loans and cash reserves, private collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), auction-rate securities, certain derivative contracts such as credit default swaps related to CMO, CDO and CLO exposures and certain MHFS and MSRs.
     Table 39 presents the summary of the fair value of financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, and the amounts measured using significant Level 3 inputs (before derivative netting adjustments). The fair value of the remaining assets and liabilities were measured using valuation methodologies involving market-based or market-derived information, collectively Level 1 and 2 measurements.
Table 39:  Fair Value Level 3 Summary
                                   
   
   
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
    Total             Total        
($ in billions)   balance     Level 3 (1)     balance     Level 3 (1)  
   
Assets carried at fair value
  $ 293.1       47.9       277.4       52.0  
As a percentage of total assets
    23 %     4       22       4  
Liabilities carried at fair value
  $ 21.2       6.4       21.7       6.9  
As a percentage of total liabilities
    2 %     1       2       1  
   
(1)   Before derivative netting adjustments.
     See Note 16 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report for a complete discussion on our use of fair valuation of financial instruments, our related measurement techniques and its impact to our financial statements.
Income Taxes
We are subject to the income tax laws of the U.S., its states and municipalities and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Our income tax expense consists of two components: current and deferred. Current income tax expense approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period and includes income tax expense related to our uncertain tax positions. We determine deferred income taxes using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and recognized enacted changes in tax rates and laws in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in
deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is “more likely than not.” Uncertain tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. An uncertain tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that management believes has a greater than 50% likelihood of realization upon settlement. Foreign taxes paid are generally applied as credits to reduce federal income taxes payable. We account for interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.
     The income tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant government taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. We must also make estimates about when in the future certain items will affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions by the government taxing authorities, both domestic and foreign. Our interpretations may be subjected to review during examination by taxing authorities and disputes may arise over the respective tax positions. We attempt to resolve these disputes during the tax examination and audit process and ultimately through the court systems when applicable.
     We monitor relevant tax authorities and revise our estimate of accrued income taxes due to changes in income tax laws and their interpretation by the courts and regulatory authorities on a quarterly basis. Revisions of our estimate of accrued income taxes also may result from our own income tax planning and from the resolution of income tax controversies. Such revisions in our estimates may be material to our operating results for any given quarter.
     See Note 20 (Income Taxes) to Financial Statements in this Report for a further description of our provision for income taxes and related income tax assets and liabilities.


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Current Accounting Developments
 

The following accounting pronouncement has been issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB):
  Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2011-01, Deferral of the Effective Date of Disclosures about Troubled Debt Restructurings in Update No. 2010-20.
ASU 2011-01 defers the effective date for disclosures on TDRs. The deferral is intended to provide the FASB with additional
time to complete a separate TDRs project, with new disclosures expected to be effective for second quarter 2011. For more information on the disclosure requirements for TDRs, see the discussion on ASU 2010-20, Disclosures about the Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and the Allowance for Credit Losses, in Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report.


Forward-Looking Statements
 

This Report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “can” and similar references to future periods. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Report include, but are not limited to, statements we make about: (i) future results of the Company; (ii) future credit quality and expectations regarding future loan losses in our loan portfolios and life-of-loan estimates, including our belief that quarterly total credit losses have peaked and that our credit cycle is turning; the level and loss content of NPAs and nonaccrual loans as well as the level of inflows and outflows into NPAs; the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, including our current expectation of future reductions in the allowance for credit losses; and the reduction or mitigation of risk in our loan portfolios and the effects of loan modification programs; (iii) the merger integration of the Company and Wachovia, including expense savings, merger costs and revenue synergies; (iv) our mortgage repurchase exposure and exposure relating to our foreclosure practices; (v) future capital levels and our expectations that we will be above a 7% Tier 1 common equity ratio under proposed Basel III capital standards within the next few quarters; (vi) the expected outcome and impact of legal, regulatory and legislative developments; and (vii) the Company’s plans, objectives and strategies.
     Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation:
  current and future economic and market conditions, including the effects of further declines in housing prices and high unemployment rates;
 
  our capital and liquidity requirements (including under regulatory capital standards, such as the proposed Basel III capital standards, as determined and interpreted by applicable regulatory authorities) and our ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;
 
  financial services reform and other current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and businesses, including the Dodd-Frank Act and legislation and regulation relating to overdraft fees (and changes to our overdraft practices as a result thereof), debit card interchange fees, credit cards, and other bank services;
 
  legislative proposals to allow mortgage cram-downs in bankruptcy or require other loan modifications;
 
  the extent of our success in our loan modification efforts, as well as the effects of regulatory requirements or guidance regarding loan modifications or changes in such requirements or guidance;
 
  the amount of mortgage loan repurchase demands that we receive and our ability to satisfy any such demands without having to repurchase loans related thereto or otherwise indemnify or reimburse third parties, and the credit quality of or losses on such repurchased mortgage loans;
 
  negative effects relating to mortgage foreclosures, including changes in our procedures or practices and/or industry standards or practices, regulatory or judicial requirements, penalties or fines, increased costs, or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures;
 
  our ability to successfully integrate the Wachovia merger and realize the expected cost savings and other benefits and the effects of any delays or disruptions in systems conversions relating to the Wachovia integration;
 
  our ability to realize the efficiency initiatives to lower expenses when and in the amount expected;
 
  recognition of OTTI on securities held in our available-for-sale portfolio;
 
  the effect of changes in interest rates on our net interest margin and our mortgage originations, MSRs and MHFS;
  hedging gains or losses;


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  disruptions in the capital markets and reduced investor demand for mortgage loans;
 
  our ability to sell more products to our customers;
 
  the effect of the economic recession on the demand for our products and services;
 
  the effect of the fall in stock market prices on our investment banking business and our fee income from our brokerage, asset and wealth management businesses;
 
  our election to provide support to our mutual funds for structured credit products they may hold;
 
  changes in the value of our venture capital investments;
 
  changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards or in how accounting standards are to be applied or interpreted;
 
  mergers, acquisitions and divestitures;
 
  changes in the Company’s credit ratings and changes in the credit quality of the Company’s customers or counterparties;
 
  reputational damage from negative publicity, fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations and legal actions;
 
  the loss of checking and savings account deposits to other investments such as the stock market, and the resulting increase in our funding costs and impact on our net interest margin;
 
  fiscal and monetary policies of the FRB; and
 
  the other risk factors and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in this Report.
     In addition to the above factors, we also caution that there is no assurance that our allowance for credit losses will be adequate to cover future credit losses, especially if credit markets, housing prices and unemployment do not continue to stabilize or improve. Increases in loan charge-offs or in the allowance for credit losses and related provision expense could materially adversely affect our financial results and condition.
     Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Report speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.


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Risk Factors
 

An investment in the Company involves risk, including the possibility that the value of the investment could fall substantially and that dividends or other distributions on the investment could be reduced or eliminated. We discuss below and elsewhere in this Report, as well as in other documents we file with the SEC, risk factors that could adversely affect our financial results and condition and the value of, and return on, an investment in the Company. We refer you to the Financial Review and “Forward-Looking Statements” sections and Financial Statements (and related Notes) in this Report for more information about credit, interest rate, market, litigation and other risks and to the “Regulation and Supervision” section of our 2010 Form 10-K for more information about legislative and regulatory risks. Any factor described below or elsewhere in this Report or in our 2010 Form 10-K could by itself, or together with other factors, adversely affect our financial results and condition. Refer to our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC in 2011 for material changes to the discussion of risk factors. There are factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Report that could adversely affect our financial results and condition.
RISKS RELATING TO CURRENT ECONOMIC AND MARKET CONDITIONS
Our financial results and condition may be adversely affected by difficult business and economic conditions, particularly if home prices continue to fall or unemployment does not improve or continues to increase. Our financial performance is affected by general business and economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad, and a worsening of current business and economic conditions could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, significant declines in home prices over the last several years and continued high unemployment have resulted in elevated credit costs and have adversely affected our credit performance, financial results, and capital levels. If home prices continue to fall or unemployment does not improve or rises we would expect to incur higher than normal charge-offs and provision expense from increases in our allowance for credit losses. These conditions may adversely affect not only consumer loan performance but also commercial and CRE loans, especially those business borrowers that rely on the health of industries or properties that may experience deteriorating economic conditions. A deterioration in business and economic conditions, which may erode consumer and investor confidence levels, also could adversely affect financial results for our fee-based businesses, including our mortgage, investment advisory, securities brokerage, wealth management, and investment banking businesses.
Financial and credit markets may experience a disruption or become volatile, making it more difficult to access capital markets on favorable terms. Financial and credit markets have experienced unprecedented disruption
and volatility during the past several years. While market conditions have stabilized and, in many cases, improved, a disruption in, or worsening of, financial and credit market conditions, or increased volatility in financial and credit markets, may adversely affect our ability to access capital markets on favorable terms and could negatively affect our liquidity. We may raise additional capital through the issuance of common stock, which could dilute existing stockholders, or further reduce or even eliminate our common stock dividend to preserve capital or in order to raise additional capital.
Enacted legislation and regulation, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), as well as future legislation and/or regulation, could require us to change certain of our business practices, reduce our revenue, impose additional costs on us or otherwise adversely affect our business operations and/or competitive position. Economic, financial, market and political conditions during the past few years have led to new legislation and regulation in the United States and in other jurisdictions outside of the United States where we conduct business. These laws and regulations may affect the manner in which we do business and the products and services that we provide, affect or restrict our ability to compete in our current businesses or our ability to enter into or acquire new businesses, reduce or limit our revenue in businesses or impose additional fees, assessments or taxes on us, intensify the regulatory supervision of us and the financial services industry, and adversely affect our business operations or have other negative consequences.
     For example, in 2009 several legislative and regulatory initiatives were adopted that will have an impact on our businesses and financial results, including FRB amendments to Regulation E, which, among other things, affect the way we may charge overdraft fees beginning on July 1, 2010, and the enactment of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (the Card Act), which, among other things, affects our ability to change interest rates and assess certain fees on card accounts. The impact of the Regulation E amendments and the Card Act could vary materially due to a variety of factors, including changes in customer behavior, economic conditions and other potential offsetting factors.
     On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act became law. The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, (i) establishes a new Financial Stability Oversight Council to monitor systemic risk posed by financial firms and imposes additional and enhanced FRB regulations on certain large, interconnected bank holding companies and systemically significant nonbanking firms intended to promote financial stability; (ii) creates a liquidation framework for the resolution of covered financial companies, the costs of which would be paid through assessments on surviving covered financial companies; (iii) makes significant changes to the structure of bank and bank holding company regulation and activities in a variety of areas, including prohibiting proprietary trading and private fund investment activities, subject to certain exceptions; (iv) creates a new framework for the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives and new regulations for the securitization market and strengthens the regulatory oversight of


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securities and capital markets by the SEC; (v) establishes the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection within the FRB, which will have sweeping powers to administer and enforce a new federal regulatory framework of consumer financial regulation; (vi) may limit the existing pre-emption of state laws with respect to the application of such laws to national banks, makes federal pre-emption no longer applicable to operating subsidiaries of national banks, and gives state authorities, under certain circumstances, the ability to enforce state laws and federal consumer regulations against national banks; (vii) provides for increased regulation of residential mortgage activities; (viii) revises the FDIC’s assessment base for deposit insurance by changing from an assessment base defined by deposit liabilities to a risk-based system based on total assets; (ix) authorizes the FRB to issue regulations regarding the amount of any interchange transaction fee that an issuer may receive to ensure that it is reasonable and proportional to the cost incurred; and (x) includes several corporate governance and executive compensation provisions and requirements, including mandating an advisory stockholder vote on executive compensation.
     Although the Dodd-Frank Act became generally effective in July 2010, many of its provisions have extended implementation periods and delayed effective dates and will require extensive rulemaking by regulatory authorities as well as require more than 60 studies to be conducted over the next one to two years. Accordingly, in many respects the ultimate impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and its effects on the U.S. financial system and the Company will not be known for an extended period of time. Nevertheless, the Dodd-Frank Act, including future rules implementing its provisions and the interpretation of those rules, could result in a loss of revenue, require us to change certain of our business practices, limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, increase our capital requirements and impose additional assessments and costs on us, and otherwise adversely affect our business operations and have other negative consequences, including to our credit ratings to the extent the legislation reduces the probability of future Federal financial assistance or support currently assumed by the rating agencies in their credit ratings. A reduction in one or more of our credit ratings could adversely affect our ability to borrow funds and raise the costs of our borrowings substantially and could cause creditors and business counterparties to raise collateral requirements or take other actions, which could adversely affect our ability to raise capital.
     Recently, the Obama Administration delivered a report to Congress regarding proposals to reform the housing finance market in the United States. The report, among other things, outlined various potential proposals to wind down the GSEs and reduce or eliminate over time the role of the GSEs in guaranteeing mortgages and providing funding for mortgage loans, as well as proposals to implement reforms relating to borrowers, lenders, and investors in the mortgage market,
including reducing the maximum size of a loan that the GSEs can guarantee, phasing in a minimum down payment requirement for borrowers, improving underwriting standards, and increasing accountability and transparency in the securitization process. The extent and timing of any regulatory reform regarding the GSEs and the home mortgage market, as well as any effect on the Company’s business and financial results, are uncertain.
     Any other future legislation and/or regulation, if adopted, also could have a material adverse effect on our business operations, income, and/or competitive position and may have other negative consequences.
     For more information, refer to the “Regulation and Supervision” section in our 2010 Form 10-K.
Bank regulators and other regulations, including proposed Basel capital standards and FRB guidelines, may require higher capital levels, limiting our ability to pay common stock dividends or repurchase our common stock. Federal banking regulators continually monitor the capital position of banks and bank holding companies. In July 2009, the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision published a set of international guidelines for determining regulatory capital known as Basel III. These guidelines, which were finalized in December 2010, followed earlier guidelines by the Basel Committee and are designed to address many of the weaknesses identified in the banking sector as contributing to the financial crisis of 2008 – 2010 by, among other things, increasing minimum capital requirements, increasing the quality of capital, increasing the risk coverage of the capital framework, and increasing standards for the supervisory review process and public disclosure.
     In 2010, the FRB issued guidelines for evaluating proposals by large bank holding companies, including the Company, to undertake capital actions in 2011, such as increasing dividend payments or repurchasing or redeeming stock. Pursuant to those FRB guidelines, the Company submitted a proposed Capital Plan Review to the FRB. The FRB is expected to undertake these capital plan reviews on a regular basis in the future. There can be no assurance that the FRB will respond favorably to the Company’s current Capital Plan Review, or future capital plan reviews, and the FRB, the Basel standards or other regulatory capital requirements may limit or otherwise restrict how we utilize our capital, including common stock dividends and stock repurchases. Although not currently anticipated, our regulators may require us to raise additional capital in the future. Issuing additional common stock may dilute existing stockholders.
Bankruptcy laws may be changed to allow mortgage “cram-downs,” or court-ordered modifications to our mortgage loans including the reduction of principal balances. Under current bankruptcy laws, courts cannot force a modification of mortgage and home equity loans secured by primary residences. In response to the current financial crisis, legislation has been proposed to allow mortgage loan “cram-downs,” which would empower courts to modify the terms of mortgage and home equity loans including a reduction in the principal amount to reflect lower underlying property values. This could result in writing down the balance of our mortgage and home equity loans to reflect their lower loan values. There is also risk that home equity loans in a second lien position (i.e., behind a mortgage) could experience significantly higher losses to the extent they become unsecured as a result of a cram-down. The availability of principal reductions or other modifications to


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Risk Factors (continued)

mortgage loan terms could make bankruptcy a more attractive option for troubled borrowers, leading to increased bankruptcy filings and accelerated defaults.
RISKS RELATING TO THE WACHOVIA MERGER
Our financial results and condition could be adversely affected if we fail to realize all of the expected benefits of the Wachovia merger or it takes longer than expected to realize those benefits. The merger with Wachovia requires the integration of the businesses of Wachovia and Wells Fargo. The integration process may result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of ongoing businesses and the loss of customers and their business and deposits. It may also divert management attention and resources from other operations and limit the Company’s ability to pursue other acquisitions. There is no assurance that we will realize all of the cost savings and other financial benefits of the merger when and in the amounts expected.
We may incur losses on loans, securities and other acquired assets of Wachovia that are materially greater than reflected in our preliminary fair value adjustments. We accounted for the Wachovia merger under the purchase method of accounting, recording the acquired assets and liabilities of Wachovia at fair value based on preliminary purchase accounting adjustments. Under purchase accounting, we had until one year after the merger date to finalize the fair value adjustments, meaning we could adjust the preliminary fair value estimates of Wachovia’s assets and liabilities based on new or updated information that provided a better estimate of the fair value at merger date.
     We recorded at fair value all PCI loans acquired in the merger based on the present value of their expected cash flows. We estimated cash flows using internal credit, interest rate and prepayment risk models using assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. We may not realize the estimated cash flows or fair value of these loans. In addition, although the difference between the pre-merger carrying value of the credit-impaired loans and their expected cash flows – the “nonaccretable difference” – is available to absorb future charge-offs, we may be required to increase our allowance for credit losses and related provision expense because of subsequent additional credit deterioration in these loans.
     For more information, refer to the “Overview” and “Critical Accounting Policies – Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” sections in this Report.
GENERAL RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS
Higher charge-offs and worsening credit conditions could require us to increase our allowance for credit losses through a charge to earnings. When we loan money or commit to loan money we incur credit risk, or the risk of losses if our borrowers do not repay their loans. We reserve for credit losses by establishing an allowance through a charge to earnings. The amount of this allowance is based on our assessment of credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio (including unfunded credit commitments). The process for determining the amount of the allowance is critical to our financial results and condition. It requires difficult, subjective and complex judgments about the future, including forecasts of economic or market conditions that might impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans.
     We might underestimate the credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio and have credit losses in excess of the amount reserved. We might increase the allowance because of changing economic conditions, including falling home prices and higher unemployment, or other factors such as changes in borrower behavior. As an example, borrowers may be less likely to continue making payments on their real estate-secured loans if the value of the real estate is less than what they owe, even if they are still financially able to make the payments.
     While we believe that our allowance for credit losses was adequate at December 31, 2010, there is no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover future credit losses, especially if housing and employment conditions worsen. We may be required to build reserves in 2011, thus reducing earnings.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” and “Critical Accounting Policies – Allowance for Credit Losses” sections in this Report.
     We may have more credit risk and higher credit losses to the extent our loans are concentrated by loan type, industry segment, borrower type, or location of the borrower or collateral. Our credit risk and credit losses can increase if our loans are concentrated to borrowers engaged in the same or similar activities or to borrowers who as a group may be uniquely or disproportionately affected by economic or market conditions. We experienced the effect of concentration risk in 2009 and 2010 when we incurred greater than expected losses in our Home Equity loan portfolio due to a housing slowdown and greater than expected deterioration in residential real estate values in many markets, including the Central Valley California market and several Southern California metropolitan statistical areas. As California is our largest banking state in terms of loans and deposits, continued deterioration in real estate values and underlying economic conditions in those markets or elsewhere in California could result in materially higher credit losses. As a result of the Wachovia merger, we have increased our exposure to California, as well as to Arizona and Florida, two states that have also suffered significant declines in home values. Continued deterioration in housing conditions and real estate values in these states and generally across the country could result in materially higher credit losses.


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     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Loss of customer deposits and market illiquidity could increase our funding costs. We rely on bank deposits to be a low cost and stable source of funding for the loans we make. We compete with banks and other financial services companies for deposits. If our competitors raise the rates they pay on deposits our funding costs may increase, either because we raise our rates to avoid losing deposits or because we lose deposits and must rely on more expensive sources of funding. Higher funding costs reduce our net interest margin and net interest income. As discussed above, the integration of Wells Fargo and Wachovia may result in the loss of customer deposits.
     We sell most of the mortgage loans we originate in order to reduce our credit risk and provide funding for additional loans. We rely on GSEs to purchase loans that meet their conforming loan requirements and on other capital markets investors to purchase loans that do not meet those requirements – referred to as “nonconforming” loans. Since 2007, investor demand for nonconforming loans has fallen sharply, increasing credit spreads and reducing the liquidity for those loans. In response to the reduced liquidity in the capital markets, we may retain more nonconforming loans. When we retain a loan not only do we keep the credit risk of the loan but we also do not receive any sale proceeds that could be used to generate new loans. Continued lack of liquidity could limit our ability to fund – and thus originate – new mortgage loans, reducing the fees we earn from originating and servicing loans. In addition, we cannot assure that GSEs will not materially limit their purchases of conforming loans due to capital constraints or change their criteria for conforming loans (e.g., maximum loan amount or borrower eligibility). As previously noted, the Obama Administration recently outlined proposals to reform the housing finance market in the United States, including the role of the GSEs in the housing finance market. The extent and timing of any such regulatory reform regarding the housing finance market and the GSEs, as well as any effect on the Company’s business and financial results, are uncertain.
Changes in interest rates could reduce our net interest income and earnings. Our net interest income is the interest we earn on loans, debt securities and other assets we hold less the interest we pay on our deposits, long-term and short-term debt, and other liabilities. Net interest income is a measure of both our net interest margin – the difference between the yield we earn on our assets and the interest rate we pay for deposits and our other sources of funding – and the amount of earning assets we hold. Changes in either our net interest margin or the amount of earning assets we hold could affect our net interest income and our earnings. Changes in interest rates can affect our net interest margin. Although the yield we earn on our assets and our funding costs tend to move in the same direction in response to changes in interest rates, one can rise or fall faster than the other, causing our net interest margin to expand or contract. Our
liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, so they may adjust faster in response to changes in interest rates. When interest rates rise, our funding costs may rise faster than the yield we earn on our assets, causing our net interest margin to contract until the yield catches up.
     The amount and type of earning assets we hold can affect our yield and net interest margin. We hold earning assets in the form of loans and investment securities, among other assets. If current economic conditions persist, we may continue to see lower demand for loans by credit worthy customers, reducing our yield. In addition, we may invest in lower yielding investment securities for a variety of reasons, including in anticipation that interest rates are likely to increase.
     Changes in the slope of the “yield curve” – or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates – could also reduce our net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, our net interest margin could decrease as our cost of funds increases relative to the yield we can earn on our assets.
     The interest we earn on our loans may be tied to U.S.-denominated interest rates such as the federal funds rate while the interest we pay on our debt may be based on international rates such as LIBOR. If the federal funds rate were to fall without a corresponding decrease in LIBOR, we might earn less on our loans without any offsetting decrease in our funding costs. This could lower our net interest margin and our net interest income.
     We assess our interest rate risk by estimating the effect on our earnings under various scenarios that differ based on assumptions about the direction, magnitude and speed of interest rate changes and the slope of the yield curve. We hedge some of that interest rate risk with interest rate derivatives. We also rely on the “natural hedge” that our mortgage loan originations and servicing rights can provide.
     We do not hedge all of our interest rate risk. There is always the risk that changes in interest rates could reduce our net interest income and our earnings in material amounts, especially if actual conditions turn out to be materially different than what we assumed. For example, if interest rates rise or fall faster than we assumed or the slope of the yield curve changes, we may incur significant losses on debt securities we hold as investments. To reduce our interest rate risk, we may rebalance our investment and loan portfolios, refinance our debt and take other strategic actions. We may incur losses when we take such actions.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Interest Rate Risk” section in this Report.
Changes in interest rates could also reduce the value of our MSRs and MHFS, reducing our earnings. We have a sizeable portfolio of MSRs. An MSR is the right to service a mortgage loan – collect principal, interest and escrow amounts – for a fee. We acquire MSRs when we keep the servicing rights after we sell or securitize the loans we have originated or when we purchase the servicing rights to mortgage loans originated by other lenders. We initially measure all and carry substantially all our residential MSRs using the fair value measurement method. Fair value is the present value of estimated future net servicing


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Risk Factors (continued)

income, calculated based on a number of variables, including assumptions about the likelihood of prepayment by borrowers.
     Changes in interest rates can affect prepayment assumptions and thus fair value. When interest rates fall, borrowers are usually more likely to prepay their mortgage loans by refinancing them at a lower rate. As the likelihood of prepayment increases, the fair value of our MSRs can decrease. Each quarter we evaluate the fair value of our MSRs, and any decrease in fair value reduces earnings in the period in which the decrease occurs.
     We measure at fair value prime MHFS for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist. We also measure at fair value certain other interests we hold related to residential loan sales and securitizations. Similar to other interest-bearing securities, the value of these MHFS and other interests may be negatively affected by changes in interest rates. For example, if market interest rates increase relative to the yield on these MHFS and other interests, their fair value may fall. We may not hedge this risk, and even if we do hedge the risk with derivatives and other instruments we may still incur significant losses from changes in the value of these MHFS and other interests or from changes in the value of the hedging instruments.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” and “Critical Accounting Policies” sections in this Report.
Our mortgage banking revenue can be volatile from quarter to quarter. We earn revenue from fees we receive for originating mortgage loans and for servicing mortgage loans. When rates rise, the demand for mortgage loans usually tends to fall, reducing the revenue we receive from loan originations. Under the same conditions, revenue from our MSRs can increase through increases in fair value. When rates fall, mortgage originations usually tend to increase and the value of our MSRs usually tends to decline, also with some offsetting revenue effect. Even though they can act as a “natural hedge,” the hedge is not perfect, either in amount or timing. For example, the negative effect on revenue from a decrease in the fair value of residential MSRs is generally immediate, but any offsetting revenue benefit from more originations and the MSRs relating to the new loans would generally accrue over time. It is also possible that, because of economic conditions and/or a deteriorating housing market, even if interest rates were to fall, mortgage originations may also fall or any increase in mortgage originations may not be enough to offset the decrease in the MSRs value caused by the lower rates.
     We typically use derivatives and other instruments to hedge our mortgage banking interest rate risk. We generally do not hedge all of our risk, and we may not be successful in hedging any of the risk. Hedging is a complex process, requiring sophisticated models and constant monitoring, and is not a perfect science. We may use hedging instruments tied to U.S. Treasury rates, LIBOR or Eurodollars that may not perfectly
correlate with the value or income being hedged. We could incur significant losses from our hedging activities. There may be periods where we elect not to use derivatives and other instruments to hedge mortgage banking interest rate risk.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section in this Report.
We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans or reimburse investors and others as a result of breaches in contractual representations and warranties. We sell residential mortgage loans to various parties, including GSEs, SPEs that issue private label MBS, and other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. We may also pool FHA-insured and VA-guaranteed mortgage loans which back securities guaranteed by GNMA. The agreements under which we sell mortgage loans and the insurance or guaranty agreements with the FHA and VA contain various representations and warranties regarding the origination and characteristics of the mortgage loans, including ownership of the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, validity of the lien securing the loan, absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, and compliance with applicable origination laws. We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans, indemnify the securitization trust, investor or insurer, or reimburse the securitization trust, investor or insurer for credit losses incurred on loans in the event of a breach of contractual representations or warranties that is not remedied within a period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach. Contracts for mortgage loan sales to the GSEs include various types of specific remedies and penalties that could be applied to inadequate responses to repurchase requests. Similarly, the agreements under which we sell mortgage loans require us to deliver various documents to the securitization trust or investor, and we may be obligated to repurchase any mortgage loan as to which the required documents are not delivered or are defective. We may negotiate global settlements in order to resolve a pipeline of demands in lieu of repurchasing the loans. If economic conditions and the housing market do not recover or future investor repurchase demand and our success at appealing repurchase requests differ from past experience, we could continue to have increased repurchase obligations and increased loss severity on repurchases, requiring material additions to the repurchase reserve.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section in this Report.
We may be terminated as a servicer or master servicer, be required to repurchase a mortgage loan or reimburse investors for credit losses on a mortgage loan, or incur costs and other liabilities if we fail to satisfy our servicing obligations, including our obligations with respect to mortgage loan foreclosure actions. We act as servicer and/or master servicer for mortgage loans included in securitizations and for unsecuritized mortgage loans owned by investors. As a servicer or master servicer for those loans we have certain contractual obligations to the securitization trusts, investors or other third parties, including,


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in our capacity as a servicer, foreclosing on defaulted mortgage loans or, to the extent consistent with the applicable securitization or other investor agreement, considering alternatives to foreclosure such as loan modifications or short sales and, in our capacity as a master servicer, overseeing the servicing of mortgage loans by the servicer. If we commit a material breach of our obligations as servicer or master servicer, we may be subject to termination if the breach is not cured within a specified period of time following notice, which can generally be given by the securitization trustee or a specified percentage of security holders, causing us to lose servicing income. In addition, we may be required to indemnify the securitization trustee against losses from any failure by us, as a servicer or master servicer, to perform our servicing obligations or any act or omission on our part that involves willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence. For certain investors and/or certain transactions, we may be contractually obligated to repurchase a mortgage loan or reimburse the investor for credit losses incurred on the loan as a remedy for servicing errors with respect to the loan. If we have increased repurchase obligations because of claims that we did not satisfy our obligations as a servicer or master servicer, or increased loss severity on such repurchases, we may have to materially increase our repurchase reserve.
     We may incur costs if we are required to, or if we elect to re-execute or re-file documents or take other action in our capacity as a servicer in connection with pending or completed foreclosures. We may incur litigation costs if the validity of a foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower. If a court were to overturn a foreclosure because of errors or deficiencies in the foreclosure process, we may have liability to the borrower and/or to any title insurer of the property sold in foreclosure if the required process was not followed. These costs and liabilities may not be legally or otherwise reimbursable to us, particularly to the extent they relate to securitized mortgage loans. In addition, if certain documents required for a foreclosure action are missing or defective, we could be obligated to cure the defect or repurchase the loan. We may incur liability to securitization investors relating to delays or deficiencies in our processing of mortgage assignments or other documents necessary to comply with state law governing foreclosures. The fair value of our MSRs may be negatively affected to the extent our servicing costs increase because of higher foreclosure costs. We may be subject to fines and other sanctions, including a foreclosure moratorium or suspension, imposed by Federal or state regulators as a result of actual or perceived deficiencies in our foreclosure practices or in the foreclosure practices of other mortgage loan servicers. Any of these actions may harm our reputation or negatively affect our residential mortgage origination or servicing business.
     For more information, refer to the “Earnings Performance – Noninterest Income,” “Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” and “– Risks Relating to Servicing Activities,” and “Critical Accounting Policies –
Valuation of Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights” sections in this Report.
We could recognize OTTI on securities held in our available-for-sale portfolio if economic and market conditions do not improve. Our securities available-for-sale portfolio had gross unrealized losses of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2010. We analyze securities held in our available-for-sale portfolio for OTTI on a quarterly basis. The process for determining whether impairment is other than temporary usually requires difficult, subjective judgments about the future financial performance of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving contractual principal and interest payments on the security. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting issuers and the performance of the underlying collateral, we may be required to recognize OTTI in future periods, thus reducing earnings.
     For more information, refer to the “Balance Sheet Analysis – Securities Available for Sale” and “Current Accounting Developments” sections and Note 5 (Securities Available for Sale) to Financial Statements in this Report.
We rely on our systems and certain counterparties, and certain failures could materially adversely affect our operations. Our businesses are dependent on our ability to process, record and monitor a large number of complex transactions. If any of our financial, accounting, or other data processing systems fail or have other significant shortcomings, we could be materially adversely affected. Third parties with which we do business could also be sources of operational risk to us, including relating to breakdowns or failures of such parties’ own systems. Any of these occurrences could diminish our ability to operate one or more of our businesses, or result in potential liability to clients, reputational damage and regulatory intervention, any of which could materially adversely affect us.
     If personal, confidential or proprietary information of customers or clients in our possession were to be mishandled or misused, we could suffer significant regulatory consequences, reputational damage and financial loss. Such mishandling or misuse could include, for example, if such information were erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, either by fault of our systems, employees, or counterparties, or where such information is intercepted or otherwise inappropriately taken by third parties.
     We may be subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, which may include, for example, computer viruses or electrical or telecommunications outages, natural disasters, disease pandemics or other damage to property or physical assets, or events arising from local or larger scale politics, including terrorist acts. Such disruptions may give rise to losses in service to customers and loss or liability to us.


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Risk Factors (continued)

Our framework for managing risks may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss to us. Our risk management framework seeks to mitigate risk and loss to us. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject, including liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, legal and compliance risk, and reputational risk, among others. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.
Financial difficulties or credit downgrades of mortgage and bond insurers may negatively affect our servicing and investment portfolios. Our servicing portfolio includes certain mortgage loans that carry some level of insurance from one or more mortgage insurance companies. To the extent that any of these companies experience financial difficulties or credit downgrades, we may be required, as servicer of the insured loan on behalf of the investor, to obtain replacement coverage with another provider, possibly at a higher cost than the coverage we would replace. We may be responsible for some or all of the incremental cost of the new coverage for certain loans depending on the terms of our servicing agreement with the investor and other circumstances. Similarly, some of the mortgage loans we hold for investment or for sale carry mortgage insurance. If a mortgage insurer is unable to meet its credit obligations with respect to an insured loan, we might incur higher credit losses if replacement coverage is not obtained. We also have investments in municipal bonds that are guaranteed against loss by bond insurers. The value of these bonds and the payment of principal and interest on them may be negatively affected by financial difficulties or credit downgrades experienced by the bond insurers.
     For more information, refer to the “Earnings Performance – Balance Sheet Analysis – Securities Available for Sale” and “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” sections in this Report.
Our ability to grow revenue and earnings will suffer if we are unable to sell more products to customers. Selling more products to our customers – “cross-selling” – is very important to our business model and key to our ability to grow revenue and earnings. Many of our competitors also focus on cross-selling, especially in retail banking and mortgage lending. This can limit our ability to sell more products to our customers or influence us to sell our products at lower prices, reducing our net interest income and revenue from our fee-based products. It could also affect our ability to keep existing customers. New technologies could require us to spend more to modify or adapt our products to attract and retain customers. Increasing our cross-sell ratio – or the average number of products sold to existing customers – may become more challenging and we might not attain our goal of selling an average of eight products to each customer.
A worsening of economic conditions could reduce demand for our products and services and lead to lower revenue and lower earnings. We earn revenue from the interest and fees we charge on the loans and other products and services we sell. If the economy worsens and consumer and business spending decreases and unemployment rises, the demand for those products and services may fall, reducing our interest and fee income and our earnings. These same conditions may also hurt the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans, causing us to incur higher credit losses.
Changes in stock market prices could reduce fee income from our brokerage and asset management businesses. We earn fee income from managing assets for others and providing brokerage services. Because investment management fees are often based on the value of assets under management, a fall in the market prices of those assets could reduce our fee income. Changes in stock market prices could affect the trading activity of investors, reducing commissions and other fees we earn from our brokerage business. As a result of the Wachovia merger, a greater percentage of our revenue depends on our brokerage services business.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Market Risk – Equity Markets” section in this Report.
We may elect to provide capital support to our mutual funds relating to investments in structured credit products. The money market mutual funds we advise are allowed to hold investments in structured investment vehicles (SIVs) in accordance with approved investment parameters for the respective funds and, therefore, we may have indirect exposure to CDOs. Although we generally are not responsible for investment losses incurred by our mutual funds, we may from time to time elect to provide support to a fund even though we are not contractually obligated to do so. For example, in February 2008, to maintain an investment rating of AAA for certain money market mutual funds, we elected to enter into a capital support agreement for up to $130 million related to one SIV held by those funds. If we provide capital support to a mutual fund we advise, and the fund’s investment losses require the capital to be utilized, we may incur losses, thus reducing earnings.
     For more information, refer to Note 8 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Our bank customers could take their money out of the bank and put it in alternative investments, causing us to lose a lower cost source of funding. Checking and savings account balances and other forms of customer deposits may decrease when customers perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market, as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. When customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments, we may lose a relatively low cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income.


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Our venture capital business can also be volatile from quarter to quarter. Certain of our venture capital businesses are carried under the cost or equity method, and others (e.g., principal investments) are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reflected in earnings. Our venture capital investments tend to be in technology and other volatile industries so the value of our public and private equity portfolios may fluctuate widely. Earnings from our venture capital investments may be volatile and hard to predict and may have a significant effect on our earnings from period to period. When, and if, we recognize gains may depend on a number of factors, including general economic conditions, the prospects of the companies in which we invest, when these companies go public, the size of our position relative to the public float, and whether we are subject to any resale restrictions.
     Our venture capital investments could result in significant losses, either OTTI losses for those investments carried under the cost or equity method or mark-to-market losses for principal investments. Our assessment for OTTI is based on a number of factors, including the then current market value of each investment compared with its carrying value. If we determine there is OTTI for an investment, we write-down the carrying value of the investment, resulting in a charge to earnings. The amount of this charge could be significant. Further, our principal investing portfolio could incur significant mark-to-market losses especially if these investments have been written up because of higher market prices.
     For more information, refer to the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Market Risk – Equity Markets” section in this Report.
We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for revenue, and federal and state law can limit those dividends. Wells Fargo & Company, the parent holding company, is a separate and distinct legal entity from its subsidiaries. It receives a significant portion of its revenue from dividends from its subsidiaries. We generally use these dividends, among other things, to pay dividends on our common and preferred stock and interest and principal on our debt. Federal and state laws limit the amount of dividends that our bank and some of our nonbank subsidiaries may pay to us. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors.
     For more information, refer to the “Regulation and Supervision – Dividend Restrictions” and “–Holding Company Structure” sections in our 2010 Form 10-K and to Note 3 (Cash, Loan and Dividend Restrictions) and Note 25 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Changes in accounting policies or accounting standards, and changes in how accounting standards are interpreted or applied, could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition. Our accounting policies are fundamental to determining and understanding our financial results and condition. Some of these
policies require use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Several of our accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. For a description of these policies, refer to the “Critical Accounting Policies” section in this Report.
     From time to time the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our external financial statements. In addition, accounting standard setters and those who interpret the accounting standards (such as the FASB, SEC, banking regulators and our outside auditors) may change or even reverse their previous interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. Changes in financial accounting and reporting standards and changes in current interpretations may be beyond our control, can be hard to predict and could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition. We may be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively or apply an existing standard differently, also retroactively, in each case resulting in our potentially restating prior period financial statements in material amounts.
Our financial statements are based in part on assumptions and estimates which, if wrong, could cause unexpected losses in the future. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP, we are required to use certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements, including in determining credit loss reserves, reserves related to litigation and the fair value of certain assets and liabilities, among other items. If assumptions or estimates underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses.
     Certain of our financial instruments, including trading assets and liabilities, available-for-sale securities, certain loans, MSRs, private equity investments, structured notes and certain repurchase and resale agreements, among other items, require a determination of their fair value in order to prepare our financial statements. Where quoted market prices are not available, we may make fair value determinations based on internally developed models or other means which ultimately rely to some degree on management judgment. Some of these and other assets and liabilities may have no direct observable price levels, making their valuation particularly subjective, being based on significant estimation and judgment. In addition, sudden illiquidity in markets or declines in prices of certain loans and securities may make it more difficult to value certain balance sheet items, which may lead to the possibility that such valuations will be subject to further change or adjustment and could lead to declines in our earnings.
Acquisitions could reduce our stock price upon announcement and reduce our earnings if we overpay or have difficulty integrating them. We regularly explore opportunities to acquire companies in the financial services industry. We cannot predict the frequency, size or timing of our acquisitions, and we typically do not comment publicly on a possible acquisition until we have signed a definitive agreement.


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When we do announce an acquisition, our stock price may fall depending on the size of the acquisition, the purchase price and the potential dilution to existing stockholders. It is also possible that an acquisition could dilute earnings per share.
     We generally must receive federal regulatory approvals before we can acquire a bank or bank holding company. In deciding whether to approve a proposed acquisition, federal bank regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, financial condition, and future prospects including current and projected capital ratios and levels, the competence, experience, and integrity of management and record of compliance with laws and regulations, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served, including our record of compliance under the Community Reinvestment Act, and our effectiveness in combating money laundering. Also, we cannot be certain when or if, or on what terms and conditions, any required regulatory approvals will be granted. We might be required to sell banks, branches and/or business units as a condition to receiving regulatory approval.
     Difficulty in integrating an acquired company may cause us not to realize expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and other projected benefits from the acquisition. The integration could result in higher than expected deposit attrition (run-off), loss of key employees, disruption of our business or the business of the acquired company, or otherwise harm our ability to retain customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Time and resources spent on integration may also impair our ability to grow our existing businesses. Also, the negative effect of any divestitures required by regulatory authorities in acquisitions or business combinations may be greater than expected.
Federal and state regulations can restrict our business, and non-compliance could result in penalties, litigation and damage to our reputation. Our parent company, our subsidiary banks and many of our nonbank subsidiaries are heavily regulated at the federal and/or state levels. This regulation is to protect depositors, federal deposit insurance funds, consumers and the banking system as a whole, not necessarily our stockholders. Federal and state regulations can significantly restrict our businesses, and we could be fined or otherwise penalized if we are found to be out of compliance.
     The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) limits the types of non-audit services our outside auditors may provide to us in order to preserve their independence from us. If our auditors were found not to be “independent” of us under SEC rules, we could be required to engage new auditors and file new financial statements and audit reports with the SEC. We could be out of compliance with SEC rules until new financial statements and audit reports were filed, limiting our ability to raise capital and resulting in other adverse consequences.
     Sarbanes-Oxley also requires our management to evaluate the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and its internal control over financial reporting and requires our auditors to
issue a report on our internal control over financial reporting. We are required to disclose, in our annual report on Form 10-K, the existence of any “material weaknesses” in our internal control. We cannot assure that we will not find one or more material weaknesses as of the end of any given year, nor can we predict the effect on our stock price of disclosure of a material weakness.
     From time to time Congress considers legislation that could significantly change our regulatory environment, potentially increasing our cost of doing business, limiting the activities we may pursue or affecting the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions.
     For more information, refer to the “Regulation and Supervision” section in our 2010 Form 10-K and to “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in this Report.
We may incur fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, possibly even inadvertent or unintentional violations. We maintain systems and procedures designed to ensure that we comply with applicable laws and regulations. However, some legal/regulatory frameworks provide for the imposition of fines or penalties for noncompliance even though the noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional and even though there was in place at the time systems and procedures designed to ensure compliance. For example, we are subject to regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) that prohibit financial institutions from participating in the transfer of property belonging to the governments of certain foreign countries and designated nationals of those countries. OFAC may impose penalties for inadvertent or unintentional violations even if reasonable processes are in place to prevent the violations. There may be other negative consequences resulting from a finding of noncompliance, including restrictions on certain activities. Such a finding may also damage our reputation (see below) and could restrict the ability of institutional investment managers to invest in our securities.
Negative publicity could damage our reputation. Reputation risk, or the risk to our earnings and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion could adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and expose us to adverse legal and regulatory consequences. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending practices, corporate governance, regulatory compliance, mergers and acquisitions, and disclosure, sharing or inadequate protection of customer information, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to that conduct. Because we conduct most of our businesses under the “Wells Fargo” brand, negative public opinion about one business could affect our other businesses.


100


 

Federal Reserve Board policies can significantly affect business and economic conditions and our financial results and condition. The FRB regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Its policies determine in large part our cost of funds for lending and investing and the return we earn on those loans and investments, both of which affect our net interest margin. They also can materially affect the value of financial instruments we hold, such as debt securities and MSRs. Its policies also can affect our borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. Changes in FRB policies are beyond our control and can be hard to predict.
Risks Relating to Legal Proceedings Wells Fargo and some of its subsidiaries are involved in judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings concerning matters arising from our business activities. Although we believe we have a meritorious defense in all material significant litigation pending against us, there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome. We establish reserves for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. We may still incur legal costs for a matter even if we have not established a reserve. In addition, the actual cost of resolving a legal claim may be substantially higher than any amounts reserved for that matter. The ultimate resolution of a pending legal proceeding, depending on the remedy sought and granted, could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
     For more information, refer to Note 14 (Guarantees and Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Risks Affecting Our Stock Price Our stock price can fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors, in addition to those described above, including:
  general business and economic conditions;
 
  recommendations by securities analysts;
 
  new technology used, or services offered, by our competitors;
 
  operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
 
  news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry;
 
  changes in government regulations;
 
  natural disasters; and
 
  geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts.


101


 

Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
As required by SEC rules, the Company’s management evaluated the effectiveness, as of December 31, 2010, of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. The Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer participated in the evaluation. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2010.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and includes those policies and procedures that:
  pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company;
 
  provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
 
  provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
     Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. No change occurred during any quarter in 2010 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting is set forth below, and should be read with these limitations in mind.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management concluded that as of December 31, 2010, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
     KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s financial statements included in this Annual Report, issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. KPMG’s audit report appears on the following page.

102


 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Wells Fargo & Company:
We have audited Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2010, and our report dated February 25, 2011, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
(SIGNATURE)
San Francisco, California
February 25, 2011

103


 

Financial Statements
Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Income
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions, except per share amounts)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Interest income
                       
Trading assets
  $ 1,098       918       177  
Securities available for sale
    9,666       11,319       5,287  
Mortgages held for sale
    1,736       1,930       1,573  
Loans held for sale
    101       183       48  
Loans
    39,760       41,589       27,632  
Other interest income
    435       335       181  
   
Total interest income
    52,796       56,274       34,898  
   
Interest expense
                       
Deposits
    2,832       3,774       4,521  
Short-term borrowings
    92       222       1,478  
Long-term debt
    4,888       5,782       3,756  
Other interest expense
    227       172        
   
Total interest expense
    8,039       9,950       9,755  
   
Net interest income
    44,757       46,324       25,143  
Provision for credit losses
    15,753       21,668       15,979  
   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
    29,004       24,656       9,164  
   
Noninterest income
                       
Service charges on deposit accounts
    4,916       5,741       3,190  
Trust and investment fees
    10,934       9,735       2,924  
Card fees
    3,652       3,683       2,336  
Other fees
    3,990       3,804       2,097  
Mortgage banking
    9,737       12,028       2,525  
Insurance
    2,126       2,126       1,830  
Net gains from trading activities
    1,648       2,674       275  
Net gains (losses) on debt securities available for sale (1)
    (324 )     (127 )     1,037  
Net gains (losses) from equity investments (2)
    779       185       (757 )
Operating leases
    815       685       427  
Other
    2,180       1,828       850  
   
Total noninterest income
    40,453       42,362       16,734  
   
Noninterest expense
                       
Salaries
    13,869       13,757       8,260  
Commission and incentive compensation
    8,692       8,021       2,676  
Employee benefits
    4,651       4,689       2,004  
Equipment
    2,636       2,506       1,357  
Net occupancy
    3,030       3,127       1,619  
Core deposit and other intangibles
    2,199       2,577       186  
FDIC and other deposit assessments
    1,197       1,849       120  
Other
    14,182       12,494       6,376  
   
Total noninterest expense
    50,456       49,020       22,598  
   
Income before income tax expense
    19,001       17,998       3,300  
Income tax expense
    6,338       5,331       602  
   
Net income before noncontrolling interests
    12,663       12,667       2,698  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    301       392       43  
   
Wells Fargo net income
  $ 12,362       12,275       2,655  
   
Less: Preferred stock dividends and accretion and other
    730       4,285       286  
   
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock
  $ 11,632       7,990       2,369  
   
Per share information
                       
Earnings per common share
  $ 2.23       1.76       0.70  
Diluted earnings per common share
    2.21       1.75       0.70  
Dividends declared per common share
    0.20       0.49       1.30  
Average common shares outstanding
    5,226.8       4,545.2       3,378.1  
Diluted average common shares outstanding
    5,263.1       4,562.7       3,391.3  
   
(1)   Includes other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses of $672 million and $1,012 million recognized in earnings ($500 million and $2,352 million of total OTTI losses, net of $(172) million and $1,340 million recognized as an increase (decrease) to non-credit related OTTI losses recorded in other comprehensive income) for the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(2)   Includes OTTI losses of $268 million and $655 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

104


 

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheet
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions, except shares)   2010     2009  
   
Assets
               
Cash and due from banks
  $ 16,044       27,080  
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments
    80,637       40,885  
Trading assets
    51,414       43,039  
Securities available for sale
    172,654       172,710  
Mortgages held for sale (includes $47,531 and $36,962 carried at fair value)
    51,763       39,094  
Loans held for sale (includes $873 and $149 carried at fair value)
    1,290       5,733  

Loans (includes $309 carried at fair value at December 31, 2010)

    757,267       782,770  
Allowance for loan losses
    (23,022 )     (24,516 )
   
Net loans
    734,245       758,254  
   
Mortgage servicing rights:
               
Measured at fair value
    14,467       16,004  
Amortized
    1,419       1,119  
Premises and equipment, net
    9,644       10,736  
Goodwill
    24,770       24,812  
Other assets
    99,781       104,180  
   
Total assets (1)
  $ 1,258,128       1,243,646  
   
Liabilities
               
Noninterest-bearing deposits
  $ 191,256       181,356  
Interest-bearing deposits
    656,686       642,662  
   
Total deposits
    847,942       824,018  
Short-term borrowings
    55,401       38,966  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    69,913       62,442  
Long-term debt (includes $306 carried at fair value at December 31, 2010)
    156,983       203,861  
   
Total liabilities (2)
    1,130,239       1,129,287  
   
Equity
               
Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity:
               
Preferred stock
    8,689       8,485  
Common stock – $1-2/3 par value, authorized 9,000,000,000 shares;
               
issued 5,272,414,622 shares and 5,245,971,422 shares
    8,787       8,743  
Additional paid-in capital
    53,426       52,878  
Retained earnings
    51,918       41,563  
Cumulative other comprehensive income
    4,738       3,009  
Treasury stock – 10,131,394 shares and 67,346,829 shares
    (487 )     (2,450 )
Unearned ESOP shares
    (663 )     (442 )
   
Total Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity
    126,408       111,786  
Noncontrolling interests
    1,481       2,573  
   
Total equity
    127,889       114,359  
   
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 1,258,128       1,243,646  
   
(1)   Our consolidated assets at December 31, 2010, include the following assets of certain variable interest entities (VIEs) that can only be used to settle the liabilities of those VIEs: Cash and due from banks, $200 million; Trading assets, $143 million; Securities available for sale, $2.2 billion; Net loans, $16.7 billion; Other assets, $2.0 billion, and Total assets, $21.2 billion.
(2)   Our consolidated liabilities at December 31, 2010, include the following VIE liabilities for which the VIE creditors do not have recourse to Wells Fargo: Short-term borrowings, $7 million; Accrued expenses and other liabilities, $71 million; Long-term debt, $8.3 billion; and Total liabilities, $8.4 billion.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

105


 

                                 
 
       
                         
                         
    Preferred stock     Common stock  
(in millions, except shares)   Shares     Amount     Shares     Amount  
   
Balance December 31, 2007
    449,804     $ 450       3,297,102,208     $ 5,788  
   
Cumulative effect from change in accounting for postretirement benefits
                               
Adjustment for change of measurement date related to pension and other postretirement benefits
                               
   
Balance January 1, 2008
    449,804       450       3,297,102,208       5,788  
   
Comprehensive income:
                               
Net income
                               
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
                               
Translation adjustments
                               
Net unrealized losses on securities available for sale
                               
Net unrealized gains on derivatives and hedging activities
                               
Unamortized losses under defined benefit plans, net of amortization
                               
   
Total comprehensive income
                               
Noncontrolling interests
                               
Common stock issued
                    538,877,525       781  
Common stock issued for acquisitions
                    429,084,786       704  
Common stock repurchased
                    (52,154,513 )        
Preferred stock issued
    25,000       22,674                  
Preferred stock issued for acquisitions
    9,566,921       8,071                  
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
    520,500       521                  
Preferred stock released by ESOP
                               
Preferred stock converted to common shares
    (450,404 )     (451 )     15,720,883          
Stock warrants issued
                               
Common stock dividends
                               
Preferred stock dividends and accretion
            67                  
Tax benefit upon exercise of stock options
                               
Stock incentive compensation expense
                               
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
                               
Other
                               
   
Net change
    9,662,017       30,882       931,528,681       1,485  
   
Balance December 31, 2008
    10,111,821     $ 31,332       4,228,630,889     $ 7,273  
   
Cumulative effect from change in accounting for other-than-temporary impairment on debt securities
                               
Effect of change in accounting for noncontrolling interests
                               
   
Balance January 1, 2009
    10,111,821       31,332       4,228,630,889       7,273  
   
Comprehensive income:
                               
Net income
                               
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
                               
Translation adjustments
                               
Net unrealized gains on securities available for sale
                               
Net unrealized losses on derivatives and hedging activities
                               
Unamortized gains under defined benefit plans, net of amortization
                               
   
Total comprehensive income
                               
Noncontrolling interests:
                               
Purchase of Prudential’s noncontrolling interest
                               
All other
                               
Common stock issued
                    953,285,636       1,470  
Common stock repurchased
                    (8,274,015 )        
Preferred stock redeemed
    (25,000 )     (25,000 )                
Preferred stock released by ESOP
                               
Preferred stock converted to common shares
    (105,881 )     (106 )     4,982,083          
Common stock dividends
                               
Preferred stock dividends and accretion
            2,259                  
Tax benefit upon exercise of stock options
                               
Stock incentive compensation expense
                               
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
                               
   
Net change
    (130,881 )     (22,847 )     949,993,704       1,470  
   
Balance December 31, 2009
    9,980,940     $ 8,485       5,178,624,593     $ 8,743  
   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
(continued on following pages)

106


 

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity and Comprehensive Income
                                                                 
 
Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity              
                    Cumulative                     Total              
    Additional             other             Unearned     Wells Fargo              
    paid-in     Retained     comprehensive     Treasury     ESOP     stockholders’     Noncontrolling     Total  
    capital     earnings     income     stock     shares     equity     interests     equity  
   
 
    8,212       38,970       725       (6,035 )     (482 )     47,628       286       47,914  
   
 
            (20 )                             (20 )             (20 )
 
            (8 )                             (8 )             (8 )
   
 
    8,212       38,942       725       (6,035 )     (482 )     47,600       286       47,886  
   
 
 
            2,655                               2,655       43       2,698  
 
 
                    (58 )                     (58 )             (58 )
 
                    (6,610 )                     (6,610 )             (6,610 )
 
                    436                       436               436  
 
                    (1,362 )                     (1,362 )             (1,362 )
   
 
                                            (4,939 )     43       (4,896 )
 
                                                  2,903       2,903  
 
    11,555       (456 )             2,291               14,171               14,171  
 
    13,689                       208               14,601               14,601  
 
                            (1,623 )             (1,623 )             (1,623 )
 
                                            22,674               22,674  
 
                                            8,071               8,071  
 
    30                               (551 )                    
 
    (27 )                             478       451               451  
 
    (61 )                     512                              
 
    2,326                                       2,326               2,326  
 
            (4,312 )                             (4,312 )             (4,312 )
 
            (286 )                             (219 )             (219 )
 
    123                                       123               123  
 
    177                                       177               177  
 
    43                       (19 )             24               24  
 
    (41 )                                     (41 )             (41 )
   
 
    27,814       (2,399 )     (7,594 )     1,369       (73 )     51,484       2,946       54,430  
   
 
    36,026       36,543       (6,869 )     (4,666 )     (555 )     99,084       3,232       102,316  
   
 
            53       (53 )                                        
 
    (3,716 )                                     (3,716 )     3,716        
   
 
    32,310       36,596       (6,922 )     (4,666 )     (555 )     95,368       6,948       102,316  
   
 
 
            12,275                               12,275       392       12,667  
 
 
                    73                       73       (7 )     66  
 
                    9,806                       9,806       5       9,811  
 
                    (221 )                     (221 )             (221 )
 
                    273                       273               273  
   
 
                                            22,206       390       22,596  
 
                                                               
 
    1,440                                       1,440       (4,500 )     (3,060 )
 
    (79 )                                     (79 )     (265 )     (344 )
 
    19,111       (898 )             2,293               21,976               21,976  
 
                            (220 )             (220 )             (220 )
 
                                            (25,000 )             (25,000 )
 
    (7 )                             113       106               106  
 
    (54 )                     160                              
 
            (2,125 )                             (2,125 )             (2,125 )
 
            (4,285 )                             (2,026 )             (2,026 )
 
    18                                       18               18  
 
    245                                       245               245  
 
    (106 )                     (17 )             (123 )             (123 )
   
 
    20,568       4,967       9,931       2,216       113       16,418       (4,375 )     12,043  
   
 
    52,878       41,563       3,009       (2,450 )     (442 )     111,786       2,573       114,359  
   

107


 

(continued from previous pages)
Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity and Comprehensive Income
                                 
 
       
                         
                         
    Preferred stock     Common stock  
(in millions, except shares)   Shares     Amount     Shares     Amount  
   

Balance December 31, 2009

    9,980,940     $ 8,485       5,178,624,593     $ 8,743  
   

Balance January 1, 2010

    9,980,940       8,485       5,178,624,593       8,743  
   
Cumulative effect from change in accounting for VIEs
                               
Cumulative effect from change in accounting for embedded credit derivatives
                               
Comprehensive income:
                               
Net income
                               
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
                               
Translation adjustments
                               
Net unrealized gains on securities available for sale
                               
Net unrealized gains on derivatives and hedging activities
                               
Unamortized gains under defined benefit plans, net of amortization
                               
   
Total comprehensive income
                               
Noncontrolling interests
                               
Common stock issued
                    58,375,566       27  
Common stock repurchased
                    (3,010,451 )        
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
    1,000,000       1,000                  
Preferred stock released by ESOP
                               
Preferred stock converted to common shares
    (795,637 )     (796 )     28,293,520       17  
Common stock warrants repurchased
                               
Common stock dividends
                               
Preferred stock dividends
                               
Tax benefit upon exercise of stock options
                               
Stock incentive compensation expense
                               
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
                               
   
Net change
    204,363       204       83,658,635       44  
   

Balance December 31, 2010

    10,185,303     $ 8,689       5,262,283,228     $ 8,787  
   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

108


 

 
Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity and Comprehensive Income
                                                                 
 
Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity              
                    Cumulative                     Total              
    Additional             other             Unearned     Wells Fargo              
    paid-in     Retained     comprehensive     Treasury     ESOP     stockholders’     Noncontrolling     Total  
    capital     earnings     income     stock     shares     equity     interests     equity  
   

 
    52,878       41,563       3,009       (2,450 )     (442 )     111,786       2,573       114,359  
   

 
    52,878       41,563       3,009       (2,450 )     (442 )     111,786       2,573       114,359  
   
 
            183                               183               183  
 
            (28 )                             (28 )             (28 )
 
                                                               
 
            12,362                               12,362       301       12,663  
 
                                                           
 
                    45                       45       12       57  
 
                    1,525                       1,525       13       1,538  
 
                    89                       89               89  
 
                    70                       70               70  
   
 
                                            14,091       326       14,417  
 
                                                  (1,418 )     (1,418 )
 
    375       (376 )             1,349               1,375               1,375  
 
                            (91 )             (91 )             (91 )
 
    80                               (1,080 )                    
 
    (63 )                             859       796               796  
 
    212                       567                              
 
    (545 )                                     (545 )             (545 )
 
    4       (1,049 )                             (1,045 )             (1,045 )
 
            (737 )                             (737 )             (737 )
 
    97                                       97               97  
 
    436                                       436               436  
 
    (48 )                     138               90               90  
   
 
    548       10,355       1,729       1,963       (221 )     14,622       (1,092 )     13,530  
   

 
    53,426       51,918       4,738       (487 )     (663 )     126,408       1,481       127,889  
   

109


 

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Cash flows from operating activities:
                       
Net income before noncontrolling interests
  $ 12,663     12,667       2,698  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
                       
Provision for credit losses
    15,753       21,668       15,979  
Changes in fair value of MSRs, MHFS and LHFS carried at fair value
    (1,025 )     (20 )     3,789  
Depreciation and amortization
    1,924       2,841       1,669  
Other net losses (gains)
    1,345       (3,867 )     2,065  
Preferred stock released by ESOP
    796       106       451  
Stock incentive compensation expense
    436       245       177  
Excess tax benefits related to stock option payments
    (98 )     (18 )     (121 )
Originations of MHFS
    (370,175 )     (414,299 )     (213,498 )
Proceeds from sales of and principal collected on mortgages originated for sale
    355,325       399,261       220,254  
Originations of LHFS
    (4,596 )     (10,800 )      
Proceeds from sales of and principal collected on LHFS
    17,828       20,276        
Purchases of LHFS
    (7,470 )     (8,614 )      
Net change in:
                       
Trading assets
    12,356       13,983       (3,045 )
Deferred income taxes
    4,287       9,453       (1,642 )
Accrued interest receivable
    1,051       (293 )     (2,676 )
Accrued interest payable
    (268 )     (1,028 )     1,634  
Other assets, net
    (19,631 )     (15,018 )     (21,578 )
Other accrued expenses and liabilities, net
    (1,729 )     2,070       (10,944 )
   
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities
    18,772       28,613       (4,788 )
   
Cash flows from investing activities:
                       
Net change in:
                       
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and other short-term investments
    (39,752 )     8,548       51,049  
Securities available for sale:
                       
Sales proceeds
    8,668       53,038       60,806  
Prepayments and maturities
    47,919       38,811       24,317  
Purchases
    (53,466 )     (95,285 )     (105,341 )
Loans:
                       
Loans originated by banking subsidiaries, net of principal collected
    15,869       52,240       (54,815 )
Proceeds from sales (including participations) of loans originated for investment by banking subsidiaries
    6,517       6,162       1,988  
Purchases (including participations) of loans by banking subsidiaries
    (2,297 )     (3,363 )     (5,513 )
Principal collected on nonbank entities’ loans
    15,560       14,428       21,846  
Loans originated by nonbank entities
    (10,836 )     (9,961 )     (19,973 )
Net cash acquired from (paid for) acquisitions
    (36 )     (138 )     11,203  
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed assets
    5,444       3,759       1,746  
Changes in MSRs from purchases and sales
    (65 )     (10 )     92  
Other, net
    2,800       3,556       (5,566 )
   
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
    (3,675 )     71,785       (18,161 )
   
Cash flows from financing activities:
                       
Net change in:
                       
Deposits
    23,924       42,473       7,697  
Short-term borrowings
    11,308       (69,108 )     (14,888 )
Long-term debt:
                       
Proceeds from issuance
    3,489       8,396       35,701  
Repayment
    (63,317 )     (66,260 )     (29,859 )
Preferred stock:
                       
Proceeds from issuance
                22,674  
Redeemed
          (25,000 )      
Cash dividends paid
    (737 )     (2,178 )      
Common stock:
                       
Proceeds from issuance
    1,375       21,976       14,171  
Repurchased
    (91 )     (220 )     (1,623 )
Cash dividends paid
    (1,045 )     (2,125 )     (4,312 )
Stock warrants:
                       
Proceeds from issuance
                2,326  
Repurchased
    (545 )            
Excess tax benefits related to stock option payments
    98       18       121  
Change in noncontrolling interests:
                       
Purchase of Prudential’s noncontrolling interest
          (4,500 )      
Other, net
    (592 )     (553 )     (53 )
   
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
    (26,133 )     (97,081 )     31,955  
   
Net change in cash and due from banks
    (11,036 )     3,317       9,006  
Cash and due from banks at beginning of year
    27,080       23,763       14,757  
   
Cash and due from banks at end of year
  $ 16,044       27,080       23,763  
   
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
                       
Cash paid for interest
  $ 8,307       10,978       8,121  
Cash paid for income taxes
    1,187       3,042       2,554  
   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements. See Note 1 for noncash activities.

110


 

See the Glossary of Acronyms at the end of this Report for terms used throughout the Financial Statements and related Notes of this Form 10-K.

Wells Fargo & Company is a nation-wide diversified, community-based financial services company. We provide banking, insurance, investments, mortgage banking, investment banking, retail banking, brokerage, and consumer finance through banking stores, the internet and other distribution channels to consumers, businesses and institutions in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and in other countries. When we refer to “Wells Fargo,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” in this Form 10-K, we mean Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries (consolidated). Wells Fargo & Company (the Parent) is a financial holding company and a bank holding company. We also hold a majority interest in a real estate investment trust, which has publicly traded preferred stock outstanding.
     Our accounting and reporting policies conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and practices in the financial services industry. To prepare the financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates based on assumptions about future economic and market conditions (for example, unemployment, market liquidity, real estate prices, etc.) that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and income and expenses during the reporting period and the related disclosures. Although our estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be worse than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) on investment securities (Note 5), allowance for credit losses and purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans (Note 6), valuations of residential mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) (Notes 8 and 9) and financial instruments (Note 16), liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses (Note 9) and income taxes (Note 20). Actual results could differ from those estimates.
     On December 31, 2008, Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia Corporation (Wachovia). Because the acquisition was completed at the end of 2008, Wachovia’s results of operations are included in the income statement and average balances beginning in 2009. Wachovia’s assets and liabilities are included in the consolidated balance sheet beginning on December 31, 2008. The accounting policies of Wachovia have been conformed to those of Wells Fargo as described herein.
     On January 1, 2009, the Company adopted new accounting guidance on noncontrolling interests on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, prior period information reflects the adoption. The guidance requires that noncontrolling interests be reported as a component of total equity. In addition, the consolidated income statement must disclose amounts attributable to both Wells Fargo interests and the noncontrolling interests.
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2010
In first quarter 2010, we adopted the following accounting updates to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC or Codification):
  Accounting Standards Update (ASU or Update) 2010-6, Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements;
  ASU 2009-16, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets (Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) 166, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets – an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140);
  ASU 2009-17, Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities (FAS 167, Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)); and
  ASU 2010-10, Amendments for Certain Investment Funds.
     In third quarter 2010, we adopted the following new accounting guidance:
  ASU 2010-18, Effect of a Loan Modification When the Loan is Part of a Pool That is Accounted for as a Single Asset; and
  ASU 2010-11, Scope Exception Related to Embedded Credit Derivatives.
     In fourth quarter 2010, we adopted the following new accounting guidance:
  ASU 2010-20, Disclosures about the Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and the Allowance for Credit Losses.
     Information about these accounting updates is further described in more detail below.
ASU 2010-6 amends the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Companies are now required to disclose significant transfers in and out of Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy, whereas the previous rules only required the disclosure of transfers in and out of Level 3. Additionally, in the rollforward of Level 3 activity, companies must present information on purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements on a gross basis rather than on a net basis. The Update also clarifies that fair value measurement disclosures should be presented for each class of assets and liabilities. A class is typically a subset of a line item in the statement of financial position. Companies should also provide information about the valuation techniques and inputs used to measure fair value for both recurring and nonrecurring instruments classified as either Level 2 or Level 3. We adopted this guidance in first quarter 2010 with prospective application, except for the new requirement related to the Level 3 rollforward. Gross presentation in the Level 3 rollforward is effective for us in first quarter 2011 with prospective application. Our adoption of the Update did not affect our consolidated financial statement results since it amends only the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements.


111


 

Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

ASU 2009-16 (FAS 166) modifies certain guidance contained in ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. This pronouncement eliminates the concept of qualifying special purpose entities (QSPEs) and provides additional criteria transferors must use to evaluate transfers of financial assets. The Update also requires that any assets or liabilities retained from a transfer accounted for as a sale must be initially recognized at fair value. We adopted this guidance in first quarter 2010 with prospective application for transfers that occurred on and after January 1, 2010.
ASU 2009-17 (FAS 167) amends several key consolidation provisions related to variable interest entities (VIEs), which are included in ASC 810, Consolidation. The scope of the new guidance includes entities that were previously designated as QSPEs. The Update also changes the approach companies must use to identify VIEs for which they are deemed to be the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate. Under the new guidance, a VIE’s primary beneficiary is the entity that has the power to direct the VIE’s significant activities, and has an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The Update also requires companies to continually reassess whether they are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, whereas the previous rules only required reconsideration upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. We adopted this guidance in first quarter 2010, which resulted in the consolidation of $18.6 billion of incremental assets onto our consolidated balance sheet and a $183 million increase to beginning retained earnings as a cumulative effect adjustment.
     We also elected the fair value option for those newly consolidated VIEs for which our interests, prior to January 1, 2010, were predominantly carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded to earnings. Accordingly, the fair value option was elected to effectively continue fair value accounting through earnings for those interests. Conversely, we did not elect the fair value option for those newly consolidated VIEs that did not share these characteristics. At January 1, 2010, the fair value of loans and long-term debt for which we elected the fair value option was $1.0 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. The incremental impact of electing the fair value option (compared to not electing) on the cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings was an increase of $15 million. See Notes 8 and 16 for additional information.
ASU 2010-10 amends consolidation accounting guidance to defer indefinitely the application of ASU 2009-17 to certain investment funds. The amendment was effective for us in first quarter 2010. As a result, we did not consolidate any investment funds upon adoption of ASU 2009-17.
ASU 2010-18 provides guidance for modified PCI loans that are accounted for within a pool. Under the new guidance, modified PCI loans should not be removed from a pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed troubled debt restructurings (TDRs). The Update also clarifies that entities should consider the impact of modifications on a pool of PCI loans when evaluating that pool for impairment. These accounting changes
were effective for us in third quarter 2010. Our adoption of the Update did not affect our consolidated financial statement results, as the new guidance is consistent with our previous accounting practice.
ASU 2010-11 provides guidance clarifying when entities should evaluate embedded credit derivative features in financial instruments issued from structures such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and synthetic CDOs. The Update clarifies that bifurcation and separate accounting is not required for embedded credit derivative features that are only related to the transfer of credit risk that occurs when one financial instrument is subordinate to another. Embedded derivatives related to other types of credit risk must be analyzed to determine the appropriate accounting treatment. The guidance also allows companies to elect fair value option upon adoption for any investment in a beneficial interest in securitized financial assets. By making this election, companies would not be required to evaluate whether embedded credit derivative features exist for those interests. This guidance was effective for us in third quarter 2010. In conjunction with our adoption of this standard, we recorded a $28 million decrease to beginning retained earnings as a cumulative effect adjustment.
ASU 2010-20 requires enhanced disclosures for the allowance for credit losses and financing receivables, which include certain loans and long-term accounts receivable. Companies are required to disaggregate credit quality information, including receivables on nonaccrual status and aging of past due receivables by class of financing receivable, and roll forward the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment. Portfolio segment is the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method to determine its allowance for credit losses. Class of financing receivable is generally a disaggregation of portfolio segment. This guidance was effective for us in fourth quarter 2010 with prospective application. Companies must also provide supplemental information on the nature and extent of TDRs and their effect on the allowance for credit losses. Under ASU 2011-01, Deferral of the Effective Date of Disclosures about Troubled Debt Restructurings in Update No. 2010-20, these TDR disclosures have been deferred to coincide with a separate FASB TDR project, with an expected effective date in second quarter 2011. Our adoption did not affect our consolidated financial statement results since it amends only the disclosure requirements for financing receivables and the allowance for credit losses.
Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent and our majority-owned subsidiaries and VIEs (defined below) in which we are the primary beneficiary. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. If we own at least 20% of an entity, we generally account for the investment using the equity method. If we own less than 20% of an entity, we generally carry the investment at cost, except marketable equity securities, which we carry at fair value with changes in fair value included


112


 

in other comprehensive income (OCI). Investments accounted for under the equity or cost method are included in other assets.
     We are a variable interest holder in certain special-purpose entities (SPEs) in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or where the entity does not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties (referred to as VIEs). Our variable interest arises from contractual, ownership or other monetary interests in the entity, which change with fluctuations in the fair value of the entity’s assets. We consolidate a VIE if we are the primary beneficiary, defined as the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE and a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE. A variable interest is a contractual, ownership or other interest that changes with changes in the fair value of the VIE’s net assets. To determine whether or not a variable interest we hold could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of our involvement with the VIE. We assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an on-going basis.
Trading Assets
Trading assets are primarily securities, including corporate debt, U.S. government agency obligations and other securities that we acquire for short-term appreciation or other trading purposes, and the fair value of derivatives held for customer accommodation purposes or risk mitigation and hedging. Interest-only strips and other retained interests in securitizations that can be contractually prepaid or otherwise settled in a way that the holder would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment are classified as trading assets. Trading assets are carried at fair value, with realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in noninterest income.
Securities
SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE Debt securities that we might not hold until maturity and marketable equity securities are classified as securities available for sale and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses, after applicable taxes, are reported in cumulative OCI. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices in active markets, if available. If quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions and market liquidity. See Note 16 for more information on fair value measurement of our securities.
     We conduct OTTI analysis on a quarterly basis or more often if a potential loss-triggering event occurs. The initial indicator of OTTI for both debt and equity securities is a decline in market value below the amount recorded for an investment and the severity and duration of the decline.
     For a debt security for which there has been a decline in the fair value below amortized cost basis, we recognize OTTI if we (1) have the intent to sell the security, (2) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of
its amortized cost basis, or (3) we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.
     Estimating recovery of the amortized cost basis of a debt security is based upon an assessment of the cash flows expected to be collected. If the cash flows expected to be collected are less than amortized cost, OTTI is considered to have occurred. In performing an assessment of the cash flows expected to be collected, we consider all relevant information including:
  the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis;
  the historical and implied volatility of the fair value of the security;
  the cause of the price decline, such as the general level of interest rates or adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry or a geographic area;
  the issuer’s financial condition, near-term prospects and ability to service the debt;
  the payment structure of the debt security and the likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments that increase in the future;
  for asset-backed securities, the credit performance of the underlying collateral, including delinquency rates, level of non-performing assets, cumulative losses to date, collateral value and the remaining credit enhancement compared with expected credit losses;
  any change in rating agencies’ credit ratings at evaluation date from acquisition date and any likely imminent action;
  independent analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings and other independent market data; and
  recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.
     If we intend to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value of the security. For debt securities that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired that we do not intend to sell or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell before recovery, the OTTI write-down is separated into an amount representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in OCI. The measurement of the credit loss component is equal to the difference between the debt security’s cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit-related and, therefore, are recognized in OCI. We believe that we will fully collect the carrying value of securities on which we have recorded a non-credit-related impairment in OCI.
     We hold investments in perpetual preferred securities (PPS) that are structured in equity form, but have many of the characteristics of debt instruments, including periodic cash flows in the form of dividends, call features, ratings that are similar to debt securities and pricing like long-term callable bonds.
     Because of the hybrid nature of these securities, we evaluate PPS for OTTI using a model similar to the model we use for debt


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securities as described above. Among the factors we consider in our evaluation of PPS are whether there is any evidence of deterioration in the credit of the issuer as indicated by a decline in cash flows or a rating agency downgrade to below investment grade and the estimated recovery period. Additionally, in determining if there was evidence of credit deterioration, we evaluate: (1) the severity of decline in market value below cost, (2) the period of time for which the decline in fair value has existed, and (3) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer. We consider PPS to be other-than-temporarily impaired if cash flows expected to be collected are insufficient to recover our investment or if we no longer believe the security will recover within the estimated recovery period. None of our investments in PPS that have not been impaired have been downgraded below investment grade subsequent to purchase, and we believe that there are no factors to suggest that we will not fully realize our investment in these instruments over a reasonable recovery period. OTTI write-downs of PPS are recognized in earnings equal to the difference between the cost basis and fair value of the security.
     For marketable equity securities other than PPS, OTTI evaluations focus on whether evidence exists that supports recovery of the unrealized loss within a timeframe consistent with temporary impairment. This evaluation considers the severity of and length of time fair value is below cost, our intent and ability to hold the security until forecasted recovery of the fair value of the security, and the investee’s financial condition, capital strength, and near-term prospects.
     The securities portfolio is an integral part of our asset/liability management process. We manage these investments to provide liquidity, manage interest rate risk and maximize portfolio yield within capital risk limits approved by management and the Board of Directors and monitored by the Corporate Asset/Liability Management Committee (Corporate ALCO). We recognize realized gains and losses on the sale of these securities in noninterest income using the specific identification method.
     Unamortized premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income over the contractual life of the security using the interest method. As principal repayments are received on securities (i.e., primarily mortgage-backed securities (MBS)) a proportionate amount of the related premium or discount is recognized in income so that the effective interest rate on the remaining portion of the security continues unchanged.
NONMARKETABLE EQUITY SECURITIES Nonmarketable equity securities include venture capital equity securities that are not publicly traded and securities acquired for various purposes, such as to meet regulatory requirements (for example, Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock). These securities are accounted for under the cost or equity method and are included in other assets. We review those assets accounted for under the cost or equity method at least quarterly for possible OTTI. Our review typically includes an analysis of the facts and circumstances of each investment, the expectations for the investment’s cash flows and capital needs, the viability of its business model and our exit strategy. We reduce the asset value when we consider declines in value to be other than
temporary. We recognize the estimated loss as a loss from equity investments in noninterest income.
     Nonmarketable equity securities also include principal investments, which include certain public equity and non-public securities and certain investments in private equity funds. Principal investments are recorded at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in gains and losses from equity investments in noninterest income and are included in other assets on the balance sheet. In situations where a portion of an investment in a non-public security or fund is sold, we recognize a realized gain or loss on the portion sold and an unrealized gain or loss on the portion retained.
Securities Purchased and Sold Agreements
Securities purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at the acquisition or sale price plus accrued interest. It is our policy to take possession of securities purchased under resale agreements, which are primarily U.S. Government and Government agency securities. We monitor the market value of securities purchased and sold, and obtain collateral from or return it to counterparties when appropriate. These financing transactions do not create material credit risk given the collateral provided and the related monitoring process.
Mortgages Held for Sale
Mortgages held for sale (MHFS) include commercial and residential mortgages originated for sale and securitization in the secondary market, which is our principal market, or for sale as whole loans. We elect the fair value option for substantially all residential MHFS (see Note 16). The remaining residential MHFS are held at the lower of cost or market value (LOCOM), and are valued on an aggregate portfolio basis. Commercial MHFS are held at LOCOM and are valued on an individual loan basis.
     Gains and losses on MHFS are recorded in mortgage banking noninterest income. Direct loan origination costs and fees for MHFS under fair value option are recognized in mortgage banking noninterest income at origination. For MHFS recorded at LOCOM, loan costs and fees are deferred at origination and are recognized in mortgage banking noninterest income at time of sale. Interest income on MHFS for which the fair value option is elected is calculated based upon the note rate of the loan and is recorded to interest income.
     Our lines of business are authorized to originate held-for-investment loans that meet or exceed established loan product profitability criteria, including minimum positive net interest margin spreads in excess of funding costs. When a determination is made at the time of commitment to originate loans as held for investment, it is our intent to hold these loans to maturity or for the “foreseeable future,” subject to periodic review under our corporate asset/liability management process. In determining the “foreseeable future” for these loans, management considers (1) the current economic environment and market conditions, (2) our business strategy and current business plans, (3) the nature and type of the loan receivable,


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including its expected life, and (4) our current financial condition and liquidity demands. Consistent with our core banking business of managing the spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of our funds, loans are periodically reevaluated to determine if our minimum net interest margin spreads continue to meet our profitability objectives. If subsequent changes in interest rates significantly impact the ongoing profitability of certain loan products, we may subsequently change our intent to hold these loans, and we would take actions to sell such loans in response to the Corporate ALCO directives to reposition our balance sheet because of the changes in interest rates. These directives identify both the type of loans to be sold and the weighted average coupon rate of such loans no longer meeting our ongoing investment criteria. Upon the issuance of such directives, we immediately transfer these loans to the MHFS portfolio at LOCOM.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale (LHFS) are carried at LOCOM or at fair value for certain portfolios that we intend to hold for trading purposes. Generally, consumer loans are valued on an aggregate portfolio basis, and commercial loans are valued on an individual loan basis. Gains and losses on LHFS are recorded in other noninterest income. For LHFS recorded at LOCOM, direct loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination and are recognized in other noninterest income at time of sale. For loans recorded at fair value, direct loan origination costs and fees are recorded in other noninterest income at origination. The fair value of LHFS is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics, and related gains and losses are recorded in noninterest income.
Loans
Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income, cumulative charge-offs, unamortized deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. PCI loans are reported net of any remaining purchase accounting adjustments. See the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section in this Note for our accounting policy for PCI loans.
     Unearned income, deferred fees and costs, and discounts and premiums are amortized to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the interest method. Loan commitment fees are generally deferred and amortized into noninterest income on a straight-line basis over the commitment period.
     Loans also include direct financing leases that are recorded at the aggregate of minimum lease payments receivable plus the estimated residual value of the leased property, less unearned income. Leveraged leases, which are a form of direct financing leases, are recorded net of related nonrecourse debt. Leasing income is recognized as a constant percentage of outstanding lease financing balances over the lease terms in interest income.
NONACCRUAL AND PAST DUE LOANS We generally place loans on nonaccrual status when:
  the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain;
  they are 90 days (120 days with respect to real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages) past due for interest or principal, unless both well-secured and in the process of collection; or
  part of the principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred.
     PCI loans are written down at acquisition to fair value using an estimate of cash flows deemed to be collectible. Accordingly, such loans are no longer classified as nonaccrual even though they may be contractually past due because we expect to fully collect the new carrying values of such loans (that is, the new cost basis arising out of purchase accounting).
     When we place a loan on nonaccrual status, we reverse the accrued unpaid interest receivable against interest income and amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. A loan will remain in accruing status provided it is both well-secured and in the process of collection. If the ultimate collectability of a loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual, the cost recovery method is used and cash collected is applied to first reduce the principal outstanding. Generally, we return a loan to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current under the terms of the loan agreement and collectability of remaining principal and interest is no longer doubtful.
     For modified loans, we underwrite at the time of a restructuring to determine if there is sufficient evidence of sustained repayment capacity based on the borrower’s financial strength, including documented income, debt to income ratios and other factors. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms and the underwriting process shows the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will remain in accruing status. When a loan classified as a TDR performs in accordance with its modified terms, the loan either continues to accrue interest (for performing loans) or will return to accrual status after the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance (generally six consecutive months of payments, or equivalent, inclusive of consecutive payments made prior to the modification). Loans will be placed on nonaccrual status and a corresponding charge-off is recorded if we believe it is probable that principal and interest contractually due under the modified terms of the agreement will not be collectible.
     Generally, consumer loans not secured by real estate or autos are placed on nonaccrual status only when part of the principal has been charged off. Loans are fully charged off or charged down to net realizable value (fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell) when deemed uncollectible due to bankruptcy or other factors, or when they reach a defined number of days past due based on loan product, industry practice, country, terms and other factors.
     Our loans are considered past due when contractually required principal or interest payments have not been made on the due dates.
LOAN CHARGE-OFF POLICIES For commercial loans, we generally fully charge off or charge down to net realizable value for loans secured by collateral when:
  management judges the loan to be uncollectible;


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  repayment is deemed to be protracted beyond reasonable time frames;
  the loan has been classified as a loss by either our internal loan review process or our banking regulatory agencies;
  the customer has filed bankruptcy and the loss becomes evident owing to a lack of assets; or
  the loan is 180 days past due unless both well-secured and in the process of collection.
For consumer loans, our charge-off policies are as follows:
  1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages – We generally charge down to net realizable value when the loan is 180 days past due.
  Auto loans – We generally fully charge off when the loan is 120 days past due.
  Credit card loans – We generally fully charge off when the loan is 180 days past due.
  Unsecured loans (closed end) – We generally charge off when the loan is 120 days past due.
  Unsecured loans (open end) – We generally charge off when the loan is 180 days past due.
  Other secured loans – We generally fully or partially charge down to net realizable value when the loan is 120 days past due.
IMPAIRED LOANS We consider a loan to be impaired when, based on current information and events, we determine that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the loan contract, including scheduled interest payments. Our impaired loans include commercial and industrial, commercial real estate (CRE), and foreign loans on nonaccrual status for which we determine that we will not be able to collect all amounts due and consumer, commercial and industrial, CRE, and foreign loans modified in a TDR, on both accrual and nonaccrual status.
     When we identify a loan as impaired, we measure the impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. When collateral is the sole source of repayment for the loan, we may measure impairment based on the fair value of the collateral. If foreclosure is probable, we use the current fair value of the collateral less selling costs, instead of discounted cash flows.
     If we determine that the value of an impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), we recognize impairment. When the value of an impaired loan is calculated by discounting expected cash flows, interest income is recognized using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan.
TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRs) In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to the borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. We strive to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify their loan to more affordable terms before it reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, term extensions, payment forbearance and other actions intended to minimize our
economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. For modifications where we forgive principal, the entire amount of such principal forgiveness is immediately charged off. Loans classified as TDRs are considered impaired loans.
PURCHASED CREDIT-IMPAIRED (PCI) LOANS Loans acquired in a transfer, including business combinations, where there is evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that we will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments are accounted for as PCI loans. PCI loans are initially recorded at fair value, which includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Accordingly, the historical allowance for credit losses related to these loans is not carried over. Some loans that otherwise meet the definition as credit-impaired are specifically excluded from the PCI loan portfolios, such as revolving loans where the borrower still has revolving privileges.
     Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include statistics such as past due and nonaccrual status, commercial risk ratings, recent borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages. Generally, acquired loans that meet our definition for nonaccrual status are considered to be credit-impaired.
     Substantially all commercial and industrial, CRE and foreign PCI loans are accounted for as individual loans. Conversely, Pick-a-Pay and other consumer PCI loans have been aggregated into several pools based on common risk characteristics. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
     Accounting for PCI loans involves estimating fair value, at acquisition, using the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected discounted at the prevailing market rate of interest. The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying value (estimated fair value at acquisition date) is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income using an effective yield method over the remaining life of the loan, or pool of loans, in situations where there is a reasonable expectation about the timing and amount of cash flows to be collected. The difference between contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the nonaccretable difference.
     Subsequent to acquisition, we regularly evaluate our estimates of cash flows expected to be collected. If we have probable decreases in cash flows expected to be collected (other than due to decreases in interest rate indices and changes in prepayment assumptions), we charge the provision for credit losses, resulting in an increase to the allowance for loan losses. If we have probable and significant increases in cash flows expected to be collected, we first reverse any previously established allowance for loan losses and then increase interest income as a prospective yield adjustment over the remaining life of the loan, or pool of loans. Estimates of cash flows are impacted by changes in interest rate indices for variable rate


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loans and prepayment assumptions, both of which are treated as prospective yield adjustments included in interest income.
     Resolutions of loans may include sales of loans to third parties, receipt of payments in settlement with the borrower, or foreclosure of the collateral. For individual PCI loans, gains or losses on sales to third parties are included in noninterest income and gains or losses as a result of a settlement with the borrower are included in interest income. Our policy is to remove an individual loan from a pool based on comparing the amount received from its resolution with its contractual amount. Any difference between these amounts is absorbed by the nonaccretable difference for the entire pool. This removal method assumes that the amount received from resolution approximates pool performance expectations. The remaining accretable yield balance is unaffected and any material change in remaining effective yield caused by this removal method is addressed by our quarterly cash flow evaluation process for each pool. For loans that are resolved by payment in full, there is no release of the nonaccretable difference for the pool because there is no difference between the amount received at resolution and the contractual amount of the loan. Modified PCI loans are not removed from a pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed TDRs. Modified PCI loans that are accounted for individually are considered TDRs, and removed from PCI accounting if there has been a concession granted in excess of the original nonaccretable difference.
FORECLOSED ASSETS Foreclosed assets obtained through our lending activities primarily include real estate. These assets are recorded at net realizable value with a charge to the allowance for credit losses at foreclosure. We allow up to 90 days after foreclosure to finalize determination of net realizable value. Thereafter, changes in net realizable value are recorded to noninterest expense. The net realizable value of these assets is reviewed and updated periodically depending on the type of property.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, is management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.
Securitizations and Beneficial Interests
In certain asset securitization transactions that meet the applicable criteria to be accounted for as a sale, assets are sold to an entity referred to as an SPE, which then issues beneficial interests in the form of senior and subordinated interests collateralized by the assets. In some cases, we may retain up to 90% of the beneficial interests issued by the entity. Additionally, from time to time, we may also re-securitize certain assets in a new securitization transaction.
     The assets and liabilities transferred to an SPE are excluded from our consolidated balance sheet if the transfer qualifies as a sale and we are not required to consolidate the SPE.
     For transfers of financial assets recorded as sales, we recognize and initially measure at fair value all assets obtained (including beneficial interests) and liabilities incurred. We record a gain or loss in other fee income for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the assets
sold. Fair values are based on quoted market prices, quoted market prices for similar assets, or if market prices are not available, then the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses with assumptions for credit losses, prepayments and discount rates that are corroborated by and independently verified against market observable data, where possible. Retained interests from securitizations with off-balance sheet entities, including SPEs and VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary, are classified as available for sale securities, trading account assets or loans, and are accounted for as described herein.
Mortgage Servicing Rights (MSRs)
We recognize the rights to service mortgage loans for others, or MSRs, as assets whether we purchase the MSRs or the MSRs result from a sale or securitization of loans we originate (asset transfers). We initially record all of our MSRs at fair value. Subsequently, residential loan MSRs are carried at either fair value or LOCOM based on our strategy for managing interest rate risk. Currently, substantially all of our residential loan MSRs are carried at fair value. All of our MSRs related to our commercial mortgage loans are subsequently measured at LOCOM.
     We base the fair value of MSRs on the present value of estimated future net servicing income cash flows. We estimate future net servicing income cash flows with assumptions that market participants would use to estimate fair value, including estimates of prepayment speeds (including housing price volatility), discount rate, default rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, ancillary income and late fees. Our valuation approach is independently validated by our internal valuation model validation group.
     Changes in the fair value of MSRs occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. For MSRs carried at fair value, changes in fair value are reported in noninterest income in the period in which the change occurs. MSRs subsequently measured at LOCOM are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income. The amortization of MSRs is reported in noninterest income analyzed monthly and adjusted to reflect changes in prepayment speeds, as well as other factors.
     MSRs accounted for at LOCOM are periodically evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of those assets. For purposes of impairment evaluation and measurement, we stratify MSRs based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans, including investor and product type. If, by individual stratum, the carrying amount of these MSRs exceeds fair value, a valuation reserve is established. The valuation reserve is adjusted as the fair value changes.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capital leases, where we are the


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lessee, are included in premises and equipment at the capitalized amount less accumulated amortization.
     We primarily use the straight-line method of depreciation and amortization. Estimated useful lives range up to 40 years for buildings, up to 10 years for furniture and equipment, and the shorter of the estimated useful life or lease term for leasehold improvements. We amortize capitalized leased assets on a straight-line basis over the lives of the respective leases.
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets
Goodwill is recorded in business combinations under the purchase method of accounting when the purchase price is higher than the fair value of net assets, including identifiable intangible assets.
     We assess goodwill for impairment annually, and more frequently in certain circumstances. We have determined that our reporting units are one level below the operating segments. We assess goodwill for impairment on a reporting unit level and apply various valuation methodologies as appropriate to compare the estimated fair value to the carrying value of each reporting unit. Valuation methodologies include discounted cash flow and earnings multiple approaches. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, a second test is required to measure the amount of impairment. We recognize impairment losses as a charge to noninterest expense (unless related to discontinued operations) and an adjustment to the carrying value of the goodwill asset. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment are prohibited.
     We amortize core deposit and other customer relationship intangibles on an accelerated basis over useful lives not exceeding 10 years. We review such intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Impairment is indicated if the sum of undiscounted estimated future net cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset. Impairment is permanently recognized by writing down the asset to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value.
Operating Lease Assets
Operating lease rental income for leased assets is recognized in other income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Related depreciation expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease, taking into account the estimated residual value of the leased asset. On a periodic basis, leased assets are reviewed for impairment. Impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of leased assets exceeds fair value and is not recoverable. The carrying amount of leased assets is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the lease payments and the estimated residual value upon the eventual disposition of the equipment.
Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses
We sell residential mortgage loans to various parties, including (1) Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae (government-sponsored entities (GSEs)), which include the mortgage loans in GSE-guaranteed mortgage securitizations, (2) special purpose entities that issue private label MBS, and (3) other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. In addition, we pool Federal Housing Administration (FHA)-insured and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)-guaranteed mortgage loans, which back securities
guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA).
     We may be required to repurchase mortgage loans, indemnify the securitization trust, investor or insurer, or reimburse the securitization trust, investor or insurer for credit losses incurred on loans (collectively “repurchase”) in the event of a breach of specified contractual representations or warranties that are not remedied within a period (usually 90 days or less) after we receive notice of the breach. Typically, we would only be required to repurchase securitized loans if a breach is deemed to have material and adverse effect on the value of the mortgage loan or to the interests of the security holders in the mortgage loan.
     We establish mortgage repurchase liabilities related to various representations and warranties that reflect management’s estimate of losses for loans for which we could have repurchase obligation, whether or not we currently service those loans, based on a combination of factors. Such factors incorporate estimated levels of defects based on internal quality assurance sampling, default expectations, historical investor repurchase demand and appeals success rates (where the investor rescinds the demand based on a cure of the defect or acknowledges that the loan satisfies the investor’s applicable representations and warranties), reimbursement by correspondent and other third party originators, and projected loss severity. We establish a liability at the time loans are sold and continually update our liability estimate during their life. Although investors may demand repurchase at any time, the majority of repurchase demands occur in the first 24 to 36 months following origination of the mortgage loan and can vary by investor.
     The liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses is included in other liabilities. For additional information on our repurchase liability, see Note 9.
Pension Accounting
We account for our defined benefit pension plans using an actuarial model as more fully discussed in Note 19. In 2008, we changed our measurement date for our plan assets and benefit obligations from November 30 to December 31, which did not change the amount of net periodic benefit expense recognized in our income statement.
Income Taxes
We file consolidated and separate company federal income tax returns, foreign tax returns and various combined and separate company state tax returns.
     We evaluate two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period and includes income tax expense related to our uncertain tax positions. We determine deferred income taxes using the balance sheet method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and recognizes enacted changes in tax rates


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and laws in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. A tax position that meets the “more likely than not” recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. Foreign taxes paid are generally applied as credits to reduce federal income taxes payable. Interest and penalties are recognized as a component of income tax expense.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have stock-based employee compensation plans as more fully discussed in Note 18. Our compensation expense includes the associated costs for all share-based awards.
Earnings Per Common Share
We compute earnings per common share by dividing net income (after deducting dividends and related accretion on preferred stock) by the average number of common shares outstanding during the year. We compute diluted earnings per common share by dividing net income (after deducting dividends and related accretion on preferred stock) by the average number of common shares outstanding during the year, plus the effect of common stock equivalents (for example, stock options, restricted share rights, convertible debentures and warrants) that are dilutive.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
We recognize all derivatives in the balance sheet at fair value. On the date we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, including hedges of foreign currency exposure (“fair value” hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow” hedge), or (3) held for trading, customer accommodation or asset/liability risk management purposes, including economic hedges not qualifying for hedge accounting. For a fair value hedge, we record changes in the fair value of the derivative and, to the extent that it is effective, changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk, in current period earnings in the same financial statement category as the hedged item. For a cash flow hedge, we record changes in the fair value of the derivative to the extent that it is effective in OCI, with any ineffectiveness recorded in current period earnings. We subsequently reclassify these changes in fair value to net income in the same period(s) that the hedged transaction affects net income in the same financial statement category as the hedged item. For free-standing derivatives, we report changes in the fair values in current period noninterest income.
     For fair value and cash flow hedges qualifying for hedge accounting, we formally document at inception the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, our risk management objective, strategy and our evaluation of effectiveness for our hedge transactions. This includes linking all derivatives designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities in the balance sheet or to specific forecasted transactions. Periodically, as required, we also formally assess whether the derivative we designated in each
hedging relationship is expected to be and has been highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item using the regression analysis method or, in limited cases, the dollar offset method.
     We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when (1) a derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, (2) a derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, (3) a derivative is de-designated as a hedge, because it is unlikely that a forecasted transaction will occur, or (4) we determine that designation of a derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate.
     When we discontinue hedge accounting because a derivative no longer qualifies as an effective fair value hedge, we continue to carry the derivative in the balance sheet at its fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings, and no longer adjust the previously hedged asset or liability for changes in fair value. Previous adjustments to the hedged item are accounted for in the same manner as other components of the carrying amount of the asset or liability.
     When we discontinue cash flow hedge accounting because the hedging instrument is sold, terminated or no longer designated (de-designated), the amount reported in OCI up to the date of sale, termination or de-designation continues to be reported in OCI until the forecasted transaction affects earnings.
     When we discontinue cash flow hedge accounting because it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, we continue to carry the derivative in the balance sheet at its fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings, and immediately recognize gains and losses that were accumulated in OCI in earnings.
     In all other situations in which we discontinue hedge accounting, the derivative will be carried at its fair value in the balance sheet, with changes in its fair value recognized in current period earnings.
     We occasionally purchase or originate financial instruments that contain an embedded derivative. At inception of the financial instrument, we assess (1) if the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the financial instrument (host contract), (2) if the financial instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative and the host contract is not measured at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings, and (3) if a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative. If the embedded derivative meets all of these conditions, we separate it from the host contract by recording the bifurcated derivative at fair value and the remaining host contract at the difference between the basis of the hybrid instrument and the fair value of the bifurcated derivative. The bifurcated derivative is carried as a free-standing derivative at fair value with changes recorded in current period earnings.


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Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Noncash activities are presented below, including information on transfers affecting MHFS, LHFS, and MSRs.
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Transfers from trading assets to securities available for sale
  $       854        
Transfers from (to) loans to (from) securities available for sale
    3,476       (258 )     (283 )
Transfers from MHFS to trading assets
    19,815       2,993        
Transfers from MHFS to securities available for sale
                544  
Transfers from MHFS to MSRs
    4,570       6,287       3,498  
Transfers from MHFS to foreclosed assets
    262       162       136  
Transfers from (to) loans to (from) MHFS
    230       144       (1,195 )
Transfers from (to) loans to (from) LHFS
    1,313       (111 )     1,640  
Transfers from loans to foreclosed assets
    8,699       7,604       3,031  
Changes in consolidations of variable interest entities:
                       
Trading assets
    155              
Securities available for sale
    (7,590 )            
Loans
    26,117              
Other assets
    212              
Short-term borrowings
    5,127              
Long-term debt
    13,613              
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    (32 )            
Net transfer from additional paid-in capital to noncontrolling interests
          2,299        
Issuance of common and preferred stock for purchase accounting
                22,672  
Decrease in noncontrolling interests due to deconsolidation of subsidiaries
    440              
Transfer from noncontrolling interests to long-term debt
    345              
   

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS We have evaluated the effects of subsequent events that have occurred subsequent to period end December 31, 2010, and there have been no material events that would require recognition in our 2010 consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the Notes to the financial statements.


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We regularly explore opportunities to acquire financial services companies and businesses. Generally, we do not make a public announcement about an acquisition opportunity until a definitive agreement has been signed. For information on additional consideration related to acquisitions, which is considered to be a guarantee, see Note 14.
     In addition to the 2008 Wachovia acquisition, business combinations completed in 2010, 2009 and 2008 are presented below. At December 31, 2010, we had no pending business combinations.


                 
 
(in millions)   Date     Assets  
   
2010
               
Certain assets of GMAC Commercial Finance, LLC, New York, New York
  April 30     $ 430  
Other (1)
  Various       40  
   
 
          $ 470  
   
2009
               
Capital TempFunds, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
  March 2     $ 74  
Other (2)
  Various       39  
   
 
          $ 113  
   
2008
               
Flatiron Credit Company, Inc., Denver, Colorado
  April 30     $ 332  
Transcap Associates, Inc., Chicago, Illinois
  June 27       22  
United Bancorporation of Wyoming, Inc., Jackson, Wyoming (3)
  July 1       2,110  
Farmers State Bank of Fort Morgan Colorado, Fort Morgan, Colorado
  December 6       186  
Century Bancshares, Inc., Dallas, Texas
  December 31       1,604  
Wells Fargo Merchant Services, LLC (4)
  December 31       1,251  
Other (5)
  Various       52  
   
 
          $ 5,557  
   
(1)   Consists of five acquisitions of insurance brokerage businesses.
(2)   Consists of eight acquisitions of insurance brokerage businesses.
(3)   Consists of five affiliated banks of United Bancorporation of Wyoming, Inc., located in Wyoming and Idaho, and certain assets and liabilities of United Bancorporation of Wyoming, Inc.
(4)   Represents a step acquisition resulting from the increase in Wells Fargo’s ownership from a 47.5% interest to a 60% interest in the Wells Fargo Merchant Services, LLC joint venture.
(5)   Consists of 12 acquisitions of insurance brokerage businesses.

On December 31, 2008, Wells Fargo acquired Wachovia. The purchase accounting for the Wachovia acquisition was finalized as of December 31, 2009, which included costs associated with involuntary employee termination, contract terminations and closing duplicate facilities. These exit costs were estimates and subject to changes as the exit plans were executed. The final
exit costs as of December 31, 2010, were less than originally estimated, resulting in the reversal of exit cost accruals, with the offset reducing the amount of goodwill recorded with the Wachovia acquisition by $123 million.
     The following table summarizes the usage of the exit cost accruals and changes in estimates.


                                 
 
    Employee     Contract     Facilities        
(in millions)   termination     termination     related     Total  
   
Balance, December 31, 2008
  $ 57       13       129       199  
Purchase accounting adjustments (1)
    596       61       354       1,011  
Cash payments/utilization
    (298 )     (16 )     (139 )     (453 )
   
Balance, December 31, 2009
  $ 355       58       344       757  
Cash payments/utilization
    (300 )     (56 )     (278 )     (634 )
Change in estimates
    (55 )     (2 )     (66 )     (123 )
   
Balance, December 31, 2010
  $                    
   
(1)   Certain purchase accounting adjustments have been refined during 2009 as additional information became available.

121


 

Federal Reserve Board (FRB) regulations require that each of our subsidiary banks maintain reserve balances on deposit with the Federal Reserve Banks. The average required reserve balance was $6.0 billion in 2010 and $2.4 billion in 2009.
     Federal law restricts the amount and the terms of both credit and non-credit transactions between a bank and its nonbank affiliates. These transaction amounts may not exceed 10% of the bank’s capital and surplus, which for this purpose represents total capital, as calculated under the risk-based capital (RBC) guidelines, plus the balance of the allowance for credit losses in excess of the amount included in total capital with any single nonbank affiliate and 20% of the bank’s capital and surplus with all its nonbank affiliates. Transactions that are extensions of credit may require collateral to be held to provide added security to the bank. For further discussion of RBC, see Note 25.
     Dividends paid by our subsidiary banks are subject to various federal and state regulatory limitations. Dividends that may be paid by a national bank without the express approval of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) are limited to that bank’s retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years plus retained net profits up to the date of any dividend declaration in the current calendar year. Retained net profits, as defined by the OCC, consist of net income less dividends declared during the period.
     We also have state-chartered subsidiary banks that are subject to state regulations that limit dividends. Under those provisions, our national and state-chartered subsidiary banks could have declared additional dividends of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2010, without obtaining prior regulatory approval. Our nonbank subsidiaries are also limited by certain federal and state statutory provisions and regulations covering the amount of dividends that may be paid in any given year. Based on retained earnings at December 31, 2010, our nonbank subsidiaries could have declared additional dividends of $4.7 billion at December 31, 2010, without obtaining prior approval.
     The FRB published clarifying supervisory guidance in 2009, SR 09-4 Applying Supervisory Guidance and Regulations on the Payment of Dividends, Stock Redemptions, and Stock Repurchases at Bank Holding Companies, pertaining to FRB’s criteria, assessment and approval process for reductions in capital including the redemption of Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and the payment of dividends. The effect of this guidance is to require the approval of the FRB for the Company to repurchase or redeem common or perpetual preferred stock as well as to increase the per share dividend from its current level of $0.05 per share. In November 2010, the FRB updated the SR 09-4 guidance to require the original 19 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program (SCAP) banks to submit a Capital Plan Review to the FRB no later than January 7, 2011. The Capital Plan Review outlines proposed capital actions by the Company including per share dividend increases and share repurchases from the Company’s benefit plans and the market. The Company has submitted a Capital Plan Review to the FRB.


The following table provides the detail of federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements, other short-term investments and collateral we have received from other entities under resale agreements and securities borrowing arrangements.
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
  $ 24,880       8,042  
Interest-earning deposits
    53,433       31,668  
Other short-term investments
    2,324       1,175  
   
Total
  $ 80,637       40,885  
   
Collateral received with the right to sell or repledge (1)
  $ 22,495       9,663  
Collateral sold or repledged (1)
    14,624       7,952  
   
(1)   Prior period has been revised to correct previously reported amounts.


122


 

The following table provides the cost and fair value for the major categories of securities available for sale carried at fair value. The net unrealized gains (losses) are reported on an after-tax basis as
a component of cumulative OCI. There were no securities classified as held to maturity as of the periods presented.


                                 
 
            Gross     Gross        
            unrealized     unrealized     Fair  
(in millions)   Cost     gains     losses     value  
   

December 31, 2010

                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ 1,570       49       (15 )     1,604  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    18,923       568       (837 )     18,654  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                               
Federal agencies
    78,578       3,555       (96 )     82,037  
Residential
    18,294       2,398       (489 )     20,203  
Commercial
    12,990       1,199       (635 )     13,554  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    109,862       7,152       (1,220 )     115,794  
   
Corporate debt securities
    9,015       1,301       (37 )     10,279  
Collateralized debt obligations
    4,638       369       (229 )     4,778  
Other (1)
    16,063       576       (283 )     16,356  
   
Total debt securities
    160,071       10,015       (2,621 )     167,465  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                               
Perpetual preferred securities
    3,671       250       (89 )     3,832  
Other marketable equity securities
    587       771       (1 )     1,357  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    4,258       1,021       (90 )     5,189  
   
Total (2)
  $ 164,329       11,036       (2,711 )     172,654  
   

December 31, 2009

                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ 2,256       38       (14 )     2,280  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    13,212       683       (365 )     13,530  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                               
Federal agencies
    79,542       3,285       (9 )     82,818  
Residential
    28,153       2,480       (2,043 )     28,590  
Commercial
    12,221       602       (1,862 )     10,961  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    119,916       6,367       (3,914 )     122,369  
   
Corporate debt securities
    8,245       1,167       (77 )     9,335  
Collateralized debt obligations
    3,660       432       (367 )     3,725  
Other (1)
    15,025       1,099       (245 )     15,879  
   
Total debt securities
    162,314       9,786       (4,982 )     167,118  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                               
Perpetual preferred securities
    3,677       263       (65 )     3,875  
Other marketable equity securities
    1,072       654       (9 )     1,717  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    4,749       917       (74 )     5,592  
   
Total (2)
  $ 167,063       10,703       (5,056 )     172,710  
   
(1)   Included in the “Other” category are asset-backed securities collateralized by auto leases or loans and cash reserves with a cost basis and fair value of $6.2 billion and $6.4 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2010, and $8.2 billion and $8.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2009. Also included in the “Other” category are asset-backed securities collateralized by home equity loans with a cost basis and fair value of $927 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2010, and $2.3 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2009. The remaining balances primarily include asset-backed securities collateralized by credit cards and student loans.
(2)   At December 31, 2010 and 2009, we held no securities of any single issuer (excluding the U.S. Treasury and federal agencies) with a book value that exceeded 10% of stockholders’ equity.

123


 


Note 5: Securities Available for Sale
(continued)

As part of our liquidity management strategy, we pledge securities to secure borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank. We also pledge securities to secure trust and public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. Securities pledged where the secured party does not have the right to sell or repledge totaled $94.2 billion and $98.9 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. We did not pledge any securities where the secured party has the right to sell or repledge the collateral as of the same periods, respectively.
Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value
The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of securities in the securities available-for-sale portfolio by length of time that individual securities in each category had been in a continuous loss position. Debt securities on which we have taken only credit-related OTTI write-downs are categorized as being “less than 12 months” or “12 months or more” in a continuous loss position based on the point in time that the fair value declined to below the cost basis and not the period of time since the credit-related OTTI write-down.


                                                 
 
    Less than 12 months     12 months or more     Total  
    Gross             Gross             Gross        
    unrealized     Fair     unrealized     Fair     unrealized     Fair  
(in millions)   losses     value     losses     value     losses     value  
   

December 31, 2010

                                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ (15 )     544                   (15 )     544  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    (322 )     6,242       (515 )     2,720       (837 )     8,962  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                               
Federal agencies
    (95 )     8,103       (1 )     60       (96 )     8,163  
Residential
    (35 )     1,023       (454 )     4,440       (489 )     5,463  
Commercial
    (9 )     441       (626 )     5,141       (635 )     5,582  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    (139 )     9,567       (1,081 )     9,641       (1,220 )     19,208  
   
Corporate debt securities
    (10 )     477       (27 )     157       (37 )     634  
Collateralized debt obligations
    (13 )     679       (216 )     456       (229 )     1,135  
Other
    (13 )     1,985       (270 )     757       (283 )     2,742  
   
Total debt securities
    (512 )     19,494       (2,109 )     13,731       (2,621 )     33,225  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                               
Perpetual preferred securities
    (41 )     962       (48 )     467       (89 )     1,429  
Other marketable equity securities
                (1 )     7       (1 )     7  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    (41 )     962       (49 )     474       (90 )     1,436  
   
Total
  $ (553 )     20,456       (2,158 )     14,205       (2,711 )     34,661  
   

December 31, 2009

                                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ (14 )     530                   (14 )     530  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    (55 )     1,120       (310 )     2,826       (365 )     3,946  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                               
Federal agencies
    (9 )     767                   (9 )     767  
Residential
    (243 )     2,991       (1,800 )     9,697       (2,043 )     12,688  
Commercial
    (37 )     816       (1,825 )     6,370       (1,862 )     7,186  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    (289 )     4,574       (3,625 )     16,067       (3,914 )     20,641  
   
Corporate debt securities
    (7 )     281       (70 )     442       (77 )     723  
Collateralized debt obligations
    (55 )     398       (312 )     512       (367 )     910  
Other
    (73 )     746       (172 )     286       (245 )     1,032  
   
Total debt securities
    (493 )     7,649       (4,489 )     20,133       (4,982 )     27,782  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                               
Perpetual preferred securities
    (1 )     93       (64 )     527       (65 )     620  
Other marketable equity securities
    (9 )     175                   (9 )     175  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    (10 )     268       (64 )     527       (74 )     795  
   
Total
  $ (503 )     7,917       (4,553 )     20,660       (5,056 )     28,577  
   

124


 

We recognized $252 million of OTTI in 2010 on $14.5 billion of agency mortgage-backed securities we intended to sell as of December 31, 2010. These securities have been disposed of in first quarter 2011 and are not included in the preceding table, as any related unrealized losses were recognized in earnings. We do not intend to sell any other securities in an unrealized loss position. For debt securities included in the table, we have concluded it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. We have assessed each security for credit impairment. For debt securities, we evaluate, where necessary, whether credit impairment exists by comparing the present value of the expected cash flows to the securities amortized cost basis. For equity securities, we consider numerous factors in determining whether impairment exists, including our intent and ability to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to recover the cost basis of the securities.
     See Note 1 – “Securities” for the factors that we consider in our analysis of OTTI for debt and equity securities available for sale.
SECURITIES OF U.S. TREASURY AND FEDERAL AGENCIES AND FEDERAL AGENCY MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (MBS) The unrealized losses associated with U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities and federal agency MBS are primarily driven by changes in interest rates and not due to credit losses given the explicit or implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. government.
SECURITIES OF U.S. STATES AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS The unrealized losses associated with securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions are primarily driven by changes in interest rates and not due to the credit quality of the securities. Substantially all of these investments are investment grade. The securities were generally underwritten in accordance with our own investment standards prior to the decision to purchase, without relying on a bond insurer’s guarantee in making the investment decision. These investments will continue to be monitored as part of our ongoing impairment analysis, but are expected to perform, even if the rating agencies reduce the credit rating of the bond insurers. As a result, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities.
RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES (MBS) The unrealized losses associated with private residential MBS and commercial MBS are primarily driven by changes in projected collateral losses, credit spreads and interest rates. We assess for credit impairment using a cash flow model. The key assumptions include default rates, severities and prepayment rates. We estimate losses to a security by forecasting the underlying mortgage loans in each transaction. We use forecasted loan performance to project cash flows to the various tranches in the structure. We also consider cash flow forecasts and, as applicable, independent industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, and other independent market data. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared with our credit enhancement, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities.
CORPORATE DEBT SECURITIES The unrealized losses associated with corporate debt securities are primarily related to securities backed by commercial loans and individual issuer companies. For securities with commercial loans as the underlying collateral, we have evaluated the expected credit losses in the security and concluded that we have sufficient credit enhancement when compared with our estimate of credit losses for the individual security. For individual issuers, we evaluate the financial performance of the issuer on a quarterly basis to determine that the issuer can make all contractual principal and interest payments. Based upon this assessment, we expect to recover the entire cost basis of these securities.
COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS (CDOS) The unrealized losses associated with CDOs relate to securities primarily backed by commercial, residential or other consumer collateral. The losses are primarily driven by changes in projected collateral losses, credit spreads and interest rates. We assess for credit impairment using a cash flow model. The key assumptions include default rates, severities and prepayment rates. We also consider cash flow forecasts and, as applicable, independent industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, and other independent market data. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared with our credit enhancement, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities.
OTHER DEBT SECURITIES The unrealized losses associated with other debt securities primarily relate to other asset-backed securities, which are primarily backed by auto, home equity and student loans. The losses are primarily driven by changes in projected collateral losses, credit spreads and interest rates. We assess for credit impairment using a cash flow model. The key assumptions include default rates, severities and prepayment rates. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared with our credit enhancement, we expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities.
MARKETABLE EQUITY SECURITIES Our marketable equity securities include investments in perpetual preferred securities, which provide very attractive tax-equivalent yields. We evaluated these hybrid financial instruments with investment-grade ratings for impairment using an evaluation methodology similar to that used for debt securities. Perpetual preferred securities are not considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired if there is no evidence of credit deterioration or investment rating downgrades of any issuers to below investment grade, and we expect to continue to receive full contractual payments. We will continue to evaluate the prospects for these securities for recovery in their market value in accordance with our policy for estimating OTTI. We have recorded impairment write-downs on perpetual preferred securities where there was evidence of credit deterioration.


125


 


Note 5: Securities Available for Sale
(continued)

     The fair values of our investment securities could decline in the future if the underlying performance of the collateral for the residential and commercial MBS or other securities deteriorate and our credit enhancement levels do not provide sufficient protection to our contractual principal and interest. As a result, there is a risk that significant OTTI may occur in the future.
     The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of debt and perpetual preferred securities available for sale by those rated investment grade and those rated less than investment grade, according to their lowest credit rating by Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (S&P) or Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security. Securities rated investment grade, that is those rated BBB- or higher by S&P or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s, are generally considered by the rating agencies and
market participants to be low credit risk. Conversely, securities rated below investment grade, labeled as “speculative grade” by the rating agencies, are considered to be distinctively higher credit risk than investment grade securities. We have also included securities not rated by S&P or Moody’s in the table below based on the internal credit grade of the securities (used for credit risk management purposes) equivalent to the credit rating assigned by major credit agencies. The unrealized losses and fair value of unrated securities categorized as investment grade based on internal credit grades were $83 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2010. There were no unrated securities included in investment grade in a loss position categorized as investment grade based on internal credit grades as of December 31, 2009. If an internal credit grade was not assigned, we categorized the security as non-investment grade.


                                 
 
    Investment grade     Non-investment grade  
    Gross             Gross        
    unrealized     Fair     unrealized     Fair  
(in millions)   losses     value     losses     value  
   

December 31, 2010

                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ (15 )     544              
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    (722 )     8,423       (115 )     539  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                               
Federal agencies
    (96 )     8,163              
Residential
    (23 )     888       (466 )     4,575  
Commercial
    (299 )     4,679       (336 )     903  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    (418 )     13,730       (802 )     5,478  
   
Corporate debt securities
    (22 )     330       (15 )     304  
Collateralized debt obligations
    (42 )     613       (187 )     522  
Other
    (180 )     2,510       (103 )     232  
   
Total debt securities
    (1,399 )     26,150       (1,222 )     7,075  
Perpetual preferred securities
    (81 )     1,327       (8 )     102  
   
Total
  $ (1,480 )     27,477       (1,230 )     7,177  
   

December 31, 2009

                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ (14 )     530              
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    (275 )     3,621       (90 )     325  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                               
Federal agencies
    (9 )     767              
Residential
    (480 )     5,661       (1,563 )     7,027  
Commercial
    (1,247 )     6,543       (615 )     643  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    (1,736 )     12,971       (2,178 )     7,670  
   
Corporate debt securities
    (31 )     260       (46 )     463  
Collateralized debt obligations
    (104 )     471       (263 )     439  
Other
    (85 )     644       (160 )     388  
   
Total debt securities
    (2,245 )     18,497       (2,737 )     9,285  
Perpetual preferred securities
    (65 )     620              
   
Total
  $ (2,310 )     19,117       (2,737 )     9,285  
   

126


 

Contractual Maturities
The following table shows the remaining contractual principal maturities and contractual yields of debt securities available for sale. The remaining contractual principal maturities for MBS do not consider prepayments. Remaining expected maturities will
differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations before the underlying mortgages mature.


                                                                                 
 
                    Remaining contractual principal maturity  
            Weighted-                     After one year     After five years        
    Total     average     Within one year     through five years     through ten years     After ten years  
(in millions)   amount     yield     Amount     Yield     Amount     Yield     Amount     Yield     Amount     Yield  
   

December 31, 2010

                                                                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ 1,604       2.54 %   $ 9       5.07 %   $ 641       1.72 %   $ 852       2.94 %   $ 102       4.15 %
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    18,654       5.99       322       3.83       3,210       3.57       1,884       6.13       13,238       6.60  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                                                               
Federal agencies
    82,037       5.01       5       6.63       28       6.58       420       5.23       81,584       5.00  
Residential
    20,203       4.98                               341       3.20       19,862       5.01  
Commercial
    13,554       5.39                   1       1.38       215       5.28       13,338       5.39  
                                                                   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    115,794       5.05       5       6.63       29       6.38       976       4.53       114,784       5.05  
                                                                   
Corporate debt securities
    10,279       5.94       545       7.82       3,853       6.01       4,817       5.62       1,064       6.21  
Collateralized debt obligations
    4,778       0.80                   545       0.88       2,581       0.72       1,652       0.90  
Other
    16,356       2.53       1,588       2.89       7,887       3.00       4,367       2.01       2,514       1.72  
                                                                   
Total debt securities at fair value
  $ 167,465       4.81 %   $ 2,469       4.12 %   $ 16,165       3.72 %   $ 15,477       3.63 %   $ 133,354       5.10 %
   

December 31, 2009

                                                                               

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

  $ 2,280       2.80 %   $ 413       0.79 %   $ 669       2.14 %   $ 1,192       3.87 %   $ 6       4.03 %
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    13,530       6.75       77       7.48       703       6.88       1,055       6.56       11,695       6.76  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                                                               
Federal agencies
    82,818       5.50       12       4.68       50       5.91       271       5.56       82,485       5.50  
Residential
    28,590       5.40       51       4.80       115       0.45       283       5.69       28,141       5.41  
Commercial
    10,961       5.29       85       0.68       71       5.55       169       5.66       10,636       5.32  
                                                                   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    122,369       5.46       148       2.44       236       3.14       723       5.63       121,262       5.46  
                                                                   
Corporate debt securities
    9,335       5.53       684       4.00       3,937       5.68       3,959       5.68       755       5.32  
Collateralized debt obligations
    3,725       1.70       2       5.53       492       4.48       1,837       1.56       1,394       0.90  
Other
    15,879       4.22       2,128       5.62       7,762       5.96       697       2.46       5,292       1.33  
                                                                   
Total debt securities at fair value
  $ 167,118       5.33 %   $ 3,452       4.63 %   $ 13,799       5.64 %   $ 9,463       4.51 %   $ 140,404       5.37 %
   

127


 


Note 5: Securities Available for Sale
(continued)

Realized Gains and Losses
The following table shows the gross realized gains and losses on sales and OTTI write-downs related to the securities available-for-sale portfolio, which includes marketable equity securities, as well as net realized gains and losses on nonmarketable equity securities (see Note 7 — Other Assets).
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Gross realized gains
  $ 645       1,601       1,920  
Gross realized losses
    (32 )     (160 )     (101 )
OTTI write-downs
    (692 )     (1,094 )     (1,790 )
   
Net realized gains (losses) from securities available for sale
    (79 )     347       29  
   
Net realized gains (losses) from principal and private equity investments
    534       (289 )     251  
   
Net realized gains from debt and equity securities
  $ 455       58       280  
   


Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
The following table shows the detail of total OTTI write-downs included in earnings for debt securities and marketable and nonmarketable equity securities.
      


                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
OTTI write-downs included in earnings
                       
Debt securities:
                       
U.S. states and political subdivisions
  $ 16       7       14  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                       
Federal agencies (1)
    267              
Residential
    175       595       183  
Commercial
    120       137       23  
Corporate debt securities
    10       69       176  
Collateralized debt obligations
    15       125       147  
Other debt securities
    69       79       3  
   
Total debt securities
    672       1,012       546  
   
Equity securities:
                       
Marketable equity securities:
                       
Perpetual preferred securities
    15       50       1,057  
Other marketable equity securities
    5       32       187  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    20       82       1,244  
   
Total securities available for sale
    692       1,094       1,790  
   
Nonmarketable equity securities
    248       573       220  
   
Total OTTI write-downs included in earnings
  $ 940       1,667       2,010  
   
(1)   Represents OTTI recognized on federal agency MBS because we had the intent to sell, of which $252 million relates to securities with a fair value of $14.5 billion that were sold subsequent to December 31, 2010.

128


 

Other-Than-Temporarily Impaired Debt Securities
The following table shows the detail of OTTI write-downs on debt securities available for sale included in earnings and the related changes in OCI for the same securities.
      


                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
OTTI on debt securities
               
Recorded as part of gross realized losses:
               
Credit-related OTTI
  $ 400       982  
Intent-to-sell OTTI (1)
    272       30  
   
Total recorded as part of gross realized losses
    672       1,012  
   
Recorded directly to OCI for non-credit-related impairment:
               
U.S. states and political subdivisions
    (4 )     3  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    (326 )     1,124  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
    138       179  
Corporate debt securities
    (1 )     (2 )
Collateralized debt obligations
    54       20  
Other debt securities
    (33 )     16  
   
Total recorded directly to OCI for non-credit-related impairment (2)
    (172 )     1,340  
   
Total OTTI on debt securities
  $ 500       2,352  
   
(1)   Amount includes $252 million related to securities with a fair value of $14.5 billion that were sold subsequent to December 31, 2010.
(2)   Represents amounts recorded to OCI on debt securities in periods OTTI write-downs have occurred. Changes in fair value in subsequent periods on such securities, to the extent additional credit-related OTTI did not occur, are not reflected in this total. For the year ended December 31, 2010, the non-credit-related impairment recorded to OCI was a $172 million reduction in total OTTI because the fair value of the security increased due to factors other than credit.

The following table presents a rollforward of the credit loss component recognized in earnings for debt securities we still own (referred to as “credit-impaired” debt securities). The credit loss component of the amortized cost represents the difference between the present value of expected future cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the security prior to considering credit losses. OTTI recognized in earnings for credit-impaired debt securities is presented as additions in two components based upon whether the current period is the first time the debt security was credit-impaired (initial credit impairment) or is not the first time the debt security was credit
impaired (subsequent credit impairments). The credit loss component is reduced if we sell, intend to sell or believe we will be required to sell previously credit-impaired debt securities. Additionally, the credit loss component is reduced if we receive or expect to receive cash flows in excess of what we previously expected to receive over the remaining life of the credit-impaired debt security, the security matures or is fully written down.
     Changes in the credit loss component of credit-impaired debt securities that we do not intend to sell were:


                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Credit loss component, beginning of year
  $ 1,187       471  
Additions:
               
Initial credit impairments
    122       625  
Subsequent credit impairments
    278       357  
   
Total additions
    400       982  
   
Reductions:
               
For securities sold
    (263 )     (255 )
For securities derecognized resulting from adoption of consolidation accounting guidance
    (242 )      
Due to change in intent to sell or requirement to sell
    (2 )     (1 )
For recoveries of previous credit impairments (1)
    (37 )     (10 )
   
Total reductions
    (544 )     (266 )
   
Credit loss component, end of year
  $ 1,043       1,187  
   
(1)   Recoveries of previous credit impairments result from increases in expected cash flows subsequent to credit loss recognition. Such recoveries are reflected prospectively as interest yield adjustments using the effective interest method.

129


 


Note 5: Securities Available for Sale
(continued)

For asset-backed securities (e.g., residential MBS), we estimated expected future cash flows of the security by estimating the expected future cash flows of the underlying collateral and applying those collateral cash flows, together with any credit enhancements such as subordinated interests owned by third parties, to the security. The expected future cash flows of the underlying collateral are determined using the remaining contractual cash flows adjusted for future expected credit losses (which consider current delinquencies and nonperforming assets
(NPAs), future expected default rates and collateral value by vintage and geographic region) and prepayments. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted at the interest rate used to recognize interest income on the security to arrive at a present value amount. Total credit impairment losses on residential MBS that we do not intend to sell are shown in the table below. The table also presents a summary of the significant inputs considered in determining the measurement of the credit loss component recognized in earnings for residential MBS.


                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
($ in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Credit impairment losses on residential MBS
               
Investment grade
  $ 5       24  
Non-investment grade
    170       567  
   
Total credit impairment losses on residential MBS
  $ 175       591  
   

Significant inputs (non-agency – non-investment grade MBS)

               
Expected remaining life of loan losses (1):
               
Range (2)
    1-43 %     0-58  
Credit impairment distribution (3):
               
0 - 10% range
    52       56  
10 - 20% range
    29       27  
20 - 30% range
    17       12  
Greater than 30%
    2       5  
Weighted average (4)
    9       11  
Current subordination levels (5):
               
Range (2)
    0-25       0-44  
Weighted average (4)
    7       8  
Prepayment speed (annual CPR (6)):
               
Range (2)
    2-27       5-25  
Weighted average (4)
    14       11  
   
(1)   Represents future expected credit losses on underlying pool of loans expressed as a percentage of total current outstanding loan balance.
(2)   Represents the range of inputs/assumptions based upon the individual securities within each category.
(3)   Represents distribution of credit impairment losses recognized in earnings categorized based on range of expected remaining life of loan losses. For example 52% of credit impairment losses recognized in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2010, had expected remaining life of loan loss assumptions of 0 to 10%.
(4)   Calculated by weighting the relevant input/assumption for each individual security by current outstanding amortized cost basis of the security.
(5)   Represents current level of credit protection (subordination) for the securities, expressed as a percentage of total current underlying loan balance.
(6)   Constant prepayment rate.

130


 

The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances are presented net of unearned income, net deferred loan fees, and unamortized discounts and premiums totaling a net reduction of $11.3 billion and $14.6 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Outstanding balances also include PCI loans net of any remaining purchase accounting adjustments.
Information about PCI loans is presented separately in the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section of this Note. Effective June 30, 2010, real estate construction outstanding balances and all other related data include certain commercial real estate secured loans acquired from Wachovia previously classified as real estate mortgage. Balances for 2009 and 2008 have been revised to conform with the current presentation.


                                         
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006  
   
Commercial:
                                       
Commercial and industrial
  $ 151,284       158,352       202,469       90,468       70,404  
Real estate mortgage
    99,435       97,527       94,923       36,747       30,112  
Real estate construction
    25,333       36,978       42,861       18,854       15,935  
Lease financing
    13,094       14,210       15,829       6,772       5,614  
Foreign (1)
    32,912       29,398       33,882       7,441       6,666  
   
Total commercial
    322,058       336,465       389,964       160,282       128,731  
   
Consumer:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    230,235       229,536       247,894       71,415       53,228  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    96,149       103,708       110,164       75,565       68,926  
Credit card
    22,260       24,003       23,555       18,762       14,697  
Other revolving credit and installment
    86,565       89,058       93,253       56,171       53,534  
   
Total consumer
    435,209       446,305       474,866       221,913       190,385  
   
Total loans
  $ 757,267       782,770       864,830       382,195       319,116  
   
(1)   Substantially all of our foreign loan portfolio is commercial loans. Loans are classified as foreign if the borrower’s primary address is outside of the United States.

     We pledge loans to secure borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank as part of our liquidity management strategy. Loans pledged where the secured party does not have the right to sell or repledge totaled $312.6 billion for both December 31, 2010 and 2009. We did not have any pledged loans where the secured party has the right to sell or repledge for the same respective periods.
     Loan concentrations may exist when there are amounts loaned to borrowers engaged in similar activities or similar types of loans extended to a diverse group of borrowers that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At December 31, 2010 and 2009, we did not have concentrations representing 10% or more of our total loan portfolio in domestic commercial and industrial loans and lease financing by industry or CRE loans (real estate mortgage and real estate construction) by state or property type. Our real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans to borrowers in the state of California represented approximately 14% of total loans at both December 31, 2010 and 2009. Of this amount, 3% of total loans were PCI loans at December 31, 2010. These loans are generally diversified among the larger metropolitan areas in California, with no single area consisting of more than 3% of total loans. Changes in real estate values and underlying economic or market conditions for these areas are monitored continuously within our credit risk management process.
     Some of our real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans, including first mortgage and home equity products, include an interest-only feature as part of the loan terms. At December 31, 2010, these loans were approximately 25% of total loans, compared with 26% at December 31, 2009. Substantially all of these loans
are considered to be prime or near prime. We do not offer option adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) products, nor do we offer variable-rate mortgage products with fixed payment amounts, commonly referred to within the financial services industry as negative amortizing mortgage loans.
     The following table summarizes the proceeds paid or received for purchases and sales of loans, respectively. It also includes transfers from (to) mortgages/loans held for sale at lower of cost or market. The table excludes PCI loans and loans recorded at fair value, including loans originated for sale. This activity primarily includes purchases or sales of commercial loan participation interests, whereby we receive or transfer a portion of a loan after origination.
                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
(in millions)   Commercial     Consumer     Total  
   
Purchases
  $ 2,135       162       2,297  
Sales
    (5,930 )     (553 )     (6,483 )
Transfers from/(to) MHFS/LHFS
    (1,461 )     (82 )     (1,543 )
   


131


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Commitments to Lend
A commitment to extend credit is a legally binding agreement to lend funds to a customer, usually at a stated interest rate and for a specified purpose. These commitments have fixed expiration dates and generally require a fee. When we make such a commitment, we have credit risk. The liquidity requirements or credit risk will be lower than the contractual amount of commitments to extend credit because a significant portion of these commitments are expected to expire without being used. Certain commitments are subject to loan agreements with covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer or borrowing base formulas that must be met before we are required to fund the commitment. Also, in some cases we participate a portion of our commitment to others in an arrangement that reduces our contractual commitment amount. We use the same credit policies in extending credit for unfunded commitments and letters of credit that we use in making loans. See Note 14 for information on standby letters of credit.
     In addition, we manage the potential risk in credit commitments by limiting the total amount of arrangements, both by individual customer and in total, by monitoring the size and maturity structure of these portfolios and by applying the same credit standards for all of our credit activities.
     For certain extensions of credit, we may require collateral, based on our assessment of a customer’s credit risk. We hold various types of collateral, including accounts receivable, inventory, land, buildings, equipment, autos, financial instruments, income-producing commercial properties and residential real estate. Collateral requirements for each customer may vary according to the specific credit underwriting, terms and structure of loans funded immediately or under a commitment to fund at a later date.
     The contractual amount of our unfunded credit commitments, net of participations and net of all standby and commercial letters of credit issued under the terms of these commitments, is summarized by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable in the following table:
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Commercial:
               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 185,947       187,319  
Real estate mortgage
    4,596       5,138  
Real estate construction
    5,698       9,385  
Foreign
    7,775       4,468  
   
Total commercial
    204,016       206,310  
   
Consumer:
               
Real estate 1–4 family first mortgage
    36,562       33,460  
Real estate 1–4 family junior lien mortgage
    58,618       63,338  
Credit card
    62,019       65,952  
Other revolving credit and installment
    18,458       20,778  
   
Total consumer
    175,657       183,528  
   
Total unfunded credit commitments
  $ 379,673       389,838  
   


132


 

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)
The ACL is management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit commitments, at the balance sheet date. We have an established process to determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses that assesses the losses inherent in our portfolio and related unfunded credit commitments. While we attribute portions of the allowance to specific portfolio segments, the entire allowance is available to absorb credit losses inherent in the total loan portfolio and unfunded credit commitments.
     Our process involves procedures to appropriately consider the unique risk characteristics of our commercial and consumer loan portfolio segments. For each portfolio segment, impairment is measured collectively for groups of smaller loans with similar characteristics, individually for larger impaired loans or, for PCI loans, based on the changes in cash flows expected to be collected.
     Our allowance levels are influenced by loan volumes, loan grade migration or delinquency status, historic loss experience influencing loss factors, and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as economic conditions. We have had limited changes in our allowance methodology primarily associated with integration alignment of loss estimation processes between Wells Fargo and Wachovia. Those changes did not significantly impact the allowance for credit losses.
COMMERCIAL PORTFOLIO SEGMENT ACL METHODOLOGY Generally, commercial loans are assessed for estimated losses by grading each loan using various risk factors as identified through periodic reviews. We apply historic grade-specific loss factors to the aggregation of each funded grade pool. These historic loss factors are also used to estimate losses for unfunded credit commitments. In the development of our statistically derived loan grade loss factors, we observe historical losses over a relevant period for each loan grade. These loss estimates are adjusted as appropriate based on additional analysis of long-term average loss experience compared to previously forecasted losses, external loss data or other risks identified from current economic conditions and credit quality trends.
     The allowance also includes an amount for the estimated impairment on nonaccrual commercial loans and commercial loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status.
CONSUMER PORTFOLIO SEGMENT ACL METHODOLOGY For consumer loans, not identified as a TDR, we determine the allowance on a collective basis utilizing forecasted losses to represent our best estimate of inherent loss. We pool loans, generally by product types with similar risk characteristics, such as residential real estate mortgages and credit cards. As appropriate, to achieve greater accuracy, we may further stratify selected portfolios by sub-product, origination channel, vintage, loss type, geographic location and other predictive characteristics. Models designed for each pool are utilized to develop the loss estimates. We use assumptions for these pools in our forecast models, such as historic delinquency and default, loss severity, home price trends, unemployment trends, and other key economic variables that may influence the frequency and severity of losses in the pool.
     In addition, we establish an allowance for consumer loans that have been modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status.
OTHER ACL MATTERS Commercial and consumer PCI loans may require an allowance subsequent to their acquisition. This allowance requirement is due to probable decreases in expected principal and interest cash flows (other than due to decreases in interest rate indices and changes in prepayment assumptions).
     The allowance for credit losses for both portfolio segments includes an amount for imprecision or uncertainty that may change from period to period. This amount represents management’s judgment of risks inherent in the processes and assumptions used in establishing the allowance. This imprecision considers economic environmental factors, modeling assumptions and performance, process risk, and other subjective factors, including industry trends.


133


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)
     The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments. Changes in the allowance for credit losses were:
                                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008     2007     2006  
   
Balance, beginning of year
  $ 25,031       21,711       5,518       3,964       4,057  
Provision for credit losses
    15,753       21,668       15,979       4,939       2,204  
Interest income on certain impaired loans (1)
    (266 )                        
Loan charge-offs:
                                       
Commercial:
                                       
Commercial and industrial
    (2,775 )     (3,365 )     (1,653 )     (629 )     (414 )
Real estate mortgage
    (1,151 )     (670 )     (29 )     (6 )     (5 )
Real estate construction
    (1,189 )     (1,063 )     (178 )     (14 )     (2 )
Lease financing
    (120 )     (229 )     (65 )     (33 )     (30 )
Foreign
    (198 )     (237 )     (245 )     (265 )     (281 )
   
Total commercial
    (5,433 )     (5,564 )     (2,170 )     (947 )     (732 )
   
Consumer:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    (4,900 )     (3,318 )     (540 )     (109 )     (103 )
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    (4,934 )     (4,812 )     (2,204 )     (648 )     (154 )
Credit card
    (2,396 )     (2,708 )     (1,563 )     (832 )     (505 )
Other revolving credit and installment
    (2,437 )     (3,423 )     (2,300 )     (1,913 )     (1,685 )
   
Total consumer
    (14,667 )     (14,261 )     (6,607 )     (3,502 )     (2,447 )
   
Total loan charge-offs
    (20,100 )     (19,825 )     (8,777 )     (4,449 )     (3,179 )
   
Loan recoveries:
                                       
Commercial:
                                       
Commercial and industrial
    427       254       114       119       111  
Real estate mortgage
    68       33       5       8       19  
Real estate construction
    110       16       3       2       3  
Lease financing
    20       20       13       17       21  
Foreign
    53       40       49       65       76  
   
Total commercial
    678       363       184       211       230  
   
Consumer:
                                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    522       185       37       22       26  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    211       174       89       53       36  
Credit card
    218       180       147       120       96  
Other revolving credit and installment
    718       755       481       504       537  
   
Total consumer
    1,669       1,294       754       699       695  
   
Total loan recoveries
    2,347       1,657       938       910       925  
   
Net loan charge-offs (2)
    (17,753 )     (18,168 )     (7,839 )     (3,539 )     (2,254 )
   
Allowances related to business combinations/other (3)
    698       (180 )     8,053       154       (43 )
   
Balance, end of year
  $ 23,463       25,031       21,711       5,518       3,964  
   
Components:
                                       
Allowance for loan losses
  $ 23,022       24,516       21,013       5,307       3,764  
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments
    441       515       698       211       200  
   
Allowance for credit losses (4)
  $ 23,463       25,031       21,711       5,518       3,964  
   
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans (2)
    2.30 %     2.21       1.97       1.03       0.73  
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans (4)
    3.04       3.13       2.43       1.39       1.18  
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans (4)
    3.10       3.20       2.51       1.44       1.24  
   
(1)   Effective 2010, certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize reductions in allowance as interest income.
(2)   For PCI loans, charge-offs are only recorded to the extent that losses exceed the purchase accounting estimates.
(3)   Includes $693 million related to the adoption of consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2010.
(4)   The allowance for credit losses includes $298 million and $333 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, related to PCI loans acquired from Wachovia. Loans acquired from Wachovia are included in total loans net of related purchase accounting net write-downs.

134


 

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments.
                         
 
    Year ended December 31, 2010  
(in millions)   Commercial     Consumer     Total  
   
Balance, beginning of year
  $ 8,141       16,890       25,031  
Provision for credit losses
    4,913       10,840       15,753  
Interest income on certain impaired loans
    (139 )     (127 )     (266 )

Loan charge-offs

    (5,433 )     (14,667 )     (20,100 )
Loan recoveries
    678       1,669       2,347  
   
Net loan charge-offs
    (4,755 )     (12,998 )     (17,753 )
   
Allowance related to business combinations/other
    9       689       698  
   
Balance, end of year
  $ 8,169       15,294       23,463  
   
The following table disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology.
                                                 
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Allowance for credit losses     Recorded investment in loans  
(in millions)   Commercial     Consumer     Total     Commercial     Consumer     Total  
         
Collectively evaluated (1)
  $ 5,424       11,539       16,963       302,392       387,707       690,099  
Individually evaluated (2)
    2,479       3,723       6,202       11,731       14,007       25,738  
PCI (3)
    266       32       298       7,935       33,495       41,430  
   
Total
  $ 8,169       15,294       23,463       322,058       435,209       757,267  
   
(1)   Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for unimpaired loans.
(2)   Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans.
(3)   Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30, Receivables — Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans.

135


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Credit Quality
We monitor credit quality as indicated by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The majority of credit quality indicators are based on December 31, 2010, information, with the exception of updated FICO and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/combined LTV (CLTV), which are obtained at least quarterly. Generally, these indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than September 30, 2010.
COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using
our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by banking regulatory agencies.
     The table below provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans (excluding PCI loans) by risk category. Both the CRE mortgage and construction criticized totals are relatively high as a result of the current conditions in the real estate market. Of the $37.1 billion in criticized CRE loans, $7.9 billion has been placed on nonaccrual status and written down to net realizable value. Loans in both populations have a high level of surveillance and monitoring in place to manage these assets and mitigate any loss exposure. See the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section of this Note for credit quality information on our commercial PCI portfolio.


                                                 
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Commercial     Real     Real                    
    and     estate     estate     Lease              
(in millions)   industrial     mortgage     construction     financing     Foreign     Total  
   
By risk category:
                                               
Pass
  $ 126,058       70,597       11,256       12,411       30,341       250,663  
Criticized
    24,508       25,983       11,128       683       1,158       63,460  
   
Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
  $ 150,566       96,580       22,384       13,094       31,499       314,123  
   

     In addition, while we monitor past due status, we do not consider it a key driver of our credit risk management practices for commercial loans. The following table provides past due information for commercial loans, excluding PCI loans.


                                                 
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Commercial     Real     Real                    
    and     estate     estate     Lease              
(in millions)   industrial     mortgage     construction     financing     Foreign     Total  
   
By delinquency status:
                                               
Current or 1-29 DPD
  $ 146,135       90,233       19,005       12,927       31,350       299,650  
30-89 DPD
    910       1,016       510       59             2,495  
90+ DPD and still accruing
    308       104       193             22       627  
Nonaccrual loans
    3,213       5,227       2,676       108       127       11,351  
   
Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
  $ 150,566       96,580       22,384       13,094       31,499       314,123  
   

CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS We have various classes of consumer loans that present respective unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment.
     The majority of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency matrix models or delinquency roll rate models. Therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses.


136


 

The following table provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status, excluding PCI loans.
                                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate             Other        
    1-4 family     1-4 family             revolving        
    first     junior lien     Credit     credit and        
(in millions)   mortgage     mortgage     card     installment     Total  
   
By delinquency status:
                                       
Current
  $ 159,321       89,408       20,546       74,083       343,358  
1-29 DPD
    5,597       3,104       730       8,635       18,066  
30-59 DPD
    4,993       917       262       1,802       7,974  
60-89 DPD
    2,911       608       207       691       4,417  
90-119 DPD
    4,152       476       190       371       5,189  
120-179 DPD
    5,363       764       324       349       6,800  
180+ DPD
    14,653       622       1       634       15,910  
   
Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
  $ 196,990       95,899       22,260       86,565       401,714  
   

     Of the $27.9 billion of loans 90 days or more past due in the previous table, $14.1 billion, which excludes MHFS, represents insured/guaranteed loans whose repayments are insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. Of the remaining $13.7 billion of loans that are 90 days or more past due, $3.1 billion was accruing. Consumer loans are placed on nonaccrual status and written down to net realizable value depending on the loan type and the extent of delinquency (see Note 1).
     Of the $14.1 billion in delinquent insured/guaranteed loans, $8.0 billion are more than 180 days past due. Excluding these insured/guaranteed loans, real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans 180 days or more past due totaled $6.6 billion, or 3.4% of total first mortgages. The aging of the delinquent real estate
1-4 family first mortgage loans is a result of the prolonged foreclosure process and our effort to help customers stay in their homes through various loan modification programs.
     The following table provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by updated FICO. We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are updated at least quarterly. FICO is not available for certain loan types and may not be obtained if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral and other borrower attributes, primarily for government guaranteed student loans of $17.5 billion and securities-based margin loans of $4.1 billion. The majority of our portfolio is underwritten with a FICO score of 680 and above. The table excludes PCI loans, which are included in the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section of this Note.


                                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate             Other        
    1-4 family     1-4 family             revolving        
    first     junior lien     Credit     credit and        
(in millions)   mortgage     mortgage     card     installment     Total  
   
By updated FICO:
                                       
< 600
  $ 34,207       9,037       2,872       10,809       56,925  
600-639
    14,422       4,509       1,826       5,970       26,727  
640-679
    18,794       7,729       3,305       8,354       38,182  
680-719
    26,435       13,768       4,522       9,495       54,220  
720-759
    29,335       20,322       4,441       8,827       62,925  
760-799
    47,054       27,214       3,215       9,368       86,851  
800+
    19,702       10,607       1,794       4,693       36,796  
No FICO available
    7,041       2,713       285       7,457       17,496  
FICO not required
                      21,592       21,592  
   
Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
  $ 196,990       95,899       22,260       86,565       401,714  
   

137


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties.
     The following table shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios excluding PCI loans. In recent years, the residential real estate markets have experienced significant declines in property values and several markets, particularly California and Florida have experienced declines that turned out to be more significant than the national decline. These trends are considered in the way that we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. LTV does not necessarily reflect the likelihood of performance of a given loan, but does provide an indication of collateral value. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV primarily due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions.
                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate        
    1-4 family     1-4 family        
    first     junior lien        
    mortgage     mortgage        
(in millions)   by LTV     by CLTV     Total  
   
By LTV/CLTV:
                       
0-60%
  $ 48,905       14,814       63,719  
60.01-80%
    46,453       17,744       64,197  
80.01-100%
    44,892       24,255       69,147  
100.01-120% (1)
    28,587       17,887       46,474  
> 120% (1)
    24,578       18,628       43,206  
No LTV/CLTV available
    3,575       2,571       6,146  
   
Total (excluding PCI)
  $ 196,990       95,899       292,889  
   
(1)   Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV.
NONACCRUAL LOANS The following table provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table due to the existence of the accretable yield.
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Commercial:
               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 3,213       4,397  
Real estate mortgage
    5,227       3,696  
Real estate construction
    2,676       3,313  
Lease financing
    108       171  
Foreign
    127       146  
   
Total commercial (1)
    11,351       11,723  
   
Consumer:
               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (2)
    12,289       10,100  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    2,302       2,263  
Other revolving credit and installment
    300       332  
   
Total consumer
    14,891       12,695  
   
Total nonaccrual loans (excluding PCI)
  $ 26,242       24,418  
   
(1)   Includes LHFS of $3 million and $27 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(2)   Includes MHFS of $426 million and $339 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.


138


 

LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $11.6 billion at December 31, 2010, and $16.1 billion at December 31, 2009, are excluded from this disclosure even though they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing due to the existence of the accretable yield and not based on consideration given to contractual interest payments.
     Non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing were $18.5 billion at December 31, 2010, and $22.2 billion at December 31, 2009. Those balances which include mortgage loans held for sale, have $14.7 billion and $15.3 billion, respectively, of insured/guaranteed loans whose repayments are insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. The following table shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing, but excludes insured/guaranteed loans.
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Commercial:
               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 308       590  
Real estate mortgage
    104       1,014  
Real estate construction
    193       909  
Foreign
    22       73  
   
Total commercial
    627       2,586  
   
Consumer:
               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1)
    941       1,623  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (1)
    366       515  
Credit card
    516       795  
Other revolving credit and installment
    1,305       1,333  
   
Total consumer
    3,128       4,266  
   
Total (excluding PCI)
  $ 3,755       6,852  
   
(1)   Includes mortgage loans held for sale 90 days or more past due and still accruing.


139


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

IMPAIRED LOANS The table below summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans
may have estimated impairment which is included in the allowance for credit losses. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. See the “Loans” section in Note 1 for our policies on impaired loans and PCI loans.


                                 
 
    December 31, 2010  
            Recorded investment        
                    Impaired loans        
    Unpaid             with related     Related  
    principal     Impaired     allowance for     allowance for  
(in millions)   balance     loans     credit losses     credit losses  
   
Commercial:
                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 8,190       3,600       3,276       607  
Real estate mortgage
    7,439       5,239       5,163       1,282  
Real estate construction
    4,676       2,786       2,786       548  
Lease financing
    149       91       91       34  
Foreign
    215       15       15       8  
   
Total commercial
    20,669       11,731       11,331       2,479  
   
Consumer:
                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    12,834       11,603       11,603       2,754  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    1,759       1,626       1,626       578  
Credit card
    548       548       548       333  
Other revolving credit and installment
    231       230       230       58  
   
Total consumer
    15,372       14,007       14,007       3,723  
   
Total (excluding PCI)
  $ 36,041       25,738       25,338       6,202  
   

     The following table summarizes key information for impaired loans as of December 31, 2009.
                         
 
    December 31, 2009 (1)  
(in millions)   Commercial     Consumer     Total  
   
Recorded investment:
                       
Impaired loans
  $ 10,562       8,268       18,830  
Impaired loans with a related
                       
allowance for credit losses
    9,666       8,268       17,934  

Related allowance for credit losses

    1,502       1,765       3,267  
   
(1)   Balances have been revised to conform to our current classification of certain small commercial loans as impaired.


140


 

     Commitments to lend additional funds on loans whose terms have been modified in a TDR amounted to $1.2 billion and $452 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. These commitments primarily relate to CRE loans, which, at the time of modification, had an amount of availability to the borrower that continues under the modified terms of the TDR and totaled $861 million and $134 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
     The following table provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans after impairment by portfolio segment and class.
                 
 
    Year ended  
    December 31, 2010  
    Average     Recognized  
    recorded     interest  
(in millions)   investment     income  
   
Commercial:
               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 4,098       64  
Real estate mortgage
    4,598       41  
Real estate construction
    3,203       28  
Lease financing
    166        
Foreign
    47        
   
Total commercial
    12,112       133  
   
Consumer:
               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    9,221       494  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    1,443       55  
Credit card
    360       13  
Other revolving credit and installment
    132       3  
   
Total consumer
    11,156       565  
   
Total impaired loans
  $ 23,268       698  
   
     The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans and interest income recognized on impaired loans after impairment.
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Average recorded investment in impaired loans
  $ 23,268       10,557       1,952  
   
Interest income:
                       
Cash basis of accounting
  $ 250       130       34  
Other (1)
    448       102       9  
   
Total interest income
  $ 698       232       43  
   
(1)   Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to the passage of time, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans. See footnote 1 to the table of changes in the allowance for credit losses.


141


 

Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans
Certain loans acquired in the Wachovia acquisition are accounted for as PCI loans. The following table presents PCI loans net of any remaining purchase accounting adjustments.


                         
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Commercial:
                       
Commercial and industrial
  $ 718       1,911       4,580  
Real estate mortgage
    2,855       4,137       5,803  
Real estate construction
    2,949       5,207       6,462  
Foreign
    1,413       1,733       1,859  
   
Total commercial
    7,935       12,988       18,704  
   
Consumer:
                       
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    33,245       38,386       39,214  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    250       331       728  
Other revolving credit and installment
                151  
   
Total consumer
    33,495       38,717       40,093  
   
Total PCI loans (carrying value)
  $ 41,430       51,705       58,797  
   
Total PCI loans (unpaid principal balance)
  $ 64,331       83,615       98,182  
   

ACCRETABLE YIELD The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying value of PCI loans is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income using an effective yield method over the remaining life of the loan, or pools of loans. The accretable yield is affected by:
  Changes in interest rate indices for variable rate PCI loans – Expected future cash flows are based on the variable rates in effect at the time of the regular evaluations of cash flows expected to be collected;
  Changes in prepayment assumptions – Prepayments affect the estimated life of PCI loans which may change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal, expected to be collected; and
  Changes in the expected principal and interest payments over the estimated life – Updates to expected cash flows are driven by the credit outlook and actions taken with borrowers. Changes in expected future cash flows from loan modifications are included in the regular evaluations of cash flows expected to be collected.
     The change in the accretable yield related to PCI loans is presented in the following table.


                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Total, beginning of year
  $ 14,559       10,447  
Accretion
    (2,435 )     (2,606 )
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference for loans with improving cash flows
    3,399       441  
Changes in expected cash flows that do not affect nonaccretable difference (1)
    1,191       6,277  
   
Total, end of year
  $ 16,714       14,559  
   
(1)   Represents changes in cash flows expected to be collected, changes in interest rates on variable rate PCI loans, and the impact of modifications on expected cash flows.

142


 

PCI ALLOWANCE When it is estimated that the cash flows expected to be collected have decreased subsequent to acquisition for a PCI loan or pool of loans, an allowance is
established and a provision for additional loss is recorded as a charge to income. The following table summarizes the changes in allowance for PCI loan losses.


                                 
 
                    Other        
(in millions)   Commercial     Pick-a-Pay     consumer     Total  
   
Balance, December 31, 2008
  $                    
Provision for losses due to credit deterioration
    850             3       853  
Charge-offs
    (520 )                 (520 )
   
Balance, December 31, 2009
    330             3       333  
Provision for losses due to credit deterioration
    712             59       771  
Charge-offs
(776 ) (30 ) (806 )
   
Balance, December 31, 2010
  $ 266             32       298  
   
COMMERCIAL PCI CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS The following table provides a breakdown of commercial PCI loans by risk category.
                                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Commercial     Real     Real              
    and     estate     estate              
(in millions)   industrial     mortgage     construction     Foreign     Total  
   
By risk category:
                                       
Pass
  $ 214       352       128       210       904  
Criticized
    504       2,503       2,821       1,203       7,031  
   
Total commercial PCI loans
  $ 718       2,855       2,949       1,413       7,935  
   

CONSUMER PCI CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS Our consumer PCI loans were aggregated into several pools of loans at acquisition. Below, we have provided credit quality indicators based on the individual loans included in the pool, but we have
not allocated the remaining purchase accounting adjustments, which were established at a pool level. The following table provides the delinquency status of consumer PCI loans.


                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate        
    1-4 family     1-4 family        
    first     junior lien        
(in millions)   mortgage     mortgage     Total  
   
By delinquency status:
                       
Current
  $ 29,253       357       29,610  
1-29 DPD
    44       79       123  
30-59 DPD
    3,586       30       3,616  
60-89 DPD
    1,364       17       1,381  
90-119 DPD
    881       13       894  
120-179 DPD
    1,346       19       1,365  
180+ DPD
    7,214       220       7,434  
   
Total consumer PCI loans
  $ 43,688       735       44,423  
   
Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
  $ 33,245       250       33,495  
   

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Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)
The following table provides FICO scores for consumer PCI loans.
                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate        
    1-4 family     1-4 family        
    first     junior lien        
(in millions)   mortgage     mortgage     Total  
   
By FICO:
                       
< 600
  $ 22,334       363       22,697  
600-639
    7,563       109       7,672  
640-679
    6,185       96       6,281  
680-719
    3,949       60       4,009  
720-759
    2,057       17       2,074  
760-799
    1,087       7       1,094  
800+
    232       2       234  
No FICO available
    281       81       362  
   
Total consumer PCI loans
  $ 43,688       735       44,423  
   
Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
  $ 33,245       250       33,495  
   
The following table shows the distribution of consumer PCI loans by LTV for real estate 1-4 family first mortgages and by CLTV for real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgages.
                         
 
    December 31, 2010  
    Real estate     Real estate        
    1-4 family     1-4 family        
    first     junior lien        
    mortgage     mortgage        
(in millions)   by LTV     by CLTV     Total  
   
By LTV/CLTV:
                       
0-60%
  $ 1,653       43       1,696  
60.01-80%
    5,513       42       5,555  
80.01-100%
    11,861       89       11,950  
100.01-120%
    9,525       116       9,641  
> 120%
    15,047       314       15,361  
No LTV/CLTV available
    89       131       220  
   
Total consumer PCI loans
  $ 43,688       735       44,423  
   
Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
  $ 33,245       250       33,495  
   

144


 

                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Land
  $ 1,825       2,140  
Buildings
    7,440       8,143  
Furniture and equipment
    6,689       6,232  
Leasehold improvements
    1,683       1,381  
Premises and equipment leased under capital leases
    148       152  
   
Total premises and equipment
    17,785       18,048  
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization
    8,141       7,312  
   
Net book value, premises and equipment
  $ 9,644       10,736  
   
Depreciation and amortization expense for premises and equipment was $1.5 billion, $1.3 billion and $861 million in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
     Dispositions of premises and equipment, included in noninterest expense, resulted in net losses of $115 million in 2010, net losses of $22 million in 2009 and net gains of $3 million in 2008.
     We have obligations under a number of noncancelable operating leases for premises and equipment. The terms of these leases are predominantly up to 15 years, with the longest up to 95 years, and many provide for periodic adjustment of rentals based on changes in various economic indicators. Some leases also include a renewal option. The following table provides the future minimum payments under capital leases and noncancelable operating leases, net of sublease rentals, with terms greater than one year as of December 31, 2010.
                 
 
    Operating     Capital  
(in millions)   leases     leases  
   
Year ended December 31,
               
2011
  $ 1,134       14  
2012
    1,235       5  
2013
    1,099       5  
2014
    944       4  
2015
    788       3  
Thereafter
    3,405       21  
   
Total minimum lease payments
  $ 8,605       52  
   
Executory costs
          $ (14 )
Amounts representing interest
            (12 )
   
Present value of net minimum lease payments
          $ 26  
   
     Operating lease rental expense (predominantly for premises), net of rental income, was $1.3 billion, $1.4 billion and $709 million in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
     The components of other assets were:
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Nonmarketable equity investments:
               
Cost method:
               
Private equity investments
  $ 3,240       3,808  
Federal bank stock
    5,254       5,985  
   
Total cost method
    8,494       9,793  
Equity method
    7,624       5,138  
Principal investments (1)
    305       1,423  
   
Total nonmarketable equity investments
    16,423       16,354  
Corporate/bank-owned life insurance
    19,845       19,515  
Accounts receivable
    23,763       20,565  
Interest receivable
    4,895       5,946  
Core deposit intangibles
    8,904       10,774  
Customer relationship and other amortized intangibles
    1,847       2,154  
Net deferred tax assets
          3,212  
Foreclosed assets:
               
GNMA (2)
    1,479       960  
Other
    4,530       2,199  
Operating lease assets
    1,873       2,395  
Due from customers on acceptances
    229       810  
Other
    15,993       19,296  
   
Total other assets
  $ 99,781       104,180  
   
(1)   Principal investments are recorded at fair value with realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in net gains (losses) from equity investments in the income statement.
(2)   These are foreclosed real estate securing FHA insured and VA guaranteed loans. Both principal and interest for these loans secured by the foreclosed real estate are collectible because they are insured/guaranteed.
     Income related to nonmarketable equity investments was:
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Net gains (losses) from:
                       
Private equity investments (1)
  $ 492       (368 )     251  
Principal investments
    42       79        
All other nonmarketable equity investments
    (188 )     (234 )     (10 )
   
Net gains (losses) from nonmarketable equity investments
  $ 346       (523 )     241  
   
(1)   Net gains in 2008 include $334 million gain from our ownership in Visa, which completed its initial public offering in March 2008.


145


 

Involvement with SPEs
In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of on- and off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities (SPEs), which are corporations, trusts or partnerships that are established for a limited purpose. Historically, the majority of SPEs were formed in connection with securitization transactions. In a securitization transaction, assets from our balance sheet are transferred to an SPE, which then issues to investors various forms of interests in those assets and may also enter into derivative transactions. In a securitization transaction, we typically receive cash and/or other interests in an SPE as proceeds for the assets we transfer. Also, in certain transactions, we may retain the right to service the transferred receivables and to repurchase those receivables from the SPE if the outstanding balance of the receivables falls to a level where the cost exceeds the benefits of servicing such receivables. In addition, we may purchase the right to service loans in an SPE that were transferred to the SPE by a third party.
     In connection with our securitization activities, we have various forms of ongoing involvement with SPEs, which may include:
  underwriting securities issued by SPEs and subsequently making markets in those securities;
  providing liquidity facilities to support short-term obligations of SPEs issued to third party investors;
  providing credit enhancement on securities issued by SPEs or market value guarantees of assets held by SPEs through the use of letters of credit, financial guarantees, credit default swaps and total return swaps;
  entering into other derivative contracts with SPEs;
  holding senior or subordinated interests in SPEs;
  acting as servicer or investment manager for SPEs; and
  providing administrative or trustee services to SPEs.
     SPEs are generally considered variable interest entities (VIEs). A VIE is an entity that has either a total equity investment that is insufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the ability to control the entity’s activities. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE and a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE. A variable interest is a contractual, ownership or other interest that changes with changes in the fair value of the VIE’s net assets. To determine whether or not a variable interest we hold could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of our involvement with the VIE. We assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an on-going basis.
     We have segregated our involvement with VIEs between those VIEs which we consolidate, those which we do not consolidate and transfers of financial assets that are accounted for as secured borrowings. Secured borrowings are transactions involving transfers of our financial assets to third parties that are accounted for as financings with the assets pledged as collateral. Accordingly, the transferred assets remain recognized on our balance sheet. Subsequent tables within this Note further segregate these transactions by structure type.


146


 

     The classifications of assets and liabilities in our balance sheet associated with our transactions with VIEs follow:
                                 
 
                    Transfers that        
    VIEs that we     VIEs     we account        
    do not     that we     for as secured        
(in millions)   consolidate     consolidate     borrowings     Total  
   

December 31, 2010

                               

Cash

  $       200       398       598  
Trading assets
    5,351       143       32       5,526  
Securities available for sale (1)
    24,001       2,159       7,834       33,994  
Loans
    12,400       16,708       1,613       30,721  
Mortgage servicing rights
    13,262                   13,262  
Other assets
    3,783       2,039       90       5,912  
   
Total assets
    58,797       21,249       9,967       90,013  
   
Short-term borrowings
          3,636  (2)     7,773       11,409  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    3,514       716  (2)     14       4,244  
Long-term debt
          8,377  (2)     1,700       10,077  
   
Total liabilities
    3,514       12,729       9,487       25,730  
   
Noncontrolling interests
          40             40  
   
Net assets
  $ 55,283       8,480       480       64,243  
   

December 31, 2009

                               

Cash

  $       273       328       601  
Trading assets
    6,097       77       35       6,209  
Securities available for sale (1)
    35,186       1,794       7,126       44,106  
Loans
    15,698       561       2,007       18,266  
Mortgage servicing rights
    16,233                   16,233  
Other assets
    5,604       2,595       68       8,267  
   
Total assets
    78,818       5,300       9,564       93,682  
   
Short-term borrowings
          351       1,996       2,347  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    3,352       708       4,864       8,924  
Long-term debt (3)
          1,163       1,938       3,101  
   
Total liabilities
    3,352       2,222       8,798       14,372  
   
Noncontrolling interests
          68             68  
   
Net assets
  $ 75,466       3,010       766       79,242  
   
(1)   Excludes certain debt securities related to loans serviced for the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and GNMA.
(2)   Includes the following VIE liabilities at December 31, 2010, with recourse to the general credit of Wells Fargo: Short-term borrowings, $3.6 billion; Accrued expenses and other liabilities, $645 million; and Long-term debt, $53 million.
(3)   “VIEs that we consolidate” has been revised to correct previously reported amount.

Transactions with Unconsolidated VIEs
Our transactions with VIEs include securitizations of consumer loans, CRE loans, student loans, auto loans and municipal bonds; investment and financing activities involving CDOs backed by asset-backed and CRE securities, collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) backed by corporate loans or bonds, and other types of structured financing. We have various forms of involvement with VIEs, including holding senior or subordinated interests, entering into liquidity arrangements, credit default swaps and other derivative contracts. These involvements with unconsolidated VIEs are recorded on our balance sheet primarily in trading assets, securities available for sale, loans, MSRs, other assets and other liabilities, as appropriate.
     The following tables provide a summary of unconsolidated VIEs with which we have significant continuing involvement, but are not the primary beneficiary. The balances presented for December 31, 2010, represent our unconsolidated VIEs for which we consider our involvement to be significant. The
balances presented for December 31, 2009, include unconsolidated VIEs with which we have continuing involvement that we no longer consider significant. Accordingly, we have excluded these transactions from the balances presented for December 31, 2010. We have refined our definition of significant continuing involvement in accordance with consolidation accounting guidance to exclude unconsolidated VIEs when our continuing involvement relates to third-party sponsored VIEs for which we were not the transferor, and unconsolidated VIEs for which we were the sponsor but do not have any other significant continuing involvement.
     Significant continuing involvement includes transactions where we were the sponsor or transferor and have other significant forms of involvement. Sponsorship includes transactions with unconsolidated VIEs where we solely or materially participated in the initial design or structuring of the entity or marketing of the transaction to investors. When we


147


 

Note 8: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

transfer assets to a VIE and account for the transfer as a sale, we are considered the transferor. We consider investments in securities held outside of trading, loans, guarantees, liquidity agreements, written options and servicing of collateral to be other forms of involvement that may be significant. We have excluded certain transactions with unconsolidated VIEs from the December 31, 2010, balances presented in the table below where
we have determined that our continuing involvement is not significant due to the temporary nature and size of our variable interests, because we were not the transferor or because we were not involved in the design or operations of the unconsolidated VIEs.


                                                 
 
                                    Other        
    Total     Debt and                     commitments        
    VIE     equity     Servicing             and     Net  
(in millions)   assets     interests (1)     assets     Derivatives     guarantees     assets  
   
December 31, 2010
                                               
            Carrying value – asset (liability)
 
               
Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
                                               
Conforming
  $ 1,068,737       5,527       12,115             (928 )     16,714  
Other/nonconforming
    76,304       2,997       495       6       (107 )     3,391  
Commercial mortgage securitizations
    190,377       5,506       608       261             6,375  
Collateralized debt obligations:
                                               
Debt securities
    20,046       1,436             844             2,280  
Loans (2)
    9,970       9,689                         9,689  
Asset-based finance structures
    12,055       6,556             (118 )           6,438  
Tax credit structures
    20,981       3,614                   (1,129 )     2,485  
Collateralized loan obligations
    13,196       2,804             56             2,860  
Investment funds
    10,522       1,416                         1,416  
Other (3)
    20,031       3,221       43       377       (6 )     3,635  
   
Total
  $ 1,442,219       42,766       13,261       1,426       (2,170 )     55,283  
   
           
Maximum exposure to loss
 
               
Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
                                               
Conforming
          $ 5,527       12,115             4,248       21,890  
Other/nonconforming
            2,997       495       6       233       3,731  
Commercial mortgage securitizations
            5,506       608       488             6,602  
Collateralized debt obligations:
                                               
Debt securities
            1,436             2,850       7       4,293  
Loans (2)
            9,689                         9,689  
Asset-based finance structures
            6,556             118       2,175       8,849  
Tax credit structures
            3,614                   1       3,615  
Collateralized loan obligations
            2,804             56       519       3,379  
Investment funds
            1,416                   87       1,503  
Other (3)
            3,221       43       916       162       4,342  
   
Total
          $ 42,766       13,261       4,434       7,432       67,893  
   
(continued on following page)

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(continued from previous page)
                                                 
 
                                    Other        
    Total     Debt and                     commitments        
    VIE     equity     Servicing             and     Net  
(in millions)   assets     interests (1)     assets     Derivatives     guarantees     assets  
   
December 31, 2009
                                               
            Carrying value – asset (liability)
 
               
Residential mortgage loan securitizations (4):
                                               
Conforming
  $ 1,150,515       5,846       13,949             (869 )     18,926  
Other/nonconforming
    251,850       11,683       1,538       16       (15 )     13,222  
Commercial mortgage securitizations
    345,561       3,760       696       489             4,945  
Collateralized debt obligations:
                                               
Debt securities
    45,684       3,024             1,746             4,770  
Loans (2)
    10,215       9,964                         9,964  
Multi-seller commercial paper conduit (5)
    5,160                                
Asset-based finance structures
    17,467       10,187             (72 )     (248 )     9,867  
Tax credit structures
    27,537       4,659                   (653 )     4,006  
Collateralized loan obligations
    23,830       3,602             64             3,666  
Investment funds
    84,642       1,831                   (129 )     1,702  
Other (3)
    23,538       3,626       50       1,015       (293 )     4,398  
   
Total
  $ 1,985,999       58,182       16,233       3,258       (2,207 )     75,466  
   
           
Maximum exposure to loss
 
               
Residential mortgage loan securitizations (4):
                                               
Conforming
          $ 5,846       13,949             4,567       24,362  
Other/nonconforming
            11,683       1,538       30       218       13,469  
Commercial mortgage securitizations
            3,760       696       766             5,222  
Collateralized debt obligations:
                                               
Debt securities
            3,024             3,586       33       6,643  
Loans (2)
            9,964                         9,964  
Multi-seller commercial paper conduit (5)
                        5,263             5,263  
Asset-based finance structures
            10,187             72       968       11,227  
Tax credit structures
            4,659                   4       4,663  
Collateralized loan obligations
            3,702             64       473       4,239  
Investment funds (6)
            2,331             500       218       3,049  
Other (3)
            3,626       50       1,818       1,774       7,268  
   
Total
          $ 58,782       16,233       12,099       8,255       95,369  
   
(1)   Excludes certain debt securities held related to loans serviced for FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA.
(2)   Represents senior loans to trusts that are collateralized by asset-backed securities. The trusts invest primarily in senior tranches from a diversified pool of primarily U.S. asset securitizations, of which all are current, and over 91% were rated as investment grade by the primary rating agencies at December 31, 2010. These senior loans were acquired in the Wachovia business combination and are accounted for at amortized cost as initially determined under purchase accounting and are subject to the Company’s allowance and credit charge-off policies.
(3)   Includes student loan securitizations, auto loan securitizations and credit-linked note structures. Also contains investments in auction rate securities (ARS) issued by VIEs that we do not sponsor and, accordingly, are unable to obtain the total assets of the entity.
(4)   Total VIE assets at December 31, 2009, includes $20.9 billion of nonconforming residential mortgage securitizations that were consolidated in first quarter 2010.
(5)   The multi-seller commercial paper conduit was consolidated in first quarter 2010.
(6)   “Other commitments and guarantees” has been revised to correct previously reported amount.

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Note 8: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

     In the two preceding tables, “Total VIE assets” represents the remaining principal balance of assets held by unconsolidated VIEs using the most current information available. For VIEs that obtain exposure to assets synthetically through derivative instruments, the remaining notional amount of the derivative is included in the asset balance. “Carrying value” is the amount in our consolidated balance sheet related to our involvement with the unconsolidated VIEs. “Maximum exposure to loss” from our involvement with off-balance sheet entities, which is a required disclosure under GAAP, is determined as the carrying value of our involvement with off-balance sheet (unconsolidated) VIEs plus the remaining undrawn liquidity and lending commitments, the notional amount of net written derivative contracts, and generally the notional amount of, or stressed loss estimate for, other commitments and guarantees. It represents estimated loss that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, for which we believe the possibility is extremely remote, such as where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. Accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss.
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LOANS Residential mortgage loan securitizations are financed through the issuance of fixed- or floating-rate-asset-backed-securities, which are collateralized by the loans transferred to a VIE. We typically transfer loans we originated to these VIEs, account for the transfers as sales, retain the right to service the loans and may hold other beneficial interests issued by the VIEs. We also may be exposed to limited liability related to recourse agreements and repurchase agreements we make to our issuers and purchasers, which are included in other commitments and guarantees. In certain instances, we may service residential mortgage loan securitizations structured by third parties whose loans we did not originate or transfer. Our residential mortgage loan securitizations consist of conforming and nonconforming securitizations.
     Conforming residential mortgage loan securitizations are those that are guaranteed by GSEs, including GNMA. We do not consolidate our conforming residential mortgage loan securitizations because we do not have power over the VIEs.
     The loans sold to the VIEs in nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations are those that do not qualify for a GSE guarantee. We do not consolidate the nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations included in the table because we do not have a variable interest that could potentially be significant or we do not have power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIE.
     Other commitments and guarantees include amounts related to loans sold that we may be required to repurchase, or otherwise indemnify or reimburse the investor or insurer for losses incurred, due to material breach of contractual representations and warranties. The maximum exposure to loss for material breach of contractual representations and warranties represents a stressed case estimate we utilize for determining stressed case regulatory capital needs.
COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE LOAN SECURITIZATIONS Commercial mortgage loan securitizations are financed through the issuance of fixed- or floating-rate-asset-backed-securities, which are collateralized by the loans transferred to the VIE. In a typical securitization, we may transfer loans we originate to these VIEs, account for the transfers as sales, retain the right to service the loans and may hold other beneficial interests issued by the VIEs. In certain instances, we may service commercial mortgage loan securitizations structured by third parties whose loans we did not originate or transfer. We typically serve as primary or master servicer of these VIEs. The primary or master servicer in a commercial mortgage loan securitization typically cannot make the most significant decisions impacting the performance of the VIE and therefore does not have power over the VIE. We do not consolidate the commercial mortgage loan securitizations included in the disclosure because we either do not have power or do not have a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS (CDOs) A CDO is a securitization where an SPE purchases a pool of assets consisting of asset-backed securities and issues multiple tranches of equity or notes to investors. In some transactions, a portion of the assets are obtained synthetically through the use of derivatives such as credit default swaps or total return swaps.
     Prior to 2008, we engaged in the structuring of CDOs on behalf of third party asset managers who would select and manage the assets for the CDO. Typically, the asset manager has some discretion to manage the sale of assets of, or derivatives used by the CDO, which generally gives the asset manager the power over the CDO. We have not structured these types of transactions since the credit market disruption began in late 2007.
     In addition to our role as arranger we may have other forms of involvement with these transactions, including transactions established prior to 2008. Such involvement may include acting as liquidity provider, derivative counterparty, secondary market maker or investor. For certain transactions, we may also act as the collateral manager or servicer. We receive fees in connection with our role as collateral manager or servicer.
     We assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of CDOs based on our role in the transaction in combination with the variable interests we hold. Subsequently, we monitor our ongoing involvement in these transactions to determine if the nature of our involvement has changed. We are not the primary beneficiary of these transactions in most cases because we do not act as the collateral manager or servicer, which generally denotes power. In cases where we are the collateral manager or servicer, we are not the primary beneficiary because we do not hold interests that could potentially be significant to the VIE.


150


 

COLLATERALIZED LOAN OBLIGATIONS (CLOs) A CLO is a securitization where an SPE purchases a pool of assets consisting of loans and issues multiple tranches of equity or notes to investors. Generally, CLOs are structured on behalf of a third party asset manager that typically selects and manages the assets for the term of the CLO. Typically, the asset manager has the power over the significant decisions of the VIE through its discretion to manage the assets of the CLO. We assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of CLOs based on our role in the transaction and the variable interests we hold. In most cases, we are not the primary beneficiary of these transactions because we do not have the power to manage the collateral in the VIE.
     In addition to our role as arranger, we may have other forms of involvement with these transactions. Such involvement may include acting as underwriter, derivative counterparty, secondary market maker or investor. For certain transactions, we may also act as the servicer, for which we receive fees in connection with that role. We also earn fees for arranging these transactions and distributing the securities.
ASSET-BASED FINANCE STRUCTURES We engage in various forms of structured finance arrangements with VIEs that are collateralized by various asset classes including energy contracts, auto and other transportation leases, intellectual property, equipment and general corporate credit. We typically provide senior financing, and may act as an interest rate swap or commodity derivative counterparty when necessary. In most cases, we are not the primary beneficiary of these structures because we do not have power over the significant activities of the VIEs involved in these transactions.
     For example, we have investments in asset-backed securities that are collateralized by auto leases or loans and cash reserves. These fixed-rate and variable-rate securities have been structured as single-tranche, fully amortizing, unrated bonds that are equivalent to investment-grade securities due to their significant overcollateralization. The securities are issued by VIEs that have been formed by third party auto financing institutions primarily because they require a source of liquidity to fund ongoing vehicle sales operations. The third party auto financing institutions manage the collateral in the VIEs, which is indicative of power in these transactions and we therefore do not consolidate these VIEs.
TAX CREDIT STRUCTURES We co-sponsor and make investments in affordable housing and sustainable energy projects that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. In some instances, our investments in these structures may require that we fund future capital commitments at the discretion of the project sponsors. While the size of our investment in a single entity may at times exceed 50% of the outstanding equity interests, we do not consolidate these structures due to the project sponsor’s ability to manage the projects, which is indicative of power in these transactions.
INVESTMENT FUNDS At December 31, 2010, we had investments of $1.4 billion and lending arrangements of $14 million with certain funds managed by one of our majority owned subsidiaries compared with investments of $1.3 billion and lending arrangements of $20 million at December 31, 2009. In addition, we also provide a default protection agreement to a third party lender to one of these funds. Our involvement in these funds is either senior or of equal priority to third party investors. We do not consolidate the investment funds because we do not absorb the majority of the expected future variability associated with the funds’ assets, including variability associated with credit, interest rate and liquidity risks.
OTHER TRANSACTIONS WITH VIEs In August 2008, Wachovia reached an agreement to purchase at par auction rate securities (ARS) that were sold to third-party investors by certain of its subsidiaries. ARS are debt instruments with long-term maturities, but which re-price more frequently, and preferred equities with no maturity. All remaining ARS issued by VIEs subject to the agreement were redeemed. At December 31, 2010, we held in our securities available-for-sale portfolio $1.6 billion of ARS issued by VIEs redeemed pursuant to this agreement, compared with $3.2 billion at December 31, 2009.
     On November 18, 2009, we reached agreements to purchase additional ARS from eligible investors who bought ARS through one of our broker-dealer subsidiaries. All remaining ARS issued by VIEs subject to the agreement were redeemed. As of December 31, 2010, we held in our securities available-for-sale portfolio $892 million of ARS issued by VIEs redeemed pursuant to this agreement. No securities had been redeemed related to this agreement at December 31, 2009.
     We do not consolidate the VIEs that issued the ARS because we do not have power over the activities of the VIEs.
TRUST PREFERRED SECURITIES In addition to the involvements disclosed in the preceding table, we had $19.3 billion and $19.1 billion of junior subordinated debt financing through the issuance of trust preferred securities at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In these transactions, VIEs that we wholly own issue preferred equity or debt securities to third party investors. All of the proceeds of the issuance are invested in debt securities that we issue to the VIEs. The VIEs’ operations and cash flows relate only to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. We do not consolidate these VIEs because the sole assets of the VIEs are receivables from us. This is the case even though we own all of the voting equity shares of the VIEs, have fully guaranteed the obligations of the VIEs and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. We report the debt securities that we issue to the VIEs as long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheet. See Note 13 and Note 17 for additional information related to our trust preferred security issuances.


151


 

Note 8: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

Securitization Activity Related to Unconsolidated VIEs
We use VIEs to securitize consumer and CRE loans and other types of financial assets, including student loans, auto loans and municipal bonds. We typically retain the servicing rights from these sales and may continue to hold other beneficial interests in the VIEs. We may also provide liquidity to investors in the beneficial interests and credit enhancements in the form of standby letters of credit. Through these securitizations we may
be exposed to liability under limited amounts of recourse as well as standard representations and warranties we make to purchasers and issuers.
     We recognized net gains of $27 million from transfers accounted for as sales of financial assets in securitizations in 2010, and net gains of $1 million in 2009. Additionally, we had the following cash flows with our securitization trusts that were involved in transfers accounted for as sales.


                                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
            Other             Other  
    Mortgage     financial     Mortgage     financial  
(in millions)   loans     assets     loans     assets  
   
Sales proceeds from securitizations (1)
  $ 374,488             394,632        
Servicing fees
    4,316       34       4,283       42  
Other interests held (2)
    1,786       442       3,757       310  
Purchases of delinquent assets
    25             45        
Net servicing advances
    49             257        
   
(1)   Represents cash flow data for all loans securitized in the period presented.
(2)   “Other financial assets” for 2009 has been revised to correct previously reported amount.

     Sales with continuing involvement during 2010 predominantly related to conforming residential mortgage securitizations. During 2010 we transferred $379.0 billion in fair value of conforming residential mortgages to unconsolidated VIEs and recorded the transfers as sales. These transfers did not result in a gain or loss because the loans are already carried at
fair value. In connection with these transfers, in 2010 we recorded a $4.5 billion servicing asset and a $144 million liability for repurchase reserves, which are both initially measured at fair value.
     We used the following key assumptions to measure mortgage servicing assets at the date of securitization:


                 
 
    Mortgage servicing rights  
    2010     2009  
   
Prepayment speed (annual CPR (1))
    13.5 %     13.4  
Life (in years)
    5.4       5.6  
Discount rate
    8.0 %     8.3  
   
(1)   Constant prepayment rate.
      


152


 

     Key economic assumptions and the sensitivity of the current fair value to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions at December 31, 2010, for residential and commercial mortgage servicing rights, and other interests held related primarily to residential mortgage loan securitizations are presented in the following table. In the following table “Other interests held” exclude securities retained in securitizations issued through GSEs such as FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA because we do not
believe the value of these securities would be materially affected by the adverse changes in assumptions noted in the table. Subordinated interests include only those bonds whose credit rating was below AAA by a major rating agency at issuance. Senior interests include only those bonds whose credit rating was AAA by a major rating agency at issuance. The information presented excludes trading positions held in inventory.


                                 
 
            Other interests held  
    Mortgage     Interest-              
    servicing     only     Subordinated     Senior  
(in millions)   rights     strips     bonds     bonds  
   
Fair value of interests held at December 31, 2010
  $ 16,279       226       47       441  
Expected weighted-average life (in years)
    5.2       5.2       8.3       4.5  

Prepayment speed assumption (annual CPR)

    12.6 %     11.4       4.8       18.1  
Decrease in fair value from:
                               
10% adverse change
  $ 844       7             2  
25% adverse change
    1,992       16             6  

Discount rate assumption

    8.1 %     17.8       10.2       6.8  
Decrease in fair value from:
                               
100 basis point increase
  $ 777       6       3       14  
200 basis point increase
    1,487       13       6       27  

Credit loss assumption

                    0.7 %     3.7  
Decrease in fair value from:
                               
10% higher losses
                  $       1  
25% higher losses
                          3  
   

     The sensitivities in the preceding table are hypothetical and caution should be exercised when relying on this data. Changes in value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in the assumption to the change in value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the value of the other interests held is calculated independently without changing any other assumptions. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in others (for example, changes in prepayment speed estimates could result in changes in the credit losses), which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities.
     The following table presents information about the principal balances of off-balance sheet securitized loans, including residential mortgages sold to FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA and securitizations where servicing is our only form of continuing involvement. Delinquent loans include loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest as well as nonaccrual loans. Delinquent loans and net charge-offs exclude loans sold to FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA. We continue to service those loans and would only experience a loss if required to repurchase a delinquent loan due to a breach in original representations and warranties associated with their required underwriting standards.


                                                 
 
                                    Net charge-offs  
    Total loans     Delinquent loans     Year ended  
    December 31 ,   December 31 ,   December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2010     2009     2010     2009  
   
Commercial:
                                               
Commercial and industrial
  $ 1       78             65              
Real estate mortgage
    207,015       221,516       11,515       7,208       919       108  
   
Total commercial
    207,016       221,594       11,515       7,273       919       108  
   
Consumer:
                                               
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
    1,090,755       1,062,938       5,275       7,501       1,408       1,287  
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
    1       3,292             76             54  
Other revolving credit and installment
    2,454       5,104       102       100             107  
   
Total consumer
    1,093,210       1,071,334       5,377       7,677       1,408       1,448  
   
Total off-balance sheet securitized loans
  $ 1,300,226       1,292,928       16,892       14,950       2,327       1,556  
   

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Note 8: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

Transactions with Consolidated VIEs and Secured Borrowings
The following table presents a summary of transfers of financial assets accounted for as secured borrowings and involvements with consolidated VIEs. “Consolidated assets” are presented using GAAP measurement methods, which may include fair
value, credit impairment or other adjustments, and therefore in some instances will differ from “Total VIE assets.” On the consolidated balance sheet, we separately disclose the consolidated assets of certain VIEs that can only be used to settle the liabilities of those VIEs.


                                         
 
            Carrying value  
    Total             Third              
    VIE     Consolidated     party     Noncontrolling     Net  
(in millions)   assets     assets     liabilities     interests     assets  
   
December 31, 2010
                                       

Secured borrowings:

                                       
Municipal tender option bond securitizations
  $ 10,687       7,874       (7,779 )           95  
Auto loan securitizations
    154       154                   154  
Commercial real estate loans
    1,321       1,321       (1,272 )           49  
Residential mortgage securitizations
    700       618       (436 )           182  
   
Total secured borrowings
    12,862       9,967       (9,487 )           480  
   
Consolidated VIEs:
                                       
Nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations
    14,518       13,529       (6,723 )           6,806  
Multi-seller commercial paper conduit
    3,197       3,197       (3,279 )           (82 )
Auto loan securitizations
    1,010       1,010       (955 )           55  
Structured asset finance
    146       146       (21 )     (11 )     114  
Investment funds
    1,197       1,197       (54 )     (14 )     1,129  
Other
    2,173       2,170       (1,697 )     (15 )     458  
   
Total consolidated VIEs
    22,241       21,249       (12,729 )     (40 )     8,480  
   
Total secured borrowings and consolidated VIEs
  $ 35,103       31,216       (22,216 )     (40 )     8,960  
   
December 31, 2009
                                       

Secured borrowings:

                                       
Municipal tender option bond securitizations (1)
  $ 9,649       7,189       (6,856 )           333  
Auto loan securitizations
    274       274       (121 )           153  
Commercial real estate loans
    1,309       1,309       (1,269 )           40  
Residential mortgage securitizations
    901       792       (552 )           240  
   
Total secured borrowings
    12,133       9,564       (8,798 )           766  
   
Consolidated VIEs:
                                       
Structured asset finance (2)
    2,791       1,074       (919 )     (10 )     145  
Investment funds
    2,257       2,245       (271 )     (33 )     1,941  
Other (2)
    2,697       1,981       (1,032 )     (25 )     924  
   
Total consolidated VIEs
    7,745       5,300       (2,222 )     (68 )     3,010  
   
Total secured borrowings and consolidated VIEs
  $ 19,878       14,864       (11,020 )     (68 )     3,776  
   
(1)   “Total VIE assets” has been revised to correct previously reported amount.
(2)   “Third party liabilities” has been revised to correct previously reported amounts.

     In addition to the transactions included in the table above, at December 31, 2010, we had issued approximately $6.0 billion of private placement debt financing through a consolidated VIE. The issuance is classified as long-term debt in our consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2010, we had pledged approximately $6.0 billion in loans, $478 million in securities available for sale and $180 million in cash and cash equivalents to collateralize the VIE’s borrowings. Such assets were not transferred to the VIE and accordingly we have excluded the VIE from the previous table.
     We have raised financing through the securitization of certain financial assets in transactions with VIEs accounted for as secured borrowings. We also consolidate VIEs where we are the
primary beneficiary. In certain transactions other than the multi-seller commercial paper conduit, we provide contractual support in the form of limited recourse and liquidity to facilitate the remarketing of short-term securities issued to third party investors. Other than this limited contractual support, the assets of the VIEs are the sole source of repayment of the securities held by third parties. The liquidity support we provide to the multi-seller commercial paper conduit ensures timely repayment of commercial paper issued by the conduit and is described further below.


154


 

NONCONFORMING RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LOAN SECURITIZATIONS We have consolidated certain of our nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations in accordance with consolidation accounting guidance. We have determined we are the primary beneficiary of these securitizations because we have the power to direct the most significant activities of the entity through our role as primary servicer and also hold variable interests that we have determined to be significant. The nature of our variable interests in these entities may include beneficial interests issued by the VIE, mortgage servicing rights and recourse or repurchase reserve liabilities.
MULTI-SELLER COMMERCIAL PAPER CONDUIT We administer a multi-seller asset-based commercial paper conduit that finances certain client transactions. This conduit is a bankruptcy remote entity that makes loans to, or purchases certificated interests, generally from SPEs, established by our clients (sellers) and which are secured by pools of financial assets. The conduit funds itself through the issuance of highly rated commercial paper to third party investors. The primary source of repayment of the commercial paper is the cash flows from the conduit’s assets or the re-issuance of commercial paper upon maturity. The conduit’s assets are structured with deal-specific credit enhancements generally in the form of overcollateralization provided by the seller, but may also include subordinated interests, cash reserve accounts, third party credit support facilities and excess spread capture. The timely repayment of the commercial paper is further supported by asset-specific liquidity facilities in the form of liquidity asset purchase agreements that we provide. Each facility is equal to 102% of the conduit’s funding commitment to a client. The aggregate amount of liquidity must be equal to or greater than all the commercial paper issued by the conduit. At the discretion of the administrator, we may be required to purchase assets from the conduit at par value plus accrued interest or discount on the related commercial paper, including situations where the conduit is unable to issue commercial paper. Par value may be different from fair value.
     We receive fees in connection with our role as administrator and liquidity provider. We may also receive fees related to the structuring of the conduit’s transactions. In 2010, the conduit terminated its subordinated note to a third party investor and repaid all amounts due under the terms of the note agreement. We incurred a loss on the termination of the subordinated note of $16 million. We are the primary beneficiary of the conduit because we have power over the significant activities of the conduit and have a significant variable interest due to our liquidity arrangement.


155


 

Mortgage banking activities, included in the Community Banking and Wholesale Banking operating segments, consist of residential and commercial mortgage originations and servicing.
     We apply the amortization method to all commercial and some residential MSRs and apply the fair value method to only residential MSRs. The changes in MSRs measured using the fair value method were:


                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Fair value, beginning of year
  $ 16,004       14,714       16,763  
Adjustments from adoption of consolidation accounting guidance
    (118 )            
Purchases
                191  
Acquired from Wachovia (1)
          34       479  
Servicing from securitizations or asset transfers
    4,092       6,226       3,450  
Sales
                (269 )
   
Net additions
    3,974       6,260       3,851  
   
Changes in fair value:
                       
Due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions (2)
    (2,957 )     (1,534 )     (3,341 )
Other changes in fair value (3)
    (2,554 )     (3,436 )     (2,559 )
   
Total changes in fair value
    (5,511 )     (4,970 )     (5,900 )
   
Fair value, end of year
  $ 14,467       16,004       14,714  
   
(1)   The 2009 amount reflects refinements to initial December 31, 2008, Wachovia purchase accounting adjustments.
(2)   Principally reflects changes in discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in interest rates, and costs to service, including delinquency and foreclosure costs.
(3)   Represents changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time.
The changes in amortized MSRs were:
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Balance, beginning of year
  $ 1,119       1,446       466  
Adjustments from adoption of consolidation accounting guidance
    (5 )            
Purchases
    58       11       10  
Acquired from Wachovia (1)
          (135 )     1,021  
Servicing from securitizations or asset transfers
    478       61       24  
Amortization
    (228 )     (264 )     (75 )
   
Balance, end of year (2)
    1,422       1,119       1,446  
   
Valuation allowance:
                       
Balance, beginning of year
                 
Provision for MSRs in excess of fair value
    (3 )            
   
Balance, end of year (3)
    (3 )            
   
Amortized MSRs, net
  $ 1,419       1,119       1,446  
   
Fair value of amortized MSRs:
                       
Beginning of year
  $ 1,261       1,555       573  
End of year (4)
    1,812       1,261       1,555  
   
(1)   The 2009 amount reflects refinements to initial December 31, 2008, Wachovia purchase accounting adjustments.
(2)   Includes $400 million in residential amortized MSRs at December 31, 2010. The 2009 and 2008 balances are commercial amortized MSRs. For the year ended December 31, 2010, servicing from securitizations or asset transfers on the residential MSR portfolio was $405 million and the residential MSR amortization was $(5) million.
(3)   Commercial amortized MSRs are evaluated for impairment purposes by the following risk strata: agency (GSEs) and non-agency. There was no valuation allowance recorded for the periods presented on the commercial amortized MSRs. Residential amortized MSRs are evaluated for impairment purposes by the following risk strata: Mortgages sold to GSEs (FHLMC and FNMA) and mortgages sold to GNMA, each by interest rate stratifications. A valuation allowance of $3 million was recorded on the residential amortized MSRs for the year ended December 31, 2010.
(4)   Includes fair value of $441 million in residential amortized MSRs and $1,371 million in commercial amortized MSRs at December 31, 2010.

156


 

     We present the components of our managed servicing portfolio in the following table at unpaid principal balance for
loans serviced and subserviced for others and at book value for owned loans serviced.


                         
 
    December 31 ,
(in billions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Residential mortgage servicing:
                       
Serviced for others
  $ 1,429       1,422       1,388  
Owned loans serviced
    371       364       378  
Subservicing
    9       10       15  
   
Total residential servicing
    1,809       1,796       1,781  
   
Commercial mortgage servicing:
                       
Serviced for others
    408       454       472  
Owned loans serviced
    99       105       103  
Subservicing
    13       10       11  
   
Total commercial servicing
    520       569       586  
   
Total managed servicing portfolio
  $ 2,329       2,365       2,367  
   
Total serviced for others
  $ 1,837       1,876       1,860  
Ratio of MSRs to related loans serviced for others
    0.86 %     0.91       0.87  
   

The components of mortgage banking noninterest income were:
      


                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Servicing income, net:
                       
Servicing fees (1)(2)
  $ 4,597       4,176       4,109  
Changes in fair value of MSRs carried at fair value:
                       
Due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions (3)
    (2,957 )     (1,534 )     (3,341 )
Other changes in fair value (4)
    (2,554 )     (3,436 )     (2,559 )
   
Total changes in fair value of MSRs carried at fair value
    (5,511 )     (4,970 )     (5,900 )
Amortization, net of impairment
    (228 )     (264 )     (75 )
Provision for MSRs in excess of fair value
    (3 )            
Net derivative gains from economic hedges (5)
    4,485       6,849       3,099  
   
Total servicing income, net
    3,340       5,791       1,233  
Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities (2)
    6,397       6,237       1,292  
   
Total mortgage banking noninterest income
  $ 9,737       12,028       2,525  
   
Market-related valuation changes to MSRs, net of hedge results (3) + (5)
  $ 1,528       5,315       (242 )
   
(1)   Amounts are presented net of certain unreimbursed direct servicing obligations primarily associated with workout activities.
(2)   2009 and 2008 amounts have been revised to conform with current period presentation.
(3)   Principally reflects changes in discount rates and prepayment speed assumptions, mostly due to changes in interest rates and costs to service, including delinquency and foreclosure costs.
(4)   Represents changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time.
(5)   Represents results from free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge the risk of changes in fair value of MSRs. See Note 15 – Free-Standing Derivatives for additional discussion and detail.

157


 


Note 9: Mortgage Banking Activities
(continued)

     In addition, servicing fees in the previous table included:
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Contractually specified servicing fees
  $ 4,566       4,473       3,904  
Late charges
    360       330       283  
Ancillary fees
    434       287       148  
   
     The table below summarizes the changes in our liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses. This liability is in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in our consolidated financial statements and the provision for repurchase losses reduces net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities.
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Balance, beginning of year
  $ 1,033       589       253  
Wachovia acquisition (1)
          31       187  
Provision for repurchase losses:
                       
Loan sales
    144       302       165  
Change in estimate – primarily due to credit deterioration
    1,474       625       234  
   
Total additions
    1,618       958       586  
Losses
    (1,362 )     (514 )     (250 )
   
Balance, end of year
  $ 1,289       1,033       589  
   
(1)   The 2009 amount is refinement to initial December 31, 2008, Wachovia purchase accounting adjustments.
      


158


 

The gross carrying value of intangible assets and accumulated amortization was:
      


                                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
    Gross             Net     Gross             Net  
    carrying     Accumulated     carrying     carrying     Accumulated     carrying  
(in millions)   value     amortization     value     value     amortization     value  
   
Amortized intangible assets:
                                               
MSRs (1)
  $ 2,131       (712 )     1,419       1,606       (487 )     1,119  
Core deposit intangibles
    15,133       (6,229 )     8,904       15,140       (4,366 )     10,774  
Customer relationship and other intangibles
    3,077       (1,230 )     1,847       3,050       (896 )     2,154  
   
Total amortized intangible assets
  $ 20,341       (8,171 )     12,170       19,796       (5,749 )     14,047  
   
MSRs (carried at fair value) (1)
  $ 14,467               14,467       16,004               16,004  
Goodwill
    24,770               24,770       24,812               24,812  
Trademark
    14               14       14               14  
   
(1)   See Note 9 for additional information on MSRs.
We based our projections of amortization expense shown below on existing asset balances at December 31, 2010. Future amortization expense may vary from these projections.
The following table provides the current year and estimated future amortization expense for amortized intangible assets.
                                 
 
                    Customer        
            Core     relationship        
    Amortized     deposit     and other        
(in millions)   MSRs     intangibles     intangibles     Total  
   
Year ended December 31, 2010 (actual)
  $ 228       1,872       334       2,434  
   
Estimate for year ended December 31,
                               
2011
  $ 247       1,593       286       2,126  
2012
    222       1,396       269       1,887  
2013
    189       1,241       249       1,679  
2014
    161       1,113       234       1,508  
2015
    139       1,022       212       1,373  
   

159


 

     For our goodwill impairment analysis, we allocate all of the goodwill to the individual operating segments. We identify reporting units that are one level below an operating segment (referred to as a component), and distinguish these reporting units based on how the segments and components are managed, taking into consideration the economic characteristics, nature of the products and customers of the components. We allocate goodwill to reporting units based on relative fair value, using certain performance metrics. See Note 23 for further information on management reporting.
     The following table shows the allocation of goodwill to our operating segments for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. In fourth quarter 2010, we realigned certain lending businesses into Wholesale Banking from Community Banking to reflect our previously announced restructuring of Wells Fargo Financial. Prior periods have been revised to reflect these changes. The reduction in 2010 was predominately due to reversals of excess exit reserves as discussed in Note 2.


                                 
 
                    Wealth ,      
    Community     Wholesale     Brokerage and     Consolidated  
(in millions)   Banking     Banking     Retirement     Company  
   
December 31, 2008
  $ 16,638       5,621       368       22,627  
Goodwill from business combinations
    1,329       844       5       2,178  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
    7                   7  
   
December 31, 2009
    17,974       6,465       373       24,812  
Goodwill from business combinations, net
    (52 )     10             (42 )
   
December 31, 2010
  $ 17,922       6,475       373       24,770  
   


160


 

Time certificates of deposit (CDs) and other time deposits issued by domestic offices totaled $90.6 billion and $117.0 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Substantially all of these deposits were interest bearing. The contractual maturities of these deposits follow.
         
 
(in millions)   December 31, 2010  
   
2011
  $ 43,612  
2012
    15,624  
2013
    17,977  
2014
    3,831  
2015
    7,024  
Thereafter
    2,500  
   
Total
  $ 90,568  
   
     Of these deposits, the amount of time deposits with a denomination of $100,000 or more was $33.9 billion and $43.7 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The contractual maturities of these deposits follow.
         
 
(in millions)   December 31, 2010  
   
Three months or less
  $ 5,320  
After three months through six months
    1,358  
After six months through twelve months
    8,086  
After twelve months
    19,097  
   
Total
  $ 33,861  
   
     Time CDs and other time deposits issued by foreign offices with a denomination of $100,000 or more were $16.7 billion and $20.4 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
     Demand deposit overdrafts of $557.0 million and $667.0 million were included as loan balances at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.


161


 

The table below shows selected information for short-term borrowings, which generally mature in less than 30 days.
      


                                                 
 
    2010     2009     2008  
(in millions)   Amount     Rate     Amount     Rate     Amount     Rate  
   
As of December 31,
                                               
Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings
  $ 17,454       0.26 %   $ 12,950       0.39 %   $ 45,871       0.93 %
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase
    37,947       0.15       26,016       0.08       62,203       1.12  
                                       
Total
  $ 55,401       0.19     $ 38,966       0.18     $ 108,074       1.04  
                                       
Year ended December 31,
                                               
Average daily balance
                                               
Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings
  $ 16,330       0.31     $ 27,793       0.43     $ 43,792       2.43  
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase
    30,494       0.18       24,179       0.46       22,034       1.88  
                                       
Total
  $ 46,824       0.22     $ 51,972       0.44     $ 65,826       2.25  
                                       
Maximum month-end balance
                                               
Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings (1)
  $ 17,646       N/A     $ 62,871       N/A     $ 76,009       N/A  
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (2)
    37,947       N/A       30,608       N/A       62,203       N/A  
   
N/A- Not Applicable
(1)   Highest month-end balance in each of the last three years was March 2010, February 2009 and August 2008.
(2)   Highest month-end balance in each of the last three years was December 2010, February 2009 and December 2008.

     We pledge certain financial instruments that we own to collateralize repurchase agreements and other securities financings. The types of collateral we pledge include securities issued by federal agencies, GSEs, and domestic and foreign companies. We pledged $27.3 billion and $14.8 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, under agreements that permit the secured parties to sell or repledge the collateral. Pledged collateral where the secured party cannot sell or repledge was $5.9 billion and $434 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
      


162


 

As a part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy, we often use derivatives to manage interest rate risk. As a result, much of the long-term debt presented below is hedged in a fair value or cash flow hedge relationship. See Note 15 for further information on qualifying hedge contracts.
     Following is a summary of our long-term debt based on original maturity (reflecting unamortized debt discounts and premiums, and purchase accounting adjustments for debt assumed in the Wachovia acquisition, where applicable):


                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  (1)
    Maturity     Stated                  
(in millions)   date(s)     interest rate(s)                  
   
Wells Fargo & Company (Parent only)
                               
Senior
                               
Fixed-rate notes (2)
    2011-2035     2.125-6.75 %   $ 40,630       46,266  
Floating-rate notes (2)
    2011-2048     Varies       26,750       41,231  
Market-linked notes (3)
    2011-2018     Varies       545       458  
   
Total senior debt – Parent
                    67,925       87,955  
   
Subordinated
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2011-2035     4.375-7.574 %     12,370       12,148  
Floating-rate notes
    2015-2016     Varies       1,118       1,096  
   
Total subordinated debt – Parent
                    13,488       13,244  
   
Junior subordinated
                               
Fixed-rate notes – hybrid trust securities
    2026-2068     5.625-10.18 %     11,257       11,086  
Floating-rate notes
    2027-2036     Varies       289       282  
FixFloat notes – income trust securities (4)
    2042-2044     5.20-9.75% to 2011-2013, varies       6,786       6,786  
   
Total junior subordinated debt – Parent (5)
                    18,332       18,154  
   
Total long-term debt – Parent
                    99,745       119,353  
   
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and other bank entities (Bank)
                               
Senior
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2011-2013       3.37-6.00 %     2,185       2,609  
Floating-rate notes
    2011-2040     Varies       4,186       8,323  
Fixed-rate advances – Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB)
    2011-2031       1.60-8.45 %     812       2,665  
Floating-rate advances – FHLB
    2011-2013     Varies       7,103       31,146  
Market-linked notes (3)
    2011-2016     Varies       229       515  
Capital leases (Note 7)
    2011-2024     Varies       26       77  
   
Total senior debt – Bank
                    14,541       45,335  
   
Subordinated
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2011-2038       4.75-7.74 %     16,520       18,220  
Floating-rate notes
    2014-2017     Varies       1,945       1,937  
   
Total subordinated debt – Bank
                    18,465       20,157  
   
Junior subordinated
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2026       8.00 %     317       318  
Floating-rate notes
    2027     Varies       278       270  
   
Total junior subordinated debt – Bank (5)
                    595       588  
   
Long-term debt issued by VIE – Fixed rate
    2012-2049       0.05-7.50 %     3,751       105  
Long-term debt issued by VIE – Floating rate
    2012-2042     Varies       4,053       70  
Mortgage notes and other debt
    2011-2038     Varies       8,639       8,216  
   
Total long-term debt – Bank
                    50,044       74,471  
   
(continued on following page)

163


 

(continued from previous page)
                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  (1)
    Maturity     Stated                  
(in millions)   date(s)     interest rate(s)                  
   
Other consolidated subsidiaries
                               
Senior
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2011-2015       3.97-6.125 %     6,147       6,682  
Floating-rate notes – FHLB
                          1,625  
FixFloat notes
    2020     6.795% through 2015, varies       20        
   
Total senior debt – Other consolidated subsidiaries
                    6,167       8,307  
   
Junior subordinated
                               
Fixed-rate notes
    2011       5.50 %     10       63  
Floating-rate notes
    2027-2036     Varies       239       241  
FixFloat notes
    2036     7.064% through 2011, varies       78       79  
   
Total junior subordinated debt – Other consolidated subsidiaries (5)
                    327       383  
   
Long-term debt issued by VIE – Fixed rate
    2012-2020       5.16-5.98 %     84       978  
Long-term debt issued by VIE – Floating rate
    2015-2021     Varies       489       10  
Mortgage notes and other debt of subsidiaries
    2013-2018     Varies       127       359  
   
Total long-term debt – Other consolidated subsidiaries
                    7,194       10,037  
   
Total long-term debt
                  $ 156,983       203,861  
   
(1)   Balances have been revised to conform with current period presentation.
(2)   On December 10, 2008, Wells Fargo issued $3 billion of 3% fixed senior unsecured notes and $3 billion of floating senior unsecured notes both maturing on December 9, 2011. On March 30, 2009, Wells Fargo issued $1.75 billion of 2.125% fixed senior unsecured notes and $1.75 billion of floating senior unsecured notes both maturing on June 15, 2012. These notes are guaranteed under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (FDIC) Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program (TLGP) and are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.
(3)   Consists of long-term notes where the performance of the note is linked to an embedded equity, commodity, or currency index, or basket of indices accounted for separately from the note as a free-standing derivative. For information on embedded derivatives, see Note 15 – Free-standing derivatives.
(4)   We expect to issue preferred stock to the unconsolidated wholly-owned trusts that hold the income trust securities. The preferred stock issuance is contingent on the ability to raise sufficient proceeds through the sale of the income trust securities to third party investors. See Note 8 for our additional information on our trust preferred security structures and Note 17 for the preferred stock we expect to issue.
(5)   Represents junior subordinated debentures held by unconsolidated wholly owned trusts formed for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. See Note 8 for additional information on our trust preferred security structures.

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Note 13: Long-Term Debt
(continued)

     We participated in the FDIC’s Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program (TLGP). The TLGP had two components: the Debt Guarantee Program, which provided a temporary guarantee of newly issued senior unsecured debt issued by eligible entities; and the Transaction Account Guarantee Program, which provided a temporary unlimited guarantee of funds in noninterest-bearing transaction accounts at FDIC-insured institutions. We opted out of the TLGP effective January 1, 2010.
     The aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt obligations (based on final maturity dates) as of December 31, 2010, follow.
                 
 
(in millions)   Parent     Company  
   
2011
  $ 21,771       36,223  
2012
    15,696       19,779  
2013
    10,088       15,750  
2014
    7,739       11,032  
2015
    3,584       8,553  
Thereafter
    40,867       65,646  
   
Total
  $ 99,745       156,983  
   
     The interest rates on floating-rate notes are determined periodically by formulas based on certain money market rates, subject, on certain notes, to minimum or maximum interest rates.
     As part of our long-term and short-term borrowing arrangements, we are subject to various financial and operational covenants. Some of the agreements under which debt has been issued have provisions that may limit the merger or sale of certain subsidiary banks and the issuance of capital stock or convertible securities by certain subsidiary banks. At December 31, 2010, we were in compliance with all the covenants.


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Guarantees are contracts that contingently require us to make payments to a guaranteed party based on an event or a change in an underlying asset, liability, rate or index. Guarantees are generally in the form of standby letters of credit, securities lending and other indemnifications, liquidity agreements,
written put options, recourse obligations, residual value guarantees, and contingent consideration. The following table shows carrying value, maximum exposure to loss on our guarantees and the amount with a higher risk of performance.


                                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
            Maximum     Non-             Maximum     Non-  
    Carrying     exposure     investment     Carrying     exposure     investment  
(in millions)   value     to loss     grade     value     to loss     grade  
   
Standby letters of credit
  $ 142       42,159       19,596       148       49,997       21,112  
Securities lending and other indemnifications
    45       13,645       3,993       51       20,002       2,512  
Liquidity agreements (1)
          49       1       66       7,744        
Written put options (1)(2)
    747       8,134       2,615       803       8,392       3,674  
Loans and MHFS sold with recourse
    119       5,474       3,564       96       5,049       2,400  
Residual value guarantees
    8       197             8       197        
Contingent consideration
    23       118       116       11       145       102  
Other guarantees
          73                   55       2  
   
Total guarantees
  $ 1,084       69,849       29,885       1,183       91,581       29,802  
   
(1)   Certain of these agreements included in this table are related to off-balance sheet entities and, accordingly, are also disclosed in Note 8.
(2)   Written put options, which are in the form of derivatives, are also included in the derivative disclosures in Note 15.

     “Maximum exposure to loss” and “Non-investment grade” are required disclosures under GAAP. Non-investment grade represents those guarantees on which we have a higher risk of being required to perform under the terms of the guarantee. If the underlying assets under the guarantee are non-investment grade (that is, an external rating that is below investment grade or an internal credit default grade that is equivalent to a below investment grade external rating), we consider the risk of performance to be high. Internal credit default grades are determined based upon the same credit policies that we use to evaluate the risk of payment or performance when making loans and other extensions of credit. These credit policies are more fully described in Note 6.
     Maximum exposure to loss represents the estimated loss that would be incurred under an assumed hypothetical circumstance, despite what we believe is its extremely remote possibility, where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. Accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. We believe the carrying value, which is either fair value or cost adjusted for incurred credit losses, is more representative of our exposure to loss than maximum exposure to loss.
STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT We issue standby letters of credit, which include performance and financial guarantees, for customers in connection with contracts between our customers and third parties. Standby letters of credit are agreements where we are obligated to make payment to a third party on behalf of a customer in the event the customer fails to meet their contractual obligations. We consider the credit risk in standby letters of credit and commercial and similar letters of credit in determining the allowance for credit losses.
SECURITIES LENDING AND OTHER INDEMNIFICATIONS As a securities lending agent, we lend securities from participating institutional clients’ portfolios to third-party borrowers. We indemnify our clients against default by the borrower in returning these lent securities. This indemnity is supported by collateral received from the borrowers. Collateral is generally in the form of cash or highly liquid securities that are marked to market daily. There was $14.0 billion at December 31, 2010, and $20.7 billion at December 31, 2009, in collateral supporting loaned securities with values of $13.6 billion and $20.0 billion, respectively.
     We enter into other types of indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business under which we agree to indemnify third parties against any damages, losses and expenses incurred in connection with legal and other proceedings arising from relationships or transactions with us. These relationships or transactions include those arising from service as a director or officer of the Company, underwriting agreements relating to our securities, acquisition agreements and various other business transactions or arrangements. Because the extent of our obligations under these agreements depends entirely upon the occurrence of future events, our potential future liability under these agreements we are unable to determine. We do, however, record a liability for residential mortgage loans that we may have to repurchase pursuant to various representations and warranties. See Note 1 and Note 8 for additional information on the liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses.


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Note 14: Guarantees and Legal Actions
(continued)

LIQUIDITY AGREEMENTS We provide liquidity facilities on all commercial paper issued by the conduit we administer. We also provide liquidity to certain off-balance sheet entities that hold securitized fixed-rate municipal bonds and consumer or commercial assets that are partially funded with the issuance of money market and other short-term notes. The decrease in maximum exposure to loss from December 31, 2009, is due to the amounts related to the liquidity facility on the commercial paper conduit being removed from the disclosed amounts due to the consolidation of the commercial paper conduit upon adoption of consolidation accounting guidance. See Note 8 for additional information on these arrangements.
WRITTEN PUT OPTIONS Written put options are contracts that give the counterparty the right to sell to us an underlying instrument held by the counterparty at a specified price, and include options, floors, caps and credit default swaps. These written put option contracts generally permit net settlement. While these derivative transactions expose us to risk in the event the option is exercised, we manage this risk by entering into offsetting trades or by taking short positions in the underlying instrument. We offset substantially all put options written to customers with purchased options. Additionally, for certain of these contracts, we require the counterparty to pledge the underlying instrument as collateral for the transaction. Our ultimate obligation under written put options is based on future market conditions and is only quantifiable at settlement. See Note 8 for additional information regarding transactions with VIEs and Note 15 for additional information regarding written derivative contracts.
LOANS AND MHFS SOLD WITH RECOURSE In certain loan sales or securitizations, we provide recourse to the buyer whereby we are required to repurchase loans at par value plus accrued interest on the occurrence of certain credit-related events within a certain period of time. The maximum exposure to loss represents the outstanding principal balance of the loans sold or securitized that are subject to recourse provisions or the maximum losses per the contractual agreements, but the likelihood of the repurchase of the entire balance is remote and amounts paid can be recovered in whole or in part from the sale of collateral. In 2010, we did not repurchase a significant amount of loans associated with these agreements. We do not consider loans sold with representation and warranty requirements, for which we have established a repurchase liability, to be loans sold with recourse.
RESIDUAL VALUE GUARANTEES We have provided residual value guarantees as part of certain leasing transactions of corporate assets. At December 31, 2010, the only remaining residual value guarantee is related to a leasing transaction on certain corporate buildings. The lessors in these leases are generally large financial institutions or their leasing subsidiaries. These guarantees protect the lessor from loss on sale of the related asset at the end of the lease term. To the extent that a sale of the leased assets results in proceeds less than a stated percent (generally 80% to 89%) of the asset’s cost, we would be required to reimburse the lessor under our guarantee.
CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION In connection with certain brokerage, asset management, insurance agency and other acquisitions we have made, the terms of the acquisition agreements provide for deferred payments or additional consideration, based on certain performance targets.
     We have entered into various contingent performance guarantees through credit risk participation arrangements. Under these agreements, if a customer defaults on its obligation to perform under certain credit agreements with third parties, we will be required to make payments to the third parties.
Legal Actions
Wells Fargo and certain of our subsidiaries are involved in a number of judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings concerning matters arising from the conduct of our business activities. These proceedings include actions brought against Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries with respect to corporate related matters and transactions in which Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries were involved. In addition, Wells Fargo and our subsidiaries may be requested to provide information or otherwise cooperate with government authorities in the conduct of investigations of other persons or industry groups.
     Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome, Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries have generally denied, or believe we have a meritorious defense and will deny, liability in all significant litigation pending against us, including the matters described below, and we intend to defend vigorously each case, other than matters we describe as having settled. Reserves are established for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The actual costs of resolving legal claims may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts reserved for those claims.
ADELPHIA LITIGATION Wachovia Bank, N.A. and Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, along with numerous other financial institutions were defendants in a case pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York related to the bankruptcy of Adelphia Communications Corporation (Adelphia). The plaintiff was the Adelphia Recovery Trust. The complaint asserted claims against the defendants under state law, bankruptcy law and the Bank Holding Company Act and sought equitable relief and an unspecified amount of compensatory and punitive damages. On September 21, 2010, an agreement was reached between the Adelphia Resolution Trust and all of the defendant banks to settle the claims against the banks for the total amount of $175 million. Wachovia’s share was a fraction of that amount and was not material to Wells Fargo. The settlement has been approved by the Court and the case is concluded.


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ELAVON LITIGATION On January 16, 2009, Elavon, Inc., a provider of merchant processing services, filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia against Wachovia Corporation, Wachovia Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo & Company, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The complaint seeks equitable relief, including specific performance, and damages for Wachovia Bank’s allegedly wrongful termination of its merchant referral contract with Elavon. Discovery has been completed and both parties have moved for summary judgment on various claims or defenses.
ERISA LITIGATION A purported class action, captioned In re Wachovia Corporation ERISA Litigation, was pending against Wachovia Corporation, its board of directors and certain senior officers, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. The case was filed on behalf of employees of Wachovia Corporation and its affiliates who held shares of Wachovia Corporation common stock in their Wachovia Savings Plan accounts. On August 6, 2010, an order was entered by the Court dismissing, with prejudice, the plaintiffs’ complaint. The dismissal was appealed. On December 8, 2010, an agreement in principle was reached to settle the case for $12.35 million. The settlement is subject to Court approval. A hearing on approval of the settlement has not yet been scheduled.
     On April 6, 2010, the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota certified a class of participants in Wells Fargo’s 401(k) Plan in a case captioned Figas v. Wells Fargo & Company, et al. Figas purports to bring claims on behalf of participants who had assets in certain Wells Fargo affiliated funds from November 2, 2001, to September 22, 2009, alleging breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the offer of Wells Fargo affiliated funds as investment choices in the Plan. On October 18, 2010, an agreement in principle was reached to settle the Figas v. Wells Fargo & Company, et al. case. The agreement is subject to approval by the Court and an independent fiduciary.
ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL LITIGATION On July 31, 2009, the Attorney General for the State of Illinois filed a civil lawsuit against Wells Fargo & Company, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Financial Illinois, Inc. in the Circuit Court for Cook County, Illinois. The Illinois Attorney General alleges that the Wells Fargo defendants engaged in illegal discrimination by “reverse redlining” and by steering African-American and Latino customers into high cost, subprime mortgage loans while other borrowers with similar incomes received lower cost mortgages. Illinois also alleges that Wells Fargo Financial Illinois, Inc. misled Illinois customers about the terms of mortgage loans. Illinois’ complaint against all Wells Fargo defendants is based on alleged violation of the Illinois Human Rights Act and the Illinois Fairness in Lending Act. The complaint also alleges that Wells Fargo Financial Illinois, Inc. violated the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act and the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Illinois’ complaint seeks an injunction against the defendants’ alleged violation of these Illinois statutes, restitution to consumers and civil money penalties. On October 9, 2009, the Company filed a
motion to dismiss Illinois’ complaint, and is awaiting the Court’s ruling.
IN RE WELLS FARGO MORTGAGE-BACKED CERTIFICATES LITIGATION This lawsuit is comprised of several securities law based putative class actions, consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on July 16, 2009. The case is brought against several Wells Fargo mortgage-backed securities trusts, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and other affiliated entities, individual employee defendants, along with various underwriters and rating agencies. The plaintiffs allege that the offering documents contain untrue statements of material fact, or omit to state material facts necessary to make the registration statements and accompanying prospectuses not misleading. The allegations are regarding the underwriting standards used in connection with the origination of the underlying mortgages, the maximum loan-to-value ratios used to qualify borrowers, and the appraisals of the properties underlying the mortgages. Motions to dismiss, filed on behalf of all defendants, were granted in part and denied in part by a court order entered on April 22, 2010. The plaintiffs were granted leave to amend some of their claims. On May 28, 2010, plaintiffs filed an amended consolidated complaint. On June 25, 2010, Wells Fargo moved to dismiss the amended complaint. On October 5, 2010, Wells Fargo’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint was granted in part and denied in part.
     On June 29, 2010 and on July 15, 2010, two complaints, the first captioned The Charles Schwab Corporation vs. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., et al., and the second captioned The Charles Schwab Corporation v. BNP Paribas Securities Corp., et al., were filed in the Superior Court for the State of California, San Francisco County against a number of defendants, including Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Asset Securities Corporation. As against the Wells Fargo entities, the new cases assert opt out claims relating to the claims alleged in the Mortgage-Backed Certificates Litigation.
     On October 15, 2010, three actions, captioned Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago v. Banc of America Funding Corporation, et al. (filed in the Cook County Circuit Court, State of Illinois); Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago v. Banc of America Securities LLC, et al. (filed in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles); and Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis v. Banc of America Mortgage America Securities, Inc., et al. (filed in the Superior Court of the State of Indiana for the County of Marion), named multiple defendants, described as issuers/depositors, and underwriters/dealers of private label mortgage-backed securities, in an action asserting claims that defendants used false and misleading statements in offering documents for the sale of such securities. The Bank of Chicago asserts that it purchased approximately $4.2 billion and the Bank of Indianapolis asserts that it purchased nearly $3 billion of such securities from the defendants. Plaintiffs seek rescission of the sales and damages under state securities and other laws and Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933. Wells Fargo Asset Securities Corporation, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo & Company were named among the defendants.


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Note 14: Guarantees and Legal Actions
(continued)

INTERCHANGE LITIGATION Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo & Company, Wachovia Bank, N.A. and Wachovia Corporation are named as defendants, separately or in combination, in putative class actions filed on behalf of a plaintiff class of merchants and in individual actions brought by individual merchants with regard to the interchange fees associated with Visa and MasterCard payment card transactions. These actions have been consolidated in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Visa, MasterCard and several banks and bank holding companies are named as defendants in various of these actions. The amended and consolidated complaint asserts claims against defendants based on alleged violations of federal and state antitrust laws and seeks damages, as well as injunctive relief. Plaintiff merchants allege that Visa, MasterCard and payment card issuing banks unlawfully colluded to set interchange rates. Plaintiffs also allege that enforcement of certain Visa and MasterCard rules and alleged tying and bundling of services offered to merchants are anticompetitive. Wells Fargo and Wachovia, along with other defendants and entities, are parties to Loss and Judgment Sharing Agreements, which provide that they, along with other entities, will share, based on a formula, in any losses from the Interchange Litigation.
LE-NATURE’S, INC. Wachovia Bank, N.A. was the administrative agent on a $285 million credit facility extended to Le-Nature’s, Inc. in September 2006, of which approximately $270 million was syndicated to other lenders by Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC. Le-Nature’s was the subject of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition, which was converted to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in November 2006 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. The filing was precipitated by an apparent fraud relating to Le-Nature’s financial condition. Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC and/or Wachovia Bank, N.A. are named as defendants in a number of lawsuits including the following: (1) a case filed in the New York State Supreme Court for the County of Manhattan by hedge fund purchasers of the bank debt seeking to recover from Wachovia on various theories of liability (On May 10, 2010, the Court granted Wachovia’s motion to dismiss two counts of the complaint and denied the motion to dismiss two other counts); (2) a case filed on April 28, 2008, by holders of a Le-Nature’s Senior Subordinated Notes offering underwritten by Wachovia Capital Markets in June 2003, alleging various fraud claims, pending in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles; and (3) an action filed on October 30, 2008, on behalf of the liquidation trust created in Le-Nature’s bankruptcy against a number of individuals and entities, including Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC and Wachovia Bank, N.A., in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, asserting a variety of claims on behalf of the bankruptcy estate. On September 16, 2009, the Court dismissed a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty but denied the remainder of Wachovia’s motion to dismiss. Discovery is underway in these matters.
MERGER RELATED LITIGATION On October 4, 2008, Citigroup, Inc. purported to commence an action in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of Manhattan, captioned Citigroup, Inc. v. Wachovia Corp., et al., naming as defendants Wachovia Corporation, Wells Fargo & Company, and the directors of both companies. The complaint alleged that Wachovia breached an exclusivity agreement with Citigroup, which by its terms was to expire on October 6, 2008, by entering into negotiations and an eventual acquisition agreement with Wells Fargo, and that Wells Fargo and the individual defendants had tortiously interfered with the same contract. On October 4, 2008, Wachovia filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Wachovia Corp. v. Citigroup, Inc. The complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief, stating that the Wells Fargo merger agreement is valid, proper, and not prohibited by the exclusivity agreement. On March 20, 2009, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York remanded the Citigroup, Inc. v. Wachovia Corp., et al. case to the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of Manhattan, but retained jurisdiction over the Wachovia v. Citigroup case. These cases were settled by Wells Fargo’s payment of $100 million to Citigroup in November, 2010. On November 23, 2010, both cases were dismissed at the request of the parties.
MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE DOCUMENT LITIGATION Seven purported class actions and several individual borrower actions related to foreclosure document practices were filed in late 2010 and in early 2011 against Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in its status as mortgage servicer. The cases have been brought in state and federal courts. Of the individual borrower cases, the majority are filed in state courts in California and Ohio. Two other class actions were filed against Wells Fargo Bank, but Wells Fargo is named as a defendant as corporate trustee of the mortgage trust and not as a mortgage servicer. The actions generally claim that Wells Fargo submitted “fraudulent” or “untruthful” affidavits or other foreclosure documents to courts to support foreclosures filed in the state. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that Wells Fargo signers did not have personal knowledge of the facts alleged in the documents and did not verify the information in the documents ultimately filed with courts to foreclose. Plaintiffs attempt to state legal claims ranging from wrongful foreclosure to deceptive practices to fraud and seek relief ranging from cancellation of notes and mortgages to money damages.
     On December 20, 2010, the New Jersey Supreme Court, the New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts, and the Superior Court of New Jersey for Mercer County jointly began an action against Wells Fargo and other large mortgage servicing companies in state court in New Jersey. This action seeks to enjoin pending foreclosures and sales and to require servicers to certify and prove compliance with new foreclosure procedures in New Jersey, or be held in contempt of court. Wells Fargo has filed its initial response to the New Jersey action.


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MORTGAGE RELATED REGULATORY INVESTIGATIONS Several government agencies are conducting investigations or examinations of various mortgage related practices of Wells Fargo Bank. The investigations relate to two main topics, (1) whether Wells Fargo may have violated fair lending or other laws and regulations relating to mortgage origination practices; and (2) whether Wells Fargo’s practices and procedures relating to mortgage foreclosure affidavits and documents relating to the chain of title to notes and mortgage documents are adequate. With regard to the investigations into foreclosure practices, it is likely that one or more of the government agencies will initiate some type of enforcement action against Wells Fargo, which may include civil money penalties. Wells Fargo continues to provide information requested by the various agencies.
MUNICIPAL DERIVATIVES BID PRACTICES INVESTIGATION The Department of Justice (DOJ) and the SEC, beginning in November 2006, have been requesting information from a number of financial institutions, including Wachovia Bank, N.A.’s municipal derivatives group, generally with regard to competitive bid practices in the municipal derivative markets. In connection with these inquiries, Wachovia Bank has received subpoenas from both the DOJ and SEC as well as requests from other regulatory agencies and several states seeking documents and information. The DOJ and the SEC have advised Wachovia Bank that they believe certain of its employees engaged in improper conduct in conjunction with certain competitively bid transactions and, in November 2007, the DOJ notified two Wachovia Bank employees, both of whom have since been terminated, that they are regarded as targets of the DOJ’s investigation. Wachovia Bank has been cooperating fully with the government investigations.
     Wachovia Bank, along with a number of other banks and financial services companies, has also been named as a defendant in a number of substantially identical purported class actions filed in various state and federal courts by various municipalities alleging they have been damaged by the activity which is the subject of the government investigations. These cases are now consolidated under the caption In re Municipal Derivatives Antitrust Litigation in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. On April 30, 2009, the Court granted a motion filed by Wachovia and certain other defendants to dismiss the Consolidated Class Action Complaint and dismissed all claims against Wachovia, with leave to replead. A Second Consolidated Amended Complaint was filed on June 18, 2009, and a motion to dismiss that complaint was denied. A number of putative class and individual actions have also been brought in various courts, including complaints which were amended with new allegations and the addition of Wells Fargo & Co. as a defendant. These cases all have allegations substantially similar to those in the consolidated class complaint. All of the cases are being coordinated in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.
ORDER OF POSTING LITIGATION A series of putative class actions have been filed against Wachovia Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as well as many other banks, challenging the high to low order in which the Banks post debit card transactions to consumer deposit accounts. There are currently 12 such cases pending against Wells Fargo Bank (including the Wachovia Bank cases to which Wells Fargo succeeded), all but three of which have been consolidated in multi-district litigation proceedings in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. On August 10, 2010, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California issued an order in Gutierrez v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., one of the three cases that were not consolidated in the multi-district proceedings, enjoining the Bank’s use of the high to low posting method for debit card transactions with respect to the plaintiff class of California depositors, directing that the Bank establish a different posting methodology and ordering remediation in the approximate amount of $203 million. On October 26, 2010, a final judgment was entered in Gutierrez. On October 28, 2010, Wells Fargo appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
WACHOVIA EQUITY SECURITIES AND BONDS/NOTES LITIGATION A purported securities class action, Lipetz v. Wachovia Corporation, et al., was filed on July 7, 2008, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging violations of Sections 10 and 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. An amended complaint was filed on December 15, 2008. Among other allegations, plaintiffs allege Wachovia’s common stock price was artificially inflated as a result of allegedly misleading disclosures relating to the Golden West Financial Corp. mortgage portfolio, Wachovia’s exposure to other mortgage related products such as CDOs, control issues and auction rate securities. On March 19, 2009, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended class action complaint in the Lipetz case, which has now been re-captioned as In re Wachovia Equity Securities Litigation. There are four additional cases (not class actions) containing allegations similar to the allegations in the In re Wachovia Equity Securities Litigation captioned Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP v. Wachovia Corp. et al., FC Holdings AB, et al. v. Wachovia Corp., et al., Deka Investment GmbH v. Wachovia Corp. et al. and Forsta AP-Fonden v. Wachovia Corp., et al., respectively, which were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, and there are a number of other similar actions filed in state courts in North Carolina and South Carolina by individual shareholders. Two of the individual shareholder actions in South Carolina have been dismissed and the shareholders have appealed.
     After a number of procedural motions, three purported class action cases alleging violations of Sections 11, 12, and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 as a result of allegedly misleading disclosures relating to the Golden West mortgage portfolio in connection with Wachovia’s issuance of various preferred securities and bonds were transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. A consolidated class action complaint was filed on September 4, 2009, and the matter is now captioned In Re Wachovia Preferred Securities and Bond/Notes Litigation. On September 29, 2009, a non-class action case containing allegations similar to the allegations in


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Note 14: Guarantees and Legal Actions
(continued)

the In re Wachovia Preferred Securities and Bond/Notes litigation, and captioned City of Livonia Employees’ Retirement System v. Wachovia Corp et al., was filed in the Southern District of New York. On May 3, 2010, the judge in the Southern District of New York issued an order granting Plaintiffs leave to amend the class action and other complaints pending in that court, and directing the parties to submit a schedule for the filing of the amended complaints and new motions to dismiss. This order terminates the motions to dismiss the prior complaints which had been pending. Amended complaints were filed in all the actions in May 2010 and renewed motions to dismiss have been filed in each case.
OUTLOOK When establishing a liability for contingent litigation losses, the Company determines a range of potential losses for each matter that is both probable and estimable, and records the amount it considers to be the best estimate within the range. The high end of the range of potential litigation losses in excess of the Company’s best estimates within the range of potential losses used in establishing the total litigation liability was $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2010. For these matters and others where an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable, there may be a range of possible losses in excess of the established liability that cannot be estimated. Based on information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage and established reserves, Wells Fargo believes that the eventual outcome of the actions against Wells Fargo and/or its subsidiaries, including the matters described above, will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on Wells Fargo’s consolidated financial position. However, in the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of those matters, if unfavorable, may be material to Wells Fargo’s results of operations for any particular period.
 


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We use derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and foreign currency risk, to generate profits from proprietary trading and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. Derivative transactions are measured in terms of the notional amount, but this amount is not recorded on the balance sheet and is not, when viewed in isolation, a meaningful measure of the risk profile of the instruments. The notional amount is generally not exchanged, but is used only as the basis on which interest and other payments are determined.
     Our asset/liability management approach to interest rate, foreign currency and certain other risks includes the use of derivatives. Such derivatives are typically designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, or economic hedge derivatives for those that do not qualify for hedge accounting. This helps minimize significant, unplanned fluctuations in earnings, fair values of assets and liabilities, and cash flows caused by interest rate, foreign currency and other market value volatility. This approach involves modifying the repricing characteristics of certain assets and liabilities so that changes in interest rates, foreign currency and other exposures do not have a significant adverse effect on the net interest margin, cash flows and earnings. As a result of fluctuations in these exposures, hedged assets and liabilities will gain or lose market value. In a fair value or economic hedge, the effect of this unrealized gain or loss will generally be offset by the gain or loss on the derivatives linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. In a cash flow hedge, where we manage the variability of cash payments due to interest rate fluctuations by the effective use of derivatives linked to hedged assets and liabilities, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivatives or the hedged asset or liability is generally not reflected in earnings.
     We also offer various derivatives, including interest rate, commodity, equity, credit and foreign exchange contracts, to our customers but usually offset our exposure from such contracts by purchasing other financial contracts. The customer accommodations and any offsetting financial contracts are treated as free-standing derivatives. Free-standing derivatives also include derivatives we enter into for risk management that do not otherwise qualify for hedge accounting, including economic hedge derivatives. To a lesser extent, we take positions based on market expectations or to benefit from price differentials between financial instruments and markets. Additionally, free-standing derivatives include embedded derivatives that are required to be separately accounted for from their host contracts.
     The following table presents the total notional or contractual amounts and fair values for derivatives, the fair values of derivatives designated as qualifying hedge contracts, which are used as asset/liability management hedges, and free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) not designated as hedging instruments are recorded on the balance sheet in other assets or other liabilities. Customer accommodation, trading and other free-standing derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value in trading assets or other liabilities.


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Note 15: Derivatives
(continued)
                                                 
 
    December 31, 2010     December 31, 2009  
    Notional or     Fair value     Notional or     Fair value  
    contractual     Asset     Liability     contractual     Asset     Liability  
(in millions)   amount     derivatives     derivatives     amount     derivatives     derivatives  
   
Qualifying hedge contracts
                                               
Interest rate contracts (1)
  $ 110,314       7,126       1,614       119,966       6,425       1,302  
Foreign exchange contracts
    25,904       1,527       727       30,212       1,553       811  
                               
Total derivatives designated as qualifying hedging instruments
            8,653       2,341               7,978       2,113  
                               
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
                                               
Free-standing derivatives (economic hedges):
                                               
Interest rate contracts (2)
    408,563       2,898       2,625       633,734       4,441       4,873  
Equity contracts
    176             46       300             2  
Foreign exchange contracts
    5,528       23       53       7,019       233       29  
Credit contracts – protection purchased
    396       80             577       261        
Other derivatives
    2,538             35       4,583             40  
                               
Subtotal
            3,001       2,759               4,935       4,944  
                               
Customer accommodation, trading and other
                                               
free-standing derivatives (3):
                                               
Interest rate contracts
    2,809,387       58,225       59,329       2,741,119       54,873       54,033  
Commodity contracts
    83,114       4,133       3,918       92,182       5,400       5,182  
Equity contracts
    73,278       3,272       3,450       71,572       2,459       3,067  
Foreign exchange contracts
    110,889       2,800       2,682       142,012       3,084       2,737  
Credit contracts – protection sold
    47,699       605       5,826       84,541       979       9,592  
Credit contracts – protection purchased
    44,776       4,661       588       86,014       9,354       1,089  
Other derivatives
    190       8             2,314       427       171  
                               
Subtotal
            73,704       75,793               76,576       75,871  
                               
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
            76,705       78,552               81,511       80,815  
                               
Total derivatives before netting
            85,358       80,893               89,489       82,928  
                               
Netting (4)
            (63,469 )     (70,009 )             (65,926 )     (73,303 )
                               
Total
          $ 21,889       10,884               23,563       9,625  
   
(1)   Notional amounts presented exclude $20.9 billion at both December 31, 2010 and 2009, of basis swaps that are combined with receive fixed-rate/pay floating-rate swaps and designated as one hedging instrument.
(2)   Includes free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of residential MSRs, MHFS, interest rate lock commitments and other interests held.
(3)   Balances at December 31, 2009 have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(4)   Represents netting of derivative asset and liability balances, and related cash collateral, with the same counterparty subject to master netting arrangements. The amount of cash collateral netted against derivative assets and liabilities was $5.5 billion and $12.1 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2010, and $5.3 billion and $14.1 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2009.

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Fair Value Hedges
We use interest rate swaps to convert certain of our fixed-rate long-term debt and CDs to floating rates to hedge our exposure to interest rate risk. We also enter into cross-currency swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk associated with the issuance of non-U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt and repurchase agreements. In addition, we use interest rate swaps and forward contracts to hedge against changes in fair value of certain investments in available-for-sale debt securities due to changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates, or both. The entire derivative gain or loss is included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness, for all fair value hedge relationships, except for those involving foreign-currency denominated securities available for sale, short-term borrowings and long-term debt hedged with foreign currency forward derivatives for which the
component of the derivative gain or loss related to the changes in the difference between the spot and forward price is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
     We use statistical regression analysis to assess hedge effectiveness, both at inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis. The regression analysis involves regressing the periodic change in fair value of the hedging instrument against the periodic changes in fair value of the asset or liability being hedged due to changes in the hedged risk(s). The assessment includes an evaluation of the quantitative measures of the regression results used to validate the conclusion of high effectiveness.
     The following table shows the net gains (losses) recognized in the income statement related to derivatives in fair value hedging relationships.


                                                 
 
    Interest rate     Foreign exchange     Total net  
    contracts hedging:     contracts hedging:     gains  
                                            (losses)  
    Securities             Securities                     on fair  
    available     Long-term     available     Short-term     Long-term     value  
(in millions)   for sale     debt     for sale     borrowings     debt     hedges  
   

Year ended December 31, 2010

                                               
Gains (losses) recorded in net interest income
  $ (390 )     1,755       (4 )           374       1,735  
   

Gains (losses) recorded in noninterest income

                                               
Recognized on derivatives
    (432 )     1,565       269             (1,030 )     372  
Recognized on hedged item
    469       (1,469 )     (270 )           1,007       (263 )
   
Recognized on fair value hedges (ineffective portion) (1)
  $ 37       96       (1 )           (23 )     109  
   

Year ended December 31, 2009

                                               
Gains (losses) recorded in net interest income
  $ (289 )     1,677       (56 )     27       349       1,708  
   

Gains (losses) recorded in noninterest income

                                               
Recognized on derivatives
    954       (3,270 )     (713 )     217       2,612       (200 )
Recognized on hedged item
    (936 )     3,132       713       (217 )     (2,626 )     66  
   
Recognized on fair value hedges (ineffective portion) (1)
  $ 18       (138 )                 (14 )     (134 )
   
(1)   Included $3 million and $(10) million, respectively, for year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, of gains (losses) on forward derivatives hedging foreign currency securities available for sale, short-term borrowings and long-term debt, representing the portion of derivatives gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (time value).

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Note 15: Derivatives
(continued)

Cash Flow Hedges
We hedge floating-rate debt against future interest rate increases by using interest rate swaps, caps, floors and futures to limit variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We also use interest rate swaps and floors to hedge the variability in interest payments received on certain floating-rate commercial loans, due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. Gains and losses on derivatives that are reclassified from cumulative OCI to current period earnings are included in the line item in which the hedged item’s effect on earnings is recorded. All parts of gain or loss on these derivatives are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. We assess hedge effectiveness using regression analysis, both at inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis. The regression analysis involves regressing the periodic changes in cash flows of the hedging instrument against the periodic
changes in cash flows of the forecasted transaction being hedged due to changes in the hedged risk(s). The assessment includes an evaluation of the quantitative measures of the regression results used to validate the conclusion of high effectiveness.
     Based upon current interest rates, we estimate that $367 million of deferred net gains on derivatives in OCI at December 31, 2010, will be reclassified as earnings during the next twelve months, compared with $284 million at December 31, 2009. Future changes to interest rates may significantly change actual amounts reclassified to earnings. We are hedging our exposure to the variability of future cash flows for all forecasted transactions for a maximum of 8 years for both hedges of floating-rate debt and floating-rate commercial loans.
     The following table shows the net gains (losses) recognized related to derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships.


                 
 
    Year ended  
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Gains (after tax) recognized in OCI on derivatives
  $ 468       107  
Gains (pre tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net interest income
    613       531  
Gains (pre tax) recognized in noninterest income on derivatives (1)
    6       42  
   
(1)   Represents ineffectiveness recognized on cash flow hedge derivatives.

Free-Standing Derivatives
We use free-standing derivatives (economic hedges), in addition to debt securities available for sale, to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of residential MSRs measured at fair value, certain residential MHFS, derivative loan commitments and other interests held. The resulting gain or loss on these economic hedges is reflected in other income.
     The derivatives used to hedge these MSRs measured at fair value, which include swaps, swaptions, forwards, Eurodollar and Treasury futures and options contracts, resulted in net derivative gains of $4.5 billion in 2010 and $6.8 billion in 2009, which are included in mortgage banking noninterest income. The aggregate fair value of these derivatives was a net liability of $943 million and $961 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Changes in fair value of debt securities available for sale (unrealized gains and losses) are not included in servicing income, but are reported in cumulative OCI (net of tax) or, upon sale, are reported in net gains (losses) on debt securities available for sale.
     Interest rate lock commitments for residential mortgage loans that we intend to sell are considered free-standing derivatives. Our interest rate exposure on these derivative loan commitments, as well as substantially all residential MHFS, is hedged with free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) such as forwards and options, Eurodollar futures and options, and Treasury futures, forwards and options contracts. The commitments, free-standing derivatives and residential MHFS are carried at fair value with changes in fair value included in mortgage banking noninterest income. For the fair value measurement of interest rate lock commitments we include, at inception and during the life of the loan commitment, the expected net future cash flows related to the associated servicing
of the loan. Fair value changes subsequent to inception are based on changes in fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the exercise of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will not fund within the terms of the commitment (referred to as a fall-out factor). The value of the underlying loan is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time. However, changes in investor demand can also cause changes in the value of the underlying loan value that cannot be hedged. The aggregate fair value of derivative loan commitments in the balance sheet was a net liability of $271 million and $312 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, and is included in the caption “Interest rate contracts” under “Customer accommodation, trading and other free-standing derivatives” in the first table in this Note.
     We also enter into various derivatives primarily to provide derivative products to customers. To a lesser extent, we take positions based on market expectations or to benefit from price differentials between financial instruments and markets. These derivatives are not linked to specific assets and liabilities in the balance sheet or to forecasted transactions in an accounting hedge relationship and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting. We also enter into free-standing derivatives for risk management that do not otherwise qualify for hedge accounting. They are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as part of other noninterest income.
     Free-standing derivatives also include embedded derivatives that are required to be accounted for separate from their host contract. We periodically issue hybrid long-term notes and CDs where the performance of the hybrid instrument notes is linked to an equity, commodity or currency index, or basket of such indices. These notes contain explicit terms that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of the note in a manner similar to a


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derivative instrument and therefore are considered to contain an “embedded” derivative instrument. The indices on which the performance of the hybrid instrument is calculated are not clearly and closely related to the host debt instrument. The “embedded” derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a free-standing derivative. Additionally, we may invest in hybrid instruments that contain embedded derivatives, such as credit derivatives, that are not clearly and closely related
to the host contract. In such instances, we either elect fair value option for the hybrid instrument or separate the embedded derivative from the host contract and account for the host contract and derivative separately.
     The following table shows the net gains recognized in the income statement related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.


                 
 
    Year ended  
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Gains (losses) recognized on free-standing derivatives (economic hedges):
               
Interest rate contracts (1)
               
Recognized in noninterest income:
               
Mortgage banking
  $ 1,611       5,582  
Other
    (22 )     (15 )
Foreign exchange contracts
    103       133  
Credit contracts
    (174 )     (269 )
   
Subtotal
    1,518       5,431  
   
Gains (losses) recognized on customer accommodation, trading and other free-standing derivatives:
               
Interest rate contracts (2)
               
Recognized in noninterest income:
               
Mortgage banking
    3,305       2,035  
Other
    224       1,139  
Commodity contracts
    65       29  
Equity contracts
    441       (275 )
Foreign exchange contracts
    565       607  
Credit contracts
    (710 )     (621 )
Other
    10       (187 )
   
Subtotal
    3,900       2,727  
   
Net gains recognized related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
  $ 5,418       8,158  
   
(1)   Predominantly mortgage banking noninterest income including gains (losses) on the derivatives used as economic hedges of MSRs measured at fair value, interest rate lock commitments and mortgages held for sale.
(2)   Predominantly mortgage banking noninterest income including gains (losses) on interest rate lock commitments.

Credit Derivatives
We use credit derivatives to manage exposure to credit risk related to lending and investing activity and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. This may include protection sold to offset purchased protection in structured product transactions, as well as liquidity agreements written to special purpose vehicles. The maximum exposure of sold credit derivatives is managed through posted collateral, purchased credit derivatives and similar products in order to achieve our desired credit risk profile. This credit risk management provides an ability to recover a significant portion of any amounts that would be paid under the sold credit derivatives. We would be required to perform under the noted credit derivatives in the event of default by the referenced obligors. Events of default include events such as bankruptcy, capital restructuring or lack of principal and/or interest payment. In certain cases, other triggers may exist, such as the credit downgrade of the referenced obligors or the inability of the special purpose vehicle for which we have provided liquidity to obtain funding.
      


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Note 15: Derivatives
(continued)
The following table provides details of sold and purchased credit derivatives.
                                                         
 
            Notional amount        
                    Protection     Protection                    
                    sold –     purchased     Net              
                    non-     with     protection     Other        
    Fair value     Protection     investment     identical     sold     protection     Range of  
(in millions)   liability     sold (A)     grade     underlyings (B)     (A) – (B)     purchased     maturities  
   
December 31, 2010
                                                       
Credit default swaps on:
                                                       
Corporate bonds
  $ 810       30,445       16,360       17,978       12,467       9,440       2011-2020  
Structured products
    4,145       5,825       5,246       4,948       877       2,482       2016-2056  
Credit protection on:
                                                       
Default swap index
    12       2,700       909       2,167       533       1,106       2011-2017  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities index
    717       1,977       612       924       1,053       779       2049-2052  
Asset-backed securities index
    128       144       144       46       98       142       2037-2046  
Loan deliverable credit default swaps
    2       481       456       391       90       261       2011-2014  
Other
    12       6,127       5,348       41       6,086       2,745       2011-2056  
   
Total credit derivatives
  $ 5,826       47,699       29,075       26,495       21,204       16,955          
   

December 31, 2009

                                                       
Credit default swaps on:
                                                       
Corporate bonds
  $ 2,419       55,511       23,815       44,159       11,352       12,634       2010-2018  
Structured products
    4,498       6,627       5,084       4,999       1,628       3,018       2014-2056  
Credit protection on:
                                                       
Default swap index
    23       6,611       2,765       4,202       2,409       2,510       2010-2017  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities index
    1,987       5,188       453       4,749       439       189       2049-2052  
Asset-backed securities index
    637       830       660       696       134       189       2037-2046  
Loan deliverable credit default swaps
    12       510       494       423       87       287       2010-2014  
Other (1)
    16       9,264       8,657       32       9,232       4,757       2010-2020  
   
Total credit derivatives
  $ 9,592       84,541       41,928       59,260       25,281       23,584          
   
(1)   Balances at December 31, 2009, have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

     Protection sold represents the estimated maximum exposure to loss that would be incurred under an assumed hypothetical circumstance, where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. We believe this hypothetical circumstance to be an extremely remote possibility and accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. The amounts under non-investment grade represent the notional amounts of those credit derivatives on which we have a higher risk of being required to perform under the terms of the credit derivative and are a function of the underlying assets.
     We consider the risk of performance to be high if the underlying assets under the credit derivative have an external rating that is below investment grade or an internal credit default grade that is equivalent thereto. We believe the net protection sold, which is representative of the net notional amount of protection sold and purchased with identical underlyings, in combination with other protection purchased, is more representative of our exposure to loss than either non-investment grade or protection sold. Other protection purchased represents additional protection, which may offset the exposure to loss for protection sold, that was not purchased with an identical underlying of the protection sold.


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Credit-Risk Contingent Features
Certain of our derivative contracts contain provisions whereby if the credit rating of our debt, based on certain major credit rating agencies indicated in the relevant contracts, were to fall below investment grade, the counterparty could demand additional collateral or require termination or replacement of derivative instruments in a net liability position. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a net liability position was $12.6 billion and $7.5 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, for which we had posted $12.0 billion and $7.1 billion, respectively, in collateral in the normal course of business. If the credit-risk-related contingent features underlying these agreements had been triggered on December 31, 2010 or 2009, we would have been required to post additional collateral of $1.0 billion, or potentially settle the contract in an amount equal to its fair value.
Counterparty Credit Risk
By using derivatives, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk if counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, our counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset on our balance sheet. The amounts reported as a derivative asset are derivative contracts in a gain position, and to the extent subject to master netting arrangements, net of derivatives in a loss position with the same counterparty and cash collateral received. We minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, executing master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. To the extent the master netting arrangements and other criteria meet the applicable requirements, derivatives balances and related cash collateral amounts are shown net in the balance sheet. Counterparty credit risk related to derivatives is considered in determining fair value and our assessment of hedge effectiveness.


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We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Trading assets, securities available for sale, derivatives, substantially all prime residential MHFS, certain commercial LHFS, fair value MSRs, principal investments and securities sold but not yet purchased (short sale liabilities) are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as certain residential and commercial MHFS, certain LHFS, loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.
     We adopted new guidance on fair value measurements effective January 1, 2009, which addresses measuring fair value in situations where markets are inactive and transactions are not orderly. This guidance states transaction or quoted prices for assets or liabilities in inactive markets may require adjustment due to the uncertainty of whether the underlying transactions are orderly. Prior to our adoption of the new provisions for measuring fair value, we primarily used unadjusted independent vendor or broker quoted prices to measure fair value for substantially all securities available for sale.
     In connection with the change in guidance for fair value measurement, we developed policies and procedures to determine when the level and volume of activity for our assets and liabilities requiring fair value measurements has significantly declined relative to normal conditions. For such items that use price quotes, such as certain security classes within securities available for sale, the degree of market inactivity and distressed transactions was analyzed to determine the appropriate adjustment to the price quotes.
     The security classes where we considered the market to be less orderly upon initial adoption of the new guidance included non-agency residential MBS, commercial MBS, CDOs, home equity asset-backed securities, auto asset-backed securities and credit card-backed securities. The methodology used to adjust the quotes involved weighting the price quotes and results of internal pricing techniques such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable inputs, where available) discounted at a rate of return market participants require. The significant inputs utilized in the internal pricing techniques, which were estimated by type of underlying collateral, included credit loss assumptions, estimated prepayment speeds and appropriate discount rates.
     The more active and orderly markets for particular security classes were determined to be, the more weighting assigned to price quotes. The less active and orderly markets were determined to be, the less weighting assigned to price quotes. We continually assess the level and volume of market activity in our investment security classes in determining adjustments, if any, to price quotes. Given market conditions can change over time, determination of which securities markets are considered active or inactive, and if inactive, the degree to which price quotes require adjustment, can also change.
Fair Value Hierarchy
We group our assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
  Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
  Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
  Level 3 – Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
     In the determination of the classification of financial instruments in Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, we consider all available information, including observable market data, indications of market liquidity and orderliness, and our understanding of the valuation techniques and significant inputs used. For securities in inactive markets, we use a predetermined percentage to evaluate the impact of fair value adjustments derived from weighting both external and internal indications of value to determine if the instrument is classified as Level 2 or Level 3. Based upon the specific facts and circumstances of each instrument or instrument category, judgments are made regarding the significance of the Level 3 inputs to the instruments’ fair value measurement in its entirety. If Level 3 inputs are considered significant, the instrument is classified as Level 3.
Determination of Fair Value
We base our fair values on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements.
     In instances where there is limited or no observable market data, fair value measurements for assets and liabilities are based primarily upon our own estimates or combination of our own estimates and independent vendor or broker pricing, and the measurements are often calculated based on current pricing for products we offer or issue, the economic and competitive environment, the characteristics of the asset or liability and other such factors. As with any valuation technique used to estimate fair value, changes in underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future values. Accordingly, these fair value estimates may not be realized in an actual sale or immediately settlement of the asset or liability.


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     We incorporate lack of liquidity into our fair value measurement based on the type of asset or liability measured and the valuation methodology used. For example, for certain residential MHFS and certain securities where the significant inputs have become unobservable due to illiquid markets and vendor or broker pricing is not used, we use a discounted cash flow technique to measure fair value. This technique incorporates forecasting of expected cash flows (adjusted for credit loss assumptions and estimated prepayment speeds) discounted at an appropriate market discount rate to reflect the lack of liquidity in the market that a market participant would consider. For other securities where vendor or broker pricing is used, we use either unadjusted broker quotes or vendor prices or vendor or broker prices adjusted by weighting them with internal discounted cash flow techniques to measure fair value. These unadjusted vendor or broker prices inherently reflect any lack of liquidity in the market as the fair value measurement represents an exit price from a market participant viewpoint.
     Following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value for financial instruments not recorded at fair value.
Assets
SHORT-TERM FINANCIAL ASSETS Short-term financial assets include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements and due from customers on acceptances. These assets are carried at historical cost. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization.
TRADING ASSETS (EXCLUDING DERIVATIVES) AND SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE Trading assets and securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices in active markets, if available. Such instruments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Examples include exchange-traded equity securities and some highly liquid government securities such as U.S. Treasuries. When instruments are traded in secondary markets and quoted market prices do not exist for such securities, we generally rely on internal valuation techniques or on prices obtained from independent pricing services or brokers (collectively, vendors) or combination thereof.
     Trading securities are mostly valued using trader prices that are subject to independent price verification procedures. The majority of fair values derived using internal valuation techniques are verified against multiple pricing sources, including prices obtained from independent vendors. Vendors compile prices from various sources and often apply matrix pricing for similar securities when no price is observable. We review pricing methodologies provided by the vendors in order to determine if observable market information is being used, versus unobservable inputs. When evaluating the appropriateness of an internal trader price compared with vendor prices, considerations include the range and quality of vendor prices. Vendor prices are used to ensure the
reasonableness of a trader price; however valuing financial instruments involves judgments acquired from knowledge of a particular market and is not perfunctory. If a trader asserts that a vendor price is not reflective of market value, justification for using the trader price, including recent sales activity where possible, must be provided to and approved by the appropriate levels of management.
     Similarly, while securities available for sale traded in secondary markets are typically valued using unadjusted vendor prices or vendor prices adjusted by weighting them with internal discounted cash flow techniques, these prices are reviewed and, if deemed inappropriate by a trader who has the most knowledge of a particular market, can be adjusted. Securities measured with these internal valuation techniques are generally classified as Level 2 of the hierarchy and often involve using quoted market prices for similar securities, pricing models, discounted cash flow analyses using significant inputs observable in the market where available or combination of multiple valuation techniques. Examples include certain residential and commercial MBS, municipal bonds, U.S. government and agency MBS, and corporate debt securities.
     Security fair value measurements using significant inputs that are unobservable in the market due to limited activity or a less liquid market are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Such measurements include securities valued using internal models or combination of multiple valuation techniques such as weighting of internal models and vendor or broker pricing, where the unobservable inputs are significant to the overall fair value measurement. Securities classified as Level 3 include certain residential and commercial MBS, asset-backed securities collateralized by auto leases or loans and cash reserves, CDOs and CLOs, and certain residual and retained interests in residential mortgage loan securitizations. CDOs are valued using the prices of similar instruments, the pricing of completed or pending third party transactions or the pricing of the underlying collateral within the CDO. Where vendor or broker prices are not readily available, management’s best estimate is used.
MORTGAGES HELD FOR SALE (MHFS) We carry substantially all of our residential MHFS portfolio at fair value. Fair value is based on independent quoted market prices, where available, or the prices for other mortgage whole loans with similar characteristics. As necessary, these prices are adjusted for typical securitization activities, including servicing value, portfolio composition, market conditions and liquidity. Most of our MHFS are classified as Level 2. For the portion where market pricing data is not available, we use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value and, accordingly, classify as Level 3.
LOANS HELD FOR SALE (LHFS) LHFS are carried at the lower of cost or market value, or at fair value for certain portfolios that we intend to hold for trading purposes. The fair value of LHFS is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics. As such, we classify those loans subjected to nonrecurring fair value adjustments as Level 2.


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Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

LOANS For the carrying value of loans, including PCI loans, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Loans). We generally do not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, we record nonrecurring fair value adjustments to loans to reflect partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price of the loan or current appraised value of the collateral.
     We provide fair value estimates in this disclosure for loans that are not recorded at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Those estimates differentiate loans based on their financial characteristics, such as product classification, loan category, pricing features and remaining maturity. Prepayment and credit loss estimates are evaluated by product and loan rate.
     The fair value of commercial loans is calculated by discounting contractual cash flows, adjusted for credit loss estimates, using discount rates that reflect our current pricing for loans with similar characteristics and remaining maturity.
     For real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages, fair value is calculated by discounting contractual cash flows, adjusted for prepayment and credit loss estimates, using discount rates based on current industry pricing (where readily available) or our own estimate of an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate for loans of similar size, type, remaining maturity and repricing characteristics.
     For credit card loans, the portfolio’s yield is equal to our current pricing and, therefore, the fair value is equal to book value adjusted for estimates of credit losses inherent in the portfolio at the balance sheet date.
     For all other consumer loans, the fair value is generally calculated by discounting the contractual cash flows, adjusted for prepayment and credit loss estimates, based on the current rates we offer for loans with similar characteristics.
     Loan commitments, standby letters of credit and commercial and similar letters of credit generate ongoing fees at our current pricing levels, which are recognized over the term of the commitment period. In situations where the credit quality of the counterparty to a commitment has declined, we record an allowance. A reasonable estimate of the fair value of these instruments is the carrying value of deferred fees plus the related allowance. Certain letters of credit that are hedged with derivative instruments are carried at fair value in trading assets or liabilities. For those letters of credit fair value is calculated based on readily quotable credit default spreads, using a market risk credit default swap model.
DERIVATIVES Quoted market prices are available and used for our exchange-traded derivatives, such as certain interest rate futures and option contracts, which we classify as Level 1. However, substantially all of our derivatives are traded in over-the-counter (OTC) markets where quoted market prices are not always readily available. Therefore we value most OTC derivatives using internal valuation techniques. Valuation techniques and inputs to internally-developed models depend on the type of derivative and nature of the underlying rate, price or index upon which the derivative’s value is based. Key inputs can include yield curves, credit curves, foreign-exchange rates, prepayment rates, volatility measurements and correlation of such inputs. Where model inputs can be observed in a liquid
market and the model does not require significant judgment, such derivatives are typically classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Examples of derivatives classified as Level 2 include generic interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, commodity swaps, and certain option and forward contracts. When instruments are traded in less liquid markets and significant inputs are unobservable, such derivatives are classified as Level 3. Examples of derivatives classified as Level 3 include complex and highly structured derivatives, certain credit default swaps, interest rate lock commitments written for our residential mortgage loans that we intend to sell and long dated equity options where volatility is not observable. Additionally, significant judgments are required when classifying financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy, particularly between Level 2 and 3, as is the case for certain derivatives.
MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS (MSRs) AND CERTAIN OTHER INTERESTS HELD IN SECURITIZATIONS MSRs and certain other interests held in securitizations (e.g., interest-only strips) do not trade in an active market with readily observable prices. Accordingly, we determine the fair value of MSRs using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income cash flows. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants use in estimating future net servicing income cash flows, including estimates of prepayment speeds (including housing price volatility), discount rate, default rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, ancillary income and late fees. Commercial MSRs and certain residential MSRs are carried at lower of cost or market value, and therefore can be subject to fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis. Changes in the fair value of MSRs occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. For other interests held in securitizations (such as interest-only strips) we use a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future cash flows. The model incorporates our own estimates of assumptions market participants use in determining the fair value, including estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rates, defaults and contractual fee income. Interest-only strips are recorded as trading assets. Our valuation approach is validated by our internal valuation model validation group. Fair value measurements of our MSRs and interest-only strips use significant unobservable inputs and, accordingly, we classify as Level 3.
FORECLOSED ASSETS Foreclosed assets are carried at net realizable value, which represents fair value less costs to sell. Fair value is generally based upon independent market prices or appraised values of the collateral and, accordingly, we classify foreclosed assets as Level 2.


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NONMARKETABLE EQUITY INVESTMENTS Nonmarketable equity investments are recorded under the cost or equity method of accounting. There are generally restrictions on the sale and/or liquidation of these investments, including federal bank stock. Federal bank stock carrying value approximates fair value. We use facts and circumstances available to estimate the fair value of our nonmarketable equity investments. We typically consider our access to and need for capital (including recent or projected financing activity), qualitative assessments of the viability of the investee, evaluation of the financial statements of the investee and prospects for its future. Public equity investments are valued using quoted market prices and discounts are only applied when there are trading restrictions that are an attribute of the investment. Investments in non-public securities are recorded at our estimate of fair value using metrics such as security prices of comparable public companies, acquisition prices for similar companies and original investment purchase price multiples, while also incorporating a portfolio company’s financial performance and specific factors. For investments in private equity funds, we use the NAV provided by the fund sponsor as an appropriate measure of fair value. In some cases, such NAVs require adjustments based on certain unobservable inputs.
Liabilities
DEPOSIT LIABILITIES Deposit liabilities are carried at historical cost. The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking, and market rate and other savings, is equal to the amount payable on demand at the measurement date. The fair value of other time deposits is calculated based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for like wholesale deposits with similar remaining maturities.
SHORT-TERM FINANCIAL LIABILITIES Short-term financial liabilities are carried at historical cost and include federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements, commercial paper and other short-term borrowings. The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value because of the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization.
OTHER LIABILITIES Other liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding derivative liabilities (see the “Derivatives” section for derivative liabilities), includes primarily short sale liabilities. Short sale liabilities are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2, generally dependent upon whether the underlying securities have readily obtained quoted prices in active exchange markets.
LONG-TERM DEBT Long-term debt is generally carried at amortized cost. For disclosure, we are required to estimate the fair value of long-term debt. Generally, the discounted cash flow method is used to estimate the fair value of our long-term debt. Contractual cash flows are discounted using rates currently offered for new notes with similar remaining maturities and, as such, these discount rates include our current spread levels.


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Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Fair Value Measurements from Independent Brokers or Independent Third Party Pricing Services
For certain assets and liabilities, we obtain fair value measurements from independent brokers or independent third party pricing services and record the unadjusted fair value in our
financial statements. The detail by level is shown in the table below. Fair value measurements obtained from independent brokers or independent third party pricing services that we have adjusted to determine the fair value recorded in our financial statements are not included in the following table.


                                                 
 
    Independent brokers     Third party pricing services  
(in millions)   Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Level 1     Level 2     Level 3  
   

December 31, 2010

                                               
Trading assets (excluding derivatives)
  $       1,211       6       21       2,123        
Securities available for sale:
                                               
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
                      936       263        
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
          15                   14,055        
Mortgage-backed securities
          3       50             102,206       169  
Other debt securities
          201       4,133             14,376       606  
   
Total debt securities
          219       4,183       936       130,900       775  
Total marketable equity securities
                      201       727       16  
   
Total securities available for sale
          219       4,183       1,137       131,627       791  
   
Derivatives (trading and other assets)
          15       44             740       8  
Loans held for sale
                            1        
Derivatives (liabilities)
                46             841        
Other liabilities
          20                   393        
   

December 31, 2009

                                               
Trading assets (excluding derivatives)
  $       4,208             30       1,712       81  
Securities available for sale
    85       1,870       548       1,467       120,688       1,864  
Loans held for sale
                            2        
Derivatives (trading and other assets)
          8       42             2,926       9  
Derivatives (liabilities)
                70             2,949       4  
Other liabilities
                      10       3,916       26  
   

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Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.


                                         
 
(in millions)   Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Netting     Total  
   
December 31, 2010
                                       
Trading assets (excluding derivatives)
                                       
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
  $ 1,340       3,335                   4,675  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
          1,893       5             1,898  
Collateralized debt obligations
                1,915             1,915  
Corporate debt securities
          10,164       166             10,330  
Mortgage-backed securities
          9,137       117             9,254  
Asset-backed securities
          1,811       366             2,177  
Equity securities
    2,143       625       34             2,802  
   
Total trading securities
    3,483       26,965       2,603             33,051  
   
Other trading assets
    816       987       136             1,939  
   
Total trading assets (excluding derivatives)
    4,299       27,952       2,739             34,990  
   
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    938       666                   1,604  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
          14,090       4,564             18,654  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                       
Federal agencies
          82,037                   82,037  
Residential
          20,183       20             20,203  
Commercial
          13,337       217             13,554  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
          115,557       237             115,794  
   
Corporate debt securities
          9,846       433             10,279  
Collateralized debt obligations
                4,778             4,778  
Asset-backed securities:
                                       
Auto loans and leases
          223       6,133             6,356  
Home equity loans
          998       112             1,110  
Other asset-backed securities
          5,285       3,150             8,435  
   
Total asset-backed securities
          6,506       9,395             15,901  
   
Other debt securities
          370       85             455  
   
Total debt securities
    938       147,035       19,492             167,465  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                       
Perpetual preferred securities (1)
    721       677       2,434             3,832  
Other marketable equity securities
    1,224       101       32             1,357  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    1,945       778       2,466             5,189  
   
Total securities available for sale
    2,883       147,813       21,958             172,654  
   
Mortgages held for sale
          44,226       3,305             47,531  
Loans held for sale
          873                   873  
Loans
                309             309  
Mortgage servicing rights (residential)
                14,467             14,467  
Derivative assets:
                                       
Interest rate contracts
          67,380       869             68,249  
Commodity contracts
          4,133                   4,133  
Equity contracts
    511       2,040       721             3,272  
Foreign exchange contracts
    42       4,257       51             4,350  
Credit contracts
          2,148       3,198             5,346  
Other derivative contracts
    8                         8  
   
Netting
                      (63,469 ) (2)     (63,469 )
   
Total derivative assets (3)
    561       79,958       4,839       (63,469 )     21,889  
   
Other assets
    38       45       314             397  
   
Total assets recorded at fair value
  $ 7,781       300,867       47,931       (63,469 )     293,110  
   
Derivative liabilities:
                                       
Interest rate contracts
  $ (7 )     (62,769 )     (792 )           (63,568 )
Commodity contracts
          (3,917 )     (1 )           (3,918 )
Equity contracts
    (259 )     (2,291 )     (946 )           (3,496 )
Foreign exchange contracts
    (69 )     (3,351 )     (42 )           (3,462 )
Credit contracts
          (2,199 )     (4,215 )           (6,414 )
Other derivative contracts
                (35 )           (35 )
   
Netting
                      70,009  (2)     70,009  
   
Total derivative liabilities (4)
    (335 )     (74,527 )     (6,031 )     70,009       (10,884 )
   
Short sale liabilities:
                                       
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    (2,827 )     (1,129 )                 (3,956 )
Corporate debt securities
          (3,798 )                 (3,798 )
Equity securities
    (1,701 )     (178 )                 (1,879 )
Other securities
          (347 )                 (347 )
   
Total short sale liabilities
    (4,528 )     (5,452 )                 (9,980 )
   
Other liabilities
          (36 )     (344 )           (380 )
   
Total liabilities recorded at fair value
  $ (4,863 )     (80,015 )     (6,375 )     70,009       (21,244 )
   
(1)   Perpetual preferred securities are primarily ARS. See Note 8 for additional information.
(2)   Derivatives are reported net of cash collateral received and paid and, to the extent that the criteria of the accounting guidance covering the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts are met, positions with the same counterparty are netted as part of a legally enforceable master netting agreement.
(3)   Derivative assets include contracts qualifying for hedge accounting, economic hedges, and derivatives included in trading assets.
(4)   Derivative liabilities include contracts qualifying for hedge accounting, economic hedges, and derivatives included in trading liabilities.
(continued on following page)

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Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)
(continued from previous page)
                                         
 
(in millions)   Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Netting     Total  
   
December 31, 2009
                                       
Trading assets (excluding derivatives) (1)
  $ 2,386       20,497       2,311             25,194  
Derivatives (trading assets)
    340       70,938       5,682       (59,115 ) (2)     17,845  
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
    1,094       1,186                   2,280  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    4       12,708       818             13,530  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                       
Federal agencies
          82,818                   82,818  
Residential
          27,506       1,084             28,590  
Commercial
          9,162       1,799             10,961  
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
          119,486       2,883             122,369  
   
Corporate debt securities
          8,968       367             9,335  
Collateralized debt obligations
                3,725             3,725  
Other
          3,292       12,587             15,879  
   
Total debt securities
    1,098       145,640       20,380             167,118  
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                       
Perpetual preferred securities
    736       834       2,305             3,875  
Other marketable equity securities
    1,279       350       88             1,717  
   
Total marketable equity securities
    2,015       1,184       2,393             5,592  
   
Total securities available for sale
    3,113       146,824       22,773             172,710  
   
Mortgages held for sale
          33,439       3,523             36,962  
Loans held for sale
          149                   149  
Mortgage servicing rights
                16,004             16,004  
Other assets (3)
    435       13,217       1,690       (6,812 ) (2)     8,530  
   
Total
  $ 6,274       285,064       51,983       (65,927 )     277,394  
   
Liabilities (4)
  $ (4,981 )     (83,159 )     (6,863 )     73,299   (2)     (21,704 )
   
(1)   Includes trading securities of $24.0 billion.
(2)   Derivatives are reported net of cash collateral received and paid and, to the extent that the criteria of the accounting guidance covering the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts are met, positions with the same counterparty are netted as part of a legally enforceable master netting agreement.
(3)   Derivative assets other than trading and principal investments are included in this category. Balances have been revised to conform with current period presentation.
(4)   Derivative liabilities are included in this category. Balances have been revised to conform with current period presentation.

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The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows.
                                                                 
 
                                                            Net unrealized  
            Total net gains     Purchases ,                           gains (losses)  
            (losses) included in     sales ,                           included in net  
                    Other     issuances                             income related  
    Balance ,           compre-     and     Transfers     Transfers     Balance ,   to assets and  
    beginning     Net     hensive     settlements ,   into     out of     end of     liabilities held  
(in millions)   of year     income     income     net     Level 3     Level 3     year     at period end (1)  
   
Year ended December 31, 2010
                                                               
Trading assets (excluding derivatives):
                                                               
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
  $ 5       2             (11 )     9             5       1  
Collateralized debt obligations
    1,133       418             364                   1,915       11  
Corporate bonds
    223       9             67       9       (142 )     166       16  
Mortgage-backed securities
    146       (7 )           101             (123 )     117       (17 )
Asset-backed securities
    497       80             (141 )     1       (71 )     366       67  
Equity securities
    36       1             (5 )     2             34       (2 )
   
Total trading securities
    2,040       503             375       21       (336 )     2,603       76  
   
Other trading assets
    271       (35 )           (19 )           (81 )     136       10  
   
Total trading assets
(excluding derivatives)
    2,311       468             356       21       (417 )     2,739       86   (2)
   
Securities available for sale:
                                                               
Securities of U.S. states and
                                                               
political subdivisions
    818       12       63       3,485       192       (6 )     4,564       4  
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                                               
Residential
    1,084       7       (21 )     (48 )     274       (1,276 )     20       (8 )
Commercial
    1,799       (28 )     404       (10 )     227       (2,175 )     217       (5 )
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    2,883       (21 )     383       (58 )     501       (3,451 )     237       (13 )
   
Corporate debt securities
    367       7       68       (113 )     259       (155 )     433        
Collateralized debt obligations
    3,725       210       96       959             (212 )     4,778       (14 )
Asset-backed securities:
                                                               
Auto loans and leases
    8,525       1       (246 )     (2,403 )     256             6,133        
Home equity loans
    1,677       1       40       48       113       (1,767 )     112       (5 )
Other asset-backed securities
    2,308       51       (19 )     903       1,057       (1,150 )     3,150       (12 )
   
Total asset-backed securities
    12,510       53       (225 )     (1,452 )     1,426       (2,917 )     9,395       (17 )
   
Other debt securities
    77       (15 )     11       12                   85        
   
Total debt securities
    20,380       246       396       2,833       2,378       (6,741 )     19,492       (40 ) (3)
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                                               
Perpetual preferred securities
    2,305       100       (31 )     6       80       (26 )     2,434        
Other marketable equity securities
    88             5       (21 )     14       (54 )     32        
   
Total marketable equity securities
    2,393       100       (26 )     (15 )     94       (80 )     2,466         (4)
   
Total securities available for sale
    22,773       346       370       2,818       2,472       (6,821 )     21,958       (40 )
   
Mortgages held for sale
    3,523       43             (253 )     380       (388 )     3,305       39   (5)
Loans
          55             (112 )     1,035       (669 )     309       55   (5)
Mortgage servicing rights
    16,004       (5,511 )           4,092             (118 )     14,467       (2,957 ) (5)
Net derivative assets and liabilities:
                                                               
Interest rate contracts
    (114 )     3,514             (3,482 )     159             77       (266 )
Commodity contracts
          (1 )                             (1 )     (1 )
Equity contracts
    (344 )     (104 )           169             54       (225 )     (19 )
Foreign exchange contracts
    (1 )     21             (11 )                 9        
Credit contracts
    (330 )     (675 )           (18 )     6             (1,017 )     (644 )
Other derivative contracts
    (43 )     4             4                   (35 )      
   
Total derivative contracts
    (832 )     2,759             (3,338 )     165       54       (1,192 )     (930 ) (6)
   
Other assets
    1,373       29             (103 )     4       (989 )     314       (38 ) (2)
Short sale liabilities (corporate debt securities)
    (26 )     (2 )           (37 )           65              
Other liabilities (excluding derivatives)
    (10 )     (55 )           94       (1,038 )     665       (344 )     (58 )
   
(1)   Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/realization of cash flows over time.
(2)   Included in other noninterest income in the income statement.
(3)   Included in debt securities available for sale in the income statement.
(4)   Included in equity investments in the income statement.
(5)   Included in mortgage banking in the income statement.
(6)   Included in mortgage banking, trading activities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(continued on following page)

186


 

Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)
(continued from previous page)
                                                         
 
                                                    Net unrealized  
            Total net gains     Purchases ,                   gains (losses)  
            (losses) included in     sales ,   Net             included in net  
                    Other     issuances     transfers             income related  
    Balance ,           compre-     and     into and/     Balance ,   to assets and  
    beginning     Net     hensive     settlements ,   or out of     end     liabilities held  
(in millions)   of year     income     income     net     Level 3     of year     at period end (1)  
   
Year ended December 31, 2009
                                                       
Trading assets (excluding derivatives)
  $ 3,495       202       2       (1,749 )     361       2,311       276   (2)
Securities available for sale:
                                                       
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    903       23             25       (133 )     818       (8 )
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                                       
Federal agencies
    4                         (4 )            
Residential
    3,510       (74 )     1,092       (759 )     (2,685 )     1,084       (227 )
Commercial
    286       (220 )     894       41       798       1,799       (112 )
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    3,800       (294 )     1,986       (718 )     (1,891 )     2,883       (339 )
   
Corporate debt securities
    282       3       61       (7 )     28       367        
Collateralized debt obligations
    2,083       125       577       623       317       3,725       (84 )
Other
    12,799       136       1,368       584       (2,300 )     12,587       (94 )
   
Total debt securities
    19,867       (7 )     3,992       507       (3,979 )     20,380       (525 ) (3)
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                                       
Perpetual preferred securities
    2,775       104       144       (723 )     5       2,305       (1 )
Other marketable equity securities
    50             (2 )     63       (23 )     88        
   
Total marketable equity securities
    2,825       104       142       (660 )     (18 )     2,393       (1 ) (4)
   
Total securities available for sale
  $ 22,692       97       4,134       (153 )     (3,997 )     22,773       (526 )
   
Mortgages held for sale
  $ 4,718       (96 )           (921 )     (178 )     3,523       (109 ) (5)
Mortgage servicing rights
    14,714       (4,970 )           6,260             16,004       (1,534 ) (5)
Net derivative assets and liabilities
    37       1,439             (2,291 )     (17 )     (832 )     (799 ) (6)
Other assets (excluding derivatives)
    1,231       10             132             1,373       12   (2)
Liabilities (excluding derivatives)(7)
    (16 )     (11 )           1       (10 )     (36 )     14  
   
Year ended December 31, 2008
                                                       
Trading assets (excluding derivatives)
  $ 418       (120 )           3,197             3,495       (23 ) (2)
Securities available for sale:
                                                       
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
    168             (81 )     538       278       903        
Mortgage-backed securities:
                                                       
Federal agencies
                            4       4        
Residential
    486       (180 )     (302 )     3,307       199       3,510       (150 )
Commercial
          (10 )     (210 )     163       343       286        
   
Total mortgage-backed securities
    486       (190 )     (512 )     3,470       546       3,800       (150 )
   
Corporate debt securities
                (44 )     326             282        
Collateralized debt obligations
          (152 )     (280 )     1,679       836       2,083        
Other
    4,726       (15 )     (572 )     8,379       281       12,799        
   
Total debt securities
    5,380       (357 )     (1,489 )     14,392       1,941       19,867       (150 ) (3)
   
Marketable equity securities:
                                                       
Perpetual preferred securities
                      2,775             2,775        
Other marketable equity securities
    1                   49             50        
   
Total marketable equity securities
    1                   2,824             2,825         (4)
   
Total securities available for sale
  $ 5,381       (357 )     (1,489 )     17,216       1,941       22,692       (150 )
   
Mortgages held for sale
  $ 146       (280 )           561       4,291       4,718       (268 ) (5)
Mortgage servicing rights
    16,763       (5,927 )           3,878             14,714       (333 ) (5)
Net derivative assets and liabilities
    6       (275 )     1       303       2       37       93   (6)
Other assets (excluding derivatives)
                      1,231             1,231         (2)
Liabilities (excluding derivatives) (7)
    (27 )     6             5             (16 )     6  
   
(1)   Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/realization of cash flows over time.
(2)   Included in other noninterest income in the income statement.
(3)   Included in debt securities available for sale in the income statement.
(4)   Included in equity investments in the income statement.
(5)   Included in mortgage banking in the income statement.
(6)   Included in mortgage banking, trading activities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(7)   Balances have been revised to conform with current period presentation.

187


 

Changes in Fair Value Levels
We monitor the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy. Changes in economic conditions or model-based valuation techniques may require the transfer of financial instruments from one fair value level to another. The amounts reported as transfers represent the fair value as of the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurred.
     We evaluate the significance of transfers between levels based upon the nature of the financial instrument and size of the transfer relative to total assets, total liabilities or total earnings. For the year ended December 31, 2010, there were no significant transfers in or out of Level 1.
     Significant changes to Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2010 are described as follows:
  Our adoption of new consolidation accounting guidance on January 1, 2010, impacted Level 3 balances for certain financial instruments. Reductions in Level 3 balances, which represent derecognition of existing investments in newly consolidated VIEs, are reflected as transfers out for the following categories: trading assets, $276 million; securities available for sale, $1.9 billion; and mortgage servicing rights, $118 million. Increases in Level 3 balances, which represent newly consolidated VIE assets, are reflected as transfers in for the following categories: securities
    available for sale, $829 million; loans, $366 million; and long-term debt, $359 million.
  We transferred $4.9 billion of securities available for sale from Level 3 to Level 2 due to an increase in the volume of trading activity for certain mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, which resulted in increased occurrences of observable market prices. We also transferred $1.7 billion of debt securities available for sale from Level 2 to Level 3, primarily due to a decrease in liquidity for certain asset-backed securities.
     For the year ended December 31, 2009, we transferred $4.0 billion of debt securities available for sale from Level 3 to Level 2 due to increased trading activity.
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of LOCOM accounting or write-downs of individual assets. For assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in 2010 and 2009 that were still held in the balance sheet at each respective year end, the following table provides the fair value hierarchy and the carrying value of the related individual assets or portfolios at year end.


                                 
 
    Carrying value at year end  
(in millions)   Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total  
   
December 31, 2010
                               
Mortgages held for sale (1)
  $       2,000       891       2,891  
Loans held for sale
          352             352  
Loans:
                               
Commercial
          2,480       67       2,547  
Consumer
          5,870       18       5,888  
   
Total loans (2)
          8,350       85       8,435  
   
Mortgage servicing rights (amortized)
                104       104  
Other assets (3)
          765       82       847  
   
December 31, 2009
                               
Mortgages held for sale (1)
  $       1,105       711       1,816  
Loans held for sale
          444             444  
Loans (2)
          6,177       134       6,311  
Other assets (3)
          289       119       408  
   
(1)   Predominantly real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans measured at LOCOM.
(2)   Represents carrying value of loans for which adjustments are based on the appraised value of the collateral.
(3)   Includes the fair value of foreclosed real estate and other collateral owned that were measured at fair value subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed assets.

188


 

Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

The following table presents the increase (decrease) in value of certain assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for which a fair value adjustment has been included in the income statement.
         
 
(in millions)        
   
Year ended December 31, 2010
       
Mortgages held for sale
  $ (20 )
Loans held for sale
    (1 )
Loans:
       
Commercial
    (1,306 )
Consumer
    (6,881 )
   
Total loans (1)
    (8,187 )
   
Mortgage servicing rights (amortized)
    (3 )
Other assets (2)
    (301 )
   
Total
  $ (8,512 )
   

Year ended December 31, 2009

       
Mortgages held for sale
  $ (22 )
Loans held for sale
    158  
Loans (1)
    (11,703 )
Other assets (2)
    (217 )
   
Total
  $ (11,784 )
   
(1)   Represents write-downs of loans based on the appraised value of the collateral. Prior year amount has been revised to conform with current period presentation.
(2)   Includes the losses on foreclosed real estate and other collateral owned that were measured at fair value subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed assets.


189


 

Alternative Investments
The following table summarizes our investments in various types of funds, which are included in trading assets, securities available for sale and other assets. We use the funds’ net asset
values (NAVs) per share as a practical expedient to measure fair value on recurring and nonrecurring bases. The fair values presented in the table are based upon the funds’ NAVs or an equivalent measure.


                                 
 
                            Redemption  
    Fair     Unfunded     Redemption     notice  
(in millions)   value     commitments     frequency     period  
   
December 31, 2010
                               
Offshore funds
  $ 1,665           Daily - Annually     1 - 180 days  
Funds of funds
    63           Monthly - Quarterly     10 - 90 days  
Hedge funds
    23           Monthly - Annually     30 - 120 days  
Private equity funds
    1,830       669       N/A       N/A  
Venture capital funds
    88       36       N/A       N/A  
                   
Total
  $ 3,669       705                  
   
December 31, 2009
                               
Offshore funds (1)
  $ 1,559           Daily - Quarterly     1 - 90 days  
Funds of funds
    69           Monthly - Annually     10 - 120 days  
Hedge funds
    35           Monthly - Annually     30 - 180 days  
Private equity funds
    901       340       N/A       N/A  
Venture capital funds
    93       47       N/A       N/A  
                   
Total
  $ 2,657       387                  
   
N/A — Not applicable
(1)   "Fair value" has been revised to correct previously reported amount.

     Offshore funds primarily invest in investment grade European fixed-income securities. Redemption restrictions are in place for investments with a fair value of $74 million and $76 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, due to lock-up provisions that will remain in effect until November 2012.
     Private equity funds invest in equity and debt securities issued by private and publicly-held companies in connection with leveraged buyouts, recapitalizations and expansion opportunities. Substantially all of these investments do not allow redemptions. Alternatively, we receive distributions as the underlying assets of the funds liquidate, which we expect to occur over the next 10 years.
     Venture capital funds invest in domestic and foreign companies in a variety of industries, including information technology, financial services and healthcare. These investments can never be redeemed with the funds. Instead, we receive distributions as the underlying assets of the fund liquidate, which we expect to occur over the next seven years.


190


 

Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Fair Value Option
We measure MHFS at fair value for prime MHFS originations for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist to reliably support fair value pricing models used for these loans. Loan origination fees on these loans are recorded when earned, and related direct loan origination costs are recognized when incurred. We also measure at fair value certain of our other interests held related to residential loan sales and securitizations. We believe fair value measurement for prime MHFS and other interests held, which we hedge with free-standing derivatives (economic hedges) along with our MSRs, measured at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets.
     Upon the acquisition of Wachovia, we elected to measure at fair value certain portfolios of LHFS that we intend to hold for trading purposes and that may be economically hedged with
derivative instruments. In addition, we elected to measure at fair value certain letters of credit that are hedged with derivative instruments to better reflect the economics of the transactions. These letters of credit are included in trading account assets or liabilities.
     Upon the adoption of new consolidation guidance on January 1, 2010, we elected to measure at fair value the eligible assets (loans) and liabilities (long-term debt) of certain nonconforming mortgage loan securitization VIEs. We elected the fair value option for such newly consolidated VIEs to continue fair value accounting as our interests prior to consolidation were predominantly carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.
     The following table reflects the differences between fair value carrying amount of certain assets and liabilities for which we have elected the fair value option and the contractual aggregate unpaid principal amount at maturity.


                                                 
 
    Dec. 31, 2010     Dec. 31, 2009  
                    Fair value                     Fair value  
                    carrying                     carrying  
                    amount                     amount  
                    less                     less  
    Fair value     Aggregate     aggregate     Fair value     Aggregate     aggregate  
    carrying     unpaid     unpaid     carrying     unpaid     unpaid  
(in millions)   amount     principal     principal     amount     principal     principal  
   
Mortgages held for sale:
                                               
Total loans
  $ 47,531       47,818       (287)  (1)     36,962       37,072       (110 ) (1)
Nonaccrual loans
    325       662       (337 )     268       560       (292 )
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing
    38       47       (9 )     49       63       (14 )
Loans held for sale:
                                               
Total loans
    873       897       (24 )     149       159       (10 )
Nonaccrual loans
    1       7       (6 )     5       2       3  
Loans:
                                               
Total loans
    309       348       (39 )                  
Nonaccrual loans
    13       16       (3 )                  
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing
    2       2                          
Long-term debt
    306       353       (47 )                  
   
(1)   The difference between fair value carrying amount and aggregate unpaid principal includes changes in fair value recorded at and subsequent to funding, gains and losses on the related loan commitment prior to funding, and premiums on acquired loans.

191


 

The assets accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The changes in fair value related to
initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value included in earnings for these assets measured at fair value are shown, by income statement line item, below.


                                 
 
    2010     2009  
    Mortgage banking             Mortgage banking        
    noninterest income             noninterest income        
    Net gains on mortgage     Other     Net gains on mortgage     Other  
    loan origination/sales     noninterest     loan origination/sales     noninterest  
(in millions)   activities     income     activities     income  
   
Year ended December 31,
                               
Mortgages held for sale
  $ 6,512             4,891        
Loans held for sale
          24             99  
Loans
    55                    
Long-term debt
    (48 )                  
Other interests held
          (13 )           117  
   

     The following table shows the estimated gains and losses from earnings attributable to instrument-specific credit risk related to assets accounted for under the fair value option.
                 
 
    Year ended Dec. 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Gains (losses) attributable to
               
instrument-specific credit risk:
               
Mortgages held for sale
  $ (28 )     (277 )
Loans held for sale
    24       63  
   
Total
  $ (4 )     (214 )
   
     For performing loans, instrument-specific credit risk gains or losses were derived principally by determining the change in fair value of the loans due to changes in the observable or implied credit spread. Credit spread is the market yield on the loans less the relevant risk-free benchmark interest rate. Since the second half of 2007, spreads have been significantly affected by the lack of liquidity in the secondary market for mortgage loans. For nonperforming loans, we attribute all changes in fair value to instrument-specific credit risk.


192


 

Note 16: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The table below is a summary of fair value estimates for financial instruments, excluding short-term financial assets and liabilities because carrying amounts approximate fair value, and excluding financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts in the following table are recorded in the balance sheet under the indicated captions.
     We have not included assets and liabilities that are not financial instruments in our disclosure, such as the value of the long-term relationships with our deposit, credit card and trust customers, amortized MSRs, premises and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles, deferred taxes and other liabilities. The total of the fair value calculations presented does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.


                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
    Carrying     Estimated     Carrying     Estimated  
(in millions)   amount     fair value     amount     fair value  
   
Financial assets
                               
Mortgages held for sale (1)
  $ 4,232       4,234       2,132       2,132  
Loans held for sale (2)
    417       441       5,584       5,719  
Loans, net (3)
    721,016       710,147       744,225       717,798  
Nonmarketable equity investments (cost method)
    8,494       8,814       9,793       9,889  
Financial liabilities
                               
Deposits
    847,942       849,642       824,018       824,678  
Long-term debt (3)(4)
    156,651       159,996       203,784       205,752  
   
(1)   Balance excludes MHFS for which the fair value option was elected.
(2)   Balance excludes LHFS for which the fair value option was elected.
(3)   At December 31, 2010, loans and long-term debt exclude balances for which the fair value option was elected. Loans exclude lease financing with a carrying amount of $13.1 billion and $14.2 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(4)   The carrying amount and fair value exclude obligations under capital leases of $26 million and $77 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

     Loan commitments, standby letters of credit and commercial and similar letters of credit are not included in the table above. A reasonable estimate of the fair value of these instruments is the carrying value of deferred fees plus the related allowance. This amounted to $673 million and $725 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.


193


 

We are authorized to issue 20 million shares of preferred stock and 4 million shares of preference stock, both without par value. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference but have no general voting rights. We have not issued any preference shares under this authorization. If issued, preference shares would be limited to one vote per share. Our total issued and outstanding
preferred stock includes Dividend Equalization Preference (DEP) shares and Series J, K and L, which are presented in the table below, and Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, which is presented in the table on the following page.


                                                 
 
                    December 31, 2010 and 2009  
    Liquidation             Shares                      
    preference     Shares     issued and             Carrying        
(in millions, except shares and liquidation preference per share)   per share     authorized     outstanding     Par value     value     Discount  
   
DEP Shares
                                               
Dividend Equalization Preferred Shares
  $ 10       97,000       96,546     $              

Series J (1)

                                               
8.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
    1,000       2,300,000       2,150,375       2,150       1,995       155  

Series K (1)

                                               
7.98% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
    1,000       3,500,000       3,352,000       3,352       2,876       476  

Series L (1)

                                               
7.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Class A Preferred Stock
    1,000       4,025,000       3,968,000       3,968       3,200       768  
   
Total
            9,922,000       9,566,921     $ 9,470       8,071       1,399  
   
(1)   Preferred shares qualify as Tier 1 capital.

     In addition to the preferred stock issued and outstanding described in the table above, at December 31, 2010, we have the following preferred stock authorized with no shares issued and outstanding:
  Series A – Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, $100,000 liquidation preference per share, 25,001 shares authorized
  Series B – Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, $100,000 liquidation preference per share, 17,501 shares authorized
  Series G – 7.25% Class A Preferred Stock, Series G, $15,000 liquidation preference per share, 50,000 shares authorized
  Series H – Floating Class A Preferred Stock, Series H, $20,000 liquidation preference per share, 50,000 shares authorized
  Series I – 5.80% Fixed to Floating Class A Preferred Stock, Series I, $100,000 liquidation preference per share, 25,010 shares authorized
     We may issue preferred stock for Series A ($2.5 billion in March 2013), Series B ($1.8 billion in September 2013), and Series I ($2.5 billion in March 2011) to unconsolidated wholly-owned trusts. The issuance of the preferred stock is contingent upon the sale of our income trust securities held by these trusts to third party investors. See Note 8 for additional information on our trust preferred security structures and Note 13 for information about our income trust notes. We have no commitment to issue Series G or H preferred stock.
     In December 2009, we redeemed the Series D Preferred Stock, which had been issued in October 2008 to the United States Department of the Treasury. We paid $25.0 billion, which was equal to the liquidation preference of the stock. In connection with the redemption, we fully accreted the remaining discount at the time of redemption of $1.9 billion.


194


 

ESOP CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK All shares of our ESOP Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (ESOP Preferred Stock) were issued to a trustee acting on behalf of the Wells Fargo & Company 401(k) Plan (the 401(k) Plan). Dividends on the ESOP Preferred Stock are cumulative from the date of initial issuance and are payable quarterly at annual rates based upon the year of issuance. Each share of ESOP Preferred Stock released from the unallocated reserve of the 401(k) Plan is converted into shares of our common stock based on the stated
value of the ESOP Preferred Stock and the then current market price of our common stock. The ESOP Preferred Stock is also convertible at the option of the holder at any time, unless previously redeemed. We have the option to redeem the ESOP Preferred Stock at any time, in whole or in part, at a redemption price per share equal to the higher of (a) $1,000 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends or (b) the fair market value, as defined in the Certificates of Designation for the ESOP Preferred Stock.


                                                 
 
    Shares issued and outstanding     Carrying value     Adjustable  
    December 31 ,   December 31 ,   dividend rate  
(in millions, except shares)   2010     2009     2010     2009     Minimum     Maximum  
   
ESOP Preferred Stock
                                               
$1,000 liquidation preference per share
                                               
2010
    287,161           $ 287             9.50 %     10.50  
2008
    104,854       120,289       105       120       10.50       11.50  
2007
    82,994       97,624       83       98       10.75       11.75  
2006
    58,632       71,322       59       71       10.75       11.75  
2005
    40,892       51,687       41       52       9.75       10.75  
2004
    26,815       36,425       27       37       8.50       9.50  
2003
    13,591       21,450       13       21       8.50       9.50  
2002
    3,443       11,949       3       12       10.50       11.50  
2001
          3,273             3       10.50       11.50  
                   
Total ESOP Preferred Stock (1)
    618,382       414,019     $ 618       414                  
                   
Unearned ESOP shares (2)
                  $ (663 )     (442 )                
   
(1)   At December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, additional paid-in capital included $45 million and $28 million, respectively, related to preferred stock.
(2)   We recorded a corresponding charge to unearned ESOP shares in connection with the issuance of the ESOP Preferred Stock. The unearned ESOP shares are reduced as shares of the ESOP Preferred Stock are committed to be released.

195


 

Common Stock
The following table presents our reserved, issued and authorized shares of common stock at December 31, 2010.
         
 
    Number of shares  
   
Dividend reinvestment and common stock purchase plans
    8,791,078  
Director plans
    837,516  
Stock plans (1)
    667,226,530  
Convertible securities and warrants
    105,279,949  
   
Total shares reserved
    782,135,073  
Shares issued
    5,272,414,622  
Shares not reserved
    2,945,450,305  
   
Total shares authorized
    9,000,000,000  
   
(1)   Includes employee options, restricted shares and restricted share rights, 401(k), profit sharing and compensation deferral plans.
     At December 31, 2010, we have warrants outstanding and exercisable to purchase 39,444,481 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $34.01 per share, expiring on October 28, 2018. These warrants were issued in connection with our participation in the TARP CPP.
Dividend Reinvestment and Common Stock Purchase Plans
Participants in our dividend reinvestment and common stock direct purchase plans may purchase shares of our common stock at fair market value by reinvesting dividends and/or making optional cash payments, under the plan’s terms.
Employee Stock Plans
We offer the stock based employee compensation plans described below. We measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, such as stock options, restricted share rights (RSRs) or performance shares, based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. The cost is normally recognized in our income statement over the vesting period of the award; awards with graded vesting are expensed on a straight line method. Awards that continue to vest after retirement are expensed over the shorter of the period of time between the grant date and the final vesting period or between the grant date and when a team member becomes retirement eligible; awards to team members who are retirement eligible at the grant date are subject to immediate expensing upon grant.
LONG-TERM INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS Our Long Term Incentive Compensation Plan (LTICP) provides for awards of incentive and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, RSRs, performance share awards and stock awards without restrictions.
     During 2010 we granted RSRs and performance shares as our primary long-term incentive awards instead of stock options. Holders of RSRs are entitled to the related shares of common stock at no cost generally over three to five years after the RSRs were granted. Holders of RSRs may be entitled to receive
additional RSRs (dividend equivalents) or cash payments equal to the cash dividends that would have been paid had the RSRs been issued and outstanding shares of common stock. RSRs granted as dividend equivalents are subject to the same vesting schedule and conditions as the underlying RSRs. RSRs generally continue to vest after retirement according to the original vesting schedule. Except in limited circumstances, RSRs are cancelled when employment ends.
     A target number of 1,602,336 and 949,000 performance shares were granted in 2010 and 2009, respectively, with a fair value of $27.46 per share and $27.09 per share, respectively. The final number of performance shares that will vest is subject to the achievement of specified performance criteria over a three-year period ending June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, for the 2010 and 2009 awards, respectively, and has a cap of 150% of the target number of performance shares. Holders of each vested performance share are entitled to the related shares of common stock at no cost. Performance shares continue to vest after retirement according to the original vesting schedule subject to satisfying the performance criteria and other vesting conditions. As of December 31, 2010, no performance shares were forfeited or vested and unrecognized compensation cost for unvested performance shares was $18 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.
     Stock options must have an exercise price at or above fair market value (as defined in the plan) of the stock at the date of grant (except for substitute or replacement options granted in connection with mergers or other acquisitions) and a term of no more than 10 years. Except for options granted in 2004 and 2005, which generally vested in full upon grant, options generally become exercisable over three years beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Except as otherwise permitted under the plan, if employment is ended for reasons other than retirement, permanent disability or death, the option exercise period is reduced or the options are cancelled.
     Options granted prior to 2004 may include the right to acquire a “reload” stock option. If an option contains the reload feature and if a participant pays all or part of the exercise price of the option with shares of stock purchased in the market or held by the participant for at least six months and, in either case, not used in a similar transaction in the last six months, upon exercise of the option, the participant is granted a new option to purchase at the fair market value of the stock as of the date of the reload, the number of shares of stock equal to the sum of the number of shares used in payment of the exercise price and a number of shares with respect to related statutory minimum withholding taxes. Reload grants are fully vested upon grant and are expensed immediately.
     Compensation expense for RSRs and performance shares is based on the quoted market price of the related stock at the grant date. Stock option expense is based on the fair value of the awards at the date of grant. The following table summarizes the major components of stock incentive compensation expense and the related recognized tax benefit.


196


 

Note 18: Common Stock and Stock Plans (continued)

                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
RSRs
  $ 252       3       3  
Performance shares
    66       21        
Stock options
    118       221       174  
   
Total stock incentive compensation expense
  $ 436       245       177  
   
Related recognized tax benefit
  $ 165       92       65  
   
     A portion of annual bonus awards recognized during 2009 that are normally paid in cash was paid in our common stock as part of our agreement with the U.S. Treasury to repay our participation in the TARP CPP. The fair value of the stock that was issued was $94 million and there were no vesting conditions or other restrictions on the stock. No annual bonus awards recognized during 2010 were paid in common stock.
     During 2009 the Board of Directors approved salary increases for certain executive officers that were paid, after taxes and other withholdings, in our common stock. In 2010 and 2009, respectively, 62,630 shares and 244,689 shares were issued for salary increases at an average fair value of $27.44 and $27.77, respectively. There are no restrictions on these shares because we repaid the TARP CPP investment in Wells Fargo in December 2009. No salary increases were paid in common stock after February 2010.
     For various acquisitions and mergers, we converted employee and director stock options of acquired or merged companies into stock options to purchase our common stock based on the terms of the original stock option plan and the agreed-upon exchange ratio. In addition, we converted restricted stock awards into awards that entitle holders to our stock after the vesting conditions are met. Holders receive cash dividends on outstanding awards if provided in the original award.
     The total number of shares of common stock available for grant under the plans at December 31, 2010, was 255 million.
PARTNERSHARES PLAN In 1996, we adopted the PartnerShares® Stock Option Plan, a broad-based employee stock option plan. It covers full- and part-time employees who generally were not included in the LTICP described above. No options have been granted under the plan since 2002, and as a result of action taken by the Board of Directors on January 22, 2008, no future awards will be granted under the plan. All of our PartnerShares Plan grants were fully vested as of December 31, 2007.
Director Plan
We grant common stock and options to purchase common stock to non-employee directors elected or re-elected at the annual meeting of stockholders and prorated awards to directors who join the Board at any other time. The stock award vests immediately. Options granted in 2008 or earlier can be exercised after six months through the tenth anniversary of the grant date. Options granted prior to 2005 may include the right to acquire a “reload” stock option. Prior to 2009, stock awards and option grants were made to non-employee directors under
the Directors Stock Compensation and Deferral Plan. As a result of action taken by the Board of Directors on September 30, 2008, stock awards and options granted in 2010 and 2009 were made under our LTICP; options granted to directors under the LTICP can be exercised after 12 months through the tenth anniversary of the grant date.
Restricted Share Rights
A summary of the status of our RSRs and restricted share awards at December 31, 2010, and changes during 2010 is in the following table:
                 
 
            Weighted-  
            average  
            grant-date  
    Number     fair value  
   
Nonvested at January 1, 2010
    1,908,955     $ 23.62  
Granted
    22,364,160       27.29  
Vested
    (568,417 )     27.21  
Canceled or forfeited
    (667,976 )     27.59  
           
Nonvested at December 31, 2010
    23,036,722       26.98  
           
   
     The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSRs granted during 2009 and 2008 was $19.04 and $29.68, respectively.
     At December 31, 2010, there was $363 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSRs. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 4.0 years. The total fair value of RSRs that vested during 2010, 2009 and 2008 was $15 million, $2 million and $1 million, respectively.
Stock Options
The table below summarizes stock option activity and related information for the employee stock plans and the director plan. Options assumed in mergers are included in the activity and related information for Incentive Compensation Plans if originally issued under an employee plan, and in the activity and related information for Director Plans if originally issued under a director plan.


197


 

                                 
 
                    Weighted-        
            Weighted-     average     Aggregate  
            average     remaining     intrinsic  
            exercise     contractual     value  
    Number     price     term (in yrs.)     (in millions)  
   
Incentive compensation plans
                               
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2009
    344,371,676     $ 37.11                  
Granted
    1,841,989       30.88                  
Canceled or forfeited
    (13,129,540 )     48.24                  
Exercised
    (26,313,334 )     19.44                  
                           
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2010
    306,770,791       38.11       5.1     $ 1,514  
                           
As of December 31, 2010:
                               
Options exercisable and expected to be exercisable (1)
    306,278,488       38.12       5.1       1,514  
Options exercisable
    238,094,894       43.85       4.3       625  

PartnerShares Plan

                               
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2009
    16,865,597       24.33                  
Canceled or forfeited
    (964,242 )     23.48                  
Exercised
    (7,426,810 )     23.44                  
                           
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2010
    8,474,545       25.21       1.2       49  
                           
As of December 31, 2010:
                               
Options exercisable and expected to be exercisable
    8,474,545       25.21       1.2       49  
Options exercisable
    8,474,545       25.21       1.2       49  

Director plans

                               
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2009
    853,633       28.53                  
Granted
    24,684       30.43                  
Canceled or forfeited
    (2,431 )     30.86                  
Exercised
    (78,022 )     23.18                  
                           
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2010
    797,864       29.10       4.2       2  
                           
As of December 31, 2010:
                               
Options exercisable and expected to be exercisable
    797,864       29.10       4.2       2  
Options exercisable
    797,864       29.10       4.2       2  
   
(1)   Adjusted for estimated forfeitures.

198


 

Note 18: Common Stock and Stock Plans (continued)

     As of December 31, 2010, there was $71 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2010, 2009 and 2008 was $298 million, $50 million and $348 million, respectively.
     Cash received from the exercise of stock options for 2010, 2009 and 2008 was $687 million, $153 million and $747 million, respectively.
     We do not have a specific policy on repurchasing shares to satisfy share option exercises. Rather, we have a general policy on repurchasing shares to meet common stock issuance requirements for our benefit plans (including share option exercises), conversion of our convertible securities, acquisitions and other corporate purposes. Various factors determine the amount and timing of our share repurchases, including our capital requirements, the number of shares we expect to issue for acquisitions and employee benefit plans, market conditions (including the trading price of our stock), and regulatory and legal considerations. These factors can change at any time, and there can be no assurance as to the number of shares we will repurchase or when we will repurchase them.
     The fair value of each option award granted on or after January 1, 2006, is estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The expected term of non-reload options granted is generally based on the historical exercise behaviour of full-term options. Our expected volatilities are based on a combination of the historical volatility of our common stock and implied volatilities for traded options on our common stock. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Both expected volatility and the risk-free rates are based on a period commensurate with our expected term. For 2010 and 2009, the expected dividend is based on a fixed dividend amount. For 2008 the expected dividend was based on the current dividend, consideration of our
historical pattern of dividend increases and the market price of our stock. We changed our method of estimating the expected dividend assumption from a yield approach to a fixed amount due to our participation in the TARP CPP during 2009, which restricted us from increasing our dividend without approval from the U.S. Treasury; although we repaid TARP in 2009, federal approval continues to be required under FRB Supervisory Letter 09-4, before we can increase our dividend. A dividend yield approach models a constant dividend yield, which was considered inappropriate given the restriction on our ability to increase dividends. See Note 3.
     The following table presents the weighted-average per share fair value of options granted and the assumptions used, based on a Black-Scholes option valuation model. Substantially all of the options granted in 2010 resulted from the reload feature.
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
   
Per share fair value of options granted
  $ 6.11       3.29       4.06  
Expected volatility
    44.3 %     53.9       22.4  
Expected dividends (yield)
                4.1  
Expected dividends
  $ 0.20       0.33        
Expected term (in years)
    1.3       4.5       4.4  
Risk-free interest rate
    0.6 %     1.8       2.7  
   


199


 

Employee Stock Ownership Plan
The Wells Fargo & Company 401(k) Plan (401(k) Plan) is a defined contribution plan with an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) feature. Effective December 31, 2009, the Wachovia Savings Plan, which also had an ESOP feature, merged into the 401(k) Plan, and all of its shares of our common stock were transferred to the 401(k) Plan. The ESOP feature enables the 401(k) Plan to borrow money to purchase our preferred or common stock. From 1994 through 2008, and in 2010, we loaned money to the 401(k) Plan to purchase shares of our ESOP Preferred Stock. As our employer contributions are made to the 401(k) Plan and are used by the Plan to make ESOP loan payments, the ESOP Preferred Stock in the 401(k) Plan is released and converted into our common shares. Dividends on the common shares allocated as a result of the release and conversion of the ESOP Preferred Stock reduce retained
earnings and the shares are considered outstanding for computing earnings per share. Dividends on the unallocated ESOP Preferred Stock do not reduce retained earnings, and the shares are not considered to be common stock equivalents for computing earnings per share. Loan principal and interest payments are made from our employer contributions to the 401(k) Plan, along with dividends paid on the ESOP Preferred Stock. With each principal and interest payment, a portion of the ESOP Preferred Stock is released and converted to common shares, which are allocated to the 401(k) Plan participants and invested in the 401(k) Plan’s ESOP Fund.
     The balance of common stock held in the ESOP fund, the dividends on allocated shares of common stock and unreleased ESOP Preferred Stock paid to the 401(k) Plan and the fair value of unreleased ESOP Preferred Stock were:


                         
 
    Shares outstanding  
    December 31 ,
(in millions, except shares)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Allocated shares (common)
    118,901,327       110,157,999       74,916,583  
Unreleased shares (preferred)
    618,382       414,019       519,900  
Unreleased shares (common)
          203,755       244,506  
Fair value of unreleased ESOP Preferred shares
  $ 618       414       520  
Fair value of unreleased ESOP Common shares
          5       7  
   
 
    Dividends paid  
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
   
Allocated shares (common)
  $ 23       45       100  
Unreleased shares (preferred)
    76       51       66  
   

Deferred Compensation Plan for Independent Sales Agents
WF Deferred Compensation Holdings, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent formed solely to sponsor a deferred compensation plan for independent sales agents who provide investment, financial and other qualifying services for or with respect to participating affiliates.
     The Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Independent Contractors, which became effective January 1, 2002, allows participants to defer all or part of their eligible compensation payable to them by a participating affiliate. The Parent has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the deferred compensation obligations of WF Deferred Compensation Holdings, Inc. under the plan.


200


 

Pension and Postretirement Plans
We sponsor a noncontributory qualified defined benefit retirement plan, the Wells Fargo & Company Cash Balance Plan (Cash Balance Plan), which covers eligible employees of Wells Fargo; the benefits earned under the Cash Balance Plan were frozen effective July 1, 2009.
     On April 28, 2009, the Board of Directors approved amendments to freeze the benefits earned under the Wells Fargo qualified and supplemental Cash Balance Plans and the Wachovia Corporation Pension Plan, a cash balance plan that covered eligible employees of the legacy Wachovia Corporation, and to merge the Wachovia Pension Plan into the qualified Cash Balance Plan. These actions became effective on July 1, 2009.
     Prior to July 1, 2009, eligible employees’ cash balance plan accounts were allocated a compensation credit based on a percentage of their qualifying compensation. The compensation credit percentage was based on age and years of credited service. The freeze discontinues the allocation of compensation credit for services after June 30, 2009. Investment credits continue to be allocated to participants based on their accumulated balances. Employees become vested in their Cash Balance Plan accounts after completing three years of vesting service.
     Freezing and merging the above plans effective July 1, 2009, resulted in a re-measurement of the pension obligations and plan assets as of April 30, 2009. Freezing and re-measuring decreased the pension obligations by approximately $945 million and decreased a cumulative loss in OCI by approximately $725 million pre tax ($456 million after tax) in second quarter 2009. The re-measurement resulted in a decrease in the fair value of plan assets of approximately $150 million. We used a discount rate of 7.75% for the April 30, 2009, re-measurement based on our consistent methodology of determining our discount rate based on an established yield curve developed by our outside actuarial firm. This methodology incorporates a broad group of top quartile Aa or higher rated bonds.
     As a result of freezing our pension plans, we revised our amortization life for actuarial gains and losses from 5 years to 13 years to reflect the estimated average remaining participation period.
     These actions lowered pension cost by approximately $500 million for 2009, including $67 million of one-time curtailment gains.
     We did not make a contribution to our Cash Balance Plan in 2010. We do not expect that we will be required to make a contribution to the Cash Balance Plan in 2011; however, this is dependent on the finalization of the actuarial valuation. Our decision of whether to make a contribution in 2011 will be based on various factors including the actual investment performance of plan assets during 2011. Given these uncertainties, we cannot estimate at this time the amount, if any, that we will contribute in 2011 to the Cash Balance Plan. For the nonqualified pension plans and postretirement benefit plans, there is no minimum required contribution beyond the amount needed to fund benefit payments; we may contribute more to our postretirement benefit plans dependent on various factors.
     We provide health care and life insurance benefits for certain retired employees and reserve the right to terminate, modify or amend any of the benefits at any time.
     The information set forth in the following tables is based on current actuarial reports using the measurement date of December 31 for our pension and postretirement benefit plans.


201


 

     The changes in the projected benefit obligation of pension benefits and the accumulated benefit obligation of other benefits
and the fair value of plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recognized in the balance sheet were:


                                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
    Pension benefits             Pension benefits        
            Non-     Other             Non-     Other  
(in millions)   Qualified     qualified     benefits     Qualified     qualified     benefits  
   
Change in benefit obligation:
                                               
Benefit obligation at beginning of year
  $ 10,038       681       1,401       8,977       684       1,325  
Service cost
    5             13       210       8       13  
Interest cost
    554       37       78       595       43       83  
Plan participants’ contributions
                74                   79  
Curtailment (1)
                      (910 )     (35 )      
Amendments
    2                               (54 )
Actuarial loss (gain)
    386       46       (5 )     1,763       59       120  
Benefits paid
    (652 )     (71 )     (147 )     (605 )     (79 )     (167 )
Liability transfer
                (17 )                  
Foreign exchange impact
    4             1       8       1       2  
   
Benefit obligation at end of year
    10,337       693       1,398       10,038       681       1,401  
   
Change in plan assets:
                                               
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
    9,112             376       7,863             368  
Actual return on plan assets
    1,163             33       1,842             48  
Employer contribution
    12       71       361       4       79       48  
Plan participants’ contributions
                74                   79  
Benefits paid
    (652 )     (71 )     (147 )     (605 )     (79 )     (167 )
Foreign exchange impact
    4                   8              
   
Fair value of plan assets at end of year
    9,639             697       9,112             376  
   
Funded status at end of year
  $ (698 )     (693 )     (701 )     (926 )     (681 )     (1,025 )
   
Amounts recognized in the balance sheet at end of year:
                                               
Liabilities
  $ (698 )     (693 )     (701 )     (926 )     (681 )     (1,025 )
   
(1)   On April 28, 2009, the Board of Directors approved amendments to freeze the benefits earned under the Wells Fargo qualified and supplemental Cash Balance Plans and the Wachovia Corporation Pension Plan, a cash balance plan that covered eligible employees of legacy Wachovia Corporation, and to merge the Wachovia Pension Plan into the qualified Cash Balance Plan.

     The accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit pension plans was $11.0 billion and $10.7 billion at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
     The following table provides information for pension plans with benefit obligations in excess of plan assets.
                 
 
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Projected benefit obligation
  $ 11,030       10,719  
Accumulated benefit obligation
    11,019       10,706  
Fair value of plan assets
    9,639       9,112  
   
      


202


 


Note 19: Employee Benefits and Other Expenses
(continued)
     The components of net periodic benefit cost were:
                                                                         
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
    Pension benefits             Pension benefits             Pension benefits        
            Non-     Other             Non-     Other             Non-     Other  
(in millions)   Qualified     qualified     benefits     Qualified     qualified     benefits     Qualified     qualified     benefits  
   
Service cost
  $ 5             13       210       8       13       291       15       13  
Interest cost
    554       37       78       595       43       83       276       22       40  
Expected return on plan assets
    (717 )           (29 )     (643 )           (29 )     (478 )           (41 )
Amortization of net actuarial loss
    105       3       1       194       2       3       1       13       1  
Amortization of prior service cost
                (4 )           (1 )     (3 )           (5 )     (4 )
Curtailment loss (gain)
    3             (4 )     (32 )     (33 )                        
   
Net periodic benefit cost
    (50 )     40       55       324       19       67       90       45       9  
   
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:
                                                                       
Net actuarial loss (gain)
    (59 )     46       (9 )     (346 )     25       99       2,102       (16 )     79  
Amortization of net actuarial loss
    (105 )     (3 )     (1 )     (194 )     (2 )     (3 )     (1 )     (13 )     (1 )
Prior service cost
    2                                                  
Amortization of prior service cost
                4             1       3             5       4  
Net loss (gain) in curtailment
    (3 )           4       32       33                          
Net gain on amendment
                                  (54 )                  
Translation adjustments
                      3             2       (5 )           (4 )
   
Total recognized in other comprehensive income
    (165 )     43       (2 )     (505 )     57       47       2,096       (24 )     78  
   
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income
  $ (215 )     83       53       (181 )     76       114       2,186       21       87  
   

203


 

     Amounts recognized in accumulated OCI (pre tax) consist of:
                                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
    Pension benefits             Pension benefits        
            Non-     Other             Non-     Other  
(in millions)   Qualified     qualified     benefits     Qualified     qualified     benefits  
   
Net actuarial loss
  $ 1,672       113       135       1,836       70       140  
Net prior service credit
                (30 )     1             (34 )
Net transition obligation
                1                   2  
Translation adjustments
    1                   1              
   
Total
  $ 1,673       113       106       1,838       70       108  
   

     We generally amortize net actuarial gain or loss in excess of a 5% corridor from accumulated OCI into net periodic pension cost over the next 13 years. The net actuarial loss for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated OCI into net periodic benefit cost in 2011 is $92 million. The net prior service credit for the other post retirement plans that will be amortized from accumulated OCI into net periodic benefit cost in 2011 is $3 million.
Plan Assumptions
The weighted-average discount rate used to determine the projected benefit obligation for pension benefits (qualified and nonqualified) and other postretirement benefits was 5.25% and 5.75% for year ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. We use a consistent methodology to determine the discount rate that is based on an established yield curve methodology. This methodology incorporates a broad group of top quartile Aa or higher rated bonds consisting of approximately 100-150 bonds. The discount rate is determined by matching this yield curve with the timing and amounts of the expected benefit payments for our plans.


The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit cost were:
                                                 
 
    December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
    Pension     Other     Pension     Other     Pension     Other  
    benefits (1)     benefits     benefits (1)     benefits     benefits (1)     benefits  
   
Discount rate (2)
    5.75 %     5.75       7.42       6.75       6.25       6.25  
Expected return on plan assets
    8.25       8.25       8.75       8.75       8.75       8.75  
Rate of compensation increase
                4.0             4.0        
   
(1)   Includes both qualified and nonqualified pension benefits.
(2)   Due to the freeze of the Wells Fargo qualified and supplemental Cash Balance Plans and the Wachovia Corporation Pension Plan, the discount rate for the 2009 pension benefits was the weighted average of 6.75% from January through April and 7.75% from May through December.

     Our determination of the reasonableness of our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is highly quantitative by nature. We evaluate the current asset allocations and expected returns under two sets of conditions: projected returns using several forward-looking capital market assumptions, and historical returns for the main asset classes dating back to 1970, the earliest period for which historical data was readily available as of a common time frame for the asset classes included. Using data dating back to 1970 allows us to capture multiple economic environments, which we believe is relevant when using historical returns. We place greater emphasis on the forward-looking return and risk assumptions than on historical results. We use the resulting projections to derive a base line expected rate of return and risk level for the Cash Balance Plans’ prescribed asset mix. We then adjust the baseline projected returns for items not already captured, including the anticipated return differential from active over passive investment management and the estimated impact of an asset allocation methodology that allows
for established deviations from the specified target allocations when a compelling opportunity exists.
     We evaluate the portfolio based on: (1) the established target asset allocations over short term (one-year) and longer term (ten-year) investment horizons, and (2) the range of potential outcomes over these horizons within specific standard deviations. We perform the above analyses to assess the reasonableness of our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. We consider the expected rate of return to be a long-term average view of expected returns. The expected rate of return would be assessed for significant long-term changes in economic conditions or in planned portfolio composition.
     To account for postretirement health care plans we use health care cost trend rates to recognize the effect of expected changes in future health care costs due to medical inflation, utilization changes, new technology, regulatory requirements


204


 


Note 19: Employee Benefits and Other Expenses
(continued)

and Medicare cost shifting. In determining the end of year benefit obligation we assume average annual increases of approximately 8.0% for health care costs in 2011. This rate is assumed to trend down 0.25% per year until the trend rate reaches an ultimate rate of 5.0% in 2023. The 2010 periodic benefit cost was determined using initial annual trend rates of 8.5% (before age 65) and 8.0% (after age 65). These rates were assumed to decrease 0.5% per year until they reached ultimate rates of 5% in 2017 (before age 65) and 2016 (after age 65). Increasing the assumed health care trend by one percentage point in each year would increase the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2010, by $80 million and the total of the interest cost and service cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for 2010 by $5 million. Decreasing the assumed health care trend by one percentage point in each year would decrease the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2010, by $71 million and the total of the interest cost and service cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for 2010 by $4 million.
Investment Strategy and Asset Allocation
We seek to achieve the expected long-term rate of return with a prudent level of risk given the benefit obligations of the pension plans and their funded status. Our overall investment strategy is designed to provide our Cash Balance Plan with a balance of long-term growth opportunities and short-term benefit strategies while ensuring that risk is mitigated through diversification across numerous asset classes and various investment strategies. We target the asset allocation for our Cash Balance Plan at a target mix range of 35-65% equities, 30-50% fixed income, and approximately 10-15% in real estate, venture capital, private equity and other investments. The target ranges referenced above account for the employment of an asset allocation methodology designed to overweight stocks or bonds when a compelling opportunity exists. The Employee Benefit Review Committee (EBRC), which includes several members of senior management, formally reviews the investment risk and performance of our Cash Balance Plan on a quarterly basis. Annual Plan liability analysis and periodic asset/liability evaluations are also conducted.
     The investment strategy for assets held in the Retiree Medical Plan Voluntary Employees’ Beneficiary Association (VEBA) trust is established separately from the strategy for the assets in the Cash Balance Plan. The general target asset mix is 45-65% equities and 35-55% fixed income. In addition, the strategy for the VEBA trust assets considers the effect of income taxes by utilizing a combination of variable annuity and low turnover investment strategies. Members of the EBRC formally review the investment risk and performance of these assets on a quarterly basis.
Projected Benefit Payments
Future benefits that we expect to pay under the pension and other benefit plans are presented in the following table. Other benefits payments are expected to be reduced by prescription drug subsidies from the federal government provided by the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003.
                                 
 
    Pension benefits     Other benefits  
            Non-     Future     Subsidy  
(in millions)   Qualified     qualified     benefits     receipts  
   
Year ended December 31,
                               
2011
  $ 867       77       107       13  
2012
    846       68       110       14  
2013
    813       64       113       15  
2014
    807       63       116       16  
2015
    801       58       119       10  
2016-2020
    3,682       293       602       51  
   


205


 

Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following table presents the balances of pension plan assets and other benefit plan assets measured at fair value. Other benefit plan assets include assets held in a 401(h) trust, which
are invested using the same asset allocation targets as the Cash Balance Plan, and assets held in a VEBA trust. See Note 16 for fair value hierarchy level definitions.


                                                                 
 
    Carrying value at year end  
    Pension plan assets     Other benefits plan assets  
(in millions)   Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total     Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total  
   
December 31, 2010
                                                               
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 47       488             535       2       252             254  
Intermediate (core) fixed income (1)
    297       1,964       10       2,271       10       109             119  
High-yield fixed income
    1       406       1       408             14             14  
International fixed income
          263             263             8             8  
Specialty fixed income
          95             95             3             3  
Domestic large-cap stocks (2)
    1,323       867       4       2,194       43       40             83  
Domestic mid-cap stocks
    263       129             392       9       20             29  
Domestic small-cap stocks (3)
    851       37             888       28       20             48  
International stocks (4)
    948       403       6       1,357       31       46             77  
Emerging market stocks
          700             700             23             23  
Real estate/timber (5)
    105             360       465       3             12       15  
Multi-strategy hedge funds (6)
                313       313                   10       10  
Private equity
                112       112                   4       4  
Other
          31       41       72             2       22       24  
   
Total plan investments
  $ 3,835       5,383       847       10,065       126       537       48       711  
   
Payable upon return of securities loaned
                            (145 )                             (5 )
Net receivables (payables)
                            (281 )                             (9 )
   
Total plan assets
                          $ 9,639                               697  
   
December 31, 2009
                                                               
Cash and cash equivalents
  $ 52       515             567       2       38             40  
Intermediate (core) fixed income (1)
    277       1,827       9       2,113       9       95             104  
High-yield fixed income
    2       481             483             12             12  
International fixed income
          376             376             3             3  
Specialty fixed income
          76             76             2             2  
Domestic large-cap stocks (2)
    1,046       630       5       1,681       40       30             70  
Domestic mid-cap stocks
    205       103             308       7       16             23  
Domestic small-cap stocks (3)
    867       126             993       18       16             34  
International stocks (4)
    354       890       1       1,245       11       39             50  
Emerging market stocks
          653             653             14             14  
Real estate/timber (5)
    78             353       431       2             4       6  
Multi-strategy hedge funds (6)
                339       339                   5       5  
Private equity
          1       83       84                   2       2  
Other
          25       46       71                   21       21  
   
Total plan investments
  $ 2,881       5,703       836       9,420       89       265       32       386  
   
Payable upon return of securities loaned
                            (320 )                             (10 )
Net receivables (payables)
                            12                                
   
Total plan assets
                          $ 9,112                               376  
   
(1)   This category includes assets that are primarily intermediate duration, investment grade bonds held in investment strategies benchmarked to the Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index. Includes U.S. Treasury securities, agency and non-agency asset-backed bonds and corporate bonds.
(2)   This category covers a broad range of investment styles, both active and passive approaches, as well as style characteristics of value, core and growth emphasized strategies. Assets in this category are currently diversified across ten unique investment strategies. For December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, approximately 33% and 40% of the assets within this category are passively managed to popular mainstream market indexes including the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index; excluding the allocation to the S&P 500 Index strategy, no single investment manager represents more than 2.5% of total plan assets.
(3)   This category consists of a highly diversified combination of six distinct investment management strategies with no single strategy representing more than 2% of total plan assets. Allocations in this category are primarily spread across actively managed approaches with distinct value and growth emphasized approaches in fairly equal proportions.
(4)   This category includes assets diversified across nine unique investment strategies providing exposure to companies based primarily in developed market, non-U.S. countries with no single strategy representing more than 2.5% of total plan assets.
(5)   This category primarily includes investments in private and public real estate, as well as timber specific limited partnerships; real estate holdings are diversified by geographic location and sector (e.g., retail, office, apartments).
(6)   This category consists of several investment strategies diversified over 30 hedge fund managers. Single manager allocation exposure is limited to 0.15% (15 basis points) of total plan assets.

206


 


Note 19: Employee Benefits and Other Expenses
(continued)
The changes in Level 3 pension plan and other benefit plan assets measured at fair value are summarized as follows:
                                                 
 
                            Purchases ,            
                            sales ,            
    Balance                     issuances     Transfers     Balance  
    beginning     Gains (losses)     and     into     end of  
(in millions)   of year     Realized     Unrealized (1)     settlements (net)     Level 3     year  
   
Year ended December 31, 2010
                                               
Pension plan assets
                                               
Intermediate (core) fixed income
  $ 9             2       (3 )     2       10  
High-yield fixed income
                      1             1  
Domestic large-cap stocks
    5             1       (2 )           4  
International stocks
    1             2       3             6  
Real estate/timber
    353       (6 )     8       5             360  
Multi-strategy hedge funds
    339       6       12       (44 )           313  
Private equity
    83       1       10       18             112  
Other
    46       9       (1 )     (13 )           41  
   
 
  $ 836       10       34       (35 )     2       847  
   
Other benefits plan assets
                                               
Real estate/timber
  $ 4       (7 )     10       5             12  
Multi-strategy hedge funds
    5       (1 )     (3 )     9             10  
Private equity
    2             1       1             4  
Other
    21       (1 )           2             22  
   
 
  $ 32       (9 )     8       17             48  
   
Year ended December 31, 2009
                                               
Pension plan assets
                                               
Intermediate (core) fixed income
  $ 5             1       3             9  
High-yield fixed income
    6       (5 )           (1 )            
Domestic large-cap stocks
    1             1       3             5  
International stocks
                      1             1  
Real estate/timber
    433       1       (161 )     80             353  
Multi-strategy hedge funds
    310       1       36       (8 )           339  
Private equity
    88             (2 )     (3 )           83  
Other
    41             (5 )     10             46  
   
 
  $ 884       (3 )     (130 )     85             836  
   
Other benefits plan assets
                                               
Real estate/timber
  $ 4             (1 )     1             4  
Multi-strategy hedge funds
    3             1       1             5  
Private equity
    2                               2  
Other
    20                   1             21  
   
 
  $ 29                   3             32  
   
(1)   All unrealized gains (losses) relate to instruments held at period end.

VALUATION METHODOLOGIES Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – includes highly liquid government securities such as U.S. Treasuries. Also includes investments in collective investment funds valued at fair value based upon the quoted market values of the underlying net assets. The unit price is quoted on a private market that is not active; however, the unit price is based on underlying investments traded on an active market.
Intermediate (Core), High-Yield, International and Specialty Fixed Income – includes investments traded on the secondary markets; prices are measured by using quoted market prices for similar securities, pricing models, discounted cash flow analyses using significant inputs observable in the market where available
or combination of multiple valuation techniques. Also includes investments in collective investment funds and government securities described above.
Domestic, International and Emerging Market Stocks – investments in exchange-traded equity securities are valued at quoted market values. Investments in registered investment companies are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end. Also includes investments in collective investment funds described above.
Real Estate and Timber – the fair value of real estate and timber is estimated based primarily on appraisals prepared by third-party appraisers. Market values are estimates and the actual market price of the real estate can only be determined by negotiation between independent third parties in a sales


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transaction. Also includes investments in exchange-traded equity securities described above.
Multi-Strategy Hedge Funds and Private Equity – the fair values of hedge funds are valued based on the proportionate share of the underlying net assets of the investment funds that comprise the fund, based on valuations supplied by the underlying investment funds. Investments in private equity funds are valued at the NAV provided by the fund sponsor. Market values are estimates and the actual market price of the investments can only be determined by negotiation between independent third parties in a sales transaction.
Other – the fair values of miscellaneous investments are valued at the NAV provided by the fund sponsor. Market values are estimates and the actual market price of the investments can only be determined by negotiation between independent third parties in a sales transaction. Also includes insurance contracts that are generally stated at cash surrender value.
     The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While we believe our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.
Defined Contribution Retirement Plans
We sponsor a defined contribution retirement plan named the Wells Fargo & Company 401(k) Plan (401(k) Plan). The Wachovia Savings Plan was merged with the 401(k) Plan effective December 31, 2009. We also have a frozen defined contribution plan resulting from a company acquired by Wachovia; no contributions are permitted to this frozen plan which will merge with the 401(k) Plan on June 30, 2011. Under the 401(k) Plan, after one month of service, eligible employees may contribute up to 50% of their certified compensation, although there may be a lower limit for certain highly compensated employees in order to maintain the qualified status of the 401(k) Plan. Eligible employees who complete one year of service are eligible for company matching contributions, which are generally a 100% match up to 6% of an employee’s certified compensation. Effective January 1, 2010, previous and future matching contributions are 100% vested for active participants.
     In 2009, the 401(k) Plan was amended to permit us to make discretionary profit sharing contributions. Based on 2010 and 2009 earnings, we committed to make a contribution in shares of common stock to eligible employees’ 401(k) Plan accounts equaling 2% and 1% of certified compensation, respectively, which resulted in recognizing $316 million and $150 million of defined contribution retirement plan expense recorded in 2010 and 2009, respectively. Total defined contribution retirement plan expenses were $1,092 million, $862 million and $411 million in 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
Other Expenses
Expenses exceeding 1% of total interest income and noninterest income in any of the years presented that are not otherwise shown separately in the financial statements or Notes to Financial Statements were:
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Outside professional services
  $ 2,370       1,982       847  
Contract services
    1,642       1,088       407  
Foreclosed assets
    1,537       1,071       414  
Operating losses
    1,258       875       142  
Outside data processing
    1,046       1,027       480  
Postage, stationery and supplies
    944       933       556  
Insurance
    464       845       725  
   


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The components of income tax expense were:
                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Current:
                       
Federal
  $ 1,425       (3,952 )     2,043  
State and local
    548       (334 )     171  
Foreign
    78       164       30  
   
Total current
    2,051       (4,122 )     2,244  
   
Deferred:
                       
Federal
    4,060       8,709       (1,506 )
State and local
    211       794        
Foreign
    16       (50 )     (136 )
   
Total deferred
    4,287       9,453       (1,642 )
   
Total
  $ 6,338       5,331       602  
   
     Our net deferred tax asset (liability) and the tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of these deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in the following table.
                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Deferred tax assets
               
Allowance for loan losses
  $ 8,157       9,178  
Deferred compensation and employee benefits
    3,473       3,026  
Accrued expenses, deductible when paid
    1,989       2,235  
PCI loans
    4,933       8,645  
Basis difference in investments
    2,598       208  
Net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards
    1,514       3,370  
Other
    1,891       1,706  
   
Total deferred tax assets
    24,555       28,368  
   
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance
    (711 )     (827 )
   

Deferred tax liabilities

               
Mortgage servicing rights
    (8,020 )     (8,073 )
Leasing
    (3,703 )     (3,439 )
Mark to market, net
    (5,161 )     (4,853 )
Intangible assets
    (3,322 )     (5,567 )
Net unrealized gains on securities available for sale
    (3,243 )     (2,079 )
Other
    (2,875 )     (318 )
   
Total deferred tax liabilities
    (26,324 )     (24,329 )
   
Net deferred tax asset (liability)
  $ (2,480 )     3,212  
   
     Deferred taxes related to net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale, net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, foreign currency translation, and employee benefit plan adjustments are recorded in cumulative OCI (see Note 22–OCI). These associated adjustments decreased OCI by $1.3 billion.
     We have determined that a valuation reserve is required for 2010 in the amount of $711 million primarily attributable to deferred tax assets in various state and foreign jurisdictions where we believe it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized. In these jurisdictions, carry back limitations, lack of sources of taxable income, and tax planning strategy limitations contributed to our conclusion that the deferred tax assets would not be realizable. We have concluded that it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized based on our history of earnings, sources of taxable income in carry back periods, and our ability to implement tax planning strategies.
     At December 31, 2010, we had net operating loss and credit carry forwards with related deferred tax assets of $1.4 billion and $128 million, respectively. If these carry forwards are not utilized, they will expire in varying amounts through 2030.
     At December 31, 2010, we had undistributed foreign earnings of $1.6 billion related to foreign subsidiaries. We intend to reinvest these earnings indefinitely outside the U.S. and accordingly have not provided $508 million of income tax liability on these earnings.
     The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax expense and rate to the effective income tax expense and rate. Effective January 1, 2009, we adopted new accounting guidance that changed the way noncontrolling interests are presented in the income statement such that the consolidated income statement includes amounts from both Wells Fargo interests and the noncontrolling interests. As a result, our effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by income before income tax expense less the net income from noncontrolling interests.


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    December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
(in millions)   Amount     Rate     Amount     Rate     Amount     Rate  
   
Statutory federal income tax expense and rate
  $ 6,545       35.0 %   $ 6,162       35.0 %   $ 1,140       35.0 %
Change in tax rate resulting from:
                                               
State and local taxes on income, net of federal income tax benefit
    586       3.1       468       2.7       94       2.9  
Tax-exempt interest
    (283 )     (1.5 )     (260 )     (1.5 )     (130 )     (4.0 )
Excludable dividends
    (258 )     (1.3 )     (253 )     (1.4 )     (186 )     (5.7 )
Other deductible dividends
    (33 )     (0.2 )     (29 )     (0.2 )     (71 )     (2.2 )
Tax credits
    (577 )     (3.1 )     (533 )     (3.0 )     (266 )     (8.2 )
Life insurance
    (223 )     (1.2 )     (257 )     (1.5 )     (67 )     (2.0 )
Leveraged lease tax expense
    461       2.5       400       2.3              
Other
    120       0.6       (367 )     (2.1 )     88       2.7  
               
Effective income tax expense and rate
  $ 6,338       33.9 %   $ 5,331       30.3 %   $ 602       18.5 %
   

     Income tax expense for 2010 increased primarily due to the new health care legislation and to fewer favorable settlements with tax authorities.
     The change in unrecognized tax benefits follows:
                 
 
    Year ended  
    December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009  
   
Balance at beginning of year
  $ 4,921       7,521  
Additions:
               
For tax positions related to the current year
    579       438  
For tax positions related to prior years
    301       898  
For tax positions from business combinations (1)
          6  
Reductions:
               
For tax positions related to prior years
    (111 )     (834 )
Lapse of statute of limitations
    (148 )     (75 )
Settlements with tax authorities
    (42 )     (3,033 )
   
Balance at end of year
  $ 5,500       4,921  
   
(1)   Unrecognized tax benefits from the Wachovia acquisition.
     Of the $5.5 billion of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2010, approximately $3.1 billion would, if recognized, affect the effective tax rate. The remaining $2.4 billion of unrecognized tax benefits relates to income tax positions on temporary differences.
     We recognize interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. We accrued approximately $870 million and $771 million for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. A net expense from interest expense and penalties expense of $45 million (after tax) for 2010 and a net benefit from interest income and penalties expense of $72 million (after tax) for 2009 was recognized as a component of income tax expense.
     During 2009, we and the IRS executed settlement agreements in accordance with the IRS’s settlement initiative related to certain leverage leases that the IRS considers sale-in, lease-out (SILO) transactions. These settlement agreements resolved the SILO transactions originally entered into by Wachovia and reduced our tax exposure on our overall SILO portfolio by approximately 90%. As a result of this resolution, our unrecognized tax benefits decreased $2.7 billion in 2009.
     We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, Wells Fargo and its subsidiaries are not subject to federal income tax examinations for taxable years prior to 2007, and state, local and foreign income tax examinations for taxable years prior to 2006. Wachovia Corporation and its subsidiaries, with few exceptions, are no longer subject to federal income tax examinations for taxable years prior to 2006, and state, local and foreign income tax examinations for taxable years prior to 2003.
     We are routinely examined by tax authorities in various jurisdictions. The IRS is examining the 2007 and 2008 consolidated federal income tax returns of Wells Fargo & Company and its Subsidiaries. We are also litigating or appealing various issues related to our prior IRS examinations for the periods 1997-2006. We have paid the IRS the contested income tax associated with these issues and refund claims have been filed for the respective years. The IRS is also examining the consolidated federal income tax returns of Wachovia and its Subsidiaries for tax years 2006 through 2008. We are appealing various issues related to Wachovia’s federal 2003 through 2005 tax years. In addition, we are currently subject to examination by various state, local and foreign taxing authorities. While it is possible that one or more of these examinations may be resolved within the next twelve months, we do not anticipate that there will be a significant impact to our unrecognized tax benefits as a result of these examinations.
     In September 2006, we filed a federal tax refund suit in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims related to certain leveraged lease transactions, which the IRS considers SILO transactions that we entered into between 1997 and 2002. On February 19, 2010, the Court of Federal Claims entered an adverse judgment, and on April 15, 2010, we filed a Notice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Oral argument was heard on December 7, 2010, and we expect a decision sometime during 2011. There will be no adverse financial statement impact if the Court of Appeals affirms the judgment of the Court of Federal Claims.
     We estimate that our unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by between $100 million and $500 million during the next 12 months primarily related to statute expirations and settlements.


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The table below shows earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share and reconciles the numerator and denominator of both earnings per common share calculations.


                           
 
      Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions, except per share amounts)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Wells Fargo net income
  $ 12,362       12,275       2,655  
Less: 
Preferred stock dividends and accretion and other (1)
    730       4,285       286  
   
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock (numerator)
  $ 11,632       7,990       2,369  
   
Earnings per common share
                       
Average common shares outstanding (denominator)
    5,226.8       4,545.2       3,378.1  
Per share
  $ 2.23       1.76       0.70  
   
Diluted earnings per common share
                       
Average common shares outstanding
    5,226.8       4,545.2       3,378.1  
Add:
Stock Options
    28.3       17.2       13.1  
 
Restricted share rights
    8.0       0.3       0.1  
   
Diluted average common shares outstanding (denominator)
    5,263.1       4,562.7       3,391.3  
   
Per share
  $ 2.21       1.75       0.70  
   
(1)   Includes Series J, K and L preferred stock dividends of $737 million, $804 million and $67 million for the year ended 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Also includes $3.5 billion and $219 million in 2009 and 2008, respectively, for Series D Preferred Stock, which was redeemed in 2009. In conjunction with the redemption, we accelerated accretion of the remaining discount of $1.9 billion. See Note 17 for additional information.

     The following table presents the outstanding options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock that were anti-dilutive (the exercise price was higher than the weighted-average market price), and therefore not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share.
                         
 
    Weighted-average shares  
    Year ended December 31 ,
(in millions)   2010     2009     2008  
   
Options
    212.1       247.2       169.3  
Warrants
    66.9       110.3       25.4  
   


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The components of other comprehensive income (OCI) and the related tax effects were:
      


                                                                         
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009     2008  
    Before     Tax     Net of     Before     Tax     Net of     Before     Tax     Net of  
(in millions)   tax     effect     tax     tax     effect     tax     tax     effect     tax  
               
Translation adjustments
  $ 71       (26 )     45       118       (45 )     73       (93 )     35       (58 )
               
Securities available for sale:
                                                                       
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year
    2,611       (1,134 )     1,477       15,998       (5,972 )     10,026       (10,552 )     3,960       (6,592 )
Reclassification of gains (losses) included in net income
    77       (29 )     48       (349 )     129       (220 )     (29 )     11       (18 )
               
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year
    2,688       (1,163 )     1,525       15,649       (5,843 )     9,806       (10,581 )     3,971       (6,610 )
               
Derivatives and hedging activities:
                                                                       
Net unrealized gains arising during the year
    750       (282 )     468       193       (86 )     107       955       (363 )     592  
Reclassification of net gains on cash flow hedges included in net income
    (613 )     234       (379 )     (531 )     203       (328 )     (252 )     96       (156 )
               
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the year
    137       (48 )     89       (338 )     117       (221 )     703       (267 )     436  
               
Defined benefit pension plans:
                                                                       
Net actuarial gain (loss)
    20       (9 )     11       222       (73 )     149       (2,165 )     799       (1,366 )
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost included in net income
    104       (45 )     59       184       (60 )     124       6       (2 )     4  
               
Net gains (losses) arising during the year
    124       (54 )     70       406       (133 )     273       (2,159 )     797       (1,362 )
               
Other comprehensive income
  $ 3,020       (1,291 )     1,729       15,835       (5,904 )     9,931       (12,130 )     4,536       (7,594 )
   
Cumulative OCI balances were:
                                         
 
                                    Cumulative  
                    Derivatives     Defined     other  
            Securities     and     benefit     compre-  
    Translation     available     hedging     pension     hensive  
(in millions)   adjustments     for sale     activities     plans     income  
   
Balance, December 31, 2007
  $ 52       398       435       (160 )     725  
Net change
    (58 )     (6,610 )     436       (1,362 )     (7,594 )
   
Balance, December 31, 2008
    (6 )     (6,212 )     871       (1,522 )     (6,869 )
Cumulative effect from change in accounting for other-than-temporary impairment on debt securities
          (53 )                 (53 )
Net change
    73       9,806       (221 )     273       9,931  
   
Balance, December 31, 2009
    67       3,541       650       (1,249 )     3,009  
Net change
    45       1,525       89       70       1,729  
   
Balance, December 31, 2010
  $ 112       5,066       739       (1,179 )     4,738  
   

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We have three operating segments for management reporting: Community Banking; Wholesale Banking; and Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement. The results for these operating segments are based on our management accounting process, for which there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance equivalent to GAAP for financial accounting. The management accounting process measures the performance of the operating segments based on our management structure and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies. We define our operating segments by product type and customer segment. If the management structure and/or the allocation process changes, allocations, transfers and assignments may change. In first quarter 2010, we conformed certain funding and allocation methodologies of legacy Wachovia to those of Wells Fargo; in addition, integration expense related to mergers other than the Wachovia merger is now included in segment results. In fourth quarter 2010, we aligned certain lending businesses into Wholesale Banking from Community Banking to reflect our previously announced restructuring of Wells Fargo Financial. Prior periods have been revised to reflect these changes.
Community Banking offers a complete line of diversified financial products and services to consumers and small businesses with annual sales generally up to $20 million in which the owner generally is the financial decision maker. Community Banking also offers investment management and other services to retail customers and securities brokerage through affiliates. These products and services include the Wells Fargo Advantage FundsSM, a family of mutual funds. Loan products include lines of credit, auto floor plan lines, equity lines and loans, equipment and transportation loans, education loans, origination and purchase of residential mortgage loans and servicing of mortgage loans and credit cards. Other credit products and financial services available to small businesses and their owners include equipment leases, real estate and other commercial financing, Small Business Administration financing, venture capital financing, cash management, payroll services, retirement plans, Health Savings Accounts, credit cards, and merchant payment processing. Community Banking also purchases sales finance contracts from retail merchants throughout the United States and directly from auto dealers in Puerto Rico. Consumer and business deposit products include checking accounts, savings deposits, market rate accounts, Individual Retirement Accounts, time deposits and debit cards.
     Community Banking serves customers through a complete range of channels, including traditional banking stores, in-store banking centers, business centers, ATMs, Online and Mobile Banking, and Wells Fargo Customer Connection, a 24-hours a day, seven days a week telephone service.
Wholesale Banking provides financial solutions to businesses across the United States with annual sales generally in excess of $20 million and to financial institutions globally. Wholesale Banking provides a complete line of commercial, corporate, capital markets, cash management and real estate banking
products and services. These include traditional commercial loans and lines of credit, letters of credit, asset-based lending, equipment leasing, international trade facilities, trade financing, collection services, foreign exchange services, treasury management, investment management, institutional fixed-income sales, interest rate, commodity and equity risk management, online/electronic products such as the Commercial Electronic Office® (CEO®) portal, insurance, corporate trust fiduciary and agency services, and investment banking services. Wholesale Banking manages customer investments through institutional separate accounts and mutual funds, including the Wells Fargo Advantage Funds and Wells Capital Management. Wholesale Banking also supports the CRE market with products and services such as construction loans for commercial and residential development, land acquisition and development loans, secured and unsecured lines of credit, interim financing arrangements for completed structures, rehabilitation loans, affordable housing loans and letters of credit, permanent loans for securitization, CRE loan servicing and real estate and mortgage brokerage services.
Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement provides a full range of financial advisory services to clients using a planning approach to meet each client’s needs. Wealth Management provides affluent and high net worth clients with a complete range of wealth management solutions, including financial planning, private banking, credit, investment management and trust. Family Wealth meets the unique needs of ultra high net worth customers. Brokerage serves customers’ advisory, brokerage and financial needs as part of one of the largest full-service brokerage firms in the United States. Retirement is a national leader in providing institutional retirement and trust services (including 401(k) and pension plan record keeping) for businesses, retail retirement solutions for individuals, and reinsurance services for the life insurance industry.
Other includes corporate items (such as integration expenses related to the Wachovia merger) not specific to a business segment and elimination of certain items that are included in more than one business segment.


213


 

                                         
 
                    Wealth ,              
                    Brokerage                
    Community     Wholesale     and             Consolidated  
(income/expense in millions, average balances in billions)   Banking     Banking     Retirement     Other (1)     Company  
   
2010
                                       
Net interest income (2)
  $ 31,864       11,495       2,707       (1,309 )     44,757  
Provision for credit losses
    13,807       1,920       334       (308 )     15,753  
Noninterest income
    22,834       10,721       9,023       (2,125 )     40,453  
Noninterest expense
    30,073       11,267       9,768       (652 )     50,456  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
    10,818       9,029       1,628       (2,474 )     19,001  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    3,425       3,237       616       (940 )     6,338  
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    7,393       5,792       1,012       (1,534 )     12,663  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    275       19       7             301  
   
Net income (loss) (3)
  $ 7,118       5,773       1,005       (1,534 )     12,362  
   

2009

                                       
Net interest income (2)
  $ 34,799       10,218       2,407       (1,100 )     46,324  
Provision for credit losses
    17,866       3,648       460       (306 )     21,668  
Noninterest income
    25,699       10,363       8,358       (2,058 )     42,362  
Noninterest expense
    29,956       10,771       9,426       (1,133 )     49,020  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
    12,676       6,162       879       (1,719 )     17,998  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    3,449       2,211       324       (653 )     5,331  
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    9,227       3,951       555       (1,066 )     12,667  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    339       27       26             392  
   
Net income (loss) (3)
  $ 8,888       3,924       529       (1,066 )     12,275  
   

2008

                                       
Net interest income (2)
  $ 20,492       4,564       642       (555 )     25,143  
Provision for credit losses
    14,822       1,157       299       (299 )     15,979  
Noninterest income
    12,298       3,785       1,834       (1,183 )     16,734  
Noninterest expense
    16,429       5,375       1,986       (1,192 )     22,598  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
    1,539       1,817       191       (247 )     3,300  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    202       421       73       (94 )     602  
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    1,337       1,396       118       (153 )     2,698  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    32       11                   43  
   
Net income (loss) (3)
  $ 1,305       1,385       118       (153 )     2,655  
   

2010

                                       
Average loans
  $ 530.1       230.5       43.0       (33.0 )     770.6  
Average assets
    773.0       373.2       139.3       (58.6 )     1,226.9  
Average core deposits
    536.4       170.0       121.2       (55.6 )     772.0  

2009

                                       
Average loans
  $ 552.7       260.2       45.7       (35.8 )     822.8  
Average assets
    806.1       383.2       127.9       (54.8 )     1,262.4  
Average core deposits
    552.8       147.3       114.2       (51.8 )     762.5  
   
(1)   Includes Wachovia integration expenses and the elimination of items that are included in both Community Banking and Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement, largely representing services and products for wealth management customers provided in Community Banking stores.
(2)   Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on assets and the cost of liabilities to fund those assets. Interest earned includes actual interest earned on segment assets and, if the segment has excess liabilities, interest credits for providing funding to other segments. The cost of liabilities includes interest expense on segment liabilities and, if the segment does not have enough liabilities to fund its assets, a funding charge based on the cost of excess liabilities from another segment.
(3)   Represents segment net income (loss) for Community Banking; Wholesale Banking; and Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement segments and Wells Fargo net income for the consolidated company.

214


 

Following are the condensed consolidating financial statements of the Parent and Wells Fargo Financial, Inc. and its owned subsidiaries (WFFI). In 2002, the Parent issued a full and unconditional guarantee of all outstanding term debt securities and commercial paper of WFFI. WFFI ceased filing periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and is no
longer a separately rated company. The Parent also guaranteed all outstanding term debt securities of Wells Fargo Financial Canada Corporation (WFFCC), WFFI’s wholly owned Canadian subsidiary. WFFCC has continued to issue term debt securities and commercial paper in Canada, unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent.


Condensed Consolidating Statement of Income
                                         
 
                    Other                
                    consolidating             Consolidated  
(in millions)   Parent     WFFI     subsidiaries     Eliminations     Company  
   
Year ended December 31, 2010
                                       
Dividends from subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
  $ 12,896                   (12,896 )      
Nonbank
    21                   (21 )      
Interest income from loans
          2,674       37,404       (318 )     39,760  
Interest income from subsidiaries
    1,375             14       (1,389 )      
Other interest income
    304       116       12,616             13,036  
   
Total interest income
    14,596       2,790       50,034       (14,624 )     52,796  
   
Deposits
                2,832             2,832  
Short-term borrowings
    277       46       586       (817 )     92  
Long-term debt
    2,910       963       1,905       (890 )     4,888  
Other interest expense
    2             225             227  
   
Total interest expense
    3,189       1,009       5,548       (1,707 )     8,039  
   
Net interest income
    11,407       1,781       44,486       (12,917 )     44,757  
Provision for credit losses
          1,064       14,689             15,753  
   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
    11,407       717       29,797       (12,917 )     29,004  
   
Noninterest income
                                       
Fee income – nonaffiliates
          107       23,385             23,492  
Other
    363       145       17,111       (658 )     16,961  
   
Total noninterest income
    363       252       40,496       (658 )     40,453  
   
Noninterest expense
                                       
Salaries and benefits
    143       150       26,919             27,212  
Other
    1,192       632       22,078       (658 )     23,244  
   
Total noninterest expense
    1,335       782       48,997       (658 )     50,456  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    10,435       187       21,296       (12,917 )     19,001  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    (749 )     62       7,025             6,338  
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    1,178                   (1,178 )      
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    12,362       125       14,271       (14,095 )     12,663  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
                301             301  
   
Parent, WFFI, Other and Wells Fargo net income (loss)
  $ 12,362       125       13,970       (14,095 )     12,362  
   

215


 

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Income
                                         
 
                    Other                
                    consolidating             Consolidated  
(in millions)   Parent     WFFI     subsidiaries     Eliminations     Company  
   
Year ended December 31, 2009
                                       
Dividends from subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
  $ 6,974                   (6,974 )      
Nonbank
    528                   (528 )      
Interest income from loans
          3,467       38,140       (18 )     41,589  
Interest income from subsidiaries
    2,126                   (2,126 )      
Other interest income
    424       111       14,150             14,685  
   
Total interest income
    10,052       3,578       52,290       (9,646 )     56,274  
   
Deposits
                3,774             3,774  
Short-term borrowings
    174       38       782       (772 )     222  
Long-term debt
    3,391       1,305       2,458       (1,372 )     5,782  
Other interest expense
                172             172  
   
Total interest expense
    3,565       1,343       7,186       (2,144 )     9,950  
   
Net interest income
    6,487       2,235       45,104       (7,502 )     46,324  
Provision for credit losses
          1,901       19,767             21,668  
   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
    6,487       334       25,337       (7,502 )     24,656  
   
Noninterest income
                                       
Fee income – nonaffiliates
          148       22,815             22,963  
Other
    738       169       19,135       (643 )     19,399  
   
Total noninterest income
    738       317       41,950       (643 )     42,362  
   
Noninterest expense
                                       
Salaries and benefits
    320       129       26,018             26,467  
Other
    521       711       21,964       (643 )     22,553  
   
Total noninterest expense
    841       840       47,982       (643 )     49,020  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    6,384       (189 )     19,305       (7,502 )     17,998  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    (164 )     (86 )     5,581             5,331  
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    5,727                   (5,727 )      
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    12,275       (103 )     13,724       (13,229 )     12,667  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
          1       391             392  
   
Parent, WFFI, Other and Wells Fargo net income (loss)
  $ 12,275       (104 )     13,333       (13,229 )     12,275  
   
Year ended December 31, 2008
                                       
Dividends from subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
  $ 1,806                   (1,806 )      
Nonbank
    326                   (326 )      
Interest income from loans
    2       5,275       22,417       (62 )     27,632  
Interest income from subsidiaries
    2,892                   (2,892 )      
Other interest income
    241       108       7,051       (134 )     7,266  
   
Total interest income
    5,267       5,383       29,468       (5,220 )     34,898  
   
Deposits
                4,966       (445 )     4,521  
Short-term borrowings
    475       220       1,757       (974 )     1,478  
Long-term debt
    2,957       1,807       661       (1,669 )     3,756  
   
Total interest expense
    3,432       2,027       7,384       (3,088 )     9,755  
   
Net interest income
    1,835       3,356       22,084       (2,132 )     25,143  
Provision for credit losses
          2,970       13,009             15,979  
   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
    1,835       386       9,075       (2,132 )     9,164  
   
Noninterest income
                                       
Fee income – nonaffiliates
          437       10,110             10,547  
Other
    (101 )     168       8,181       (2,061 )     6,187  
   
Total noninterest income
    (101 )     605       18,291       (2,061 )     16,734  
   
Noninterest expense
                                       
Salaries and benefits
    (385 )     719       12,606             12,940  
Other
    15       1,119       10,585       (2,061 )     9,658  
   
Total noninterest expense
    (370 )     1,838       23,191       (2,061 )     22,598  
   
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    2,104       (847 )     4,175       (2,132 )     3,300  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    (83 )     (289 )     974             602  
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries
    468                   (468 )      
   
Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
    2,655       (558 )     3,201       (2,600 )     2,698  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
                43             43  
   
Parent, WFFI, Other and Wells Fargo net income (loss)
  $ 2,655       (558 )     3,158       (2,600 )     2,655  
   

216


 


Note 24: Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets
                                         
 
                    Other                
                    consolidating             Consolidated  
(in millions)   Parent     WFFI     subsidiaries     Eliminations     Company  
   
December 31, 2010
                                       
Assets
                                       
Cash and cash equivalents due from:
                                       
Subsidiary banks
  $ 30,240       154             (30,394 )      
Nonaffiliates
    9       212       96,460             96,681  
Securities available for sale
    2,368       2,742       167,544             172,654  
Mortgages and loans held for sale
                53,053             53,053  

Loans

    7       30,329       742,807       (15,876 )     757,267  
Loans to subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
    3,885                   (3,885 )      
Nonbank
    53,382                   (53,382 )      
Allowance for loan losses
          (1,709 )     (21,313 )           (23,022 )
   
Net loans
    57,274       28,620       721,494       (73,143 )     734,245  
   
Investments in subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
    133,867                   (133,867 )      
Nonbank
    14,904                   (14,904 )      
Other assets
    8,363       1,316       192,821       (1,005 )     201,495  
   
Total assets
  $ 247,025       33,044       1,231,372       (253,313 )     1,258,128  
   
Liabilities and equity
                                       
Deposits
  $             878,336       (30,394 )     847,942  
Short-term borrowings
    2,412       14,490       86,523       (48,024 )     55,401  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    6,819       1,685       62,414       (1,005 )     69,913  
Long-term debt
    99,745       15,240       55,476       (13,478 )     156,983  
Indebtedness to subsidiaries
    11,641                   (11,641 )      
   
Total liabilities
    120,617       31,415       1,082,749       (104,542 )     1,130,239  
   
Parent, WFFI, Other and Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity
    126,408       1,618       147,153       (148,771 )     126,408  
Noncontrolling interests
          11       1,470             1,481  
   
Total equity
    126,408       1,629       148,623       (148,771 )     127,889  
   
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 247,025       33,044       1,231,372       (253,313 )     1,258,128  
   
December 31, 2009
                                       
Assets
                                       
Cash and cash equivalents due from:
                                       
Subsidiary banks
  $ 27,303       205             (27,508 )      
Nonaffiliates
    11       249       67,705             67,965  
Securities available for sale
    4,666       2,665       165,379             172,710  
Mortgages and loans held for sale
                44,827             44,827  

Loans

    7       35,199       750,045       (2,481 )     782,770  
Loans to subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
    6,760                   (6,760 )      
Nonbank
    56,316                   (56,316 )      
Allowance for loan losses
          (1,877 )     (22,639 )           (24,516 )
   
Net loans
    63,083       33,322       727,406       (65,557 )     758,254  
   
Investments in subsidiaries:
                                       
Bank
    134,063                   (134,063 )      
Nonbank
    12,816                   (12,816 )      
Other assets
    10,758       1,500       189,049       (1,417 )     199,890  
   
Total assets
  $ 252,700       37,941       1,194,366       (241,361 )     1,243,646  
   
Liabilities and equity
                                       
Deposits
  $             851,526       (27,508 )     824,018  
Short-term borrowings
    1,546       10,599       59,813       (32,992 )     38,966  
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
    7,878       1,439       54,542       (1,417 )     62,442  
Long-term debt
    119,353       24,437       80,499       (20,428 )     203,861  
Indebtedness to subsidiaries
    12,137                   (12,137 )      
   
Total liabilities
    140,914       36,475       1,046,380       (94,482 )     1,129,287  
   
Parent, WFFI, Other and Wells Fargo stockholders’ equity
    111,786       1,456       145,423       (146,879 )     111,786  
Noncontrolling interests
          10       2,563             2,573  
   
Total equity
    111,786       1,466       147,986       (146,879 )     114,359  
   
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 252,700       37,941       1,194,366       (241,361 )     1,243,646  
   

217


 

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
                                                                 
 
    Year ended December 31 ,
    2010     2009  
                    Other                             Other        
                    consolidating                             consolidating        
                    subsidiaries/     Consolidated                     subsidiaries/     Consolidated  
(in millions)   Parent     WFFI     eliminations     Company     Parent     WFFI     eliminations     Company  
         
Cash flows from operating activities:
                                                               
Net cash provided by operating activities
  $ 14,180       1,774       2,818       18,772       7,356       1,655       19,602       28,613  
         
Cash flows from investing activities:
                                                               
Securities available for sale:
                                                               
Sales proceeds
    2,441       796       5,431       8,668       1,184       925       50,929       53,038  
Prepayments and maturities
          229       47,690       47,919             290       38,521       38,811  
Purchases
    (119 )     (1,037 )     (52,310 )     (53,466 )     (463 )     (1,667 )     (93,155 )     (95,285 )
Loans:
                                                               
Loans originated by banking subsidiaries, net of principal collected
          (206 )     16,075       15,869             (981 )     53,221       52,240  
Proceeds from sales (including participations) of loans originated for investment by banking subsidiaries
                6,517       6,517                   6,162       6,162  
Purchases (including participations) of loans by banking subsidiaries
                (2,297 )     (2,297 )                 (3,363 )     (3,363 )
Principal collected on nonbank entities’ loans
          10,829       4,731       15,560             11,119       3,309       14,428  
Loans originated by nonbank entities
          (6,336 )     (4,500 )     (10,836 )           (5,523 )     (4,438 )     (9,961 )
Net repayments from (advances to) subsidiaries
    (5,485 )     (842 )     6,327             11,369       (138 )     (11,231 )      
Capital notes and term loans made to subsidiaries
                            (497 )     (1,000 )     1,497        
Principal collected on notes/loans made to subsidiaries
    11,282             (11,282 )           12,979             (12,979 )      
Net decrease (increase) in investment in subsidiaries
    1,198             (1,198 )           (1,382 )           1,382        
Net cash paid for acquisitions
                (36 )     (36 )                 (138 )     (138 )
Other, net
    15       64       (31,652 )     (31,573 )     22,513       355       (7,015 )     15,853  
         
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
    9,332       3,497       (16,504 )     (3,675 )     45,703       3,380       22,702       71,785  
         
Cash flows from financing activities:
                                                               
Net change in:
                                                               
Deposits
                23,924       23,924                   42,473       42,473  
Short-term borrowings
    1,860       4,118       5,330       11,308       (19,100 )     2,158       (52,166 )     (69,108 )
Long-term debt:
                                                               
Proceeds from issuance
    1,789             1,700       3,489       8,297       1,347       (1,248 )     8,396  
Repayment
    (23,281 )     (9,478 )     (30,558 )     (63,317 )     (22,931 )     (8,508 )     (34,821 )     (66,260 )
Preferred stock:
                                                               
Cash dividends paid
    (737 )                 (737 )     (2,178 )                 (2,178 )
Redeemed
                            (25,000 )                 (25,000 )
Common stock warrants repurchased
    (545 )                 (545 )                        
Common stock:
                                                               
Proceeds from issuance
    1,375                   1,375       21,976                   21,976  
Repurchased
    (91 )                 (91 )     (220 )                 (220 )
Cash dividends paid
    (1,045 )                 (1,045 )     (2,125 )                 (2,125 )
Excess tax benefits related to stock option payments
    98                   98       18                   18  
Change in noncontrolling interests:
                                                               
Purchase of Prudential’s noncontrolling interest
                                        (4,500 )     (4,500 )
Other, net
          1       (593 )     (592 )           (4 )     (549 )     (553 )
Other, net
                            (140 )           140        
         
Net cash used by financing activities
    (20,577 )     (5,359 )     (197 )     (26,133 )     (41,403 )     (5,007 )     (50,671 )     (97,081 )
       
Net change in cash and due from banks
    2,935       (88 )     (13,883 )     (11,036 )     11,656       28       (8,367 )     3,317  
Cash and due from banks at beginning of year
    27,314       454       (688 )     27,080       15,658       426       7,679       23,763  
         
Cash and due from banks at end of year
  $ 30,249       366       (14,571 )     16,044       27,314       454       (688 )     27,080  
   

218


 


Note 24: Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements (continued)
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows
                                 
 
                    Other        
                    consolidating        
                    subsidiaries/     Consolidated  
(in millions)   Parent     WFFI     eliminations     Company  
   
Year ended December 31,2008
                               
Cash flows from operating activities:
                               
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities
  $ 730       2,023       (7,541 )     (4,788 )
   
Cash flows from investing activities:
                               
Securities available for sale:
                               
Sales proceeds
    2,570       875       57,361       60,806  
Prepayments and maturities
          283       24,034       24,317  
Purchases
    (3,514 )     (1,258 )     (100,569 )     (105,341 )
Loans:
                               
Loans originated by banking subsidiaries, net of principal collected
          (1,684 )     (53,131 )     (54,815 )
Proceeds from sales (including participations) of loans originated for investment by banking subsidiaries
                1,988       1,988  
Purchases (including participations) of loans by banking subsidiaries
                (5,513 )     (5,513 )
Principal collected on nonbank entities’ loans
          14,447       7,399       21,846  
Loans originated by nonbank entities
          (12,362 )     (7,611 )     (19,973 )
Net repayments from (advances to) subsidiaries
    (12,415 )           12,415        
Capital notes and term loans made to subsidiaries
    (2,008 )           2,008        
Principal collected on notes/loans made to subsidiaries
    8,679             (8,679 )      
Net decrease (increase) in investment in subsidiaries
    (37,108 )           37,108        
Net cash acquired from acquisitions
    9,194             2,009       11,203  
Other, net
    (21,823 )     (91 )     69,235       47,321  
   
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
    (56,425 )     210       38,054       (18,161 )
   
Cash flows from financing activities:
                               
Net change in:
                               
Deposits
                7,697       7,697  
Short-term borrowings
    17,636       5,580       (38,104 )     (14,888 )
Long-term debt:
                               
Proceeds from issuance
    21,931       1,113       12,657       35,701  
Repayment
    (16,560 )     (8,983 )     (4,316 )     (29,859 )
Preferred stock:
                               
Proceeds from issuance
    22,674                   22,674  
Proceeds from issuance of stock warrants
    2,326                   2,326  
Common stock:
                               
Proceeds from issuance
    14,171                   14,171  
Repurchased
    (1,623 )                 (1,623 )
Cash dividends paid
    (4,312 )                 (4,312 )
Excess tax benefits related to stock option payments
    121                   121  
Change in noncontrolling interests:
                               
Other, net
                (53 )     (53 )
   
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
    56,364       (2,290 )     (22,119 )     31,955  
   
Net change in cash and due from banks
    669       (57 )     8,394       9,006  
Cash and due from banks at beginning of year
    14,989       483       (715 )     14,757  
   
Cash and due from banks at end of year
  $ 15,658       426       7,679       23,763  
   

219


 

The Company and each of its subsidiary banks are subject to regulatory capital adequacy requirements promulgated by federal regulatory agencies. The Federal Reserve establishes capital requirements, including well capitalized standards, for the consolidated financial holding company, and the OCC has similar requirements for the Company’s national banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA), federal regulatory agencies were required to adopt regulations defining five capital tiers for banks: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements.
     Quantitative measures, established by the regulators to ensure capital adequacy, require that the Company and each of its subsidiary banks maintain minimum ratios (set forth in the following table) of capital to risk-weighted assets. Tier 1 capital is considered core capital and generally includes common stockholders’ equity, qualifying preferred stock, and trust preferred securities, and noncontrolling interests in consolidated subsidiaries, reduced by goodwill, net of related taxes, certain intangible and other assets in excess of prescribed limitations, and adjusted for the aggregate impact of certain items included in other comprehensive income. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital, subordinated debt and other components that do not qualify for Tier 1 capital, and the aggregate allowance for credit losses up to a specified percentage of risk-weighted assets.
     Risk-weighted assets reflect the perceived risk, expressed as a percentage of the amount of each asset included on the balance sheet, as well as certain off-balance sheet exposures, including unfunded loan commitments, letters of credit and derivative
contracts. Additional information with respect to off-balance sheet exposures is included in Notes 6 and 15.
     We do not consolidate our wholly-owned trusts (the Trusts) formed solely to issue trust preferred securities. Trust preferred securities and perpetual preferred purchase securities issued by the Trusts includable in Tier 1 capital were $19.2 billion at December 31, 2010. The junior subordinated debentures held by the Trusts were included in the Company’s long-term debt. See Note 13 for additional information on trust preferred securities.
     Management believes that, as of December 31, 2010, the Company and each of the covered subsidiary banks met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. The most recent notification from the OCC categorized each of the covered subsidiary banks as well capitalized, under the FDICIA prompt corrective action provisions applicable to banks. To be categorized as well capitalized, the institution must maintain a total risk-based capital (RBC) ratio as set forth in the table and not be subject to a capital directive order. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the RBC category of any of the covered subsidiary banks.
     Certain subsidiaries of the Company are approved seller/servicers, and are therefore required to maintain minimum levels of shareholders’ equity, as specified by various agencies, including the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, GNMA, FHLMC and FNMA. At December 31, 2010, each seller/servicer met these requirements. Certain broker-dealer subsidiaries of the Company are subject to SEC Rule 15c3-1 (the Net Capital Rule), which requires that we maintain minimum levels of net capital, as defined. At December 31, 2010, each of these subsidiaries met these requirements.
     The following table presents regulatory capital information for Wells Fargo & Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.


                                                 
 
    Wells Fargo & Company     Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.     Well-     Minimum  
    December 31 ,   capitalized     capital  
(in billions, except ratios)   2010     2009     2010     2009     ratios (1)     ratios (1)  
   
Regulatory capital:
                                               
Tier 1
  $ 109.4       93.8       90.2       43.8                  
Total
    147.1       134.4       117.1       58.4                  

Assets:

                                               
Risk-weighted
  $ 980.0       1,013.6       895.2       492.0                  
Adjusted average (2)
    1,189.5       1,191.6       1,057.7       583.3                  

Capital ratios:

                                               
Tier 1 capital
    11.16 %     9.25       10.07       8.90       6.00       4.00  
Total capital
    15.01       13.26       13.09       11.87       10.00       8.00  
Tier 1 leverage (2)
    9.19       7.87       8.52       7.50       5.00       4.00  
   
(1)   As defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC.
(2)   The leverage ratio consists of Tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets, excluding goodwill and certain other items. The minimum leverage ratio guideline is 3% for banking organizations that do not anticipate significant growth and that have well-diversified risk, excellent asset quality, high liquidity, good earnings, effective management and monitoring of market risk and, in general, are considered top-rated, strong banking organizations.

220


 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Wells Fargo & Company:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in equity and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2010. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2010, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted a new accounting standard related to its involvement with variable interest entities effective January 1, 2010, and the Company changed its method of evaluating other than temporary impairment for debt securities in 2009 and certain investment securities in 2008.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 25, 2011, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
-s- KPMG LLP
San Francisco, California
February 25, 2011

221


 

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income – Quarterly (Unaudited)
                                                                 
 
    2010     2009  
    Quarter ended     Quarter ended  
(in millions, except per share amounts)   Dec. 31     Sept. 30     June 30     Mar. 31     Dec. 31     Sept. 30     June 30     Mar. 31  
   
Interest income
  $ 12,969       13,130       13,472       13,225       13,692       13,968       14,301       14,313  
   
Interest expense
    1,906       2,032       2,023       2,078       2,192       2,284       2,537       2,937  
   
Net interest income
    11,063       11,098       11,449       11,147       11,500       11,684       11,764       11,376  
Provision for credit losses
    2,989       3,445       3,989       5,330       5,913       6,111       5,086       4,558  
   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses
    8,074       7,653       7,460       5,817       5,587       5,573       6,678       6,818  
   
Noninterest income
                                                               
Service charges on deposit accounts
    1,035       1,132       1,417       1,332       1,421       1,478       1,448       1,394  
Trust and investment fees
    2,958       2,564       2,743       2,669       2,605       2,502       2,413       2,215  
Card fees
    941       935       911       865       961       946       923       853  
Other fees
    1,063       1,004       982       941       990       950       963       901  
Mortgage banking
    2,757       2,499       2,011       2,470       3,411       3,067       3,046       2,504  
Insurance
    564       397       544       621       482       468       595       581  
Net gains from trading activities
    532       470       109       537       516       622       749       787  
Net gains (losses) on debt securities available for sale
    (268 )     (114 )     30       28       110       (40 )     (78 )     (119 )
Net gains (losses) from equity investments
    317       131       288       43       273       29       40       (157 )
Operating leases
    79       222       329       185       163       224       168       130  
Other
    453       536       581       610       264       536       476       552  
   
Total noninterest income
    10,431       9,776       9,945       10,301       11,196       10,782       10,743       9,641  
   
Noninterest expense
                                                               
Salaries
    3,513       3,478       3,564       3,314       3,505       3,428       3,438       3,386  
Commission and incentive compensation
    2,195       2,280       2,225       1,992       2,086       2,051       2,060       1,824  
Employee benefits
    1,192       1,074       1,063       1,322       1,144       1,034       1,227       1,284  
Equipment
    813       557       588       678       681       563       575       687  
Net occupancy
    750       742       742       796       770       778       783       796  
Core deposit and other intangibles
    549       548       553       549       642       642       646       647  
FDIC and other deposit assessments
    301       300       295       301       302       228       981       338  
Other
    4,027       3,274       3,716       3,165       3,691       2,960       2,987       2,856  
   
Total noninterest expense
    13,340       12,253       12,746       12,117       12,821       11,684       12,697       11,818  
   
Income before income tax expense
    5,165       5,176       4,659       4,001       3,962       4,671       4,724       4,641  
Income tax expense
    1,672       1,751       1,514       1,401       949       1,355       1,475       1,552  
   
Net income before noncontrolling interests
    3,493       3,425       3,145       2,600       3,013       3,316       3,249       3,089  
Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
    79       86       83       53       190       81       77       44  
   
Wells Fargo net income
  $ 3,414       3,339       3,062       2,547       2,823       3,235       3,172       3,045  
   
Less: Preferred stock dividends and accretion and other
    182       189       184       175       2,429       598       597       661  
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock
  $ 3,232       3,150       2,878       2,372       394       2,637       2,575       2,384  
   
Per share information
                                                               
Earnings per common share
  $ 0.62       0.60       0.55       0.46       0.08       0.56       0.58       0.56  
Diluted earnings per common share
    0.61       0.60       0.55       0.45       0.08       0.56       0.57       0.56  
Dividends declared per common share
    0.05       0.05       0.05       0.05       0.05       0.05       0.05       0.34  
Average common shares outstanding
    5,256.2       5,240.1       5,219.7       5,190.4       4,764.8       4,678.3       4,483.1       4,247.4  
Diluted average common shares outstanding
    5,293.8       5,273.2       5,260.8       5,225.2       4,796.1       4,706.4       4,501.6       4,249.3  
Market price per common share (1)
                                                               
High
  $ 31.61       28.77       34.25       31.99       31.53       29.56       28.45       30.47  
Low
    23.37       23.02       25.52       26.37       25.00       22.08       13.65       7.80  
Quarter-end
    30.99       25.12       25.60       31.12       26.99       28.18       24.26       14.24  
   
(1)   Based on daily prices reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Transaction Reporting System.

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ACL
  Allowance for credit losses
ALCO
  Asset/Liability Management Committee
ARS
  Auction rate security
ASC
  Accounting Standards Codification
ASU
  Accounting Standards Update
ARM
  Adjustable-rate mortgage
AVM
  Automated valuation model
CD
  Certificate of deposit
CDO
  Collateralized debt obligation
CLO
  Collateralized loan obligation
CLTV
  Combined loan-to-value
CMO
  Collateralized mortgage obligation
CPP
  Capital Purchase Program
CPR
  Constant prepayment rate
CRE
  Commercial real estate
ESOP
  Employee Stock Ownership Plan
FAS
  Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
FASB
  Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC
  Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FHA
  Federal Housing Administration
FHLB
  Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC
  Federal Home Loan Mortgage Company
FICO
  Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)
FNMA
  Federal National Mortgage Association
FRB
  Federal Reserve Board
GAAP
  Generally accepted accounting principles
GNMA
  Government National Mortgage Association
GSE
  Government-sponsored entity
HAMP
  Home Affordability Modification Program
HPI
  Home Price Index
IRA
  Individual Retirement Account
LHFS
  Loans held for sale
LIBOR
  London Interbank Offered Rate
LOCOM
  Lower of cost or market value
LTV
  Loan-to-value
MBS
  Mortgage-backed security
MERS
  Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.
MHFS
  Mortgages held for sale
MSR
  Mortgage servicing right
NAV
  Net asset value
     
NPA
  Nonperforming asset
OCC
  Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI
  Other comprehensive income
OTC
  Over-the-counter
OTTI
  Other-than-temporary impairment
PCI Loans
  Purchased credit-impaired loans
PPS
  Perpetual preferred securities
PTPP
  Pre-tax pre-provision profit
QSPE
  Qualifying special purpose entity
RBC
  Risk-based capital
ROA
  Wells Fargo net income to average total assets
ROE
  Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock to average Wells Fargo common stockholders’ equity
RSR
  Restricted share right
SCAP
  Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
SEC
  Securities and Exchange Commission
S&P
  Standard & Poor’s
SIV
  Structured investment vehicle
SPE
  Special purpose entity
TARP
  Troubled Asset Relief Program
TDR
  Troubled debt restructuring
TLGP
  Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program
VA
  Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR
  Value-at-risk
VIE
  Variable interest entity
WFFCC
  Wells Fargo Financial Canada Corporation
WFFI
  Wells Fargo Financial, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries


223