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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ANNUAL REPORT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1934
For The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023.
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                 to                    .
Commission file number 001-35854
Independent Bank Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 
Texas13-4219346
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
7777 Henneman Way
McKinney,
Texas75070-1711
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(972) 562-9004
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per shareIBTXNASDAQ Global Select Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer☒Accelerated Filer☐
Non-Accelerated Filer☐Smaller Reporting Company☐
Emerging Growth Company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.                     ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.                                    Yes ☒ No ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.                     ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).         ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by non-affiliates based on the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2023 was approximately $1,287,809,000.
At February 16, 2024, the Company had 41,275,277 outstanding shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share.

Documents Incorporated By Reference:
Portions of the Company’s Proxy Statement relating to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10 - 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.



INDEPENDENT BANK GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Annual Report on Form 10-K
December 31, 2023

PART I
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 1C.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
Item 9C.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 16.




Table of Contents
PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by Item 1A. Risk Factors, and the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report and other cautionary statements set forth elsewhere in this report.
General
Independent Bank Group, Inc. (the “Company”) is a registered bank holding company headquartered in McKinney, Texas, which is located in the northern portion of the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. The Company was organized as a Texas corporation on September 20, 2002. The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Independent Bank, a Texas state chartered bank, doing business as Independent Financial (the “Bank”), provides a wide range of relationship-driven commercial banking products and services tailored to meet the needs of businesses, professionals and individuals. The terms "Company," "we," "us" and "our" mean the Company and its subsidiaries, when appropriate. We operate branches and offices in the Dallas/North Texas area, including McKinney, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Sherman/Denison, the Austin/Central Texas area, including Austin and Waco, the Houston Texas metropolitan area and along the Colorado Front Range area, including Denver, Colorado Springs and Fort Collins.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had consolidated total assets of $19.0 billion, total loans of $14.6 billion, total deposits of $15.7 billion and total stockholders’ equity of $2.4 billion.
The Company’s primary function is to own all of the stock of the Bank. The Bank is a locally managed community bank that seeks to provide personal attention and professional assistance to its customer base, which consists principally of small to medium sized businesses, professionals and individuals. The Bank’s philosophy includes offering direct access to its officers and personnel, providing friendly, informed and courteous service, local and timely decision making, flexible and reasonable operating procedures, and consistently applied credit policies.
The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "IBTX."
Business Strategy
The Company operates based upon the following core strategies, which the Company designed to enhance shareholder value by growing strategically while preserving asset quality, improving efficiency and increasing profitability:
Grow Organically. The Company focuses on continued organic growth through the Company’s existing footprint and business lines. The Company utilizes a community-focused, relationship-driven customer strategy to increase loans and deposits through the Company’s existing locations. Preserving the safety and soundness of the Company’s loan portfolio is a fundamental element of the Company’s organic growth strategy. The Company has a strong and conservative credit culture, which allows the Company to maintain its asset quality as the Company grows. In addition, the Company has an enterprise risk management function to identify and mitigate risk on a Company wide basis to support continued growth.


1


Table of Contents
Grow Through Acquisitions. The Company plans to continue to take advantage of opportunities to acquire or strategically partner with other banking franchises both within and outside the Company’s current footprint. Since mid-2010, the Company has completed twelve acquisitions that the Company believes have enhanced shareholder value and the Company’s market presence. The following table summarizes each of the acquisitions completed since 2010.
Acquired Institution/MarketDate of AcquisitionFair Value of Total Assets Acquired
(dollars in thousands)
Town Center Bank
Dallas/North Texas
July 31, 2010$37,451
Farmersville Bancshares, Inc.
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The Company's Community Banking Services
The Independent Way. Nearly a century after the Bank’s beginning, the Bank’s dedication to serving the needs of businesses and individuals in the Bank’s communities remains stronger than ever. Through the Bank, the Company strives to provide customers with innovative financial products and services, local decision making and a level of service and responsiveness that is second to none. The Company’s innovative and independent spirit is balanced by adherence to fundamental banking principles that have enabled the Company to remain strong, sound and financially secure even during challenging economic times. The Company is also steeped in a tradition of civic pride as evidenced by the investment of the Company’s time, energies and financial resources in many local community development initiatives and organizations to improve and benefit the Company’s communities.
Lending Operations. Through the Bank, the Company offers a broad range of commercial and retail lending products to businesses, professionals and individuals. Commercial lending products include, but are not limited to, commercial real estate loans, interim construction loans, commercial loans (such as Small Business Administration (SBA) guaranteed loans, business term loans, lines of credit and energy related loans) to a diversified mix of small and midsized businesses, and loans to professionals, including medical practices. Retail lending products include, but are not limited to, residential first and second mortgage loans and consumer installment loans, such as loans to purchase cars, boats and other recreational vehicles.
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The Company’s strategy is to maintain a broadly diversified loan portfolio by type and location. The Company’s loan portfolio consists of real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, residential mortgage loans, residential construction loans, agricultural loans, consumer loans, and energy loans, among others. Real estate secured loans are spread among a variety of types of borrowers, including owner-occupied offices for small businesses, medical practices and offices, retail operations and multi-family properties. The Company’s loans are diversified geographically throughout the Company’s footprint. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Loan Portfolio" for a more detailed description of the Company’s lending operations.
Deposits. Through the Bank, the Company provides a full range of deposit products and services, including a variety of checking and savings accounts, debit cards, online banking, including online account opening, mobile banking, eStatements and bank-by-mail and direct deposit services. Deposits are the Company’s principal source of funds for use in lending and other general banking purposes. The Company also offers business accounts and management services, including analyzed business checking, business savings, and treasury management services. The Company solicits deposits through its relationship-driven team of dedicated and accessible bankers and through community focused marketing. The Company also utilizes an experienced Treasury Management team to solicit and manage large deposit relationships.
Other Services. In connection with our relationship driven approach to our customers, the Company, through the Bank, offers residential mortgages through the mortgage division. The Company originates residential mortgages which are typically sold into the secondary market shortly after closing. The Company also supports residential mortgage operations through a mortgage warehouse program. The Company provides wealth management services to its customers through Private Capital Management, LLC, a registered investment advisory firm, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Bank.
The Company is also focused on a retail banking strategy designed to enhance the consumer experience with the Company. Through this strategy, the Company utilizes an intentional and focused approach to understand and meet the multifaceted financial needs of each individual customer within the Company’s financial centers.
Competition
The Company competes in the commercial banking industry solely through the Bank and firmly believes that the Bank’s long-standing presence in the community and personal service philosophy enhance the Company’s ability to attract and retain customers. This industry is highly competitive, and the Bank faces strong direct competition for deposits, loans and other financial-related services. The Company competes with other commercial banks, thrifts and credit unions. An emerging source of competition is banking through digital channels offered by large, money center banking organizations, as well as “FinTech” businesses. Although some of these competitors are situated locally, others have statewide or nationwide presence. In addition, the Company competes with large banks in major financial centers and other financial intermediaries, such as consumer finance companies, brokerage firms, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, securities firms, mutual funds and certain government agencies as well as major retailers, all actively engaged in providing various types of loans and other financial services. The Company believes that its banking professionals, the range and quality of products that the Company offers, its market presence, and its emphasis on building long-lasting relationships distinguishes the Bank from its competitors.
According to S&P Capital IQ, as of June 30, 2023, the Company had the 13th largest deposit market share in Texas and Colorado. We believe that our strong market share is a reflection of the Company’s ability to compete with more prominent banking franchises in our markets.
Human Capital Management
As of December 31, 2023, we employed 1,517 employees. The average tenure of the executive leadership team within the Company is 16.59 years, and the attrition rate for all employees in 2023 was 21.4%. None of the Company’s employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit nor are they parties to any collective bargaining agreement. We believe our employee relations to be good.
We are a high performing company that provides meaningful and engaging employee experience while serving as a powerful force for positive change in the communities we serve. We believe in a corporate culture where all people are empowered to reach their full potential. The Company’s Board of Directors fosters this belief by ensuring that senior management adopt strategies that result in the Company keeping a continuous pulse on both employee performance and satisfaction at every level. The Company has also adopted and enforces codes of conduct that establish principles of integrity, respect, and excellence at all levels of the Company.
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Diversity and inclusion remains a focus of the Company’s recruitment and retention strategies. The Company launched its Diversity and Inclusion Program in 2020. The program is built upon the three core principles of people, culture and community. The program includes the establishment of a Diversity Council, comprised of cross-functional leaders diverse in gender, race and ethnicity. The Company’s Board of Directors receives quarterly updates on the progress made by the Diversity and Inclusion Program.
To attract and retain talent, the Company continues to offer a Hybridworx (remote work) Program, competitive compensation and benefits, and is heavily invested in the health, safety and welfare of each employee. The Company’s standard benefits package includes an active health and wellness program that engages employees throughout the year with the goal of generating positive health outcomes for our team members. The program includes access to telemedicine, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, insurance premium reductions for those who complete certain health and fitness tasks in the year, and an Employee Assistance Program offering confidential emotional support, work-life solutions, and legal and financial planning resources. The Company also empowers employees to plan for their financial futures by matching 100% of the first 6% of contributions made to the Company’s 401-K plan. The Company also offers a competitive staff incentive plan.
The Company also encourages every employee to effect positive change in the communities we serve throughout Texas and Colorado. Senior management has designed programs that encourage and celebrate community service by providing additional paid time off to employees to accommodate participation in service related activities and by highlighting contributions made by our team throughout the year. In 2023, our employees volunteered over 5,100 hours for a volunteer value of over $160,000.
The Company firmly believes that one of its greatest assets is its employees. We strive year after year to build and enhance our corporate culture so that our workforce continues to feel valued, heard, understood, appreciated, encouraged and empowered to professionally thrive and make a difference within the Company and the communities we serve.
Available Information
The Company files reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. You may read and copy this information at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about issuers, like the Company, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.
Documents filed by the Company with the SEC are available from the Company without charge (except for exhibits to the documents). You may obtain documents filed by the Company with the SEC by requesting them in writing or by telephone from the Company at the following address:
Independent Bank Group, Inc.
7777 Henneman Way
McKinney, Texas 75070-1711
Attention: Paul Langdale
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: (972) 562-9004
www.ifinancial.com
Documents filed by the Company with the SEC are also available on the Company’s website, www.ifinancial.com. Information furnished by the Company and information on, or accessible through, the SEC’s or the Company’s website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Supervision and Regulation
General. The U.S. banking industry is highly regulated under federal and state law. Consequently, the growth and earnings performance of the Company and its subsidiaries will be affected not only by management decisions and general and local economic conditions, but also by the statutes administered by, and the regulations and policies of, various governmental regulatory authorities. These authorities include the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the OCC, the Texas Department of Banking, or the TDB, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or the CFPB, the SEC, the Internal Revenue Service and state taxing authorities. The effect of these statutes, regulations and policies, and any changes to such statutes, regulations and policies, can be significant and cannot be predicted.
The primary goals of the bank regulatory scheme are to maintain a safe and sound banking system and to facilitate the conduct of sound monetary policy. The system of supervision and regulation applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries establishes a comprehensive framework for their respective operations and is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC’s deposit insurance fund, the banks’ depositors and the public, rather than the Company’s shareholders or creditors. The description below summarizes certain elements of the applicable bank regulatory framework. This description is not intended to describe all laws and regulations applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, and the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations, policies, interpretive letters and other written guidance that are described herein.
Independent Bank Group as a Bank Holding Company
As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, or the BHC Act, and supervision, examination and enforcement by the Federal Reserve. The BHC Act and other federal laws subject bank holding companies to particular restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements and activities, including regulatory enforcement actions for violations of laws and regulations. The Federal Reserve’s jurisdiction also extends to any company that the Company directly or indirectly controls, such as the Company’s non-bank subsidiaries.
Regulatory Restrictions on Dividends; Source of Strength. The Company is regarded as a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. The principal source of the Company’s revenues is dividends received from the Bank. As described in more detail below, Texas state law places limitations on the amount that state banks may pay in dividends, which the Bank must adhere to when paying dividends to the Company. The Federal Reserve has issued a policy statement that provides that a bank holding company should not pay dividends unless (a) its net income over the last four quarters (net of dividends paid) has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends, (b) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears to be consistent with the capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition of the bank holding company and its subsidiaries and (c) the bank holding company will continue to meet minimum required capital adequacy ratios. Accordingly, the Company should not pay cash dividends that exceed its net income in any year or that can only be funded in ways that weaken its ability to serve as a source of financial strength for its banking subsidiaries, including by borrowing money to pay dividends.
Under Federal Reserve policy, bank holding companies have historically been required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to each of its banking subsidiaries, and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) codified this policy as a statutory requirement. Under this requirement, the Company is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including at times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. As discussed below, a bank holding company, in certain circumstances, could be required to guarantee the capital restoration plan of an undercapitalized banking subsidiary. If the capital of the Bank were to become impaired, the Federal Reserve could assess the Company for the deficiency. If the Company failed to pay the assessment within three months, the Federal Reserve could order the sale of the Company’s stock in the Bank to cover the deficiency.
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Scope of Permissible Activities. Under the BHC Act, the Company is prohibited from acquiring a direct or indirect interest in or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or financial holding company and from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks or furnishing services to or performing services for its subsidiary banks, except that the Company may engage in, directly or indirectly, and may own shares of companies engaged in, certain activities found by the Federal Reserve to be so closely related to banking or managing and controlling banks as to be proper. These activities include, among others, operating a mortgage, finance, credit card or factoring company; performing certain data processing operations; providing investment and financial advice; acting as an insurance agent for certain types of credit-related insurance; leasing personal property on a full-payout, non-operating basis; and providing certain stock brokerage and investment advisory services. In approving acquisitions or the addition of activities, the Federal Reserve considers, among other things, whether the acquisition or the additional activities can reasonably be expected to produce benefits to the public, such as greater convenience, increased competition, or gains in efficiency, that outweigh such possible adverse effects as undue concentration of resources, decreased or unfair competition, conflicts of interest or unsound banking practices.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, effective March 11, 2000, or the GLBA, amended the BHC Act and eliminated the barriers to affiliations among banks, securities firms, insurance companies and other financial service providers. The GLBA permits bank holding companies to become financial holding companies and thereby affiliate with securities firms and insurance companies and engage in other activities that are financial in nature. The GLBA defines “financial in nature” to include securities underwriting, dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; insurance underwriting and agency; merchant banking activities; and activities that the Federal Reserve has determined to be closely related to banking. No regulatory approval will be required for a financial holding company to acquire a company, other than a bank or savings association, engaged in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as determined by the Federal Reserve.
Safe and Sound Banking Practices. Bank holding companies are not permitted to engage in unsafe and unsound banking practices and may be required to obtain prior approval and/or provide the Federal Reserve with prior notice of certain transactions. The Federal Reserve may oppose the transaction if it believes that the transaction would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law or regulation. In certain circumstances, the Federal Reserve could take the position that paying a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice.
The Federal Reserve has broad authority to prohibit activities of bank holding companies and their nonbanking subsidiaries which represent unsafe and unsound banking practices or which constitute violations of laws or regulations, and can assess civil money penalties for certain activities conducted on a knowing and reckless basis, if those activities caused a substantial loss to a depository institution. The penalties can be as high as one million dollars ($1,000,000) for each day the activity continues.
Anti-Tying Restrictions. Bank holding companies and their affiliates are prohibited from tying the provision of certain services, such as extensions of credit, to other nonbanking services offered by a bank holding company or its affiliates.
Capital Adequacy Requirements. The Federal Reserve utilizes a system based upon risk-based capital guidelines under a two-tier capital framework to evaluate the capital adequacy of bank holding companies. Tier 1 capital generally consists of common stockholders’ equity, retained earnings, a limited amount of qualifying perpetual preferred stock, qualifying trust preferred securities and noncontrolling interests in the equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, less goodwill and certain intangibles. Tier 2 capital generally consists of certain hybrid capital instruments and perpetual debt, mandatory convertible debt securities and a limited amount of subordinated debt, qualifying preferred stock, credit loss allowance, and unrealized holding gains on certain equity securities. The regulatory capital requirements are applicable to the Company because its total consolidated assets equal more than $1 billion. The Bank is subject to the capital requirements of the FDIC.
Under the guidelines, specific categories of assets are assigned different risk weights, based generally on the perceived credit risk of the asset. These risk weights are multiplied by corresponding asset balances to determine a “risk-weighted” asset base. The guidelines required a minimum ratio to be well capitalized of total capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8.0% (of which at least 6.0% was required to consist of Tier 1 capital elements). Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. Risk-weighted assets exclude intangible assets such as goodwill and core deposit intangibles.
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In addition to the risk-based capital guidelines, the Federal Reserve uses a leverage ratio as an additional tool to evaluate the capital adequacy of bank holding companies. The leverage ratio is a company’s Tier 1 capital divided by its average total consolidated assets. In general, bank holding companies are required to maintain a leverage ratio of at least 4.0%. Further, under what is known as the “Basel III” requirements, the Company is subject to a capital measure known as “Common Equity Tier 1”, or CET1, which emphasizes the common equity component of capital adequacy.
The federal banking agencies’ risk-based and leverage capital ratios are minimum supervisory ratios generally applicable to banking organizations that meet certain specified criteria. Banking organizations not meeting these criteria are expected to operate with capital positions well above the minimum ratios. The federal bank regulatory agencies may set capital requirements for a particular banking organization that are higher than the minimum ratios when circumstances warrant. Federal Reserve guidelines also provide that banking organizations experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions must maintain strong capital positions substantially above the minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets.
In addition to the minimum CET1, Tier 1 and total risk-based capital ratios, the Company and the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares, and paying discretionary bonuses.
Under the Federal Reserve's and FDIC’s prompt corrective action standards, in order to be considered well-capitalized, the Company and the Bank must have a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6.5%, a ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, a ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 10.0%, and a leverage ratio of 5.0%; and must not be subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure. In order to be considered adequately capitalized, an institution must have the minimum capital ratios described above. As of December 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank each were “well-capitalized.” An institution that is not well capitalized is subject to certain restrictions on brokered deposits and interest rates on deposits. See Note 20. Regulatory Matters for more information on regulatory capital requirements.
The Federal Reserve’s capital regulations and Regulation Y generally require a bank holding company to receive the Federal Reserve's prior approval of, and/or provide notice to and consult with the Federal Reserve regarding any redemption or repurchase of its own equity securities.
Interchange Fees. The Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act limits the amount of interchange fees that banks with assets of $10 billion or more may charge to process electronic debit transactions. An issuer must begin complying with the Durbin Amendment no later than July 1 of the next calendar year after the issuer crosses the $10 billion threshold. The Company and the Bank became subject to the rule on July 1, 2020. Under the Durbin Amendment and the Federal Reserve’s implementing regulations, bank issuers who are not exempt may only receive an interchange fee from merchants that is reasonable and proportional to the cost of clearing the transaction. The maximum permissible interchange fee is equal to no more than $0.21 plus five basis points of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. A debit card issuer may also recover $0.01 per transaction for fraud prevention purposes if the issuer complies with certain fraud-related requirements required by the Federal Reserve. In addition, the Federal Reserve has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.
Imposition of Liability for Undercapitalized Subsidiaries. Bank regulators are required to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems associated with insured depository institutions whose capital declines below certain levels. In the event an institution becomes undercapitalized, it must submit a capital restoration plan. The capital restoration plan will not be accepted by the regulators unless each company having control of the undercapitalized institution guarantees the subsidiary’s compliance with the capital restoration plan up to a certain specified amount. Any such guarantee from a depository institution’s holding company is entitled to a priority of payment in bankruptcy.
The aggregate liability of the holding company of an undercapitalized bank is limited to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s assets at the time it became undercapitalized or the amount necessary to cause the institution to be adequately capitalized. The bank regulators have greater power in situations where an institution becomes significantly or critically undercapitalized or fails to submit a capital restoration plan. For example, a bank holding company controlling such an institution can be required to obtain prior Federal Reserve approval of proposed dividends, or might be required to consent to a consolidation or to divest the troubled institution or other affiliates.
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Acquisitions by Bank Holding Companies. The BHC Act requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before it acquires all or substantially all of the assets of any bank, or ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank if after such acquisition it would own or control, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of the voting shares of such bank. In approving bank acquisitions by bank holding companies, the Federal Reserve is required to consider, among other things, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the financial condition, managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding company and the banks concerned, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served (including the record of performance under the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA), the effectiveness of the applicant in combating money laundering activities and the extent to which the proposed acquisition would result in greater or more concentrated risks to the stability of the U.S. banking or financial system. The Company’s ability to make future acquisitions will depend on its ability to obtain approval for such acquisitions from the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve could deny the Company’s application based on the above criteria or other considerations. For example, the Company could be required to sell banking centers as a condition to receiving regulatory approval, which condition may not be acceptable to the Company or, if acceptable, may reduce the benefit of a proposed acquisition.
Control Acquisitions. Federal and state laws, including the BHCA and the Change in Bank Control Act, or the CBCA, impose additional prior notice or approval requirements and ongoing regulatory requirements on any investor that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or bank holding company. Whether an investor “controls” a depository institution is based on all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the investment. As a general matter, an investor is deemed to control a depository institution or other company if the investor owns or controls 25% or more of any class of voting securities. Subject to rebuttal, an investor is presumed to control a depository institution or other company if the investor owns or controls 10% or more of any class of voting securities and either the depository institution or company is a public company or no other person will hold a greater percentage of that class of voting securities after the acquisition. If an investor’s ownership of the Company’s voting securities were to exceed certain thresholds, the investor could be deemed to “control” the Company for regulatory purposes, which could subject such investor to regulatory filings or other regulatory consequences.
On January 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve finalized a rule that simplifies and increases transparency of its rules for determining when one company controls another company for purposes of the BHC Act. The rule became effective September 30, 2020. The rule has and will likely continue to have a meaningful impact on control determinations related to investments in banks and bank holding companies and investments by bank holding companies in nonbank companies.
Volcker Rule. Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, known as the Volcker Rule, prohibits any bank, bank holding company, or affiliate (referred to collectively as “banking entities”) from engaging in two types of activities: “proprietary trading” and the ownership or sponsorship of private equity or hedge funds that are referred to as “covered funds.” Proprietary trading is, in general, trading in securities on a short-term basis for a banking entity's own account. In December 2013, the federal banking agencies, the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, finalized a regulation to implement the Volcker Rule. After the enactment of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act in May 2018, Volcker Rule limitations apply to banking entities with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets. The Company became subject to the Volcker Rule on January 1, 2021 and has confirmed that its investment practices conform to the Volcker Rule.
Federal Securities Laws. The common stock of the Company is registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Therefore, the Company is subject to the reporting, information disclosure, proxy solicitation, insider trading limits and other requirements imposed on public companies by the SEC under the Exchange Act. This includes limits on sales of stock by certain insiders and the filing of insider ownership reports with the SEC. The SEC and Nasdaq have adopted regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd Frank Act that apply to the Company as a Nasdaq-traded, public company, which seek to improve corporate governance, provide enhanced penalties for financial reporting improprieties and improve the reliability of disclosures in SEC filings.
Regulation of the Bank
The Bank is a Texas-chartered banking association, the deposits of which are insured by the deposit insurance fund of the FDIC. The Bank is not a member of the Federal Reserve System; therefore, the Bank is subject to supervision and regulation by the FDIC, the TDB and the CFPB. Such supervision and regulation subject the Bank to special restrictions, requirements, potential enforcement actions and periodic examination by the FDIC, the TDB and the CFPB. Because the Federal Reserve regulates the Company, the Federal Reserve also has supervisory authority that directly affects the Bank.
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Equivalence to National Bank Powers. The Texas Constitution, as amended in 1986, provides that a Texas-chartered bank has the same rights and privileges that are or may be granted to national banks domiciled in Texas. To the extent that the Texas laws and regulations may have allowed state-chartered banks to engage in a broader range of activities than national banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, or the FDICIA, has operated to limit this authority. The FDICIA provides that no state bank or subsidiary thereof may engage as a principal in any activity not permitted for national banks, unless the institution complies with applicable capital requirements and the FDIC determines that the activity poses no significant risk to the deposit insurance fund of the FDIC. In general, statutory restrictions on the activities of banks are aimed at protecting the safety and soundness of depository institutions.
Financial Modernization. Under the GLBA, a national bank may establish a financial subsidiary and engage, subject to limitations on investment, in activities that are financial in nature, other than insurance underwriting as principal, insurance company portfolio investment, real estate development, real estate investment, annuity issuance and merchant banking activities. To do so, a bank must be well capitalized, well managed and have a Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, rating from the FDIC of satisfactory or better. Subsidiary banks of a financial holding company or national banks with financial subsidiaries must remain well capitalized and well managed in order to continue to engage in activities that are financial in nature without regulatory actions or restrictions. Such actions or restrictions could include divestiture of the “financial in nature” subsidiary or subsidiaries. In addition, a financial holding company or a bank may not acquire a company that is engaged in activities that are financial in nature unless each of the subsidiary banks of the financial holding company or the bank has a CRA rating of satisfactory of better.
Although the powers of state chartered banks are not specifically addressed in the GLBA, Texas-chartered banks such as the Bank will have the same if not greater powers as national banks through the parity provisions contained in the Texas Constitution and other Texas statutes.
Branching. Texas law provides that a Texas-chartered bank can establish a branch anywhere in Texas provided that the branch is approved in advance by the TDB. The branch must also be approved by the FDIC, which considers a number of factors, including financial history, capital adequacy, earnings prospects, character of management, needs of the community and consistency with corporate powers. The Dodd-Frank Act permits insured state banks to engage in de novo interstate branching if the laws of the state where the new branch is to be established would permit the establishment of the branch if it were chartered by such state.
Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders. Transactions between the Bank and its non-banking subsidiaries and/or affiliates, including the Company, are subject to Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act. In general, Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act imposes limits on the amount of such transactions, and also requires certain levels of collateral for loans to affiliated parties. It also limits the amount of advances to third parties that are collateralized by the securities or obligations of the Company or its subsidiaries. Covered transactions with any single affiliate may not exceed 10% of the capital stock and surplus of the Bank, and covered transactions with all affiliates may not exceed, in the aggregate, 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. For a bank, capital stock and surplus refers to the bank’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, as calculated under the risk-based capital guidelines, plus the balance of the allowance for credit losses excluded from Tier 2 capital. The Bank’s transactions with all of its affiliates in the aggregate are limited to 20% of the foregoing capital. “Covered transactions” are defined by statute to include a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate, as well as a purchase of securities issued by an affiliate, a purchase of assets (unless otherwise exempted by the Federal Reserve) from the affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for a loan, and the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. In addition, in connection with covered transactions that are extensions of credit, the Bank may be required to hold collateral to provide added security to the Bank, and the types of permissible collateral may be limited. The Dodd-Frank Act generally enhances the restrictions on transactions with affiliates.
Affiliate transactions are also subject to Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, which generally requires that certain transactions between the Bank and its affiliates be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the Bank, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving other non-affiliated persons.
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The restrictions on loans to directors, executive officers, principal shareholders and their related interests (collectively referred to herein as “insiders”) contained in the Federal Reserve Act and in Regulation O promulgated by the Federal Reserve apply to all insured institutions and their subsidiaries and bank holding companies. These restrictions include limits on loans to one borrower and conditions that must be met before such a loan can be made. There is also an aggregate limitation on all loans to insiders and their related interests. Generally, these loans cannot exceed the institution’s total unimpaired capital and surplus, and the FDIC may determine that a lesser amount is appropriate. Loans to senior executive officers of a bank are even further restricted, generally limited to $100,000 per senior executive officer. Insiders are subject to enforcement actions for knowingly accepting loans in violation of applicable restrictions.
Restrictions on Dividends. Dividends paid by the Bank have provided a substantial part of the Company’s operating funds, and for the foreseeable future, it is anticipated that dividends paid by the Bank to the Company will continue to be the Company’s principal source of operating funds. However, capital adequacy requirements serve to limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank. Under federal law, the Bank cannot pay a dividend if, after paying the dividend, it would be undercapitalized. The FDIC may declare a dividend payment to be unsafe and unsound even though the Bank would continue to meet its capital requirements after payment of the dividend.
Because the Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries, its right to participate in the distribution of assets of any subsidiary upon the subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization will be subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, or the FDI Act, provides that, in the event of a “liquidation or other resolution” of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution (including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors) and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution. If the Bank fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors, including the Company, with respect to any extensions of credit it has made to the Bank.
Examinations by the FDIC & the TDB. The Bank is subject to continuous regulation, supervision and examination by the FDIC and the TDB concerning all areas of operation of the Bank. Areas monitored by the FDIC and the TDB, include, but are not limited to, lending practices, corporate governance, investments, borrowings, payment of dividends, training of employees, reserve methodology, BSA/AML compliance, management of risk related to interest rate, liquidity, capital and operations, overall enterprise risk management, internal audit program, financial accounting practices, security procedures, information technology and other related matters. The Bank and Company devote a significant amount of time and resources to align practices and procedures with examiners' expectations and federal and state regulation.
Examinations by the CFPB. The Bank is subject to supervision and examination by the CFPB. The CFPB maintains authority over the Bank with respect to substantially all federal statutes and regulations protecting the interests of consumers of financial services, including but not limited to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act and their respective related regulations. Violation of these laws and regulations could subject the Bank to lawsuits and administrative penalties, including civil monetary penalties, payments to affected consumers, and orders to halt or materially change our consumer banking activities. The CFPB has broad authority to pursue enforcement actions, including investigations, civil actions and cease and desist proceedings and can refer civil and criminal findings to the Department of Justice for prosecution. The Bank is also subject to other federal and state consumer protection laws that, among other things, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive, corrupt or fraudulent business practices, untrue or misleading advertising and unfair competition.
Audit Reports. Insured institutions with total assets of $500 million or more must submit annual audit reports prepared by independent auditors to federal and state regulators. In some instances, the audit report of the institution’s holding company can be used to satisfy this requirement. Auditors of an insured institution must receive examination reports, supervisory agreements and reports of enforcement actions. For institutions with total assets of $1 billion or more, financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), management’s certifications signed by the Company’s and the Bank’s chief executive officer and chief accounting or financial officer concerning management’s responsibility for the financial statements, and an attestation by the auditors regarding the Bank’s internal controls must also be submitted. For institutions with total assets of more than $3 billion, independent auditors may be required to review quarterly financial statements. The FDICIA requires that the Bank have an independent audit committee, consisting only of outside directors, or that the Company has an audit committee that is entirely independent. The committees of such institutions must include members with experience in banking or financial management, must have access to outside counsel, and must not include representatives of large customers.
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Capital Adequacy Requirements. The FDIC has adopted regulations establishing minimum requirements for the capital adequacy of insured institutions and may establish higher minimum requirements if, for example, a bank has previously received special attention or has a high susceptibility to interest rate risk. The FDIC’s risk-based capital guidelines, under the fully phased-in Basel III Capital Rules, generally require state banks to have a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8.5% and a ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets of 10.5%. The capital categories have the same definitions for the Bank as for the Company. The FDIC’s leverage guidelines require state banks to maintain Tier 1 capital of no less than 4.0% of average total assets, except in the case of certain highly rated banks for which the requirement is 3.0% of average total assets. The TDB has issued a policy which generally requires state chartered banks to maintain a leverage ratio (defined in accordance with federal capital guidelines) of 5.0%. See Note 20. Regulatory Matters for more information on regulatory capital requirements.
Corrective Measures for Capital Deficiencies. The federal banking regulators are required by the FDI Act to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to capital-deficient institutions that are FDIC-insured. The five capital categories for insured depository institutions under the prompt corrective action regulations consist of:
•Well capitalized - equals or exceeds a 10% total risk-based capital ratio, 8% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, 6.5% CET1 capital ratio and 5% leverage ratio and is not subject to any written agreement, order or directive requiring it to maintain a specific level for any capital measure;
•Adequately capitalized - equals or exceeds an 8% total risk-based capital ratio, 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, 4.5% CET1 capital ratio and 4% leverage ratio;
•Undercapitalized - total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8%, or a Tier 1 risk-based ratio of less than 6%, a CET1 capital ratio of less than 4.5% or a leverage ratio of less than 4%;
•Significantly undercapitalized - total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6%, or a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4%, a CET1 capital ratio of less than 3% or a leverage ratio of less than 3%; and
•Critically undercapitalized - a ratio of tangible equity to total assets equal to or less than 2%.
In addition to requiring undercapitalized institutions to submit a capital restoration plan, agency regulations contain broad restrictions on certain activities of undercapitalized institutions, including asset growth, acquisitions, branch establishment and expansion into new lines of business. With certain exceptions, an insured depository institution is prohibited from making capital distributions, including dividends, and is prohibited from paying management fees to control persons if the institution would be undercapitalized after any such distribution or payment.
As an institution’s capital decreases, the FDIC’s enforcement powers become more severe. A significantly undercapitalized institution is subject to mandated capital raising activities, restrictions on interest rates paid and transactions with affiliates, removal of management and other restrictions. The FDIC has only very limited discretion in dealing with a critically undercapitalized institution and is virtually required to appoint a receiver or conservator.
Banks with risk-based capital and leverage ratios below the required minimums may also be subject to certain administrative actions, including the termination of deposit insurance upon notice and hearing, or a temporary suspension of insurance without a hearing in the event the institution has no tangible capital.
Deposit Insurance Assessments. Substantially all the deposits of the Bank are insured up to applicable limits by FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF), and the Bank must pay annual deposit insurance assessments to the FDIC for such deposit insurance protection.
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Under its current regulations, the FDIC has established a risk-based assessment system to calculate institutions’ deposit insurance premiums. Pursuant to these regulations, an insured depository institution’s assessment is equal to its assessment base multiplied by its risk-based assessment rate. An insured depository institution’s assessment base and assessment rate are determined each quarter. Based upon the FDIC’s methodology, generally, an insured depository institution’s assessment base equals its average consolidated total assets minus its average tangible equity. Assessment rates are calculated using different methods depending upon the size of the institution (small institutions are generally those with less than $10 billion in total assets; large institutions are generally those with between $10 billion and $50 billion in total assets; and highly complex institutions are those with $50 billion in assets. Assessment rates for both large and highly complex institutions are calculated using a “scorecard” approach which assesses a variety of factors including CAMELS measures and certain other financial measures. (The acronym CAMELS stands for the following factors that examiners use to rate financial institutions: capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity). Notably, the FDIC also has the ability to make discretionary adjustments to the total score based upon significant risk factors that are not adequately captured in the calculations.
The FDIC is required to adopt a restoration plan when the DIF reserve ratio falls below the statutory minimum of 1.35% or is expected to within six months. In connection with this requirement, the FDIC Board adopted a series of restoration plans that have resulted in an increase in the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules of two basis points to improve the likelihood that the reserve ratio is restored to at least 1.35% by September 30, 2028. The revised assessment rate schedules became effective on January 1, 2023, and were applicable beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023 (with the first payment due on June 30, 2023). According to the FDIC, lower assessments will be adopted when the reserve ratio reaches 2% and then again when such ratio reaches 2.5%. As of June 30, 2023, the total base assessment rate for insured depository institutions ranged from 2.5 to 42 basis points on an annualized basis.

Separately, in connection with the U.S. Treasury Secretary’s invocation of the systemic risk exception declared on March 12, 2023, in connection with the failure of two insured depository institutions and the appointment of the FDIC as receiver for such failed insured depository institutions, the FDIC adopted a final rule in November 2023 that implements a special assessment to recover the DIF’s losses from protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of such failed insured depository institutions. This rule is effective on April 1, 2024 and affects only those insured depository institutions with more than $5 billion in total assets. Affected institutions must pay such special assessment over eight quarterly assessment periods, the first of which will be reflected on the first quarterly assessment period for January 1 through March 31, 2024, with the first payment due on June 28, 2024. The FDIC also reserved the right to impose a one-time “shortfall assessment” at the conclusion of the special assessment if there are DIF losses that have not been fully recovered. It is possible that further increases in deposit insurance are adopted by the FDIC Board. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors - Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risk and Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis - FDIC assessment for further discussion on risks and the impact to the Company.
Brokered Deposit Restrictions. Adequately capitalized institutions cannot accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits, without receiving a waiver from the FDIC, and are subject to restrictions on the interest rates that can be paid on any deposits. Undercapitalized institutions may not accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits. The final rule became effective on April 1, 2021, with an extended compliance date of January 1, 2022.
Concentrated Commercial Real Estate Lending Regulations. The federal banking agencies have promulgated guidance governing financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The guidance provides that a bank has a concentration in commercial real estate lending if (i) total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of total capital or (ii) total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm residential properties and loans for construction, land development and other land represent 300% or more of total capital and the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months. Owner-occupied loans are excluded from this second category. If a concentration is present, management must employ heightened risk management practices that address the following key elements: board and management oversight and strategic planning, portfolio management, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing, and maintenance of increased capital levels as needed to support the level of commercial real estate lending.
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Community Reinvestment Act. The CRA and the regulations issued thereunder are intended to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their entire service area, including low and moderate income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operations of such banks. These regulations also provide for regulatory assessment of a bank’s record in meeting the needs of its service area when considering applications to establish branches, merger applications and applications to acquire the assets and assume the liabilities of another bank. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) requires federal banking agencies to make public a rating of a bank’s performance under the CRA. In the case of a bank holding company, the CRA performance record of the banks involved in the transaction are reviewed in connection with the filing of an application to acquire ownership or control of shares or assets of a bank or to merge with any other bank holding company. An unsatisfactory CRA record could substantially delay approval or result in denial of an application. In October 2023, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve, and the OCC jointly issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the existing regulations in four key ways: (i) clarifying what activities will qualify for CRA credit; (ii) updating where activities count for CRA credit; (iii) providing a more transparent and objective method for measuring CRA performance; and (iv) revising CRA-related data collection, record keeping, and reporting. Most changes go into effect no earlier than January 2026 with changes to the public file occurring April 2024.
Privacy and Cybersecurity. In addition to expanding the activities in which banks and bank holding companies may engage, the GLBA also imposed new requirements on financial institutions with respect to customer privacy. The GLBA generally prohibits disclosure of customer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the customer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions are further required to disclose their privacy policies to customers annually. Financial institutions, however, are required to comply with state law if it is more protective of customer privacy than the GLBA.
Federal regulators have issued advisory statements regarding cybersecurity. Generally, federal regulators expect that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. In addition, a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If the Company fails to observe the regulatory guidance, the Company could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties. In 2021, the federal banking agencies adopted a Final Rule that went into effect on May 1, 2022, that requires banking organizations to notify their primary banking regulator within 36 hours of determining that a “computer-security incident” has materially disrupted or degraded, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the banking organization’s ability to carry out banking operations or deliver banking products and services to a material portion of its customer base, its businesses and operations that would result in material loss, or its operations that would impact the stability of the United States.
State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states, have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and providing detailed requirements with respect to these programs, including data encryption requirements. Many states, including Texas and Colorado, have implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. The Texas banks are required to promptly report material cybersecurity incidents to the Texas Banking Commissioner.
In 2023, the SEC issued a final rule that requires disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents, as well as cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance. Under this rule, banking organizations that are SEC registrants must generally disclose information about a material cybersecurity incident within four business days of determining it is material with periodic updates as to the status of the incident in subsequent filings as necessary.
On March 15, 2023, the SEC issued a release containing proposed amendments to Regulation S-P that, if adopted, would require broker-dealers, registered investment companies and investment advisers to adopt written policies and procedures creating an incident response program to deal with unauthorized access to customer information, including procedures for notification of impacted individuals within 30 days.
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The Company expects this trend of both federal and state-level attention to cybersecurity to continue, and is continually monitoring developments at the federal level and in the states in which its customers are located. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for a further discussion of risks related to cybersecurity. See Item 1C. Cybersecurity for further discussion of risk management and governance related to cybersecurity.
Limits on Compensation. The Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC in 2010 issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies for executive management of banks and bank holding companies. This guidance was intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine their safety and soundness by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The objective of the guidance is to assure that incentive compensation arrangements (i) provide incentives that do not encourage excessive risk-taking, (ii) are compatible with effective internal controls and risk management and (iii) are supported by strong corporate governance, including oversight by the board of directors. In 2016, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC proposed rules that would, depending upon the assets of the institution, directly regulate incentive compensation arrangements and would require enhanced oversight and recordkeeping. As of December 31, 2023, these rules have not been implemented. In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including Nasdaq and NYSE, to implement listing standards that require listed companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. In June 2023, the SEC approved NYSE and Nasdaq's proposed clawback listing standards (listing standards) with an effective date of October 2, 2023, and companies were required to adopt a clawback policy to comply with the listing standards no later than December 1, 2023. The Company adopted its Compensation Recovery Policy on October 19, 2023 in compliance with the new listing standards.
Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Legislation. A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, or the USA Patriot Act, substantially broadened the scope of U.S. anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued and, in some cases, proposed a number of regulations that apply various requirements of the USA Patriot Act to financial institutions. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. The USA Patriot Act requires, among other things, financial institutions to comply with certain due diligence requirements in connection with correspondent or private banking relationships with non-U.S. financial institutions or persons, establish an anti-money laundering program that includes employee training and an independent audit, follow minimum standards for identifying customers and maintaining records of the identification information and make regular comparisons of customers against agency lists of suspected terrorists, their organizations and money launderers. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution.
The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), which amends the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (“BSA”), was enacted in January 2021. The AMLA is intended to be a comprehensive reform and modernization to U.S. bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws. Among other things, it codifies a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; requires the U.S. Department of the Treasury to promulgate priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy; requires the development of standards for testing technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; expands enforcement- and investigation-related authority, including increasing available sanctions for certain BSA violations; and expands BSA whistleblower incentives and protections. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rulemaking, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance. In June 2021, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under the AMLA. The priorities include: corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing.
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Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation. The United States has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others. These are typically known as the “OFAC” rules based on their administration by the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC. The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting certain countries take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with or investment in a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) a blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest, by prohibiting transfers of property subject to a U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (e.g., property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences.
Changes in Laws, Regulations or Policies
In general, regulators have increased their focus on the regulation of financial institutions. From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures. Such initiatives may change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company and the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. The Company cannot determine the ultimate effect that any potential legislation, if enacted, or implementing regulations with respect thereto, would have, upon the financial condition or results of operations of the Company or the Bank. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Company or the Bank could have a material effect on the financial condition, results of operations or business of the Company and the Bank.
Enforcement Powers of Federal and State Banking Agencies
The federal banking agencies have broad enforcement powers, including the power to terminate deposit insurance, impose substantial fines and other civil and criminal penalties, and appoint a conservator or receiver. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and supervisory agreements could subject the Company or the Bank and their subsidiaries, as well as their respective officers, directors, and other institution‑affiliated parties, to administrative sanctions and potentially substantial civil money penalties. In addition to the grounds discussed above under “Corrective Measures for Capital Deficiencies,” the appropriate federal banking agency may appoint the FDIC as conservator or receiver for a banking institution (or the FDIC may appoint itself, under certain circumstances) if any one or more of a number of circumstances exist. The TDB also has broad enforcement powers over the Bank, including the power to impose orders, remove officers and directors, impose fines and appoint supervisors and conservators.
Effect on Economic Environment
The policies of regulatory authorities, including the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve, have a significant effect on the operating results of bank holding companies and their subsidiaries. Among the means available to the Federal Reserve to affect the money supply are open market operations in U.S. government securities, changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, and changes in reserve requirements against member bank deposits. These means are used in varying combinations to influence overall growth and distribution of bank loans, investments and deposits, and their use may affect interest rates charged on loans or paid for deposits.
Federal Reserve monetary policies have materially affected the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The Company cannot predict the nature of future monetary policies and the effect of such policies on the business and earnings of it and its subsidiaries.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in the Company’s common stock involves risks. The following is a description of the material risks and uncertainties that the Company believes affect its business and an investment in the common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties that the Company is unaware of, or that it currently deems immaterial, also may become important factors that affect the Company and its business. If any of the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were to occur, the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of the common stock could decline significantly and you could lose all or part of your investment.
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Summarized below are the most significant risks and uncertainties that we believe could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Following this summary, we discuss each risk in greater detail under each risk’s respective headings, organized by Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Risks Related to an Investment in the Company’s Common Stock. You should read both the summary and the detailed descriptions of each risk before investing in the Company’s securities.
RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS
Strategic Risk
•The Company may not be able to continue to grow.
•The Company may not be able to continue its acquisition strategy.
•The Company must effectively manage risk associated with its acquisition strategy.
•The Company has a geographic concentration in Texas and Colorado.
Operational Risk
•Workforce disruption may inhibit the Company's ability to attract and retain talent.
•The Company must effectively manage the need for technological change.
•The Company may experience system failure or cybersecurity breaches.
•The Company is reliant on third party service providers.
•The Company may be subject to data processing failures, control failures and fraud.
•New lines of business or new products and services subject the Company to additional risks.
•The Company’s accounting estimates and risk management programs rely on analytical and forecasting models.
•The Company is subject to counterparty risk.
•The value of the Company’s goodwill could become impaired.
Credit Risk
•The Company must manage credit risk.
•The Company has a significant concentration in commercial real estate loans.
•The Company has exposure to credit risk related to the energy industry.
•The Company’s Allowance for Credit Losses may be insufficient.
•The Company’s mortgage business subjects the Company to additional risk.
Interest Rate Risk
•The Company must manage interest rate risk.
•The replacement of LIBOR may subject the Company to additional risk.
•The Company could experience losses on its investment securities in volatile rate environments.
Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risk
•The Company is subject to legal and regulatory risk.
•The Company operates in a highly regulated environment and, as a result, is subject to extensive regulation and supervision.
•The Company must devote significant resources to compliance.
•The Company is subject to continuous examination.
•The Company may be required to pay significantly higher FDIC deposit insurance assessments in the future.
•The Company faces a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.
•There are substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies.
Liquidity and Capital Risk
•The Company is subject to liquidity risk.
•The Company must maintain adequate capital.
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•The Federal Reserve may require the Company to commit capital resources to support the Bank.
Other Risks Affecting Our Business
•Volatile market conditions and macro economic trends.
•The Company operates in a competitive environment.
•The Company is reliant on deposits as a significant source of funding.
•The Company may be adversely impacted by natural disasters, health pandemics, and other local and worldwide events beyond the Company’s control.
•The Company is subject to growing risk from changing environmental conditions.
•Reputational risk is heightened by emerging environmental, social and governance concerns.
•Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO AN INVESTMENT IN THE COMPANY’S COMMON STOCK
•The Company’s stock price can be volatile.
•The Company is dependent upon the Bank for cash flow, and the Bank’s ability to make cash distributions is restricted.
•The Company’s dividend policy may change without notice, and the Company’s future ability to pay dividends is subject to restrictions.
•The Company’s largest shareholder and board of directors have historically, and currently, exert a controlling influence on the Company.
•The Company’s corporate organizational documents and the provisions of Texas law make it more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition of the Company that you may favor.
•Other debt and equity instruments have priority over the Company’s common stock.
•An investment in the Company’s common stock is not an insured deposit.
RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS
Strategic Risk
The Company may not be able to continue to grow.
To achieve its past levels of growth, the Company has focused on both internal growth and acquisitions. The Company may not be able to sustain its historical rate of growth or may not be able to grow at all. More specifically, the Company may not be able to grow earning assets, specifically loans, and the Company may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates. Various factors, such as economic conditions and competition, may impede or prohibit loan growth and the completion of acquisitions. As further discussed below, the Company may be unable to attract and retain new talent, which could adversely affect its internal growth. If the Company is not able to continue its historical levels of growth, it may not be able to maintain its historical earnings trends. If the Company does not manage the Company’s growth effectively, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be negatively affected, and the Company may not be able to continue to implement the Company’s business strategy and successfully conduct the Company’s operations.
The Company may not be able to continue its acquisition strategy.
The Company has been pursuing a growth strategy that includes the acquisition of other financial institutions in target markets. The Company has completed several acquisitions since 2010, with its last acquisition completed on January 1, 2019 of Guaranty Bancorp. The Company intends to continue its acquisition strategy. Such an acquisition strategy, involves significant risks, including the following:
•finding suitable markets for expansion;
•finding suitable candidates for acquisition;
•attracting funding to support additional growth;
•maintaining asset quality;
•attracting and retaining qualified management; and
•maintaining adequate regulatory capital.
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Accordingly, the Company may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates in the future that fit its acquisition and growth strategy. In addition, the Company’s previous acquisitions may make it more difficult for investors to evaluate historical trends in the Company’s financial results and operating performance, as the impact of such acquisitions make it more difficult to identify organic trends that would be reflected absent such acquisitions. If the Company is unable to continue to grow through acquisitions, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operation and future prospects could be negatively impacted.
The Company must effectively manage risk associated with its acquisition strategy.
Acquisitions of financial institutions also involve operational risks and uncertainties, and acquired companies may have unknown or contingent liabilities with no available manner of recourse, exposure to unexpected asset quality problems, key employee and customer retention problems and other problems that could negatively affect the Company’s organization. The Company may not be able to complete future acquisitions or, if completed, the Company may not be able to successfully integrate the operations, management, products and services of the entities that the Company acquires and eliminate redundancies. Acquisition activities and the integration process may also require significant time and attention from the Company’s management that they would otherwise direct toward servicing existing business and developing new business. Further, the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, disruption of the combined entity’s ongoing business, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the Company’s ability to maintain relationships with customers or employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the transaction. Failure to successfully integrate the entities the Company acquires into the Company’s existing operations may increase the Company’s operating costs significantly and adversely affect the Company’s business and earnings. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values and, therefore, some dilution of the Company’s tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction.
The Company has a geographic concentration in Texas and Colorado.
The Company conducts its operations almost exclusively in Texas and Colorado. This geographic concentration imposes risks from lack of geographic diversification. The economic conditions in Texas and Colorado affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects, where adverse economic developments, among other things, could affect the volume of loan originations, increase the level of nonperforming assets, increase the rate of foreclosure losses on loans and reduce the value of the Company’s loans and loan servicing portfolio. Moreover, if the population or income growth in the Company’s market areas is slower than projected, income levels, deposits and housing starts could be adversely affected and could result in a reduction of the Company’s expansion, growth and profitability. Any regional or local economic downturn that affects Texas or Colorado, or existing or prospective borrowers or property values in such areas, may affect the Company and the Company’s profitability more significantly and more adversely than the Company’s competitors whose operations are less geographically concentrated.
Operational Risk
Workforce disruption may inhibit the Company's ability to attract and retain talent.
The Company’s business and growth strategies depend significantly on the Company’s ability to recruit and retain management and employees with expertise, experience and business relationships within the Company's market areas. The Company’s ability to attract and retain key management and employees is dependent upon its compensation, incentive and benefits programs, its response to emerging workplace trends and practices, such as the current demand for flexible work schedules and remote work options that have arisen from the COVID-19 pandemic, its reputation for rewarding and promoting qualified employees, and its implementation of diversity and inclusion initiatives. The competitive nature of the current labor market could increase the Company's noninterest expense, as well as cause significant difficulty and delay in replacing departed management and employees with qualified candidates, who are experienced in the specialized aspects of the Company’s business or who have ties to the communities within the Company’s market areas. The unexpected loss of any of the Company’s key personnel could, therefore, have an adverse impact on the Company’s productivity and growth. This in turn makes the Company's success dependent upon the strength of its recruitment efforts, as well as its succession plans and procedures.
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The Company must effectively manage the need for technological change.
The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. The Company’s future success will depend in part upon the Company’s ability to address the needs of the Company’s customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in the Company’s operations as it continues to grow and expand the Company’s market area. The Company may experience operational challenges as it implements these new technology enhancements or products, which could result in the Company not fully realizing the anticipated benefits from such new technology or require the Company to incur significant costs to remedy any such challenges in a timely manner.
The Company may experience system failure or cybersecurity breaches.
The Company is highly dependent on its computer systems and network infrastructure to conduct its operations, including the secure processing, storage and transmission of vital and sensitive data, exposing the Company to potential cyber incidents resulting from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. As a financial institution, the Company processes, stores and transmits a significant amount of personal customer information. The Company also maintains important internal data such as personally identifiable information about employees and customers, and information relating to the Company’s operations. The Company relies on third-party service providers for significant portions of its computer systems, network infrastructure and information security, and failure or misconduct by any of those third parties or their systems could have a material adverse effect on the Company. The secure maintenance and transmission of confidential information, as well as execution of transactions over the Company’s computer systems, are essential to protect the Company and its customers against fraud and cybersecurity breaches and for the Company to maintain customer confidence. The computer systems and network infrastructure the Company uses could fail or be subject to unforeseen problems or a material cybersecurity incident. The Company’s operations are dependent upon its ability to protect its computer systems and network against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, or a similar catastrophic event, as well as from cybersecurity breaches, cyberattacks, ransomware attacks, viruses, worms, and other unauthorized or hostile acts which are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. Any action, damage or failure that causes or results in breakdowns, disruptions, or unauthorized activities in the Company’s computer systems or network infrastructure, including customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan or other systems, could disrupt the Company’s ability to properly operate its business, damage the Company’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject the Company to additional regulatory scrutiny, investigations or fines, violate privacy or other applicable laws or expose the Company to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company. External or internal actors could obtain unauthorized access to the Company’s computer systems or network infrastructure or information stored in and transmitted through the Company’s computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in the theft or unauthorized use of personal information, which could cause significant liability to the Company and may cause existing and potential customers to refrain from doing business with the Company. These factors are compounded by the continued trend to leverage cloud computing and support hybrid remote work strategies. The financial services industry has faced a notable increase in both the sophistication and frequency of cyberattacks leveraging phishing, exploitable vulnerabilities, and third-party service providers. The pervasiveness of cybersecurity incidents and the risks of cybersecurity breaches are complex and continue to evolve. In addition, advances in computer capabilities, such as artificial intelligence, and the increased sophistication of threat actors could result in a compromise or breach of the systems the Company and the Company’s third-party service providers use to encrypt and protect customer data and transactions. A failure or compromise of such security measures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 1C. Cybersecurity for further discussion of risk management and governance related to cybersecurity..
As of February 20, 2024, the Company has not discovered any material cybersecurity incidents that have adversely affected our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, the Company can give no assurance that it will not have a material cybersecurity incident in the future.
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The Company is reliant on third party service providers.
The Company depends on a number of relationships with third-party service providers. Specifically, the Company receives core systems processing, essential web hosting and other Internet systems, cloud technologies, deposit processing, mobile banking and other processing services from third-party service providers. If these third-party service providers experience difficulties, interruptions, or terminate their services, and the Company is unable to replace them with other comparable service providers, particularly on a timely basis, the Company’s operations could be interrupted. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. Even if the Company is able to replace third party service providers, it may be at a higher cost to the Company, which could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company may be subject to data processing failures, control failures and fraud.
Employee errors and employee and customer fraud or misconduct could subject the Company to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm the Company’s reputation. Misconduct by the Company’s employees could include hiding unauthorized activities from the Company, improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of the Company’s customers, or improper use of, or unauthorized access to confidential information. Customers are also subject to financial crimes, including fraud, wire fraud, and cyber-crimes, which could adversely impact their ability to pay loans or result in a fraudulent removal of funds from their deposit accounts or other unauthorized activities. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, or fraudulent and other criminal schemes impacting customers, and the precautions the Company takes to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject the Company to financial claims for negligence.
The Company maintains a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors, cybersecurity breaches, and employee, customer, or third party fraud. However, if the Company’s internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the Company relies heavily upon information supplied by third parties, including the information contained in credit applications, property appraisals, title information, equipment pricing and valuation and employment and income documentation, in deciding which loans the Company will originate, as well as the terms of those loans. If any of the information upon which the Company relies is misrepresented, either fraudulently or inadvertently, and the misrepresentation is not detected prior to asset funding, the value of the asset may be significantly lower than expected, or the Company may fund a loan that the Company would not have funded or on terms the Company would not have extended. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the applicant or another third party, the Company generally bears the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. A loan subject to a material misrepresentation is typically unsellable or subject to repurchase if it is sold prior to detection of the misrepresentation. The sources of the misrepresentations are often difficult to locate, and it is often difficult to recover any of the monetary losses that the Company may suffer.
New lines of business or new products and services subject the Company to additional risks.
From time to time, the Company may implement or may acquire new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, the Company may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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The Company’s accounting estimate and risk management programs rely on analytical and forecasting models.
The Company utilizes analytical and forecasting models across various areas of the Company's operations to manage risk. Many of these models rely upon certain assumptions, which, if inaccurate or inadequate, could impact the Company in materials ways. In addition, the models themselves may prove to be inadequate or inaccurate because of other flaws in their design or their implementation.
By way of example, the Company uses forecasting and analytical models to estimate its expected credit losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments. It also uses models to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other market measures on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. If the models the Company uses for interest rate risk and asset-liability management are inadequate, the Company may incur increased or unexpected losses upon changes in market interest rates or other market measures. If the models the Company uses for determining its expected credit losses are inadequate, the allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to support future charge-offs. If the models the Company uses to measure the fair value of financial instruments is inadequate, the fair value of such financial instruments may fluctuate unexpectedly or may not accurately reflect what the Company could realize upon sale or settlement of such financial instruments. Any such failure in the Company’s analytical or forecasting models could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company is subject to counterparty risk.
Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. The Company has exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional customers. Many of these transactions expose the Company to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or customer. In addition, the Company’s credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by the Company cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to the Company. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
The value of the Company’s goodwill could become impaired.
Goodwill represents the amount by which the cost of an acquisition exceeded the fair value of net assets that the Company acquired in connection with the purchase of another financial institution. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset might be impaired. Significant and sustained decline in the Company’s stock price and material adverse changes in economic conditions may result in taking future write downs related to the impairment of goodwill.
The Company determines impairment by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Any such adjustments are reflected in the Company’s results of operations in the periods in which they become known. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $1.0 billion of goodwill and other intangible assets. While the Company has not recorded any such impairment charges since the Company initially recorded the goodwill, there can be no assurance that the Company’s future evaluations of goodwill will not result in findings of impairment and related write-downs, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
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Credit Risk
The Company must manage credit risk.
Making any loan involves risk, including risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, risks of nonpayment, risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral and cash flows available to service debt, and risks resulting from changes in economic and market conditions. The Company’s credit risk approval and monitoring procedures may fail to identify or reduce these credit risks, and they cannot completely eliminate all credit risks related to the Company’s loan portfolio. The Company faces a variety of risk related to its types of loans. Adverse developments affecting commercial real estate values in the Company’s market areas could increase the credit risk associated with commercial real estate loans, impair the value of the property pledged as collateral for these loans, and affect the Company’s ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss. For commercial real estate loans that are larger than average, the Company faces risk that losses incurred on a small number of commercial real estate loans could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s commercial real estate and commercial loans also have the risk that repayment is subject to the ongoing business operations of the borrower. Commercial loans are often secured by personal property, such as inventory, and intangible property, such as accounts receivable, which if the business is unsuccessful, typically have values insufficient to satisfy the loan without a loss. If the overall economic climate in the United States, generally, or the Company’s market areas in Texas and Colorado, specifically, experience material disruption, the Company’s borrowers may experience difficulties in repaying their loans, the collateral the Company holds may decrease in value or become illiquid, and the level of nonperforming loans, charge-offs and delinquencies could rise and require additional provisions for credit losses, which would cause the Company’s net income and return on equity to decrease.
The Company has a significant concentration in commercial real estate loans.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 79.7% of the Company’s loan portfolio was comprised of loans with real estate as a primary or secondary component of collateral, excluding agricultural loans secured by real estate. As a result, adverse developments affecting real estate values in the Company’s market areas could increase the credit risk associated with the Company’s real estate loan portfolio. The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the area in which the real estate is located. Adverse changes affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in one or more of the Company’s markets could increase the credit risk associated with the Company’s loan portfolio, and could result in losses that would adversely affect credit quality, financial condition, and results of operation. Negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity in the Company’s market areas could significantly impair the value of property pledged as collateral on loans and affect the Company’s ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss or additional losses. Collateral may have to be sold for less than the outstanding balance of the loan, which could result in losses on such loans. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for remote work opportunities and continues to cause supply chain disruption, which could have a particularly adverse impact on the Company's commercial real estate portfolio. Such declines and losses would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, results of operations and growth prospects. If real estate values decline, it is also more likely that the Company would be required to increase the Company’s allowance for credit losses, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Refer to Loan Portfolio within Management's Discussion and Analysis for more information.
The Company has exposure to credit risk related to the energy industry.
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 4.4% of the Company’s loans held for investment portfolio (excluding mortgage warehouse loans) was comprised of loans made to companies engaged in oil production and oilfield services. A significant decline in oil prices could adversely effect some of these borrowers’ ability to repay these loans and may impair the value of collateral securing some of these loans. While the Company's energy portfolio remains well managed, the decline and volatility in oil prices could have an impact on other segments of the economy generally, including real estate, and particularly for the Texas and Colorado economies. The Houston market economy specifically could be adversely affected given its high concentration of energy related businesses. The Company’s asset quality and results of operations could be adversely impacted by the direct and indirect effects of current and future conditions in the energy industry and geopolitical conflicts. The Company's energy portfolio is also more susceptible to operational and environmental related disruption, such as on the job injuries, oil spills, explosions, severe weather, and heightened pressure to implement environmental, social and governance driven initiatives, and particularly initiatives that align with the Biden Administration's goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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The Company’s Allowance for Credit Losses may be insufficient.
The Company evaluates the adequacy of allowances for credit losses on loans, securities and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The Company has implemented controls and procedures to measure and estimate the lifetime expected credit loss at the time a financial asset is initially added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. The Company's amount of each allowance account represents management's best estimate of current expected credit losses on such financial instruments at each balance sheet date using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The actual amount of credit losses is affected by changes in economic, operating and other conditions within the Company’s markets, as well as changes in the financial condition, cash flows, and operations of the Company’s borrowers, all of which are beyond the Company’s control, and such losses may exceed current estimates. As a result, the determination of the appropriate level of allowance for credit losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires the Company to make significant estimates related to current and expected future credit risks and trends, all of which may undergo material changes. The Company’s current expected credit losses (CECL) model has increased the complexity, and associated risk, of the analysis and processes relying on management judgment, which could negatively impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Credit losses will likely occur in the future and may occur at a rate greater than the Company has previously experienced. The Company may be required to take additional provisions for credit losses in the future to further supplement the allowance for credit losses, either due to management’s decision to do so or requirements by the Company’s banking regulators. In addition, bank regulatory agencies will periodically review the Company’s allowance for credit losses and the value attributed to nonaccrual loans or to real estate acquired through foreclosure. Based on their judgments or interpretations, which may be different than management’s, regulators may require the Company to change classifications or grades of loans or recognize further loan charge-offs. If the assessment of credit losses is inaccurate, or if economic and market conditions materially deteriorate as a result of occurrences, such as, natural disasters, global pandemics, or if anticipated climate change regulations impact the Company's CECL model, then the Company may need to increase or decrease its allowance for credits losses, which, in turn, will increase or decrease the Company’s reported income, and introduce additional volatility into its reported earnings, and possibly capital. See also Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition - Allowance for Credit Losses for additional discussion of financial impact of the allowance for credit losses.
The Company’s mortgage business subjects the Company to additional risk.
The Company originates and sells residential mortgage loans through the Bank’s mortgage division and purchases and sells residential mortgages through its mortgage warehouse business. Mortgage lending and mortgage warehouse purchase lending include credit risk associated with commercial bank lending. This line of business is also subject to market volatility, changes in interest rates, volume volatility and changing appetite of investors for certain mortgage products.
Through its mortgage warehouse business, the Company provides guidance lines of credit to mortgage companies that originate and sell residential mortgages. As part of this process, the Bank funds and purchases the mortgage at closing, the mortgage company sells the mortgage to an institutional buyer, and the proceeds from that sale are the primary source of repurchase of the mortgage from the Bank. This process exposes the Bank to market and interest rate risk in the event that the mortgage is not sold. The Bank is also subject to risk of fraud by mortgage company employees and customers. While the Company has insurance against fraud in the mortgage process, fraud loss in excess of insurance limits or which is not covered by insurance could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
The Company has entered into loan purchase commitments and forward sales commitments to mitigate the interest rate risk related to mortgage origination activities. While the Company believes that its hedging strategies will be successful in mitigating exposure to interest rate risk associated with the origination and purchase of mortgage loans, no hedging strategy can completely mitigate risk. Poorly designed strategies, improperly executed transactions, or inaccurate assumptions regarding future interest rates or market conditions could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Mortgage lending and mortgage warehouse purchase lending is subject to counterparty risk. The Company is from time to time required to hold or repurchase mortgage loans or reimburse investors as a result of breaches in contractual representations and warranties under the agreements pursuant to which it purchases and sells mortgage loans. While agreements with the originators and sellers of mortgage loans provide legal recourse that may allow the Company to recover some or all of losses, these companies are frequently not financially capable of paying large amounts of damages and as a result the Company can offer no assurance that it will not suffer loss as a result of these arrangements.
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The Company may incur other costs and losses as a result of actual or alleged violations of regulations related to the origination and purchase of residential mortgage loans. The origination of residential mortgage loans is governed by a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, which are frequently changing. The Company sells residential mortgage loans that it has purchased or that it originated to various parties, including Ginnie Mae and GSEs such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and other financial institutions that purchase mortgage loans for investment or private label securitization. These types of costs and losses arising from the Company’s mortgage business would negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company must manage interest rate risk.
The majority of the Company’s banking assets are monetary in nature and subject to risk from changes in interest rates. Like most financial institutions, the Company’s earnings are significantly dependent on the Company’s net interest income, the principal component of the Company’s earnings, which is the difference between interest earned by the Company from the Company’s interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest paid by the Company on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. The Company expects that it will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of the Company’s assets and liabilities, meaning that either its interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than the Company’s interest-earning assets, or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to the Company’s position, this “gap” will negatively impact the Company’s earnings. The impact on earnings is more adverse when the slope of the yield curve flattens, that is, when short-term interest rates increase more than long-term interest rates or when long-term interest rates decrease more than short-term interest rates. Many factors impact interest rates, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, and international disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets.
Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for the Company’s borrowers, which increase the potential for default. At the same time, the marketability of the property securing a loan may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from higher interest rates.
Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows. Further, when the Company places a loan on nonaccrual status, the Company reverses any accrued but unpaid interest receivable, which decreases interest income. At the same time, the Company continues to have a cost to fund the loan, which is reflected as interest expense, without any interest income to offset the associated funding expense. Thus, an increase in the amount of nonperforming assets would have an adverse impact on net interest income.
Rising interest rates in prior periods have increased interest expense, which in turn has adversely affected net interest income, and may do so in the future if the Federal Reserve raises rates. In a rising interest rate environment, competition for cost-effective deposits increases, making it more costly to fund loan growth. In addition, a rising rate environment could cause mortgage and mortgage warehouse lending volumes to substantially decline. Any rapid and unexpected volatility in interest rates creates uncertainty and potential for unexpected material adverse effects. The Company actively monitors and manages the balances of maturing and repricing assets and liabilities to reduce the adverse impact of changes in interest rates, but there can be no assurances that the Company can avoid all material adverse effects that such interest rate changes may have on the Company's net interest margin and overall financial condition.
The replacement of LIBOR may subject the Company to additional risk.
On March 5, 2021, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that (i) 24 LIBOR settings would cease to exist immediately after December 31, 2021 (all seven euro LIBOR settings; all seven Swiss franc LIBOR settings; the Spot Next, 1-week, 2-month,and 12-month Japanese yen LIBOR settings; the overnight, 1-week, 2-month, and 12-month sterling LIBOR settings; and the 1-week and 2-month US dollar LIBOR settings); and (ii) the 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month US LIBOR settings would cease to exist after June 30, 2023. In response to this, the federal banking agencies issued guidance on November 30, 2020 encouraging banks to (i) stop using LIBOR in new financial contracts no later than December 31, 2021; and (ii) either use a rate other than LIBOR or include clear language defining the alternative rate that will be applicable after LIBOR’s discontinuation.

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As a result of the preceding, the Company discontinued offering LIBOR-based products on October 31, 2021. The Company also required all LIBOR-based loans and renewals entered into on or prior to October 31, 2021 to close and fund by no later than December 31, 2021. As of November 1, 2021, the Company negotiates loans and loan renewals that would have been tied to LIBOR using the Wall Street Journal's U.S. Prime Rate ("WSJ Prime") or CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rates ("SOFR”).
While not anticipated, the transition to LIBOR could present additional risk, including, but not limited to, litigation and reputational risks if challenges are made to LIBOR fallback language within existing contracts. In addition, there continues to be uncertainty as to the ultimate effects of the LIBOR transition, including variations in the replacement benchmark rate designated and accepted by financial institutions. The elimination of LIBOR or any other changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of LIBOR could also have an adverse impact on the market for or value of any LIBOR-linked securities, loan, swaps, and other financial obligations or extension of credit held by or due to us or on our overall financial condition or results of operations. These variations also inject potential for greater competition with financial institutions whose LIBOR replacement rates and procedures may be more favorable or flexible than those adopted by the Company. The transition has also required changes to the Company's risk and pricing models, valuation tools, product design and hedging strategies. Failures to adequately manage the transition process also poses greater operational and reputational risks that could create material adverse effects on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Although we are currently unable to assess what the ultimate impact of the transition from LIBOR will be, failure to adequately manage the transition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to adequately manage this transition process with our customers could also adversely impact out reputation. We continue to monitor and evaluate the related risks.
The Company could experience losses on its investment securities in volatile rate environments.
While the Company attempts to invest a significant percentage of its assets in loans, the Company invests a percentage of its total assets in investment securities as part of its overall liquidity strategy.
Factors beyond the Company’s control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in its portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. For example, fixed-rate securities are generally subject to decreases in market value when market interest rates rise. Additional factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency downgrades of the securities, defaults by the issuer or individual borrowers with respect to the underlying securities, and continued instability in the credit markets. Any of the foregoing factors could cause an impairment in future periods and result in realized losses. The process for determining impairment usually requires difficult, subjective judgments about the future financial performance of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting market interest rates, the financial condition of issuers of the securities and the performance of the underlying collateral, the Company may recognize realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risk
The Company is subject to legal and regulatory risk.
The Company, like all financial institutions, has been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings. Litigation arises in a variety of contexts, including lending and deposit operations, intellectual property claims related to the technology used in business operations, employment practices, operating activities, and other general business matters. The Company considers most of these proceedings to be in the normal course of business or typical for the industry. However, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters. Any material legal or regulatory proceeding could impose substantial cost and cause management to divert its attention from the Company’s business and operations. Any adverse determination in a legal or regulatory proceeding could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
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The Company operates in a highly regulated environment and, as a result, is subject to extensive regulation and supervision.
The Company and the Bank are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, not the Company’s shareholders. These regulations affect the Company’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Any change in applicable regulations or federal or state legislation could have a substantial impact on the Company, the Bank and their respective operations.
The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes in light of the recent performance of and government intervention in the financial services sector. Additional legislation and regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could significantly affect the Company’s powers, authority and operations, or the powers, authority and operations of the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. The Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or the CFPB, with broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rule-making authority, including the authority to prohibit unfair, deceptive, and abusive acts and practices. These rules may result in increased regulatory compliance costs and subject the Company to increased potential liabilities related to its consumer banking business and residential mortgage lending activities.
Policies and regulations that may flow from the regulators could materially impact the Company's business, credit assessments, financial condition and/or operations. Regulators have significant discretion and power to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of laws by banks and bank holding companies in the performance of their supervisory and enforcement duties. The exercise of this regulatory discretion and power could have a negative impact on the Company. Failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could also result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company must devote significant resources to compliance.
Various federal banking laws and regulations, including rules adopted by the Federal Reserve Board pursuant to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, impose certain heightened requirements on and greater supervision of banks and bank holding companies that maintain total consolidated assets of at least $10 billion, like the Company. The imposition of these regulatory requirements and increased supervision has and will continue to require commitment of additional financial resources to maintain regulatory compliance, which has increased the Company’s noninterest expense, and has and will continue to otherwise have an impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
For example, the Company is subject to the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act regarding limits on debit card interchange fees. The Durbin Amendment gives the Federal Reserve Board the authority to establish rules regarding interchange fees charged for electronic debit transactions by a payment card issuer that, together with its affiliates, has assets of $10 billion or more and to enforce a new statutory requirement that such fees be reasonable and proportional to the actual cost of a transaction to the issuer. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted rules under this provision that limit the swipe fees that a debit card issuer can charge a merchant for a transaction to the sum of $0.21 and five basis points times the value of the transaction, plus up to one cent for fraud prevention costs. Accordingly, deposit insurance assessments and expenses related to regulatory compliance may increase, while any decrease in the amount of interchange fees that the Company receives would reduce the Company’s revenue.
Further, on October 11, 2023, the FDIC issued a proposed rule and guidelines that would require all FDIC-supervised insured depository institutions with consolidated assets of over $10 billion to adopt corporate governance and risk management standards that are comparable to those expected of banking organizations with $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets. The proposed guidelines set forth requirements, expectations, and obligations of the board of directors (including composition, duties, and committees), Board and management responsibility regarding risk management and audits, and expectations with respect to identifying and addressing violations of law or regulations. If the proposed rule is adopted and implemented, this could result in substantial added expense to comply with the recordkeeping, reporting, and disclosure requirements. The comment period for the proposed rule and guidelines expired on February 9, 2024.
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The Company is subject to continuous examination.
Texas and federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of the Company’s business, including compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, a Texas or federal banking agency were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of the Company’s operations had become unsatisfactory, or that the Company or its management was in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in the Company’s capital, to restrict the Company’s growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against the Company, the Company’s officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and/or, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate the Company’s deposit insurance. If the Company becomes subject to such regulatory actions, the Company could be materially and adversely affected.
The Company may be required to pay significantly higher FDIC deposit insurance assessments in the future.
Previous economic conditions and the Dodd-Frank Act caused the FDIC to increase deposit insurance assessments and may result in increased assessments in the future. In November 2023, the FDIC issued a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover losses to the DIF incurred as a result of recent bank failures and the FDIC's use of the systemic risk exception to cover certain deposits that were otherwise uninsured. The special assessment was based on estimated uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2022 (excluding the first $5.0 billion) over eight quarterly assessment periods, beginning in the first quarter of 2024. Under the final rule, the estimated loss pursuant to the systemic risk determination will be periodically adjusted, and the FDIC has retained the ability to cease collection early, extend the special assessment collection period and impose a final shortfall special assessment on a one-time basis. Further, it is possible that further increases in deposit insurance are adopted by the FDIC Board. According to the FDIC’s published materials in November 2023, there were 43 institutions on the FDIC’s Problem Bank List as of the second quarter of 2023. The extent to which economic or other factors cause the FDIC Board to increase deposit insurance assessments and the impact any such increased assessments will have on our future deposit insurance expense is currently uncertain. An increase or change in the assessment rates imposed on the Bank could materially and adversely affect the Company. Refer to Item 1. Business - Deposit Insurance Assessments and Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis - FDIC assessment for further discussion and the impact to the Company.
The Company faces a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.
The federal Bank Secrecy Act, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, or Patriot Act, and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the Treasury to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Internal Revenue Service. There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the rules enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. If the Company’s policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of the financial institutions that the Company has already acquired or may acquire in the future are deficient, the Company would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on the Company’s ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of the Company’s business plan (including the Company’s acquisition plans), which would negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for the Company.
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There are substantial regulatory limitations on changes of control of bank holding companies.
With certain limited exceptions, federal regulations prohibit a person or company or a group of persons deemed to be “acting in concert” from, directly or indirectly, acquiring more than 10% (5% if the acquirer is a bank holding company) of any class of the Company’s voting stock or obtaining the ability to control in any manner the election of a majority of the Company’s directors or otherwise direct the management or policies of the Company without prior notice or application to and the approval of the Federal Reserve. Accordingly, prospective investors need to be aware of and comply with these requirements, if applicable, in connection with any such purchase of shares of the Company’s common stock. These provisions effectively inhibit certain mergers or other business combinations, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock.
Liquidity and Capital Risk
The Company is subject to liquidity risk.
Liquidity is essential to the Company’s business. The Company relies on its ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of the Company’s loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure that the Company has adequate liquidity to fund the Company’s operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of the Company’s investment securities, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, the sale of loans, and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on the Company’s liquidity. The Company’s most important source of funds consists of deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments or other financial institutions, the Company would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, increasing the Company’s funding costs and reducing the Company’s net interest income and net income.
Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, investment maturities and sales of investment securities, and proceeds from the issuance and sale of the Company’s equity and debt securities to investors. Additional liquidity is provided by the ability to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank. The Company also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. The Company’s access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize the Company’s activities, or on terms that are acceptable to the Company, could be impaired by factors that affect the Company directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry.
Unrealized losses on our available for sale securities portfolio have increased as interest rates have increased. Unrealized losses related to available for sale securities reduce tangible common equity but do not impact regulatory capital ratios. While we do not currently expect to sell securities for liquidity purposes, our access to liquidity sources could be impacted by unrealized losses if securities are sold at a loss. Additionally, unrealized losses could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions which could lead to a reputational harm of the Company and/or deposit withdrawal, particularly among uninsured depositors.
Any decline in available funding could adversely impact the Company’s ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet the Company’s expenses, pay dividends to the Company’s shareholders, or to fulfill obligations such as repaying the Company’s borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company must maintain adequate capital.
The Company faces significant capital and other regulatory requirements as a financial institution. The Company may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide the Company with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet the Company’s commitments and business needs, which could include the possibility of financing acquisitions. In addition, the Company, on a consolidated basis, and the Bank, on a stand-alone basis, must meet certain regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity. The Company faces significant capital and other regulatory requirements as a financial institution. The Company’s ability to raise additional capital depends on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry, market conditions and governmental activities, and on the Company’s financial condition and performance. In the future, the Company may not be able to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to the Company. If the Company fails to maintain capital to meet regulatory requirements, the Company’s financial condition, liquidity and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
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The Federal Reserve may require the Company to commit capital resources to support the Bank.
The Federal Reserve, which examines the Company and the Bank, requires a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to a subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act directs the federal bank regulators to require that all companies that directly or indirectly control an insured depository institution serve as a source of strength for the institution. Under these requirements, in the future, the Company could be required to provide financial assistance to the Bank if it experiences financial distress.
A capital injection may be required at times when the Company does not have the resources to provide it, and therefore the Company may be required to borrow the funds. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the holding company’s general unsecured creditors, including the holders of its note obligations. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by the holding company in order to make the required capital injection becomes more difficult and expensive and will adversely impact the holding company’s cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Other Risks Affecting Our Business
Volatile market conditions and macro economic trends.
The Company is operating in a dynamic and challenging economic environment, including uncertain global, national and local market conditions. In particular, Texas and Colorado based financial institutions are affected by volatility in the energy markets and the potential impact of that volatility on real estate and other markets. The Company is also subject to uncertain interest rate conditions. These volatile economic conditions could adversely affect borrowers and their businesses as well as the value of collateral (particularly real estate collateral) securing loans, which could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
The Company operates in a competitive environment.
The Company conducts its operations almost exclusively in Texas and Colorado. Many of the Company’s competitors offer the same, or a wider variety of, banking services within the Company’s market areas. These competitors include banks with nationwide operations, regional banks and other community banks.
The Company also faces competition from many other types of financial institutions, including savings and loan institutions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, credit unions, mortgage banks and other financial intermediaries. In addition, a number of out-of-state financial intermediaries have opened production offices, or otherwise solicit deposits, in the Company’s market areas. Furthermore, many of the Company’s larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvement, resulting in additional or superior product offerings not offered by the Company.
Also, the rise of “FinTech" and popular derivations arising from the "FinTech" boom, such as cryptocurrency, have created both competitive and operational challenges. The Company’s ability to successfully compete will depend on a number of factors, including its ability to maintain long-term customer relationships and customer satisfaction with the Company’s products and services, the scope, relevance and pricing of the products and services the Company offers, industry and general economic trends, and the Company’s ability to invest in and effectively implement new technology, procedures and methodology that promote the security of financial transactions in a digital world. If the Company's operations are unable to keep pace with customers' evolving financial needs and demands, then the Company may be unable to continue to grow its loan and deposit portfolios, or may be required to increase the rates the Company pays on deposits or lower the rates it offers on loans, which could reduce the Company’s profitability.
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The Company is reliant on deposits as a significant source of funding.
The Company relies on customer deposits as a significant source of funding. Competition among U.S. banks for customer deposits is intense, and may increase the cost of deposits or prevent new deposits, and may otherwise negatively affect the Company’s ability to grow its deposit base. The Company’s deposit accounts may decrease in the future, and any such decrease could have an adverse impact on the Company’s sources of funding, which impact could be material. Any changes the Company makes to the rates offered on its deposit products to remain competitive with other financial institutions may adversely affect the Company’s profitability and liquidity. The demand for the deposit products the Company offers may also be reduced due to a variety of factors, such as digital banking technology, demographic patterns, stability of other financial institutions, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers’ disposable income, regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products or the availability of competing products. In addition, a portion of the Company’s deposits are brokered deposits and FDIC uninsured deposits. The levels of these types of deposits that the Company holds may be more volatile during changing economic conditions. Refer to Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Deposits for more information.
The Company may be adversely impacted by natural disasters, health pandemics, and other local and worldwide events beyond the Company’s control.
Natural disasters, health pandemics, severe weather events, including those prominent in Texas and Colorado and those prominent in the geographic areas of vendors and business partners, together with worldwide hostilities, terrorist attacks, and other external events could have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to conduct business. These events could also affect the stability of the Company’s deposit base, borrowers’ ability to repay loans, impair collateral, result in a loss of revenue or an increase in expenses. Although the Company has established disaster recovery and business continuity procedures and plans, the occurrence of any such event may adversely affect the Company’s business, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, earthquakes and other natural disasters and severe weather events have caused, and in the future may cause, widespread property damage and significantly and negatively affect the local economies in which the Company operates. The effect of catastrophic weather events if they were to occur, could have a materially adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and business, as well as potentially increase the Company’s exposure to credit losses and liquidity risks.
The Company is subject to growing risk from changing environmental conditions.
The Company is subject to growing risk from changing environmental conditions. Among the risks associated with “climate change” are more frequent severe weather events. As discussed in the previous factors, severe weather events subject the Company to significant risks and more frequent severe weather events magnify those risks. Governmental policy actions to address climate change, such as efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and green energy initiatives, could have a significant impact on the Texas and Colorado economies, in particular. While the Texas and Colorado economies are more diversified than in the past and energy companies are working to adapt to climate change initiatives, the oil and gas industry has had, and continues to have, a significant impact on the overall Texas and Colorado economies. Further, banking regulators are beginning to consider the risk presented by climate change on the financial system and may pass new regulations, such as climate related stress testing, to address this risk. The potential losses and costs associated with climate change related risks could have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operation.
In addition, given that a significant portion of the Company’s loan portfolio is secured by real property, the Company has sensitivity to other environmental risks. During the ordinary course of business, the Company may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, the Company may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require the Company to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit the Company’s ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase the Company’s exposure to environmental liability. Although the Company has policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
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Reputational risk is heightened by emerging environmental, social and governance concerns.
While reputational risk has always been inherent in the financial services sector, the emergence of the concept of environmental, social and governance (ESG) initiatives has heightened reputational risk for many industries, and particularly for publicly traded entities, like the Company. Pressure to conform operations and practices around ESG factors could have pervasive impact on the Company's lending practices, branching strategy, product and service offerings, corporate governance, mergers and acquisition strategy, and disclosures. The lack of formalized requirements framing how entities should implement ESG and to what degree creates uncertainty that could have materially adverse effects on the Company's business, financial condition and operations.
Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, the Company’s earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market operations in U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.
The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The Company cannot predict the effects of such policies upon the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO AN INVESTMENT IN THE COMPANY’S COMMON STOCK
The Company’s stock price can be volatile.
Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. The Company’s stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:
•actual or anticipated variations in quarterly results of operations;
•recommendations by securities analysts;
•operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to the Company;
•new reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry;
•perceptions in the marketplace regarding the Company and/or its competitors;
•new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;
•significant acquisitions or business combinations involving the Company or its competitors;
•the public float and trading volumes for the Company’s common stock;
•changes in government regulations, including tax laws; and
•volatility in economic conditions, including changes in interest rates, significant local or global events, disruption in energy markets and changes in the global economy.
In addition, although the Company’s common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the trading volume of the Company’s common stock is less than that of other, larger financial institutions. Given the lower trading volume, significant sales of Company common stock, or the expectation of such sales, could cause the stock price to fall.
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The Company is dependent upon the Bank for cash flow, and the Bank’s ability to make cash distributions is restricted.
The Company’s primary tangible asset is the Bank. As such, the Company depends upon the Bank for cash distributions (through dividends on the Bank’s stock) that the Company uses to pay the Company’s operating expenses, satisfy the Company’s obligations (including the Company’s senior indebtedness, subordinated debentures, and junior subordinated indebtedness issued in connection with trust preferred securities), and to pay dividends on the Company’s common stock. There are numerous laws and banking regulations that limit the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company. If the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company will not be able to satisfy the Company’s obligations or pay dividends on the Company’s common stock. Federal and state statutes and regulations restrict the Bank’s ability to make cash distributions to the Company. These statutes and regulations require, among other things, that the Bank maintain certain levels of capital in order to pay a dividend. Further, state and federal banking authorities have the ability to restrict the payment of dividends by supervisory action.
The Company’s dividend policy may change without notice, and the Company’s future ability to pay dividends is subject to restrictions.
The Company may change its dividend policy at any time without notice to the Company’s shareholders. Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive only such dividends as the Company’s board of directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Any declaration and payment of dividends on common stock will depend upon the Company’s earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate, the Company’s ability to service any equity or debt obligations senior to the common stock and other factors deemed relevant by its board of directors. Furthermore, consistent with the Company’s strategic plans, growth initiatives, capital availability, projected liquidity needs, and other factors, the Company has made, and will continue to make, capital management decisions and policies that could adversely impact the amount of dividends, if any, paid to the Company’s common shareholders.
The Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy in relation to the organization’s overall asset quality, level of current and prospective earnings and level, composition and quality of capital. The guidance provides that the Company inform and consult with the Federal Reserve prior to declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in an adverse change to the Company’s capital structure, including interest on senior debt, subordinated debt and the subordinated debentures underlying the Company’s trust preferred securities. If required payments on the Company’s outstanding senior debt, subordinated debt and junior subordinated debentures, held by its unconsolidated subsidiary trusts, are not made or are suspended, the Company would be prohibited from paying dividends on its common stock.
The Company’s largest shareholder and board of directors have historically, and currently, exert a controlling influence on the Company.
Collectively, as of February 16, 2024, Messrs. Vincent Viola and David Brooks owned 11.5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock on a fully diluted basis. Vincent Viola, the largest shareholder of the Company, currently owns 9.9% of the Company’s outstanding common stock, and David Brooks, the Company’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, currently owns 1.6% of the Company’s common stock, each calculated on a fully diluted basis. Further, as of the date hereof, the Company’s other directors and executive officers currently own collectively approximately 1.8% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. These individuals have historically, and currently, exert controlling influence in the Company’s management and policies.
In addition, Michael Viola, a director of the Company, is the son of Vincent Viola. Further, David Brooks, the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, has a 36 year history of ownership and operation of the Bank with Vincent Viola; and he has a joint investment with Vincent. Viola outside of the Company. Given these close relationships, even though he does not serve on the Company’s board, Vincent Viola has and will continue to have an influence over the direction and operation of the Company.
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The Company’s corporate organizational documents and the provisions of Texas law make more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition of the Company that you may favor.
The Company’s certificate of formation and bylaws contain various provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control of the Company. These provisions include the following:
•staggered terms of directors until shareholder approved declassification of the board is complete at the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders;
•a provision that directors cannot be removed except for cause;
•a provision that any special meeting of the Company’s shareholders may be called only by a majority of the Company’s board of directors, the Chairman or a holder or group of holders of at least 20% of the Company’s shares entitled to vote at such special meeting; and
•a provision establishing certain advance notice procedures for nomination of candidates for election as directors and for shareholder proposals to be considered only at an annual or special meeting of shareholders.
The Company’s certificate of formation provides for noncumulative voting for directors and authorizes the board of directors to issue shares of its preferred stock without shareholder approval and upon such terms as the board of directors may determine. The issuance of the Company’s preferred stock, while providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, financings and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from acquiring, a controlling interest in the Company. In addition, certain provisions of Texas law, including a requirement that two-thirds of the shares outstanding must approve major corporate actions, such as an amendment to the Company’s certificate of formation or the approval of a merger, and a provision which restricts certain business combinations between a Texas corporation and certain affiliated shareholders, may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control of the Company. Also, the Company’s certificate of formation prohibits shareholder action by written consent.
Other debt and equity instruments have priority over the Company’s common stock.
In the event of any winding up and termination of the Company, the Company common stock would rank below all claims of the holders of the Company’s debt and any preferred stock then outstanding. Upon the winding up and termination of the Company, holders of the Company’s common stock will not be entitled to receive any payment or other distribution of assets until after all of the Company’s obligations to the Company’s debt holders have been satisfied and holders of the Company’s senior debt, subordinated debt, and junior subordinated debentures issued in connection with trust preferred securities have received any payments and other distributions due to them. In addition, the Company is required to pay interest on the Company’s senior debt, subordinated debt and subordinated debentures and junior subordinated debentures issued in connection with the Company’s trust preferred securities before the Company pays any dividends on the Company’s common stock. Furthermore, the Company’s board of directors may also, in its sole discretion, designate and issue one or more series of preferred stock from the Company’s authorized and unissued preferred stock, which may have preferences with respect to common stock in dissolution, dividends, liquidation or otherwise.
An investment in the Company’s common stock is not an insured deposit.
An investment in the Company’s common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. An investment in the Company’s common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this report and shareholders who acquire the Company’s common stock could lose some or all of their investment.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.

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ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity and Risk Management
The Company’s cybersecurity risk management processes are integrated into the overall risk management system through reporting of cyber risks to Technology and Information Security Oversight Committee, Operational Risk Committee, Enterprise Risk Committee, and Board Risk Oversight Committee. Risk Appetite statements are approved by the Board Risk Oversight Committee and the Board, and Key Risk Indicators are monitored on an ongoing basis by the Information Security team, and the Operational Risk and Enterprise Risk Committees . The Company performs regular Information Security focused Risk Assessments at the entity level, including but not limited to assessments based on the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (FFIEC CAT) and Ransomware Self-Assessment Tool (R-SAT), and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework.
Engagement of Third Parties
Information Security leverages third parties for cyber security services including but not limited to managed security services, external penetration testing, and tabletop exercises.
Oversight and Identification of Risks Associated with Third Parties
Information Security, in coordination with Third Party Risk Management, reviews new vendors at onboarding to oversee and identify potential risks and performs ongoing monitoring of emerging risks related to any third-party service providers. Third-party service provider reviews include completion of a standardized questionnaire and review of SOC reports. New technology projects are subject to a Security Architecture Review completed by Information Security. Information Security coordinates with Contract Management to perform contract reviews for security controls and notification processes. Information Security conducts annual IT Risk Assessments on Tier 1 applications, defined as those vendors of critical importance to the Company's core operations.
Risks from Cybersecurity Threats
In the last fiscal year, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. For a full discussion of cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, result of operations, or financial condition, see Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Board Oversight
Our Board Risk Oversight Committee is charged with overseeing the Company’s management of credit, market, liquidity, operational (including information technology and cybersecurity), compliance, reputational and strategic risks, including the annual approval and recommendation to the Board of Directors of the Company’s risk appetite statement and approval of the Company’s risk management framework.
Risks from cybersecurity threats are monitored on an ongoing basis by the Information Security team, engaging the Cyber Incident Response Team, Cyber Crisis Team, the Core Team, and Extended Core Team, as needed, and escalated to the extent that incidents rise to the level of notification to the relevant risk or board committee or on an ad hoc basis.
Additionally, quarterly cybersecurity updates are provided to risk and board committees including, but not limited to, the following materials: Annual GLBA Report, Information Security Metrics (including Key Performance and Key Risk Indicators), Penetration Testing and Tabletop Exercise updates, Cyber Maturity Assessments/Roadmap, Annual Threat Landscape Report, and additional cybersecurity education topics.
Management and Assessment of Risk
The Enterprise Risk Sub-Committee (ERC) (a management committee) assists executive management and the Board of Directors with providing oversight of the Bank’s enterprise risk management program.

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The ERC and Board Risk Oversight Committee work together to facilitate effective risk management and timely escalation of substantive issues, including Operational Risk (which includes information technology and cybersecurity).
The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), reporting to the Chief Risk Officer, is responsible for information security and cybersecurity risk management. The CISO has over 20 years of experience in cybersecurity in Financial Services and is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and holds a SysAdmin, Audit, Network and Security Global Information Assurance Certification (SANS GCIA).
Incident and Risk Escalation Through Cyber Incident Response Plan
Information Security maintains processes for prevention, detection, and mitigation of cybersecurity incidents. The Company maintains a Cyber Incident Response Plan (CIRP) that covers response and remediation processes for managing cybersecurity incidents. The CIRP outlines the cross-functional responsibilities for the Cyber Crisis Team, the Core Team and Extended Core Team during a notification incident. The Core Team consists of the Chief Information Security Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Chief Information Officer, and Director Operational Risk Management to manage the incident. The Extended Core Team consists of other business area leaders who may need to be engaged based on the area of impact. All CIRP incidents are managed through an Incident Commander with communications being escalated to executive leadership as needed, who will then report to the Board. Key Performance Indicators and Key Risk Indicators related to monitoring and detection are presented to Technology and Information Security and Operational Risk Management Committees.
Incident and Risk Escalation to Board
The Board Risk Oversight Committee oversees the ERC and works directly with the ERC to facilitate effective risk management and timely escalation of substantive issues from ERC and ERC’s sub-committees, including Operational Risk (which includes information technology and cybersecurity). Quarterly, cybersecurity updates are provided to risk and board committees including, but not limited to, the following materials: Annual GLBA Report, Information Security Metrics (including Key Performance and Key Risk Indicators), Penetration Testing and Tabletop Exercise updates, Cyber Maturity Assessments/Roadmap, Annual Threat Landscape Report, and additional cybersecurity education topics.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company owns its corporate headquarters, located at 7777 and 7677 Henneman Way, McKinney, Texas 75070, which serves as the Bank’s home office. The headquarters campus consists of an approximately 165,000 square foot, six story corporate office building and an approximately 198,000 square foot, six story facility that serves as the Company's operation center.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 91 full-service branches. The Company believes that its facilities are in good condition and are adequate to meet the Company’s operating needs for the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2023, the Company owns 71 of the branches, and leases the remaining facilities. Our branches are located in the Dallas/North Texas area, including McKinney, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Sherman/Denison, the Austin/Central Texas area, including Austin and Waco, the Houston Texas metropolitan area and along the Colorado Front Range area, including Denver, Colorado Springs and Fort Collins.
For more information about premises and equipment and lease commitments, see Note 6. Premises and Equipment, Net, and Note 12. Leases, respectively, to the Company's audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the normal course of business, the Company and the Bank are named as defendants in various lawsuits. Management of the Company and the Bank, following consultation with legal counsel, do not expect the ultimate disposition of any, or a combination, of these matters to have a material adverse effect on the continued operations of the Company or the Bank.
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The Bank is a party to a legal proceeding inherited in connection with the Company's acquisition of BOH Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiary, Bank of Houston, or BOH, that was completed on April 15, 2014. Several entities related to R.A. Stanford, or the Stanford Entities, including Stanford International Bank, Ltd., or SIBL, had deposit accounts at BOH. Certain individuals who had purchased certificates of deposit from SIBL filed a class action lawsuit against several banks, including BOH, on August 23, 2009 in Texas state court, alleging, among other things, that the plaintiffs were victims of fraud by SIBL and other Stanford Entities and seeks to recover damages and alleged fraudulent transfers by the defendant banks.
The plaintiffs seek recovery from the Bank and other defendants for their losses. On May 1, 2015, the plaintiffs filed a motion requesting permission to file a Second Amended Class Action Complaint in this case, which motion was subsequently granted. The Second Amended Class Action Complaint presents previously unasserted claims, including aiding and abetting or participation in a fraudulent scheme based upon the large amount of deposits that the Stanford Entities held at BOH and the alleged knowledge of certain BOH officers. The case was then inactive due to a Court-ordered discovery stay issued March 2, 2015 pending the Court’s ruling on plaintiff’s motion for class certificate and designation of class representatives and counsel. On November 7, 2017, the Court issued an order denying the plaintiff’s motion. In addition, the Court lifted the previously ordered discovery stay. On January 11, 2018, the Court entered a scheduling order providing that the case be ready for trial on January 27, 2020. Due to agreed upon extensions of discovery on July 25, 2019, the Court amended the scheduling order to provide that the case be ready for trial on January 11, 2021. In light of additional agreed upon extensions of discovery deadlines, the Court entered a new scheduling order on March 9, 2020, which provided that the case be ready for trial March 15, 2021. In light of delays in discovery associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the parties agreed to amend the scheduling order with new ready for trial date of May 6, 2021. The Defendants filed a motion to remand the case. The Bank also filed its motion for summary judgment on February 12, 2021. On the same day, the Bank also joined in on an omnibus motion for summary judgment based on procedural issues common to all Defendants. On March 19, 2021, the Plaintiffs filed a notice of abandonment of five of the seven causes of action against the Bank. On March 11, 2021, the Defendants filed a motion to amend the scheduling order, which was granted, effectively vacating the May 6, 2021 trial date. On January 20, 2022 the Court issued an opinion and order denying the motion for summary judgment by the Bank and the other defendants. On the same date, the Court issued a suggestion of remand of the case to the Southern District of Texas. As of March 11, 2022, the case has been officially remanded to the Southern District of Texas. On January 2-3, 2023, the Bank attended court-ordered mediation which did not result in resolution. Trial was scheduled to begin on February 27, 2023.
As disclosed in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 27, 2023, the Bank entered into a settlement in principle with the Plaintiffs. A settlement agreement was subsequently executed by the parties on March 7, 2023. Pursuant to the settlement, the parties agreed to settle and dismiss the Stanford litigation and to seek the entry of bar orders from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas prohibiting any continued or future claims against the Bank and its related parties relating to Stanford, whether asserted to date or not. The settlement and the bar orders were approved by the Court on August 8, 2023. Once the settlement and bar orders are not subject to further appeal, and the underlying Stanford litigation is dismissed, the Bank will make a one-time cash payment of $100 million to Ralph S. Janvey, in his capacity as the Court-appointed receiver for the Stanford litigation.
The settlement does not include any admission of liability of wrongdoing by the Bank, and the Bank expressly denied any liability or wrongdoing with respect to any matter alleged in the Stanford litigation. The Bank has agreed to the settlement to avoid the cost, risks, and distraction of continued litigation. The Company believes the settlement is in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders.
This is complex litigation involving a number of procedural matters and issues and the Company has experienced an increase in legal fees associated with the defense of this claim and expects to continue to incur legal fees in connection with this matter until this matter is fully resolved.
The Bank notified its insurance carriers of the claims made in the Second Amended Complaint. The insurance carriers have initially indicated that the claims are not covered by the policies or that a “loss” has not yet occurred. The Bank pursued insurance coverage as well as reimbursement of defense costs through the initiation of litigation and other means. On November 6, 2018, the Company settled claims under its Financial Institutions Select Policy pursuant to which the Company received payment of an amount which is not material to the operations of the Company. The Company did not settle any claims under its Financial Institution Bond Policy.

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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.




PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market for Common Stock
Since January 2, 2014, the Company's common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “IBTX.” Quotations of the sales volume and the closing sales prices of the common stock of the Company are listed daily in the Nasdaq Global Select Market’s listings. As of February 16, 2024, there were 413 holders of record for the Company's common stock.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2023, regarding the Company’s equity compensation plans under which the Company’s equity securities are authorized for issuance:
Plan CategoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(a)		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
(b)		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders— N/A1,367,836 
(1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders— N/A— 
____________
(1)    Constitutes shares of the Company’s common stock issuable under the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. See Note 19. Stock Awards for more information on types of allowable awards under the Plan.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Stock Repurchase Program: From time to time, the Company's board of directors has authorized stock repurchase programs which allows the Company to purchase its common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. In general, the share repurchase program allows the Company to proactively manage its capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. In January 2023, the Company's Board established the 2023 Stock Repurchase Plan (2023 Plan), which authorized the repurchase of up to $125.0 million of common stock through December 31, 2023. No shares were repurchased by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023. Under a prior stock repurchase program, the Company repurchased 1,651,236 shares of Company stock at a total cost of $116.0 million during 2022 and 419,098 shares of Company stock at a total cost of $29.2 million during 2021.

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The following table summarizes the Corporation's repurchase activity during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid Per ShareTotal Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Repurchase PlanMaximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (thousands)
Total first quarter 202326,777 $60.39 — $125,000 
Total second quarter 2023486 44.00 — 125,000 
Total third quarter 202311,476 36.43 — 125,000 
October 20232,825 39.43 — 125,000 
November 2023— — — 125,000 
December 2023163 43.25 — — 
Total fourth quarter 20232,988 39.63 — — 
Total 2023 year-to-date41,727 $52.12 — $— 
____________
(1)    All 41,727 shares were purchased to settle employee tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock awards. These transactions are not considered part of the Company's repurchase program.
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Performance Graph
The following Performance Graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s common stock for the period December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023, with the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000 Index and the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index for the same period. Dividend reinvestment has been assumed. The Performance Graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2018, in the Company’s common stock, the Russell 2000 Index and KBW Nasdaq Bank Index. The historical stock price performance for the Company’s common stock shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future stock performance.
Comparison of Cumulative Total Return
Among Independent Bank Group, Inc., the Russell 2000 Index and the KBW Nasdaq Bank Index
2950
December 31, 2018December 31, 2019December 31, 2020December 31, 2021December 31, 2022December 31, 2023
Independent Bank Group, Inc. 100.00 123.36 142.63 167.63 142.64 125.33 
Russell 2000 Index100.00 125.53 150.58 172.90 137.56 160.85 
KBW Nasdaq Bank Index100.00 136.13 122.09 168.88 132.75 131.57 
(Source: S&P Capital IQ)
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ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part I. Item 1A, and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements appearing in this discussion and analysis.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, our other filings with the SEC, and other press releases, documents, reports and announcements that we make, issue or publish may contain statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to risks and uncertainties and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and other related federal security laws. These forward-looking statements include information about our possible or assumed future results of operations, including our future revenues, income, expenses, provision for taxes, effective tax rate, earnings per share and cash flows, our future capital expenditures and dividends, our future financial condition and changes therein, including changes in our loan portfolio and allowance for credit losses, our future capital structure or changes therein, the plan and objectives of management for future operations, our future or proposed acquisitions, the future or expected effect of acquisitions on our operations, results of operations and financial condition, our future economic performance and the statements of the assumptions underlying any such statement. Such statements are typically, but not exclusively, identified by the use in the statements of words or phrases such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “guidance,” “intend,” “is anticipated,” “is estimated,” “is expected,” “is intended,” “objective,” “plan,” “projected,” “projection,” “will affect,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will decrease,” “will grow,” “will impact,” “will increase,” “will incur,” “will reduce,” “will remain,” “will result,” “would be,” variations of such words or phrases (including where the word “could,” “may” or “would” is used rather than the word “will” in a phrase) and similar words and phrases indicating that the statement addresses some future result, occurrence, plan or objective. The forward-looking statements that we make are based on the Company’s current expectations and assumptions regarding its business, the economy, and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to future results and occurrences, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. The Company’s actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements, which are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. Many possible events or factors could affect our future financial results and performance and could cause those results or performance to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. These possible events or factors include, but are not limited to:
•our ability to sustain our current internal growth rate and total growth rate;
•changes in geopolitical, business and economic events, occurrences and conditions, including changes in rates of inflation or deflation, nationally, regionally and in our target markets, particularly in Texas and Colorado;
•worsening business and economic conditions nationally, regionally and in our target markets, particularly in Texas and Colorado, and the geographic areas in those states in which we operate;
•our dependence on our management team and our ability to attract, motivate and retain qualified personnel;
•the concentration of our business within our geographic areas of operation in Texas and Colorado;
•changes in asset quality, including increases in default rates on loans and higher levels of nonperforming loans and loan charge-offs generally;
•concentration of the loan portfolio of the Bank, before and after the completion of acquisitions of financial institutions, in commercial and residential real estate loans and changes in the prices, values and sales volumes of commercial and residential real estate;
•the ability of the Bank to make loans with acceptable net interest margins and levels of risk of repayment and to otherwise invest in assets at acceptable yields and that present acceptable investment risks;
•inaccuracy of the assumptions and estimates that the management of our Company and the financial institutions that we acquire make in establishing reserves for credit losses and other estimates generally;
•lack of liquidity, including as a result of a reduction in the amount of sources of liquidity we currently have;
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•material increases or decreases in the amount of insured and/or uninsured deposits held by the Bank or other financial institutions that we acquire and the cost of those deposits;
•adverse developments in the banking industry related to soundness of other financial institutions, and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity, and regulatory responses, including regulatory oversight, examinations, and any potential related findings and actions;
•our access to the debt and equity markets and the overall cost of funding our operations;
•regulatory requirements to maintain minimum capital levels or maintenance of capital at levels sufficient to support our anticipated growth;
•changes in market interest rates that affect the pricing of the loans and deposits of each of the Bank and the financial institutions that we acquire and that affect the net interest income, other future cash flows, or the market value of the assets of each of the Bank and the financial institutions that we acquire, including investment securities;
•fluctuations in the market value and liquidity of the securities we hold for sale, including as a result of changes in market interest rates;
•effects of competition from a wide variety of local, regional, national and other providers of financial, investment and insurance services;
•the effects of infectious disease outbreaks and the significant impact and associated efforts to limit such spread has had or may have on economic conditions and the Company's business, employees, customers, asset quality and financial performance;
•changes in economic and market conditions that affect the amount and value of the assets of the Bank and of financial institutions that we acquire;
•the institution and outcome of, and costs associated with, litigation and other legal proceedings against one or more of the Company, the Bank and financial institutions that we acquire or to which any of such entities is subject;
•the occurrence of market conditions adversely affecting the financial industry generally;
•the impact of recent and future legislative regulatory changes, including changes in banking, securities, and tax laws and regulations and their application by the Company’s regulators, and changes in federal government policies, as well as regulatory requirements applicable to, and resulting from regulatory supervision of, the Company and the Bank as a financial institution with total assets greater than $10 billion;
•changes in accounting policies, practices, principles and guidelines, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, as the case may be;
•governmental monetary and fiscal policies;
•changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance and other coverage;
•the effects of war or other conflicts, including, but not limited to, the current conflicts between Russia and the Ukraine and Israel and Hamas, acts of terrorism (including cyber attacks) or other catastrophic events, including natural disasters such as storms, droughts, tornadoes, hurricanes and flooding, that may affect general economic conditions;
•our actual cost savings resulting from previous or future acquisitions are less than expected, we are unable to realize those cost savings as soon as expected, or we incur additional or unexpected costs;
•our revenues after previous or future acquisitions are less than expected;
•the liquidity of, and changes in the amounts and sources of liquidity available to us, before and after the acquisition of any financial institutions that we acquire;
•deposit attrition, operating costs, customer loss and business disruption during the normal course of business, and before and after any completed acquisitions, including, without limitation, difficulties in maintaining relationships with employees, may be greater than we expected;
•the effects of the combination of the operations of financial institutions that we have acquired in the recent past or may acquire in the future with our operations and the operations of the Bank, the effects of the integration of such operations being unsuccessful, and the effects of such integration being more difficult, time consuming, or costly than expected or not yielding the cost savings we expect;
•the impact of investments that the Company may have made or may make and the changes in the value of those investments;
•the quality of the assets of financial institutions and companies that we have acquired in the recent past or may acquire in the future being different than we determined or determine in our due diligence investigation in connection with the acquisition of such financial institutions and any inadequacy of credit loss reserves relating to, and exposure to unrecoverable losses on, loans acquired;
•our ability to continue to identify acquisition targets and successfully acquire desirable financial institutions to sustain our growth, to expand our presence in our markets and to enter new markets;
•changes in general business and economic conditions in the markets in which we currently operate and may operate in the future;
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•changes occur in business conditions and inflation generally;
•an increase in the rate of personal or commercial customers’ bankruptcies generally;
•technology-related changes are harder to make or are more expensive than expected;
•physical or cyber attacks on the security of, and breaches of, the Company's digital information systems, the costs we or the Bank incur to provide security against such attacks and any costs and liability the Company or the Bank incurs in connection with any breach of those systems;
•the potential impact of technology and “FinTech” entities on the banking industry generally;
•the potential impact of climate change and related government regulation on the Company and its customers;
•other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, technological and geopolitical factors affecting the Company’s operations, pricing and services; and
•the other factors that are described or referenced in Part I, Item 1A, of the Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Risk Factors."
We urge you to consider all of these risks, uncertainties and other factors carefully in evaluating all such forward-looking statements made by us. As a result of these and other matters, including changes in facts and assumptions not being realized or other factors, the actual results relating to the subject matter of any forward-looking statement may differ materially from the anticipated results expressed or implied in that forward-looking statement. Any forward-looking statement made in this 10-K or made by us in any report, filing, document, or information incorporated by reference in this 10-K speaks only as of the date on which it is made. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
A forward looking-statement may include a statement of the assumptions or bases underlying the forward-looking statement. The Company believes that these assumptions or bases have been chosen in good faith and that they are reasonable. However, the Company cautions you that assumptions as to future occurrences or results almost always vary from actual future occurrences or results, and the differences between assumptions and actual occurrences and results can be material. Therefore, the Company cautions you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this 10-K or incorporated by reference herein.

Overview
The Company was organized as a bank holding company in 2002 and, since that time, has pursued a strategy to create long-term shareholder value through organic growth of our community banking franchise in our market areas and through selective acquisitions of complementary banking institutions with operations in the Company’s market areas or in new market areas. On April 8, 2013, the Company consummated the initial public offering, or IPO, of its common stock which is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.
The Company’s principal business is lending to and accepting deposits from businesses, professionals and individuals. The Company conducts all of the Company’s banking operations through its principal bank subsidiary. The Company derives its income principally from interest earned on loans and, to a lesser extent, income from securities available for sale and securities held to maturity. The Company also derives income from noninterest sources, such as fees received in connection with various deposit services, mortgage banking operations and investment advisory services. From time to time, the Company also realizes gains or losses on the sale of assets. The Company’s principal expenses include interest expense on interest-bearing customer deposits, advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas (FHLB) and other borrowings, operating expenses such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy costs, communication and technology costs, expenses associated with other real estate owned, other administrative expenses, amortization of intangibles, provisions for credit losses and the Company’s assessment for FDIC deposit insurance.
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The Company intends for this discussion and analysis to provide the reader with information that will assist in understanding the Company’s financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from period to period and the primary factors that accounted for those changes. This discussion relates to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and the accompanying notes, appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company’s fiscal year ends on December 31. The following discussion and analysis presents the more significant factors that affected our financial condition as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and results of operations for each of the years then ended. Refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2023 for discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Recent Developments
Stanford Litigation
As more fully discussed in Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings, in first quarter 2023, the Bank entered into a settlement agreement with the plaintiffs to settle all claims of the ongoing lawsuit and will pay $100.0 million under the terms of the settlement. While the Company denies any liability or wrongdoing with respect to this matter, it believes the settlement is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders as it eliminates risk, ongoing expense and uncertainty. The $100.0 million settlement, along with $2.5 million in legal and other fees, is recorded to litigation settlement expense in the consolidated income statement. The recognition of this settlement has negatively affected the Company's earnings for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, reducing net income by $80.1 million or $1.94 per diluted share.
Recent Banking Environment
In light of recent events in the banking sector during 2023, including high-profile bank failures as well as other industry challenges such as liquidity, volatility in deposit balances and interest rate uncertainty among other factors, the Company has proactively positioned the balance sheet to mitigate the risks affecting the Company and the overall banking industry in order to serve its clients and communities.
•Liquidity remains strong, with cash and available for sale securities representing approximately 12.2% of assets and a loan to deposit ratio of 93.6% at December 31, 2023. Deposits are the Company’s primary source of liquidity. In addition, the Company maintains the ability to access considerable sources of contingent liquidity at the Federal Home Loan Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank, among other sources. Management considers the Company's current liquidity position to be adequate to meet both short-term and long-term liquidity needs. Refer to the sections Deposits and Liquidity Management for additional information.
•Capital remains healthy, with ratios of the Company, and its subsidiary bank, well above the standards to be considered well-capitalized under regulatory requirements. Refer to Note 20. Regulatory Matters, included elsewhere in this report for additional details.
•Asset quality remains solid, with a non-performing asset ratio of 0.32% of total assets at December 31, 2023 and net charge-offs of 0.01% for the year ended December 31, 2023, reflecting the Company's disciplined underwriting and conservative lending philosophy which has supported the Company's strong credit performance during prior financial crises. Refer to the section Asset Quality for additional information.
The duration of this crisis has been short but impactful to the Company. The Company will continue its safe and sound banking practices, but the continuing impact of the crisis and further extent on the Company's operations and financial results for future periods is uncertain and cannot be predicted.
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Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations
Selected income statement data and key performance metrics are summarized in the table below:
As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands except per share data)202320222021
Selected Income Statement Data
Net interest income$456,883 $558,208 $520,322 
Provision for credit losses4,130 4,490 (9,000)
Noninterest income51,109 51,466 66,517 
Noninterest expense451,544 358,889 313,606 
Income tax expense9,117 50,004 57,483 
Net income available to common shareholders43,201 196,291 224,750 
Per Share Data (Common Stock)
Earnings per common share:
Basic$1.05 $4.71 $5.22 
Diluted 1.04 4.70 5.21 
Dividends1.52 1.52 1.32 
Selected Performance Metrics
Return on average assets
0.23 %1.09 %1.21 %
Return on average equity1.83 8.04 8.86 
Net interest margin
2.74 3.46 3.10 
Efficiency ratio86.44 56.82 51.30 
Dividend payout ratio
146.15 32.34 25.34 
The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s results of operations compares its results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company’s net income available to common shareholders decreased by $153.1 million, or 78.0%, to $43.2 million ($1.04 per common share on a diluted basis) for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $196.3 million ($4.70 per common share on a diluted basis) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net income for 2023 over 2022 was most impacted by the $318.0 million increase in interest expense as well as the $92.7 million increase in noninterest expense, offset by a $216.7 million increase in interest income and a decrease of $40.9 million in income tax expense. Net interest income before provision from loan losses was lower in the current year mainly due to increased funding costs on our deposit products and FHLB advances due to Fed rate increases over the last year offset to a lesser extent by increased earnings on interest earning assets, primarily loans and interest-bearing cash accounts. As mentioned in Recent Developments, the increase in noninterest expense was due to the non-recurring $100.0 million settlement of litigation. The Company posted returns on average common equity of 1.83% and 8.04%, returns on average assets of 0.23% and 1.09%, and efficiency ratios of 86.44% and 56.82% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense (which does not include the provision for credit losses and the amortization of core deposits intangibles) by net interest income plus noninterest income. The Company’s dividend payout ratio was 146.15% and 32.34% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the decrease in diluted earnings per share from $4.70 per share in 2022 to $1.04 per share in 2023.

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Details of the changes in the various components of net income are detailed below.
Net Interest Income
The Company’s net interest income is its interest income, net of interest expenses. Changes in the balances of the Company’s interest-earning assets and its interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in the market interest rates, affect the Company’s net interest income. The difference between the Company’s average yield on earning assets and its average rate paid for interest-bearing liabilities is its net interest spread. Noninterest-bearing sources of funds, such as demand deposits and stockholders’ equity, also support the Company’s earning assets. The impact of the noninterest-bearing sources of funds is reflected in the Company’s net interest margin, which is calculated as annualized net interest income divided by average earning assets.
The Company earned net interest income of $456.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $101.3 million, or 18.2%, from $558.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by increased funding costs on deposit products, brokered deposits, and FHLB advances due to Fed fund rate increases over the year in addition to higher average balances for those interest-bearing liabilities year over year. Offset to a lesser extent were increased earnings on interest-earning assets, primarily loans and interest-bearing cash accounts. The year ended December 31, 2023 includes $3.6 million of acquired loan accretion compared to $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company’s net interest margin for 2023 decreased to 2.74% from 3.46% in 2022, and the Company’s interest rate spread for 2023 decreased to 1.77% from the 3.13% interest rate spread for 2022. The average balance of interest-earning assets for 2023 increased by $579.7 million, or 3.6%, to $16.7 billion from an average balance of $16.1 billion for 2022. The increase from the prior year was primarily related to organic loan growth for the year offset by decreases in average balances of interest-bearing deposits and securities. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $1.6 billion, or 15.2% primarily due to increased average deposits and FHLB advances mentioned above. The Company’s net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was negatively impacted by a 252 basis point increase in the weighted-average cost of funds on interest-bearing liabilities to 3.45% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 0.93% for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the increase in rates over the year. This was slightly offset by a 116 basis point increase in the weighted-average yield on interest-earning assets to 5.22% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 4.06% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase from the prior year is due primarily to overall higher yields on all interest-earning assets due to the increasing rate environment as well as higher earnings on loans due to organic growth for the year over year period.
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Average Balance Sheet Amounts, Interest Earned and Yield Analysis. The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The average balances are principally daily averages and, for loans, include both performing and nonperforming balances.
For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
(dollars in thousands)Average
Outstanding
Balance		InterestYield/
Rate		Average
Outstanding
Balance		InterestYield/
Rate		Average
Outstanding
Balance		InterestYield/
Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (1)
$14,129,639 $792,659 5.61 %$13,148,633 $602,210 4.58 %$12,501,641 $547,931 4.38 %
Taxable securities1,436,856 31,747 2.21 1,617,454 32,944 2.04 1,204,153 22,754 1.89 
Nontaxable securities412,266 10,279 2.49 429,057 10,360 2.41 358,261 8,344 2.33 
Interest-bearing deposits and other717,434 37,051 5.16 921,391 9,503 1.03 2,693,812 4,533 0.17 
Total interest-earning assets16,696,195 $871,736 5.22 16,116,535 $655,017 4.06 16,757,867 $583,562 3.48 
Noninterest-earning assets1,859,553 1,892,555 1,800,301 
Total assets$18,555,748 $18,009,090 $18,558,168 
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Checking accounts$5,745,444 $177,025 3.08 %$6,002,530 $45,405 0.76 %$5,967,655 $22,615 0.38 %
Savings accounts628,088 399 0.06 787,937 387 0.05 711,401 1,034 0.15 
Money market accounts1,616,038 56,148 3.47 2,130,908 21,562 1.01 2,584,386 13,580 0.53 
Certificates of deposit2,977,281 124,833 4.19 1,027,561 10,274 1.00 1,269,736 6,970 0.55 
Total deposits10,966,851 358,405 3.27 9,948,936 77,628 0.78 10,533,178 44,199 0.42 
FHLB advances716,397 35,705 4.98 150,890 2,017 1.34 362,192 2,038 0.56 
Other borrowings - short-term40,078 2,781 6.94 15,918 593 3.73 6,278 118 1.88 
Other borrowings - long-term244,929 13,237 5.40 266,746 13,858 5.20 287,860 15,129 5.26 
Junior subordinated debentures54,526 4,725 8.67 54,328 2,713 4.99 54,130 1,756 3.24 
Total interest-bearing liabilities12,022,781 414,853 3.45 10,436,818 96,809 0.93 11,243,638 63,240 0.56 
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts3,957,699 5,018,631 4,675,667 
Noninterest-bearing liabilities214,001 111,326 102,205 
Stockholders’ equity2,361,267 2,442,315 2,536,658 
Total liabilities and equity$18,555,748 $18,009,090 $18,558,168 
Net interest income$456,883 $558,208 $520,322 
Interest rate spread1.77 %3.13 %2.92 %
Net interest margin (2)
2.74 3.46 3.10 
Net interest income and margin (tax equivalent basis) (3)
$461,056 2.76 $562,633 3.49 $524,260 3.13 
Average interest earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities138.87 154.42 149.04 
____________
(1)    Average loan balances include nonaccrual loans.
(2)    Net interest margins for the periods presented represent: (i) the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets and the interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, divided by (ii) average interest-earning assets for the period.
(3)    A tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
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Interest Rates and Operating Interest Differential. Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following table shows the effect that these factors had on the interest earned on the Company’s interest-earning assets and the interest incurred on the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in volume by the previous year’s average rate. Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average rate by the prior year’s volume. For purpose of the following table, changes attributable to both volume and rate, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amount of change in each.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 v. 2022For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 v. 2021
Increase (Decrease) Due toTotal Increase (Decrease)Increase (Decrease) Due toTotal Increase (Decrease)
(dollars in thousands)VolumeRateVolumeRate
Interest-earning assets
Loans$47,443 $143,006 $190,449 $28,836 $25,443 $54,279 
Taxable securities(3,835)2,638 (1,197)8,276 1,914 10,190 
Nontaxable securities(415)334 (81)1,717 299 2,016 
Interest-bearing deposits and other
(2,541)30,089 27,548 (4,760)9,730 4,970 
Total interest-earning assets$40,652 $176,067 $216,719 $34,069 $37,386 $71,455 
Interest-bearing liabilities
Checking accounts$(2,033)$133,653 $131,620 $133 $22,657 $22,790 
Savings accounts(73)85 12 108 (755)(647)
Money market accounts(6,340)40,926 34,586 (2,731)10,713 7,982 
Certificates of deposit42,726 71,833 114,559 (1,536)4,840 3,304 
Total deposits34,280 246,497 280,777 (4,026)37,455 33,429 
FHLB advances19,532 14,156 33,688 (1,674)1,653 (21)
Other borrowings - short-term1,396 792 2,188 289 186 475 
Other borrowings - long-term(1,148)527 (621)(1,100)(171)(1,271)
Junior subordinated debentures10 2,002 2,012 6 951 957 
Total interest-bearing liabilities54,070 263,974 318,044 (6,505)40,074 33,569 
Net interest income$(13,418)$(87,907)$(101,325)$40,574 $(2,688)$37,886 

Provision for Credit Losses
The measurement of expected credit losses under the Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL) methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost. Provision for credit losses is determined by management as the amount to be added to the allowance for credit loss accounts for various types of financial instruments including loans, held to maturity debt securities and off-balance sheet credit exposure, after net charge-offs have been deducted, to bring the allowance to a level deemed appropriate by management to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. Management actively monitors the Company’s asset quality and provides appropriate provisions based on such factors as historical loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
Financial instruments are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses when appropriate. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make determinations with respect to the provision for credit losses, future adjustments may be necessary if economic conditions differ from the assumptions used in making the determination.

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The following table presents the components of provision for credit losses:
For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Provision for credit losses related to:
Loans$4,177 $5,268 $(12,609)
Held to maturity securities— — — 
Off-balance sheet credit exposures(47)(778)3,609 
Total provision for credit losses$4,130 $4,490 $(9,000)
The Company recorded a provision for credit losses on loans totaling $4.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This is a decrease of $1.1 million, or 20.7% compared to the $5.3 million provision for credit losses on loans recorded in 2022. Provision expense for loans is generally reflective of organic loan growth as well as charge-offs or specific credit allocations taken during the respective period. Provision expense is also impacted by the economic outlook and changes in macroeconomic variables. The provision recorded for both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was primarily related to loan growth.
As discussed in Note 4. Securities, the Company reclassified a portion of its available for sale state and municipal portfolio to held to maturity during 2022 to limit future volatility due to expected increases in interest rates. The majority of securities in the held to maturity portfolio are guaranteed and have highly rated credit ratings. Therefore, there was no provision for credit losses on held to maturity securities recorded during 2023 or 2022.
The Company recorded $47 thousand in negative provision for off-balance sheet credit exposures for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $778 thousand negative provision for the same period in 2022. Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments are generally driven by the remaining unfunded amount and the expected utilization rate of a given loan segment.

Noninterest Income
The following table sets forth the major components of noninterest income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and the period-over-period variations in such categories of noninterest income:
For the Years Ended December 31,VarianceVariance
(dollars in thousands)2023202220212023 v. 20222022 v. 2021
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts$13,958 $12,204 $9,842 $1,754 14.4 %$2,362 24.0 %
Investment management fees9,650 9,146 8,586 504 5.5 560 6.5 
Mortgage banking revenue7,003 8,938 23,157 (1,935)(21.6)(14,219)(61.4)
Mortgage warehouse purchase program fees1,892 2,676 6,908 (784)(29.3)(4,232)(61.3)
(Loss) gain on sale of loans(14)(1,844)56 1,830 N/M(1,900)N/M
(Loss) gain on sale of other real estate(1,797)— 63 (1,797)N/M(63)N/M
Gain on sale of securities available for sale— — 13 — N/M(13)N/M
Gain (loss) on sale and disposal of premises and equipment323 (494)(304)817 N/M(190)N/M
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI5,768 5,371 5,209 397 7.4 162 3.1 
Other14,326 15,469 12,987 (1,143)(7.4)2,482 19.1 
Total noninterest income$51,109 $51,466 $66,517 $(357)(0.7)%$(15,051)(22.6)%
____________
N/M - Not meaningful
Noninterest income decreased $357 thousand, or 0.7%, to $51.1 million for the year ended 2023 from $51.5 million for the year ended 2022. Significant changes in the components of noninterest income are discussed below.
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Service charges on deposit accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts increased $1.8 million, or 14.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase is primarily due to higher account analysis charges of $1.7 million due to increases in our commercial treasury products.
Mortgage banking revenue. Mortgage banking revenue decreased $1.9 million, or 21.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily market driven, resulting in a lower fair value gain on derivative hedging instruments of $104 thousand in 2023 compared to $1.9 million in 2022.
(Loss) gain on sale of loans. The Company recognized $1.8 million loss on sale of loans during 2022, primarily due to a $1.5 million loss on the sale of a commercial real estate loan, which was sold at a discount.
(Loss) gain on sale of other real estate. In 2023, the Company recognized a $1.8 million loss on sale of one other real estate property.

Noninterest Expense
The following table sets forth the major components of the Company’s noninterest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and the period-over-period variations in such categories of noninterest expense:
For the Years Ended December 31,VarianceVariance
(dollars in thousands)2023202220212023 v. 20222022 v. 2021
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits$181,445 $212,087 $180,336 $(30,642)(14.4)%$31,751 17.6 %
Occupancy47,430 42,938 40,688 4,492 10.5 2,250 5.5 
Communications and technology28,713 24,937 22,355 3,776 15.1 2,582 11.5 
FDIC assessment22,153 6,883 5,865 15,270 N/M1,018 17.4 
Advertising and public relations2,607 2,106 1,097 501 23.8 1,009 92.0 
Other real estate owned (income) expenses, net(510)31 4 (541)N/M27 N/M
Impairment of other real estate5,215 — — 5,215 N/M— — 
Amortization of other intangible assets12,439 12,491 12,580 (52)(0.4)(89)(0.7)
Litigation settlement102,500 — — 102,500 N/M— — 
Professional fees7,949 15,571 15,530 (7,622)(48.9)41 0.3 
Other41,603 41,845 35,151 (242)(0.6)6,694 19.0 
Total noninterest expense$451,544 $358,889 $313,606 $92,655 25.8 %$45,283 14.4 %
____________
N/M - not meaningful
Noninterest expense increased $92.7 million, or 25.8%, to $451.5 million for the year ended 2023 from $358.9 million for the year ended 2022. Significant changes in the components of noninterest expense are discussed below.
Salaries and employee benefits. Salaries and employee benefits expense, which historically has been the largest component of the Company’s noninterest expense, decreased $30.6 million, or 14.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change is primarily due to lower combined salaries, bonus, employee insurance, payroll taxes and 401(k) expenses of $18.1 million in 2023 compared to the prior year, due to overall strategic efforts to manage expenses, which began in fourth quarter 2022 with the targeted reduction-in-force related to departmental and business line restructurings. Additionally, severance and stock amortization expenses were elevated in 2022 by $13.7 million, primarily due to the aforementioned reduction-in-force and the separation of two executive officers during the year. Contributing to the year over year decrease was lower stock amortization in 2023 due to downward adjustments to performance-based executive compensation equity awards as well as a $4.2 million decrease in contract labor costs. Offsetting these changes was $4.7 million lower deferred salaries expense in 2023, which reduces overall salaries expense.
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Occupancy. Occupancy expenses increased $4.5 million, or 10.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher depreciation, maintenance and property tax expense due to the opening of the second phase of the Company's headquarters campus in second quarter 2022.
Communications and technology. Communications and technology expense increased $3.8 million, or 15.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Increased communications and technology expenses in the current year were primarily related to various technology improvements.
FDIC assessment. FDIC assessment increased $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was due to an increase in the FDIC initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules which took effect in first quarter 2023, as well as $8.3 million recorded in fourth quarter for a special assessment charged by the FDIC to recover uninsured deposit losses due to bank failures in early 2023.
Impairment of other real estate. Impairment of other real estate expense was $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to none for the same period in 2022. The increase was due to write-downs of $4.2 million on one commercial real estate property still held in other real estate at year-end, as well as a $1.0 million write-down on another commercial real estate property that was sold in late 2023.
Litigation settlement. Litigation settlement of $102.5 million was recognized in the first quarter 2023 due to the settlement of the ongoing litigation that was acquired by the Company in 2014, as discussed elsewhere in this report.
Professional fees. Professional fees expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $7.6 million, or 48.9%, compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was due primarily to lower consulting fees of $3.4 million as well as $3.3 million lower legal fees.

Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is an effective tax rate of 17.4%. Income tax expense was $50.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is an effective tax rate of 20.3%. The effective income tax rates differed from the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate of 21% during 2023 and 2022 primarily due to tax exempt interest income earned on certain investment securities and loans, the nontaxable earnings on bank owned life insurance, disallowed FDIC assessment and nondeductible compensation, among other things, and their relative proportion to total pre-tax net income. The lower effective rate for 2023 is due primarily to lower pre-tax net income as a result of the Stanford litigation settlement recorded in early 2023 as discussed elsewhere in this report. Refer to Note 14. Income Taxes, in the notes to the Company's audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional details.

Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
The following discussion and analysis summarizes the financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and details certain changes between those periods.
Assets
The Company's total assets increased by $776.7 million, or 4.3%, to $19.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 from $18.3 billion at December 31, 2022. The significant components of the total change are discussed below.
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Loan Portfolio
The Company’s loan portfolio is the largest category of the Company’s earning assets. The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of each major category in the Company’s loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
20232022
(dollars in thousands)Amount% of TotalAmount% of Total
Commercial$2,266,851 15.4 %$2,240,959 16.1 %
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans549,689 3.7 312,099 2.2 
Real estate:
Commercial8,289,124 56.3 7,817,447 56.2 
Commercial construction, land and land development1,231,484 8.4 1,231,071 8.8 
Residential (1)
1,686,206 11.5 1,604,169 11.5 
Single-family interim construction517,928 3.5 508,839 3.7 
Agricultural109,451 0.7 124,422 0.9 
Consumer76,229 0.5 81,667 0.6 
Total gross loans
$14,726,962 100.0 %$13,920,673 100.0 %
____________
(1)    Includes loans held for sale of $16.4 million and $11.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company's loan portfolio, before the allowance for credit losses, totaled $14.7 billion, which is an increase of $806.3 million or 5.8% over total gross loans as of December 31, 2022. Loans held for investment, excluding mortgage warehouse purchase loans and net of loan sales, increased $569.9 million, or 4.2% for the year over year period. See Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans for more details on the Company's loan portfolio.
Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within the state of Texas, primarily in the north, central and southeast Texas regions and the state of Colorado, specifically along the Front Range area. As of December 31, 2023, loans in the North Texas region represented about 36% of the total portfolio, followed by the Colorado Front Range region at 26%, the Houston region at 25% and the Central Texas region at 13%. A large percentage of the Company’s portfolio consists of commercial and residential real estate loans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no concentrations of loans related to a single industry in excess of 10% of total loans.
The principal categories and changes in the loan portfolio are discussed below.
Commercial loans. The Company provides a mix of variable and fixed rate commercial loans. The loans are typically made to small-and medium-sized manufacturing, wholesale, retail, energy related service businesses and medical practices for working capital needs and business expansions. Commercial loans generally include lines of credit and loans with maturities of five years or less. The loans are generally made with operating cash flows as the primary source of repayment, but may also include collateralization by inventory, accounts receivable, equipment and/or personal guarantees. Additionally, a portion of the commercial loan portfolio includes participations purchased from other financial institutions in larger transactions considered Shared National Credits (SNC). Almost all purchased SNCs are in the Commercial loan portfolio with the largest single industry concentration in energy. Loans in the commercial portfolio are monitored for credit quality at least annually, while energy loans are subject to review semi-annually and other loans in the specialized lending portfolio are reviewed quarterly.
The Company’s commercial loan portfolio increased $25.9 million, or 1.2%, to $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2023, from $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2022. The net increase in this portfolio type is primarily due to growth in the energy portfolio increasing to $621,883 at December 31, 2023, compared to $574,698 at December 31, 2022.
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Mortgage warehouse purchase loans. The Company’s mortgage warehouse purchase loan portfolio increased $237.6 million, or 76.1%, to $549.7 million as of December 31, 2023, from $312.1 million as of December 31, 2022, while average balances for the year declined to $386.8 million for 2023 from $428.4 million for 2022. The increase in this portfolio at December 31, 2023 was due to increased mortgage activity due to declines in mortgage interest rates late in the fourth quarter 2023. The decrease in average balances for the year was due to overall lower volumes resulting from the higher rate environment throughout 2023, compared to 2022.
Commercial real estate loans (CRE). The commercial real estate loan portfolio has historically been the Company's largest category of loans, representing 56.3% and 56.2% of the total portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such loans generally involve less risk than other loans in the portfolio, but may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The Company expects that commercial real estate loans will continue to be a significant portion of the Company’s total loan portfolio and an area of emphasis in the Company’s lending operations.
Commercial real estate loans increased $471.7 million, or 6.0%, to $8.3 billion as of December 31, 2023 from $7.8 billion as of December 31, 2022. The increase was due to organic loan growth in this loan type during the year.
Despite the Company's concentration in commercial real estate, the properties securing this portfolio are diversified in terms of type and geographic location. This diversity helps reduce the exposure to adverse economic events that affect any single market or industry. As a matter of policy, the commercial real estate portfolio is subject to risk exposure limits by individual asset classes as well as geographic collateral locations outside of our market areas. We regularly assess these concentration levels, monitor economic conditions in major real estate markets in which we lend, and conduct stress testing and sensitivity analysis on the portfolio as a whole.
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The following tables summarizes a) the property type and b) geographic region in which the loans were originated. Concentrations are stated by total loan balance and as a percentage of total commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
As of December 31,
20232022
Amount
Percent of Total
Amount
Percent of Total
Property Type
Retail$2,522,945 30.4 %2,301,065 29.4 %
Office and Office Warehouse1,537,632 18.6 1,537,448 19.7 
Multifamily1,013,767 12.2 883,886 11.3 
Industrial953,190 11.5 866,710 11.1 
Healthcare379,666 4.6 379,866 4.9 
Hotel/Motel374,895 4.5 367,751 4.7 
Convenience Store293,771 3.5 275,015 3.5 
Daycare/School221,791 2.7 218,937 2.8 
Restaurant157,258 1.9 164,911 2.1 
RV & Mobile Home Parks145,825 1.8 129,587 1.7 
Church124,834 1.5 136,697 1.7 
Mini Storage108,935 1.3 115,641 1.5 
Dealerships84,687 1.0 87,930 1.1 
Mixed Use (Non-Retail)56,031 0.7 62,782 0.8 
Miscellaneous313,897 3.8 289,221 3.7 
Total commercial real estate loans
$8,289,124 100.0 %$7,817,447 100.0 %
Geographic Region
North Texas
$1,841,683 22.2 %$1,740,358 22.2 %
Central Texas
895,708 10.8 867,172 11.1 
Houston
2,799,345 33.8 2,527,062 32.3 
Colorado Front Range
2,752,388 33.2 2,682,855 34.4 
Total
$8,289,124 100.0 %$7,817,447 100.0 %
Additional information related to the granularity in the commercial real estate portfolio is presented in the table below as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
As of December 31,
20232022
Average loan amount
$1.9 million
$1.8 million
Number of loans > $5 million
395357
Largest loan in the portfolio
$33.1 million
$32.6 million
Owner-occupied percentage
21.3%23.2%
Commercial construction, land and land development loans. The Company’s commercial construction, land and land development loans comprise of loans to fund commercial construction, land acquisition and real estate development construction. Although the Company continues to make commercial construction loans, land acquisition and land development loans on a selective basis, the Company does not expect the Company’s lending in this area to result in this category of loans being a significantly greater portion of the Company’s total loan portfolio.
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Commercial construction, land and land development loans increased slightly by $413 thousand, or 0.0% to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023 from $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022.
Additional information related to the granularity in the commercial construction, land and land development portfolio based on current balance outstanding is presented in the table below as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
As of December 31,
20232022
Total loans > $5 million
5341
Average loan amount
$1.1 million
$954 thousand
Largest loan in the portfolio
$22.5 million
$25.8 million
Residential Real Estate Loans. The Company’s residential real estate loans, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, are primarily made with respect to and secured by single-family homes, which are both owner-occupied and investor owned and include a limited amount of home equity loans, with a relatively small average loan balance spread across many individual borrowers. The Company offers a variety of mortgage loan portfolio products which generally are amortized over five to thirty years. Loans collateralized by 1-4 family residential real estate generally have been originated in amounts of no more than 80% of appraised value. The Company requires mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance. The Company incurs interest rate risk as well as the risks associated with nonpayment on such loans.
The Company’s residential real estate loan portfolio increased by $82.0 million, or 5.1%, to a balance of $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 from $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2022. The increase in this category was primarily a result of organic loan growth.
Single-Family Interim Construction Loans. The Company makes single-family interim construction loans to home builders and individuals to fund the construction of single-family residences with the understanding that such loans will be repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the homes by builders or, in the case of individuals building their own homes, with the proceeds of a permanent mortgage loan. Such loans are secured by the real property being built and are made based on the Company’s assessment of the value of the property on an as-completed basis. The Company expects to continue to make single-family interim construction loans so long as demand for such loans continues and the market for single-family housing and the values of such properties remain stable or continue to improve in the Company’s markets.
The balance of single-family interim construction loans in the Company’s loan portfolio increased by $9.1 million, or 1.8%, to $517.9 million as of December 31, 2023 from $508.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The increase in this category was due to organic origination activity that exceeded repayments during the year.
Other Categories of Loans. Other categories of loans in the Company’s loan portfolio include agricultural loans made to farmers and ranchers relating to their operations and consumer loans made to individuals for personal purposes, including automobile purchase loans and personal loans. None of these categories of loans represents more than 1% of the Company’s total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and such categories continue to be a very small percentage of the Company's total loan portfolio.
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Loans by Maturity and Interest Rate Sensitivity
The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of the Company’s loan portfolio, including scheduled principal repayments and the distribution between fixed and adjustable interest rate loans as of December 31, 2023:
Within One YearOne Year to Five YearsAfter Five Years to Fifteen YearsAfter Fifteen YearsTotal
(dollars in thousands)Fixed RateAdjustable RateFixed RateAdjustable RateFixed RateAdjustable RateFixed RateAdjustable RateFixed RateAdjustable Rate
Commercial$74,720 $387,357 $284,928 $1,180,802 $91,943 $232,422 $14,679 $— $466,270 $1,800,581 
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans549,689 — — — — — — — 549,689 — 
Real estate:
Commercial real estate447,911 184,900 4,313,847 1,092,707 288,232 1,677,530 4,506 279,491 5,054,496 3,234,628 
Commercial construction, land and land development149,663 232,078 354,153 301,214 9,735 138,182 — 46,459 513,551 717,933 
Residential real estate78,545 21,467 522,751 49,719 101,998 188,120 457,402 266,204 1,160,696 525,510 
Single-family interim construction35,206 289,097 22,522 87,692 6,868 9,412 38 67,093 64,634 453,294 
Agricultural3,005 8,243 55,271 2,348 3,029 28,541 603 8,411 61,908 47,543 
Consumer33,682 14,195 9,193 17,520 11 1,628 — — 42,886 33,343 
Total loans $1,372,421 $1,137,337 $5,562,665 $2,732,002 $501,816 $2,275,835 $477,228 $667,658 $7,914,130 $6,812,832 
At December 31, 2023, the average duration of the Company's loan portfolio was 3.5 years. The Company generally structures certain loans, like commercial and commercial real estate, with shorter-term loan maturities in order to match funding sources that will enable the Company to effectively manage the portfolio by providing the flexibility to respond to liquidity needs, changes in interest rates and changes in underwriting standards and loan structures, among other things. Due to the shorter-term nature of such loans, from time to time in the ordinary course of business and without any contractual obligation, the Company will renew or extend maturing lines of credit or refinance existing loans at their maturity dates based on customer practice and need. These renewals, extensions and refinancings are made in the ordinary course of business for customers that meet the normal level of credit standards. These requests are typically made by the customer to support their working capital needs for operations. Such borrowers are generally not experiencing financial difficulties and could obtain similar financing elsewhere. In connection with each renewal, extension or refinancing, the Company may require a principal reduction or an adjustment to the terms and structure to reflect the current market pricing/structuring for such loans or to remain competitive with other financial institutions.
Asset Quality
Nonperforming Assets. The Company has established procedures to assist the Company in maintaining the overall quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. In addition, the Company has adopted underwriting guidelines to be followed by the Company’s lending officers and require significant senior management review of proposed extensions of credit exceeding certain thresholds. When delinquencies exist, the Company rigorously monitors the levels of such delinquencies for any negative or adverse trends. The Company’s loan review procedures include approval of lending policies and underwriting guidelines by the Company’s board of directors, ongoing risk-based independent internal and external loan reviews, approval of large credit relationships by the Bank’s Executive Loan Committee and loan quality documentation procedures. The Company, like other financial institutions, is subject to the risk that its loan portfolio will be subject to increasing pressures from deteriorating borrower credit due to general economic conditions.
The Company classifies nonperforming assets as nonperforming loans, including nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, as well as other real estate owned and other repossessed assets. Further information regarding the Company's accounting policies related to past due loans, nonaccrual loans, collateral dependent loans and loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is presented in Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.
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The following table sets forth the allocation of the Company’s nonperforming assets among the Company’s different asset categories and key credit-related metrics as of the dates indicated. The balances of nonperforming loans reflect the net investment in these assets.
As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20232022
Nonaccrual loans
Commercial$21,541 $22,565 
Commercial real estate26,564 13,393 
Commercial construction, land and land development10 15 
Residential real estate2,111 1,582 
Single-family interim construction— 189 
Agricultural75 — 
Consumer5 8 
Total nonaccrual loans (1)
50,306 37,752 
Total loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing1,494 843 
Total troubled debt restructurings, not included in nonaccrual loans— 1,494 
Total nonperforming loans51,800 40,089 
Total other real estate owned and other repossessed assets9,604 24,020 
Total nonperforming assets$61,404 $64,109 
Total allowance for credit losses on loans$151,861 $148,787 
Total loans held for investment (2)
$14,160,853 $13,597,264 
Total assets$19,035,102 $18,258,414 
Credit Ratios
Ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans held for investment0.37 %0.29 %
Ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets0.32 0.35 
Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans held for investment0.36 0.28 
Ratio of allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans held for investment1.07 1.09 
Ratio of allowance for credit losses on loans to nonaccrual loans301.87 394.12 
Ratio of allowance for credit losses on loans to total nonperforming loans293.17 371.14 
____________
(1)    Nonaccrual loans include troubled debt restructurings of $929 thousand as of December 31, 2022. With the adoption of ASU 2022-02, effective January 1, 2023, TDR accounting has been eliminated.
(2)    Excluding mortgage warehouse purchase loans of $549.7 million and $312.1 million and loans held for sale of $16.4 million and $11.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company had $50.3 million and $37.8 million in loans on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was primarily due to the addition of a $13.3 million commercial real estate loan to nonaccrual during the year.
The allowance for credit losses on loans as a percentage of nonperforming loans decreased from 371.14% at December 31, 2022, to 293.17% at December 31, 2023, due primarily to the increase in nonperforming loans as discussed above.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had other real estate owned and other repossessed assets of $9.6 million, which is a decrease of $14.4 million from $24.0 million at December 31, 2022, due to write-downs on properties totaling $5.2 million during the year and the sale of an other real estate owned property totaling $10.0 million. Offsetting this was a $805 thousand branch facility that was closed and moved to other real estate during the year.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The measurement of expected credit losses under CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables, held to maturity debt securities and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses on applicable financial assets based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. While historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current portfolio-specific risk characteristics, environmental conditions or other relevant factors. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of the allowance accounts is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond the Company's control, including the performance of the portfolios, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward classification of assets. For additional information regarding our accounting policies related to credit losses, refer to Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
The economy and other risk factors are minimized by the Company’s underwriting standards which include the following principles: 1) financial strength of the borrower including strong earnings, high net worth, significant liquidity and acceptable debt to worth ratio, 2) managerial business competence, 3) ability to repay, 4) loan to value, 5) projected cash flow and 6) guarantor financial statements as applicable.
Analysis of the Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses by category of loans:
As of December 31,
20232022
(dollars in thousands)Amount
% of
Total Loans(1)
Amount
% of
Total Loans(1)
Commercial loans$34,793 15.4 %$54,037 16.1 %
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— 3.7 — 2.2 
Real estate:
Commercial real estate60,096 56.3 61,078 56.2 
Construction, land and land development31,494 8.4 17,696 8.8 
Residential real estate6,917 11.5 3,450 11.5 
Single-family interim construction17,437 3.5 11,817 3.7 
Agricultural745 0.7 207 0.9 
Consumer379 0.5 502 0.6 
Total allowance for credit losses$151,861 100.0 %$148,787 100.0 %
____________
(1)    Represents the percentage of the Company’s total loans included in each loan category.
As of December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses amounted to $151.9 million, or 1.07%, of total loans held for investment, excluding mortgage warehouse purchase loans, compared with $148.8 million, or 1.09%, as of December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had specific credit loss allocations of $15.2 million on individually evaluated loans totaling $47.3 million, compared with specific credit loss allocations of $9.6 million on individually evaluated loans totaling $34.5 million as of December 31, 2022. The majority of the increase in individually evaluated loans and specific credit loss allocations was due to the addition of a commercial real estate loan totaling $13.3 million with specific credit loss allocation of $2.2 million. Additionally, there was a $3.5 million increase in specific credit allocation on a commercial loan relationship during the year.
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The factors driving significant changes in credit loss allocations by segment over the year are discussed below.
The allowance allocated to commercial loans totaled $34.8 million, or 1.5% of total commercial loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to $54.0 million, or 2.4% of commercial loans as of December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses decreased $19.2 million, or 35.6% for the period despite an increase of $25.9 million in the commercial loan portfolio. Modeled expected credit losses decreased $12.7 million and qualitative factors and other qualitative adjustments related to commercial loans decreased $9.9 million. The change in modeled losses was due to model changes applied during the second quarter, most notably the change to consolidate energy loans for modeling purposes into the commercial portfolio and by expanding the macroeconomic variables (MEVs) used for this portfolio. The decrease in qualitative factors was due to improvement in classified loan trends. Specific allocations for commercial loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis increased $3.3 million from $8.4 million at December 31, 2022 to $11.7 million at December 31, 2023. The increase in specific allocations for commercial loans was primarily related to the increase in specific allocation on a commercial loan relationship as mentioned above.
The allowance allocated to commercial real estate totaled $60.1 million, or 0.7% of total commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to $61.1 million, or 0.8% of commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses decreased $982 thousand, or 1.6% over the year. Modeled expected credit losses decreased $4.7 million, while qualitative factors and other qualitative adjustments increased $1.4 million. The decrease in modeled losses was primarily related to new MEVs incorporated such as certain CRE price indices offset by changes related to the economic forecast, which included downward adjustments affecting office and multifamily commercial real estate. The increase in qualitative factors was due to an increase in risk-grade credit trends, specifically in the non-owner occupied pool within this segment. Specific allocations for commercial real estate loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis increased $2.4 million from $1.2 million at December 31, 2022 to $3.6 million at December 31, 2023 primarily due to the $2.2 million credit allocation on the commercial real estate loan discussed above.
The allowance allocated to construction, land and land development loans totaled $31.5 million, or 2.6% of total construction, land and land development loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to $17.7 million, or 1.4% of construction, land and land development loans as of December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses increased $13.8 million, or 78.0% over the year. Modeled expected credit losses increased $13.7 million and qualitative factors and other qualitative adjustments increased $67 thousand. The increase in modeled losses was due to the new MEVs utilized to more closely align with the risks within this portfolio as well as a declining economic forecast over the year. There were no specific allocations for construction, land and land development loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on a individual basis at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2023.
The allowance allocated to residential real estate loans totaled $6.9 million, or 0.4% of total residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to $3.5 million, or 0.2% of residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses increased $3.5 million, or 100.5% for the period. Modeled expected credit losses increased $1.8 million while qualitative factors related to residential real estate loans increased $1.7 million. The increase in modeled losses was primarily related to changes in the economic forecast which take into consideration the current environment and inflationary pressures, as well as expanded MEVs including certain price indices. The increase in qualitative factors was due primarily to changes made to the model during the year. There were no specific allocations for residential real estate loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on a individual basis at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2023.
The allowance allocated to single-family construction loans totaled $17.4 million, or 3.4% of total single-family construction loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to $11.8 million, or 2.3% of single-family construction loans as of December 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses increased $5.6 million, or 47.6%. Modeled expected credit losses increased $5.6 million while qualitative factor and other qualitative adjustments related to single-family construction loans increased $30 thousand. The increase in modeled losses was due to the new MEVs utilized in the calculation to more closely align with the risks within this portfolio as well as a declining economic forecast within this segment over the period. Specific allocations for single family construction loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis decreased $43 thousand from $43 thousand at December 31, 2022 to zero at December 31, 2023.
Refer to Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, in the notes to the Company's audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional details of the allowance for credit losses on loans.
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Additional information related to net charge-offs (recoveries) by loan type is presented in the table below.
Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)Average LoansRatio of Annualized Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans
2023
Commercial$(26)$2,216,381 — %
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— 386,768 — 
Real estate:
Commercial— 8,010,876 — 
Commercial construction, land and land development1,085 1,181,664 0.09 
Residential— 1,637,940 — 
Single-family interim construction27 496,696 0.01 
Agricultural1 118,902 — 
Consumer16 80,412 0.02 
Total$1,103 $14,129,639 0.01 %
2022
Commercial$1,244 $2,104,991 0.06 %
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— 428,409 — 
Real estate:
Commercial4,009 7,280,480 0.06 
Commercial construction, land and land development— 1,215,302 — 
Residential(75)1,472,210 (0.01)
Single-family interim construction— 449,488 — 
Agricultural— 116,760 — 
Consumer9 80,993 0.01 
Total$5,187 $13,148,633 0.04 %
2021
Commercial$6,797 $2,178,362 0.31 %
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— 906,675 — 
Real estate:
Commercial375 6,374,508 0.01 
Commercial construction, land and land development126 1,190,934 0.01 
Residential(7)1,340,382 — 
Single family-interim construction— 345,397 — 
Agricultural— 85,316 — 
Consumer129 80,067 0.16 
Total$7,420 $12,501,641 0.06 %

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net charge-offs totaled $1.1 million, which is 0.01% of the Company's average loans outstanding during the period, compared to net charge-offs of $5.2 million, or 0.04% of average loans for the year ended December 31, 2022. The higher level of charge-offs in 2022 was primarily due to net charge-offs recorded at the foreclosure of two commercial real estate properties totaling $3.4 million and a $773 thousand partial charge-off of a commercial loan that was paid off.
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Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is calculated under the CECL model, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. Off-balance sheet credit exposures primarily consist of amounts available under outstanding lines of credit and letters of credit detailed in Note 13. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Commitments and Contingencies. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur based on historical utilization rates. For both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $3.9 million.
Securities
The Company’s investment strategy aims to maximize earnings while maintaining liquidity in securities with minimal credit, interest rate and duration risk. The types and maturities of securities purchased are primarily based on the Company’s current and projected liquidity and interest rate sensitivity positions. Refer to Note 4. Securities for more details on the Company's security portfolio.
The fair value of the Company's available for sale securities decreased $98.0 million, or 5.8%, to $1.6 billion at December 31, 2023 from $1.7 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease was due to net paydowns, maturities and calls during the year. The amortized cost of held to maturity securities decreased $1.8 million, or 0.9%, to $205.2 million as of December 31, 2023 from $207.1 million as of December 31, 2022.
Total securities represented 9.5% and 10.4% of the Company’s total assets at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no sales of securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Certain investment securities are valued at less than their amortized cost. At December 31, 2023, the Company's review of all securities at an unrealized loss position determined that the losses resulted from factors not related to credit quality. This conclusion is based on the Company's analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors for each security type in the portfolio. The unrealized losses are generally due to increases in market interest rates. Furthermore, the Company has the intent to hold these securities until maturity or a forecasted recovery, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the securities before the recovery of their cost basis. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date. As such, there is no allowance for credit losses on available for sale or held to maturity securities recognized as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 4. Securities for more information on the Company's analysis of credit losses on securities available for sale and held to maturity.

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The following table sets forth the amount, scheduled maturities and weighted average yields for the Company’s investment portfolio as of December 31, 2023. Available for sale securities are presented at fair value and held to maturity securities are presented at amortized cost.
Within One YearOne Year to Five YearsAfter Five Years to Ten YearsAfter Ten YearsTotal
(dollars in thousands)Amount
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Amount
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Amount
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Amount
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Amount
Weighted Average Yield (1)
Securities Available for Sale
U.S. treasuries$59,274 1.80 %$127,593 1.29 %$27,355 1.25 %$— — %$214,222 1.42 %
Government agency securities— — 119,082 1.55 230,912 1.56 46,112 2.13 396,106 1.63 
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions17,319 3.59 61,225 3.33 65,200 3.17 83,890 2.83 227,634 3.27 
Corporate bonds— — — — 35,820 4.09 — — 35,820 4.09 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA30 3.36 31,922 2.04 32,067 1.99 655,450 1.96 719,469 1.97 
Other securities— — 500 2.10 — — — — 500 2.10 
Total$76,623 2.21 %$340,322 1.82 %$391,354 2.07 %$785,452 2.06 %$1,593,751 2.04 %
Securities Held to Maturity
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions$— — %$— — %$— — %$205,232 2.14 %$205,232 2.14 %
____________
(1) Yields are based on amortized cost and calculated on a tax-equivalent basis assuming a 21% tax rate
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents increased by $67.7 million, or 10.3% to $722.0 million at December 31, 2023 from $654.3 million at December 31, 2022. Cash and cash equivalent balances can vary due to cash needs and volatility of several large title company and commercial accounts. In addition, the increase in balances as of December 31, 2023 is primarily due to maintaining healthy excess liquidity in response to the challenging banking environment.
Liabilities
Total liabilities increased $759.5 million, or 4.8%, to $16.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, from $15.9 billion as of December 31, 2022 with significant components discussed below.
Deposits
Total deposits increased $601.6 million, or 4.0%, to $15.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 from $15.1 billion as of December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to the Company's increased use of brokered deposits as a source of liquidity due to deposit attrition during the year. Brokered deposits totaled $2.5 billion and $528.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits totaled $3.5 billion, or 22.5% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2023, compared with $4.7 billion, or 31.3% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2022.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s average deposit balances and weighted average rates for the periods presented:
For the Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
(dollars in thousands)Average BalanceWeighted Average RateAverage BalanceWeighted Average RateAverage BalanceWeighted Average Rate
Deposit Type
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts $3,957,699 — %$5,018,631 — %$4,675,667 — %
Interest-bearing accounts
Checking accounts5,745,444 3.08 6,002,530 0.76 5,967,655 0.38 
Savings accounts628,088 0.06 787,937 0.05 711,401 0.15 
Money market accounts1,616,038 3.47 2,130,908 1.01 2,584,386 0.53 
Certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts (IRA)2,977,281 4.19 1,027,561 1.00 1,269,736 0.55 
Total interest-bearing accounts
10,966,851 3.27 9,948,936 0.78 10,533,178 0.42 
Total deposits$14,924,550 2.40 %$14,967,567 0.52 %$15,208,845 0.29 %
In 2023, there was a significant shift in average deposit balances by type, moving from noninterest-bearing, interest-bearing checking and money market accounts to higher yielding certificates of deposit accounts. This shift was due to the higher rates offered on these products resulting from Fed rate increases over the year. The Bank offered several promotional campaigns during the year on short duration certificates of deposit. Furthermore, average total brokered deposits increased to $1.5 billion for 2023 from $493.9 million in 2022, an increase of $1.0 billion, or 212%, with the majority of brokered accounts concentrated in certificates of deposit representing average balances of $969.4 million, or approximately one-third of the average balance of total certificates of deposit for the year.
The total cost of deposits increased 188 basis points from 0.52% for the year ended December 31, 2022 to 2.40% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits was 3.27% for 2023 compared with 0.78% for 2022. The increase in deposit cost of funds is reflective of higher rates on deposit products as a result of Fed Funds rate increases over the year as well as the increased level of brokered deposits, as discussed above. Interest expense on brokered deposits totaled approximately $80.6 million in 2023, compared to $8.1 million in 2022 and had a weighted average interest rate paid of 5.23% for 2023, compared to 1.64% in 2022. Therefore, the combination of the shift from noninterest-bearing to interest-bearing accounts as well as the use of higher-cost brokered funds and overall rising rate environment in 2023 had a negative effect on the Company's net interest income during 2023.
The following table sets forth the maturity of time deposits (including IRA deposits) greater than $250 thousand as of December 31, 2023:
Maturity within:
(dollars in thousands)Three MonthsThree to Six MonthsSix to Twelve MonthsAfter Twelve MonthsTotal
Individual retirement accounts$253 $509 $4,400 $365 $5,527 
Certificates of deposit
464,907 420,174 181,111 64,831 1,131,023 
Total$465,160 $420,683 $185,511 $65,196 $1,136,550 
The estimated amount of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits including related accrued interest is approximately $6.3 billion (40.2% of total deposits) and $8.1 billion (53.6% of total deposits) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated uninsured deposits, excluding public funds deposits totaled $4.6 billion (29.1% of total deposits) and $6.5 billion (42.9% of total deposits) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
FHLB Advances
The Company’s FHLB borrowings totaled $350.0 million as of December 31, 2023, compared with $300.0 million as of December 31, 2022. The change in FHLB borrowings from prior year reflects the use of short-term FHLB advances as needed
for liquidity. See further details of FHLB advances, including collateral and letters of credit in Note 9. Federal Home Loan Bank Advances.
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Other Borrowings
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $238.1 million and $267.1 million, respectively, of long-term indebtedness (other than FHLB advances and junior subordinated debentures) outstanding, which included subordinated debentures. The decrease from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 was due to the redemption of $30.0 million of subordinated debentures in first quarter 2023.
In addition, the Company had $33.8 million and zero of short-term borrowings outstanding on its $100.0 million revolving line of credit as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The $33.8 million in borrowings remained outstanding as of February 20, 2024. See Note 10. Other Borrowings for further details of the Company's other borrowings.
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities increased $102.9 million, or 79.1%, to $233.0 million at December 31, 2023 from $130.1 million at December 31, 2022. The increase is due to primarily to the accruals of the $100.0 million litigation settlement and the $8.3 million FDIC special assessment as discussed elsewhere in this report, offset by decreases in other various year end accruals.

Capital Resources and Liquidity Management
Capital Resources
The Company’s stockholders’ equity is influenced by the Company’s earnings, common stock repurchased by the Company, common stock granted and forfeited, stock based compensation expense, the dividends the Company pays on its common stock, and any changes in other comprehensive income relating to available for sale securities and cash flow hedges.
Total stockholder’s equity was $2.4 billion at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $17.2 million. The increase was primarily due to net income earned for the year totaling $43.2 million, an improvement of $31.3 million in other comprehensive income and stock based compensation of $7.5 million offset by stock repurchased by the Company totaling $2.2 million and dividends paid of $62.7 million.
Regulatory Capital Requirements
The Company’s capital management consists of providing equity to support the Company’s current and future operations. The Company is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies, including the TDB, Federal Reserve and the FDIC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may prompt certain actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Please refer to Note 20. Regulatory Matters, in the notes to the Company's audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional details.
Stock Repurchase Program. In January 2023, the Company's Board approved the 2023 Stock Repurchase Plan, which provides for the repurchase of common stock up to $125.0 million through December 31, 2023. There were no shares repurchased under the 2023 Plan through December 31, 2023.
See Part II, Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, in this report for additional information.
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was enacted. Among other things, the IRA imposes a new 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchased after December 31, 2022 by publicly traded U.S. corporations. With certain exceptions, the value of stock repurchased is determined net of stock issued in the year, including shares issued pursuant to compensatory arrangements.

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Liquidity Management
Liquidity refers to the measure of the Company’s ability to meet current and future cash flow requirements as they become due, while at the same time meeting the Company’s operating, capital and strategic cash flow needs, all at a reasonable cost. The Company's Asset Liability Committee (ALCO) is responsible for the oversight of liquidity. ALCO is a management subcommittee of the Board Risk Oversight Committee. The Company utilizes its Liquidity Risk Management Policy, Contingency Funding Plan (CFP), and Liquidity Risk Management Framework to monitor and manage liquidity risk. The Policy establishes liquidity monitoring ratios and their respective limits. The CFP identifies Key Risk Indicators and defines triggers to determine the level of risk on a sliding scale: Normal, Early Warning, Advanced Warning, and Crisis. The CFP further outlines appropriate action steps to be taken by management to remedy an increase in liquidity risk based on the level of risk determined in the framework. Additionally, the CFP outlines appropriate additional monitoring, reporting, and communication for each level of risk within the framework.
The Company’s asset and liability management policy is intended to maintain adequate liquidity and, therefore, enhance the Company’s ability to raise funds to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals and lending needs, maintain reserve requirements, and otherwise sustain operations. The Company accomplishes this through management of the maturities of its interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The Company believes that its present position is adequate to meet the current and future liquidity needs.
The Company continuously monitors its liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all of the Company’s short-term and long-term cash requirements. The Company manages its liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of customers, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to meet the return on investment objectives of the Company’s shareholders. The Company also monitors its liquidity requirements in light of interest rate trends, changes in the economy, and the scheduled maturity and interest rate sensitivity of the investment and loan portfolios and deposits.Liquidity risk management is an important element in the Company’s asset/liability management process. The Company's liquidity position is continuously monitored and adjustments are made to the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. The Company’s short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are primarily to fund on-going operations, including payment of interest on deposits and debt, extensions of credit to borrowers, capital expenditures and shareholder dividends. These liquidity requirements are met primarily through cash flow from operations, redeployment of pre-paid and maturing balances in the Company’s loan and investment portfolios, debt financing and increases in customer deposits. The Company’s liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and liabilities and access to alternative sources of funds. Liquid assets include cash, interest-bearing deposits in banks, federal funds sold, securities available for sale and maturing or prepaying balances in the Company’s investment and loan portfolios. Liquid liabilities include core deposits, brokered deposits, federal funds purchased and other borrowings. Other sources of liquidity include the sale of loans, the issuance of additional collateralized borrowings such as FHLB advances, the issuance of debt securities, borrowings through the Federal Reserve’s discount window and the Bank Term Funding Program through the program's expiration date and the issuance of equity securities. In addition to the liquidity provided by the sources described above, the Company maintains correspondent relationships with other banks in order to sell loans or purchase overnight funds should additional liquidity be needed. The Company's $100.0 million line of credit also provides an additional source of liquidity. For additional information regarding the Company’s operating, investing and financing cash flows, see the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows provided in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Deposits represent the Company’s primary source of funds. The Company continues to focus on growing core deposits through the Company’s relationship driven banking philosophy and community-focused marketing programs. During 2023, the Company increased the use of higher-cost brokered deposits to secure additional liquidity due to the competitive deposit environment resulting from the interest rate increases over the year. To avoid concentrations with any one broker, brokered deposits can be accessed from a variety of brokers acting as intermediaries, typically larger money-center financial institutions as well as broker networks including Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS), IntraFi Cash Service (ICS) & Total Bank Solutions (TBS) among other sources.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s short-term borrowing capacities net of balances outstanding as of December 31, 2023:
Unsecured fed funds lines available from commercial banks
$445,000 
American Financial Exchange (overnight borrowings)
$699,000 
Unused borrowing capacity from FHLB
$5,144,607 
Unused borrowing capacity under Fed Discount window
$1,095,664 
Unused borrowing capacity under Fed BTFP (based on unencumbered securities at par value)
$661,721 
Unused portion of line of credit
$66,250 

In the ordinary course of the Company’s operations, the Company has entered into certain contractual obligations and has made other commitments to make future payments. The Company believes that it will be able to meet its contractual obligations as they come due through the maintenance of adequate cash levels. The Company expects to maintain adequate cash levels through profitability, loan and securities repayment and maturity activity and continued deposit gathering activities. The Company has in place various borrowing mechanisms for both short-term and long-term liquidity needs. Refer to the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this report for the expected timing of such obligations and borrowing capacity, as applicable, as of December 31, 2023. These include payments related to (a) time deposits with stated maturity dates (Note 8. Deposits), (b) short and long term borrowings (Note 9. Federal Home Loan Bank Advances, Note 10. Other Borrowings and Note 11. Junior Subordinated Debentures), (c) operating leases (Note 12. Leases) and (d) commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit (Note 13. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Commitments and Contingencies).
As discussed elsewhere in this report, the Company has accrued $100.0 million in connection with the settlement of the Stanford lawsuit. Once the litigation is dismissed by the Court, the Company expects to pay the obligation as described in the settlement agreement. Refer to Part I. Item 3. Legal Proceedings for more information.
Other than normal changes in the ordinary course of business, there have been no significant changes in the types of contractual obligations or amounts due since December 31, 2023, except as described in Note 22. Subsequent Events.
The Company is a corporation separate and apart from the Bank and, therefore, the Company must provide for the Company’s own liquidity. The Company’s main source of funding is dividends declared and paid to the Company by the Bank. Statutory and regulatory limitations exist that affect the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. Management believes that these limitations will not impact the Company’s ability to meet the Company’s ongoing short-term cash obligations. For additional information regarding dividend restrictions, see “Supervision and Regulation” under Part I, Item 1. “Business.”
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the Company’s reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under current circumstances, results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. The Company evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
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Accounting policies, as described in detail in the notes to the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements are an integral part of the Company’s financial statements. A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing the Company’s reported results of operations and the Company’s financial position. The Company has deemed the accounting policy and estimate discussed below as most critical and require the Company to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. Changes in these estimates, which are likely to occur from period to period, or the use of different estimates that the Company could have reasonably used in the current period, would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity. The Company has other significant accounting policies and continues to evaluate the materiality of their impact on its consolidated financial statements, but management believes these other policies either do not generally require them to make estimates and judgments that are difficult or subjective, or it is less likely they would have a material impact on the Company's reported results for a given period.
Allowance For Credit Losses. Management considers policies related to the allowance for credit losses on financial instruments for loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures to be critical to the financial statements. The Company's policies for the allowance for credit losses are accounted for under ASC 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance is increased (decreased) by provisions (or reversals of) reported in the income statement as a component of provisions for credit loss. Under the guidance, the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a liability account representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit.
The amount of each allowance account represents management's best estimate of current expected credit losses on such financial instruments using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, credit quality, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, gross domestic product, property values or other relevant factors. The Company utilizes Moody’s Analytics economic forecast scenarios and assigns probability weighting to those scenarios which best reflect management’s views on the economic forecast.
The allowance for credit losses for loans is measured on a collective basis for portfolios of loans when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. For determining the appropriate allowance for credit losses on a collective basis, the loan portfolio is segmented into pools based upon similar risk characteristics and a lifetime loss-rate model is utilized. The measurement of expected credit losses is impacted by loan/borrower attributes and certain macroeconomic variables. Management has determined that they are reasonably able to forecast the macroeconomic variables used in the modeling processes with an acceptable degree of confidence for a total of two years then encompassing a reversion process whereby the forecasted macroeconomic variables are reverted to their historical mean utilizing a rational, systematic basis. Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within the modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan pools. These qualitative factor (Q-Factor) adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk.
Due to the subjective nature of these estimates in general and more so due to the multiple variables used in the calculation, the estimate for determining current expected credit losses is subject to uncertainty. The various components of the calculation require significant management judgement and certain assumptions are highly subjective. Volatility in certain credit metrics and variations between expected and actual outcomes are likely.
Further information regarding Company policies and methodology used to estimate the allowance for credit losses is presented in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Note 13. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Commitments and Contingencies.
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Goodwill. The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets from acquisitions, or goodwill, is evaluated for impairment at least annually and on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates that it is likely an impairment has occurred. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing a quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform an impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing the fair value with the carrying amount of the reporting unit. The Company performs its impairment test annually as of December 31. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the economic uncertainty and market volatility resulting from the rising interest rate environment and the recent banking crisis resulted in a decrease in the Company's stock price and market capitalization. Management believed such decrease was a triggering indicator requiring goodwill impairment quantitative assessments at each interim period in addition to the annual impairment test performed as of December 31, 2023, all of which resulted in no impairment charges. Refer to Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant management judgment and the use of subjective measurements. Variability in the market and changes in assumptions or subjective measurements used to allocate fair value are reasonably possible and may have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards
The Company has evaluated new accounting standards that have recently been issued and have determined that there are no new accounting standards that should be described in this section that will materially impact the Company’s operations, financial condition or liquidity in future periods. Refer to Note 2. Recent Accounting Standards, of the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting standards and their expected impact on the consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and other relevant market rates and prices, such as equity prices. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows, and future earnings. Due to the nature of our operations, we are primarily exposed to interest rate risk.
Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk
The principal objective of the Company’s asset and liability management function is to measure, monitor, and control the interest rate risk within the balance sheet while maximizing net income and preserving adequate levels of liquidity and capital. The Board Risk Oversight Committee has oversight of the asset and liability management function, which is managed by ALCO under the direction of the Company’s Treasurer. ALCO, which members include the Treasurer, Chief Financial Officer and other senior management, meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of the Company’s assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, as well as local and national market conditions. That management subcommittee also reviews the liquidity, deposit mix, loan mix and investment positions of the Company.
The Company’s management and the Board of Directors are responsible for employing risk management policies that monitor and limit the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is measured using net interest income simulations and market value of equity analyses. These analyses use various assumptions, including the magnitude and timing of interest rate changes, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities and deposits, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment and replacement of asset and liability cash flows.
Instantaneous parallel rate shift scenarios, known as rate shock, are modeled and utilized to evaluate risk and establish exposure limits for acceptable changes in net interest margin.
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The Company also analyzes the economic value of equity as an additional measure of interest rate risk. This is a complementary measure to net interest income where the calculated value is the result of the market value of assets less the market value of liabilities. The economic value of equity is a longer term view of interest rate risk because it measures the present value of the future cash flows. The impact of changes in interest rates on this calculation is analyzed for the risk to the Company’s future earnings and is used in conjunction with the analyses on net interest income. The Company also runs customized scenarios to aid in decision making as well as stress test assumptions to confirm that the outputs are reasonable.
The Company conducts periodic analyses of its sensitivity to interest rate risk through the use of a third-party proprietary interest-rate sensitivity model that is run internally and has been customized to the Company's specifications. The analyses conducted by use of that model are based on current information regarding the Company's actual interest-earnings assets, interest-bearing liabilities, capital and other financial information that it supplies. The Company uses the information in the model to aid in its risk management framework surrounding the net interest margin.
The Company’s asset liability management model indicated that it was in a liability sensitive position in terms of its income simulation as of December 31, 2023. The table below illustrates the impact of an immediate and sustained 200 and 100 basis point increase and a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates on net interest income over twelve months based on the interest rate risk model as of December 31, 2023:
Hypothetical Shift in Interest Rates (in bps)% Change in Projected Net Interest Income
200(9.52)%
100(4.22)
(100)3.67
The Company's model indicates that its projected balance sheet on December 31, 2023 has shifted to a liability sensitive position in comparison to an asset sensitive balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The shift was due to the increase in short-term wholesale funding during and after the market liquidity events of early 2023. Additionally, the bank has seen a shift in its deposit base as customers seek to capture yields during a time of heightened interest rates. The movement from non-maturity deposits to time deposits, primarily in 6-to-13-month terms, has also increased the liability sensitivity of the bank’s balance sheet. The Company has strategically positioned the duration of its liabilities short in order to maximize its ability to grow net interest income during periods of flat or falling interest rates.
These are good faith estimates and assume that the composition of the Company’s interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at each year-end is held consistent. Additionally, the forecast takes into consideration the future maturities and contractual interest rate repricing over the relevant twelve-month measurement period. Lastly, the model assumes that changes in market interest rates are instantaneous and sustained across the yield curve regardless of duration of pricing characteristics of specific assets or liabilities. This analysis does not contemplate any actions that the Company might undertake in response to changes in market interest rates. As a result, the Company believes these estimates are not necessarily indicative of what actually could occur in the event of immediate interest rate increases or decreases of this magnitude. As interest-bearing assets and liabilities re-price in different time frames and proportions to market interest rate movements, various assumptions must be made based on historical relationships of these variables in reaching any conclusion. Since these correlations are based on competitive and market conditions, the Company anticipates that future results will likely be different from the foregoing estimates, and such differences could be material.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements, the reports thereon, the notes thereto and supplementary data commence at page 81 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting. The management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining an effective system of internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act.
As of December 31, 2023, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, or COSO, of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, management determined that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting, as of December 31, 2023, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company's consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The attestation report of RSM US LLP, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, appears below.


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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Independent Bank Group, Inc.

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Independent Bank Group, Inc.'s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ RSM US LLP

Dallas, Texas
February 20, 2024
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Our Board of Directors,” “Identification & Evaluation of Director Candidates,” “Nominee for Election,” “Continuing Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Board Governance,” “Stock Ownership of Directors, Nominees, Executive Officers and Principal Shareholders,” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2024 Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act within 120 days of the Company’s fiscal year end.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the caption "Compensation Discussion & Analysis” in the 2024 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
Certain information required by this Item 12 is included under “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans” in Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The other information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the caption “Stock Ownership of Directors, Nominees, Executive Officers and Principal Shareholders” in the 2024 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Board Governance-Director Independence” and “Related Person and Certain Other Transactions” in the 2024 Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is RSM US LLP, Dallas, Texas, Auditor Firm ID: 49.
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the caption “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and “Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in the 2024 Proxy Statement.


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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
1. Consolidated Financial Statements. Reference is made to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the report thereon and the notes thereto commencing at page 81 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Set forth below is an index of such Consolidated Financial Statements:
2. Financial Statement Schedules. All supplemental schedules are omitted as inapplicable or because the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
3. The exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K listed below have been included only with the copy of this report filed with the SEC. The Company will furnish a copy of any exhibit to shareholders upon written request to the Company and payment of a reasonable fee not to exceed the Company’s reasonable expense.
Each exhibit marked with an asterisk is filed or furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as noted below.

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EXHIBIT LIST
Exhibit NumberDescription
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
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4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
The other instruments defining the rights of holders of the long-term debt securities of the Company and its subsidiaries are omitted pursuant to section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby agrees to furnish copies of these instruments to the SEC upon request.
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
10.1
10.2
10.3(a)
10.3(b)
10.3(c)
10.3(d)
10.3(e)
10.3(f)
10.3(g)
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10.3(h)
10.3(i)
10.3(j)
10.3(k)
10.3(l)
10.3(m)
10.3(n)
10.3(o)
10.3(p)
10.4(a)
10.4(b)
10.4(c)
10.4(d)
10.4(e)
10.4(f)
10.4(g)
10.4(h)
10.4(i)
10.4(j)*
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10.5
10.6(a)
10.6(b)
10.7
21.1*
23.1*
31.1*
31.2*
32.1***
32.2***
97.1*
99.1
101.INS*XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
*
Filed herewith as an Exhibit
**
Pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, certain schedules and similar attachments have been omitted. The registrant hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or similar attachment to the SEC upon request.
***
Furnished herewith as an Exhibit
(b)
Exhibits. See the exhibit list included in Item 15(a)3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(c)
Financial Statement Schedules. See Item 15(a)2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
  

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Independent Bank Group, Inc. 

Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Independent Bank Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
As described in Notes 1 and 5 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans totaled $151.9 million as of December 31, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on loans is measured on a collective basis for portfolios of loans when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. For determining the appropriate allowance for credit losses on a collective basis, the loan portfolio is segmented into pools based upon similar risk characteristics and a lifetime loss-rate model is utilized. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, credit quality, or term as well as changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, gross domestic product, property values, various price indices, or other relevant factors. Management has determined that they are reasonably able to forecast the macroeconomic variables used in the modeling processes and assign probability weighting to those scenarios with an acceptable degree of confidence for a total of two years then encompassing a reversion process whereby the forecasted macroeconomic variables are reverted to their historical mean utilizing a rational, systematic basis. Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within the modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan pools. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The determination of the forecasts and qualitative factors requires a significant amount of judgment by management and the estimate is highly sensitive to changes in significant assumptions.

We identified the determination of forecasts and qualitative factors applied to the allowance for credit losses on loans as a critical audit matter because auditing the forecasts and qualitative factors required a high degree of auditor judgment, as the estimate is highly sensitive to changes in significant assumptions.

Our audit procedures related to the forecasts and qualitative factors applied to the allowance for credit losses on loans included the following, among others:

•We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the development and weighting of forecasts and qualitative factors and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness, including controls over management’s establishment, review and approval of the forecasts and qualitative factors and data used in determining the forecasts and qualitative factors.

•We tested management’s process and evaluated the reasonableness of their judgements and assumptions to develop the forecasts and qualitative factors, which included:

–Testing the accuracy of the data inputs used by management as a basis for the forecasts and qualitative factors by comparing to internal and external source data and assessing the reasonableness of the magnitude and directional consistency of the adjustments for such.

–Evaluating whether management’s conclusions related to forecasts and weighting of forecasts were consistent with Company provided internal data and external or independently sourced data, and agreeing the impact to the allowance calculation.

Goodwill
As described in Notes 1 and 7 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s recorded goodwill was $994.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company tests goodwill of a reporting unit for impairment annually on December 31 or on an interim basis if an event or circumstance indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. During the year, the economic uncertainty and market volatility resulting from the rising interest rate environment and the banking crisis resulted in a decrease in the Company’s stock price and market capitalization. Management determined such decrease was a triggering event requiring an interim quantitative impairment test. The Company estimated the fair value of the reporting unit by making significant estimates and assumptions related to the specific circumstances of the reporting unit such as net interest income and net income projections, based on historical results and industry data, and the selection of an appropriate discount rate and control premium as well as consideration of transactions involving banks similar to the Company and related multiples. The application of these valuation methodologies and necessary assumptions requires a significant amount of judgment by management and the estimate is highly sensitive to changes in significant assumptions.
We identified the interim goodwill impairment assessment as a critical audit matter because of the complexity of the analysis and certain significant assumptions, including the projected cash flows, effective discount rate and comparable market companies. Auditing management’s assumptions required significant auditor judgment and increased audit effort, including the use of our internal valuation specialists.
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Our audit procedures related to the interim goodwill impairment assessment included the following, among others:

•We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the interim goodwill impairment assessment and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness, including controls over management’s preparation of cash flow projections, review of the significant assumptions such as discount rate and price multiples of comparable market companies and review of the computations made within the assessment.

•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s cash flow projections by comparing forecasts to historical data and through analysis of operating ratios such as loan growth, loan yields, deposit growth, deposit cost of funds, net interest margin, allowance ratio, and non-interest expense.

•We utilized our internal valuation specialists to assist in:

–Evaluating the price multiples of comparable market companies by comparing management’s assumptions to information publicly available.

–Evaluating the effective discount rate by comparing to publicly available market data.


/s/ RSM US LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2001.

Dallas, Texas
February 20, 2024









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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries                            
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2023 and 2022
(Dollars in thousands, except share information)
December 31,
Assets20232022
Cash and due from banks$98,396 $134,183 
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks623,593 520,139 
Cash and cash equivalents721,989 654,322 
Certificates of deposit held in other banks248 496 
Securities available for sale, at fair value1,593,751 1,691,784 
Securities held to maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 and $0, respectively, fair value of $170,997 and $162,239, respectively
205,232 207,059 
Loans held for sale (includes $12,016 and $10,612 carried at fair value, respectively)
16,420 11,310 
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $151,861 and $148,787, respectively
14,558,681 13,760,576 
Premises and equipment, net355,833 355,368 
Other real estate owned9,490 23,900 
Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) of Dallas stock and other restricted stock34,915 23,436 
Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI)245,497 240,448 
Deferred tax asset92,665 78,669 
Goodwill994,021 994,021 
Other intangible assets, net50,560 62,999 
Other assets155,800 154,026 
Total assets$19,035,102 $18,258,414 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing$3,530,704 $4,736,830 
Interest-bearing12,192,331 10,384,587 
Total deposits15,723,035 15,121,417 
FHLB advances350,000 300,000 
Other borrowings271,821 267,066 
Junior subordinated debentures54,617 54,419 
Other liabilities233,036 130,129 
Total liabilities16,632,509 15,873,031 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock (0 and 0 shares outstanding, respectively)
— — 
Common stock (41,281,919 and 41,190,677 shares outstanding, respectively)
413 412 
Additional paid-in capital1,966,686 1,959,193 
Retained earnings616,724 638,354 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(181,230)(212,576)
Total stockholders’ equity2,402,593 2,385,383 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$19,035,102 $18,258,414 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands, except per share information)
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans$792,659 $602,210 $547,931 
Interest on taxable securities31,747 32,944 22,754 
Interest on nontaxable securities10,279 10,360 8,344 
Interest on interest-bearing deposits and other37,051 9,503 4,533 
Total interest income871,736 655,017 583,562 
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits358,405 77,628 44,199 
Interest on FHLB advances35,705 2,017 2,038 
Interest on other borrowings16,018 14,451 15,247 
Interest on junior subordinated debentures4,725 2,713 1,756 
Total interest expense414,853 96,809 63,240 
Net interest income456,883 558,208 520,322 
Provision for credit losses4,130 4,490 (9,000)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses452,753 553,718 529,322 
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts13,958 12,204 9,842 
Investment management fees9,650 9,146 8,586 
Mortgage banking revenue7,003 8,938 23,157 
Mortgage warehouse purchase program fees1,892 2,676 6,908 
(Loss) gain on sale of loans(14)(1,844)56 
(Loss) gain on sale of other real estate(1,797)— 63 
Gain on sale of securities available for sale— — 13 
Gain (loss) on sale and disposal of premises and equipment323 (494)(304)
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI5,768 5,371 5,209 
Other14,326 15,469 12,987 
Total noninterest income51,109 51,466 66,517 
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits181,445 212,087 180,336 
Occupancy47,430 42,938 40,688 
Communications and technology28,713 24,937 22,355 
FDIC assessment22,153 6,883 5,865 
Advertising and public relations2,607 2,106 1,097 
Other real estate owned (income) expenses, net(510)31 4 
Impairment of other real estate5,215 — — 
Amortization of other intangible assets12,439 12,491 12,580 
Litigation settlement102,500 — — 
Professional fees7,949 15,571 15,530 
Other41,603 41,845 35,151 
Total noninterest expense451,544 358,889 313,606 
Income before taxes52,318 246,295 282,233 
Income tax expense9,117 50,004 57,483 
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
Basic earnings per share$1.05 $4.71 $5.22 
Diluted earnings per share$1.04 $4.70 $5.21 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
Other comprehensive income (loss) before tax:
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, excluding the change attributable to available for sale securities reclassified to held to maturity36,691 (265,551)(38,292)
Tax effect7,705 (55,766)(8,041)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of tax, excluding the change attributable to available for sale securities reclassified to held to maturity28,986 (209,785)(30,251)
Change in net unamortized gains on available for sale securities reclassified into held to maturity securities(21)(21)— 
Tax effect(5)(4)— 
Change in net unamortized gains on available for sale securities reclassified into held to maturity securities, net of tax(16)(17)— 
Reclassification of amount of gains realized through sale of securities— — (13)
Tax effect— — (3)
Reclassification of amount of gains realized through sale of securities, net of tax— — (10)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax28,970 (209,802)(30,261)
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments:
Unrealized holding losses arising during the period(1,161)(10,916)(455)
Tax effect(244)(2,292)(96)
Unrealized losses arising during the period, net of tax(917)(8,624)(359)
Reclassification of amount of losses (gains) recognized into income4,168 771 (597)
Tax effect875 162 (125)
Reclassification of amount of losses (gains) recognized into income, net of tax3,293 609 (472)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on derivative financial instruments2,376 (8,015)(831)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax31,346 (217,817)(31,092)
Comprehensive income (loss)$74,547 $(21,526)$193,658 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands, except for par value, share and per share information)

 Preferred Stock $0.01 Par Value 10 million shares authorized
Common Stock
$0.01 Par Value
100 million shares authorized
Additional
Paid in Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total
SharesAmount
Balance, December 31, 2020$— 43,137,104 $431 $1,934,807 $543,800 $36,333 $2,515,371 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principles— — — — (53,880)— (53,880)
Adjusted beginning balance— 43,137,104 431 1,934,807 489,920 36,333 2,461,491 
Net income— — — — 224,750 — 224,750 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— — — — — (31,092)(31,092)
Common stock repurchased— (461,068)(4)— (32,128)— (32,132)
Restricted stock forfeited— (35,265)— — — — — 
Restricted stock granted— 115,463 1 (1)— — — 
Stock based compensation expense— — — 10,691 — — 10,691 
Cash dividends ($1.32 per share)
— — — — (57,058)— (57,058)
Balance, December 31, 2021$— 42,756,234 $428 $1,945,497 $625,484 $5,241 $2,576,650 
Net income— — — — 196,291 — 196,291 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— — — — — (217,817)(217,817)
Common stock repurchased— (1,704,324)(17)— (119,729)— (119,746)
Restricted stock forfeited— (10,393)— — — — — 
Restricted stock granted— 149,160 1 (1)— — — 
Stock based compensation expense— — — 13,697 — — 13,697 
Cash dividends ($1.52 per share)
— — — — (63,692)— (63,692)
Balance, December 31, 2022$— 41,190,677 $412 $1,959,193 $638,354 $(212,576)$2,385,383 
Net income— — — — 43,201 — 43,201 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax— — — — — 31,346 31,346 
Common stock repurchased— (41,727)— — (2,175)— (2,175)
Restricted stock forfeited— (5,940)— — — — — 
Restricted stock granted— 138,909 1 (1)— — — 
Stock based compensation expense— — — 7,494 — — 7,494 
Cash dividends ($1.52 per share)
— — — — (62,656)— (62,656)
Balance, December 31, 2023$— 41,281,919 $413 $1,966,686 $616,724 $(181,230)$2,402,593 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands) 
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense18,475 14,934 12,385 
Accretion income recognized on loans(3,783)(10,022)(21,174)
Amortization of other intangibles assets12,439 12,491 12,580 
Amortization of premium on securities, net6,341 7,377 5,226 
Amortization of discount and origination costs on borrowings1,203 893 894 
Stock based compensation expense7,494 13,697 10,691 
Excess tax expense (benefit) on restricted stock vested280 (703)(691)
FHLB stock dividends(2,786)(328)(128)
(Gain) loss on sale and disposal of premises and equipment(323)494 304 
Loss (gain) on loans14 1,844 (56)
Gain on sale of securities available for sale— — (13)
Loss (gain) on sale of other real estate owned1,797 — (63)
Impairment of other real estate5,215 — — 
Impairment of other assets955 4,442 124 
Deferred tax (benefit) expense(21,759)5,168 5,353 
Provision for credit losses4,130 4,490 (9,000)
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI(5,768)(5,371)(5,209)
Excess benefit claim on BOLI(522)(784)— 
Net gain on mortgage loans held for sale(4,613)(4,469)(21,799)
Originations of loans held for sale(260,248)(287,960)(659,536)
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale259,751 313,243 731,858 
Net change in other assets6,722 (24,059)14,293 
Net change in other liabilities97,054 (24,434)(23,356)
Net cash provided by operating activities165,269 217,234 277,433 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in thousands) 
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment securities available for sale:
Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns5,138,337 7,203,267 7,403,109 
Proceeds from sales— — 9,294 
Purchases(5,008,148)(7,277,267)(8,308,955)
Investment securities held to maturity:
Purchases— (91,065)— 
Proceeds from maturities of certificates of deposit held in other banks248 2,749 1,237 
Proceeds from benefit claim of BOLI1,241 1,344 — 
Purchase of bank owned life insurance contracts— — (10,000)
Purchases of FHLB stock and other restricted stock(90,155)(4,702)(1,190)
Proceeds from redemptions of FHLB stock and other restricted stock81,462 3,167 50 
Proceeds from sale of loans4,188 25,649 3,034 
Net loans originated held for investment(558,923)(1,965,745)14,805 
Originations of mortgage warehouse purchase loans(11,428,351)(13,260,099)(30,418,842)
Proceeds from pay-offs of mortgage warehouse purchase loans11,190,761 13,736,848 31,083,791 
Additions to premises and equipment(20,979)(62,961)(71,356)
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment681 188 21 
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned1,550 — 538 
Net cash used in investing activities(688,088)(1,688,627)(294,464)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net (decrease) increase in demand deposits, money market and savings accounts(2,258,158)(792,316)1,508,335 
Net increase (decrease) in time deposits2,859,776 359,825 (353,354)
Proceeds from FHLB advances15,645,000 375,000 — 
Repayments of FHLB advances(15,595,000)(225,000)(225,000)
Proceeds from other borrowings100,000 111,000 75,000 
Repayments of other borrowings(96,250)(128,000)(104,500)
Repurchase of common stock(2,175)(119,746)(32,132)
Dividends paid(62,707)(63,492)(56,861)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities590,486 (482,729)811,488 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents67,667 (1,954,122)794,457 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period654,322 2,608,444 1,813,987 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$721,989 $654,322 $2,608,444 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of operations: Independent Bank Group, Inc. (IBG) through its subsidiary, Independent Bank, a Texas state banking corporation, doing business as Independent Financial (Bank) (collectively known as the Company), provides a full range of banking services to individual and corporate customers in the North, Central and Southeast, Texas areas and along the Colorado Front Range, through its various branch locations in those areas. The Company is engaged in traditional community banking activities, which include commercial and retail lending, deposit gathering, and investment and liquidity management activities. The Company’s primary deposit products are demand deposits, money market accounts and certificates of deposit, and its primary lending products are commercial business and real estate, real estate mortgage and consumer loans.
Basis of presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of IBG and all other entities in which IBG has controlling financial interest. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, the Company wholly-owns nine statutory business trusts that were formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and do not meet the criteria for consolidation (See Note 11. Junior Subordinated Debentures).
Accounting standards codification: The Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) is the officially recognized source of authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the authority of federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for SEC registrants. All other accounting literature is considered non-authoritative.
Segment reporting: The Company has one reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker uses consolidated results to make operating and strategic decisions.
Reclassifications: Certain prior period financial statement and disclosure amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. The reclassifications have no effect on net income or stockholders' equity as previously reported.
Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. The material estimates included in the financial statements relate to the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of goodwill and valuation of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations.
Cash and cash equivalents: For the purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks and federal funds sold. All highly liquid investments with an initial maturity of less than ninety days are considered to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits with other financial institutions in amounts that exceed FDIC insurance coverage. The Company's management monitors the balance in these accounts and periodically assesses the financial condition of the other financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risks on cash or cash equivalents.
Restricted cash: The Company maintains cash collateral balances which have been pledged to derivative counterparties and are legally restricted as to use.
Certificates of deposit: Certificates of deposit are FDIC insured deposits in other financial institutions with original maturities of five years or less and are carried at cost.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Securities: Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and recorded at amortized cost. Debt securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income, net of tax. Any decision to sell a security classified as available for sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company's assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations and other similar factors.
The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, computed by the interest method generally over their contractual lives, are recognized in interest income. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings on the trade date.
Loans held for sale: The Company originates residential mortgage loans that may subsequently be sold to unaffiliated third parties. The Company elected the fair value option for certain residential mortgage loans held for sale in accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments. This election allows for a more effective offset of the changes in fair values of the loans and the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The Company has not elected the fair value option for other residential mortgage loans held for sale primarily because they are not economically hedged using derivative instruments. Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale not recorded under the fair value option are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value, as determined by aggregate outstanding commitments from investors. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. All mortgage loans held for sale are sold without servicing rights retained. Gains and losses on sales of loans are recognized in noninterest income at settlement dates and are determined by the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying value of the loans.
Loans held for investment: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their outstanding principal balance, net of unearned interest, purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees or costs and an allowance for credit losses. Loan origination fees, net of direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using the effective interest method without anticipating prepayments. Further information regarding the Company's accounting policies related to past due loans, non-accrual loans, collateral dependent loans and loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is presented in Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.
Acquired loans: In accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, loans acquired in connection with a business combination are recorded at their acquisition-date fair value. The allowance for credit losses related to the acquired loan portfolio is not carried over. Acquired loans are classified into two categories based on the credit risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers as either purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans, or loans with no evidence of credit deterioration (non-PCD).
PCD loans are defined as a loan or pool of loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since the origination date. For PCD loans, an initial allowance is established on the acquisition date using the same methodology as other loans held for investment and combined with the fair value of the loan to arrive at acquisition date amortized cost. Accordingly, no provision for credit losses is recognized on PCD loans at the acquisition date. Subsequent to the acquisition date, changes to the allowance are recognized in the provision for credit losses.
Non-PCD loans are pooled into segments together with originated held for investment loans that share similar risk characteristics and have an allowance established on the acquisition date, which is recognized in the current period provision for credit losses.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest payment cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. For PCD loans, the non-credit discount or premium is allocated to individual loans as determined by the difference between the loan’s unpaid principal balance and amortized cost basis. The non-credit premium or discount is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan. For non-PCD loans, the fair value discount or premium is allocated to individual loans and recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining expected life of the loan.
Allowance for credit losses: In accordance with ASC 326, the Company's accounting policies are described below.
Allowance for credit losses - loans: The allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present management's best estimate of the net amount expected to be collected. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance is increased (decreased) by provisions (or reversals of) reported in the income statement as a component of provision for credit losses. Management has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on loans from the estimate of credit losses and reports accrued interest separately in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Further information regarding Company policies and methodology used to estimate the allowance for credit losses on loans is presented in Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.
Allowance for credit losses - available for sale securities: For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the securities amortized cost basis is written down to fair value as a current period expense. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is the result of credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management may consider various factors including the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, performance of any underlying collateral and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and any excess of the amortized cost basis over the present value of expected cash flows is recorded as an allowance for credit loss, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income as a non credit-related impairment.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit losses. Available for sale securities are charged-off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through income when deemed uncollectible by management or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Allowance for credit losses - held to maturity securities: Management measures expected credit losses on held to maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. An allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities, if needed, is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of held to maturity securities to present management's best estimate of the net amount expected to be collected. Held to maturity securities are charged-off against the allowance when deemed uncollectible by management. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the income statement as a component of provision for credit losses.
Management has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on available for sale and held to maturity securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures: The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a liability account, calculated in accordance with ASC 326, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. No allowance is recognized if we have the unconditional right to cancel the obligation. The allowance is reported as a component of other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the income statement as a component of provision for credit losses. Further information regarding Company policies and methodology used to estimate the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is presented in Note 13. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Commitments and Contingencies.
Premises and equipment, net: Land is carried at cost. Bank premises, furniture and equipment and aircraft are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation computed principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to thirty years. Real property acquired after January 1, 2019, accounts for depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets considering the salvage value of the real property.
Leasehold improvements are carried at cost and are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the lease period.
Software: Costs incurred in connection with development or purchase of internal use software and cloud computing arrangements, including in-substance software licenses, are capitalized. Amortization is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset, which generally ranges from one to five years. Capitalized software is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
Leases: The Company's leases are accounted for under ASC Topic 842, Leases. For operating leases with a term greater than one year, the Company recognizes operating right-of-use (ROU) lease assets and operating lease liabilities, which are recorded in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating ROU lease assets and related liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate referenced to the Federal Home Loan Bank Secure Connect advance rates for borrowings of similar terms in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating ROU lease asset also includes any lease pre-payments made and excludes lease incentives. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which the Company has elected to account for separately as the non-lease component amounts are readily determinable under most leases.
Long-term assets: Premises and equipment and other long-term assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows. If impaired, the assets are recorded at fair value.
Other real estate owned: Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the real estate is carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
Revenue and expenses from operations of other real estate owned and impairment charges on other real estate are included in noninterest expense. Gains and losses on sale of other real estate are included in noninterest income.
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net: Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on December 31 or on an interim basis if an event triggering impairment may have occurred. If a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the Company will record an impairment charge based on that difference.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the economic uncertainty and market volatility resulting from the rising interest rate environment and recent banking crisis resulted in a decrease in the Company's stock price and market capitalization. Management believed such decrease was a triggering indicator requiring interim goodwill impairment quantitative assessments during the year. Such assessments resulted in the Company's fair value exceeding its carrying value at each interim period. Furthermore, a quantitative assessment completed as of December 31, 2023, the Company's annual testing date, concluded that fair value exceeded carrying value.
Core deposit intangibles and other acquired customer relationship intangibles arising from bank acquisitions are amortized on a straight-line basis over their original estimated useful lives of ten years and thirteen years, respectively. Other intangible assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable from future undiscounted cash flows.
Restricted stock: The Bank is a member of the FHLB system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB of Dallas and other restricted stock do not have readily determinable fair values as ownership is restricted and they lack a ready market. As a result, these stocks are carried at cost and evaluated periodically by management for impairment. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.
Bank-owned life insurance: Bank-owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contracts at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. Changes in the net cash surrender value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received are reflected in noninterest income.
Income taxes: Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities (excluding deferred tax assets and liabilities related to business combinations or components of other comprehensive income). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred assets and liabilities is recognized in income taxes during the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the expected amount more likely than not to be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the level of historical income, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, reversals of deferred tax liabilities and estimates of future taxable income.
The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions at the end of each reporting period. The Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized in the financial statements from any such position is measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. For tax positions not meeting the "more likely than not" test, no tax benefit is recorded. Any interest and/or penalties related to income taxes are reported as a component of income tax expense.
Loan commitments and related financial instruments: In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into certain off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received.
Stock based compensation: Compensation cost is recognized for restricted stock awards/stock units issued to employees based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the grant date. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized using the straight-line method over the requisite service period for time-based awards. Compensation expense for performance stock units is recognized over the service period of the award based upon the probable number of units expected to vest. The impact of forfeitures of stock-based payment awards on compensation expense is recognized as forfeitures occur.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Transfers of financial assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
Advertising costs: Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.
Business combinations: The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes 100% of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over amounts allocated to assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Where amounts allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is greater than the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Adjustments identified during the measurement period are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
Comprehensive income: Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income. Gains and losses on available for sale securities are reclassified to net income as the gains or losses are realized upon sale of the securities. For securities transferred from available for sale to the held to maturity classification, the remaining pre-tax gains and losses will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, as an adjustment of yield on the transferred securities. For cash flow hedges, gains and losses on the derivative(s) are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same period that the hedged transaction affects earnings.
Fair values of financial instruments: Accounting standards define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and require certain disclosures about fair value measurements (see Note 17. Fair Value Measurements). In general, fair values of financial instruments are based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company's creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time.
Derivative financial instruments: The Company enters into certain derivative financial instruments: interest rate lock commitments, forward mortgage-backed securities trades and interest rate swaps. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the intended use of the derivative. Changes in fair value of derivatives designated in a qualifying hedge relationship are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of derivatives not designated in a qualifying hedge relationship are recognized directly in earnings. All derivatives are carried at fair value in either other assets or other liabilities. See Note 18. Derivative Financial Instruments for further information regarding Company policy.
Mortgage banking revenue: This revenue category reflects the Company's mortgage production revenue, including fees and income derived from mortgages originated with the intent to sell, gains on sales of mortgage loans and the initial and subsequent changes in the fair value of the mortgage derivatives. Interest earned on mortgage loans is recorded in interest income.
Loss Contingencies. Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Revenue recognition: ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.
The majority of the Company's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans, letters of credit, and investment securities, as well as revenue related to mortgage banking activities, and BOLI, as these activities are subject to other accounting guidance. Descriptions of revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, and are presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income as components of noninterest income, are as follows:
•Service charges on deposit accounts - these represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a wire transfer). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.
•Investment management - includes income related to providing investment management services to customers under investment management contracts. Also included are fees received from a third party broker-dealer as part of a revenue-sharing agreement for fees earned from customers that are referred to a third party. The investment management fees and referral fees are billed and paid on a quarterly basis and recognized ratably throughout the quarter as performance obligations are satisfied.
•Mortgage warehouse purchase program fees - includes fees for the administration and funding of mortgage loans, as well as renewal and application fees received from mortgage originator customers through our mortgage warehouse purchase program. Revenue related to the warehouse program is recognized when the related loan interest is paid off or upon renewal or application.
•Gains and losses on the sale of other real estate owned - generally recognized when the performance obligation is complete which is typically at delivery of control over the property to the buyer at time of each real estate closing.
•Other noninterest income - includes the Company's correspondent bank earnings credit, acquired loan recoveries, other deposit fees, and merchant interchange income. The majority of these fees in other noninterest income are not subject to the requirements of ASC 606. The other deposit fees and merchant interchange income are in the scope of ASC 606, and payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.
The Company has made no significant judgments in applying the revenue guidance prescribed in ASC 606 that affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from the above-described contracts with customers.
Earnings per share: Basic earnings per common share is calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities for this calculation. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under participating nonvested restricted stock awards as well as performance stock units (PSUs). The participating nonvested restricted stock awards were not included in dilutive shares as they were anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Proceeds from the assumed exercise of dilutive participating nonvested restricted stock awards and PSUs are assumed to be used to repurchase common stock at the average market price.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income available to common shareholders and the number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Basic earnings per share:
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
Less:
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities(45)1,037 1,576 
Dividends paid on participating securities142 494 534 
Net income available to common shareholders$43,104 $194,760 $222,640 
Weighted average basic shares outstanding41,175,010 41,385,516 42,666,007 
Basic earnings per share$1.05 $4.71 $5.22 
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income available to common shareholders$43,104 $194,760 $222,640 
Total weighted average basic shares outstanding41,175,010 41,385,516 42,666,007 
Add dilutive performance stock units94,409 83,259 58,785 
Total weighted average diluted shares outstanding41,269,419 41,468,775 42,724,792 
Diluted earnings per share$1.04 $4.70 $5.21 
Anti-dilutive participating securities36,025 124,503 181,016 

Note 2. Recent Accounting Standards
Adoption of accounting standards
ASU No. 2023-03, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. ASU 2023-03 amends the ASC for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B., Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. These updates were immediately effective and did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 will align the disclosure and presentation requirements in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification with the SEC’s regulations. The amendments in ASU 2023-06 will be applied prospectively and are effective when the SEC removes the related requirements from Regulations S-X or S-K. Any amendments the SEC does not remove by June 30, 2027 will not be effective. As the Company is currently subject to these SEC requirements, ASU 2023-06 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
ASU 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. Under prior guidance, entities can apply the last-of-layer hedging method to hedge the exposure of a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets to fair value changes due to changes in interest rates for a portion of the portfolio that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other events affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. ASU 2022-01 expands the last-of-layer method, which permits only one hedge layer, to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio. To reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method. ASU 2022-01 also (i) expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable financial assets, (ii) specifies eligible hedging instruments in a single-layer hedge, (iii) provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method and (iv) specifies how hedge basis adjustments should be considered when determining credit losses for the assets included in the closed portfolio. ASU 2022-01 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2022-01 did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. ASU 2022-02 eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings in ASC Subtopic 310-40, Receivables - Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, ASU 2022-02 requires entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of ASC Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Measured at Amortized Cost. ASU 2022-02 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. ASU 2022-06 extended the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance provided by ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01. ASU 2022-06, which was effective upon issuance, deferred the sunset date of this prior guidance from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief guidance in Topic 848. The adoption of ASU 2022-06 did not significantly impact the financial statements and the Company has fully transitioned all products tied to LIBOR.
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13). On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and related amendments. The measurement of current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held to maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments). The CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses on applicable financial assets based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In addition, ASU 2016-13 includes certain changes to the accounting for available for sale securities such as requiring credit-related impairments to be recognized as an allowance for credit losses rather than as a direct write-down of the securities amortized cost basis when management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not they will be required to sell securities prior to recovery of the securities amortized cost basis.
The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. As a result of this adoption, the Company recognized a cumulative effect reduction to retained earnings totaling $53,880, net of a recorded deferred tax asset of $15,113, and reclassed $13,035 of allowance for credit loss related to financial assets purchased with credit deterioration (PCD) that were previously classified as purchased credit impaired (PCI) and accounted for under ASC 310-30 as discussed below. Results for periods beginning after January 1, 2021 are presented in accordance with ASU 2016-13 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.
The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the prospective transition approach for PCD assets. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. On January 1, 2021, the amortized cost basis of the PCD assets were adjusted to reflect the addition of the allowance for credit losses. The remaining noncredit discount (based on the adjusted amortized cost basis) was accreted into interest income at the effective interest rate as of January 1, 2021.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The following table illustrates the impact of ASU 2016-13 on the allowances for credit losses as of January 1, 2021, the date of adoption:
January 1, 2021
Pre-Adoption AllowanceImpact of AdoptionInitial allowance on loans purchased with credit deteriorationPost-Adoption Allowance
Assets:
Allowance for credit losses on Loans:
Commercial$27,311 $12,775 $4,328 $44,414 
Commercial real estate36,698 29,108 7,640 73,446 
Commercial construction, land and land development13,425 22,008 927 36,360 
Residential real estate6,786 (2,255)140 4,671 
Single-family interim construction2,156 7,179 — 9,335 
Agricultural337 (178)— 159 
Consumer684 (334)— 350 
Unallocated423 (423)— — 
$87,820 $67,880 $13,035 $168,735 
Liabilities:
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures$— $1,113 $— $1,113 

Newly issued but not yet effective accounting standards
ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements. ASU 2023-01 requires entities to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. ASU 2023-01 will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2024. The adoption of ASU 2023-01 is not expected to have a significant impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. ASU 2023-02 is intended to improve the accounting and disclosures for investments in tax credit structures. ASU 2023-02 allows entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. Previously, this method was only available for qualifying tax equity investments in low-income housing tax credit structures. ASU 2023-02 will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2024. The adoption of ASU 2023-02 is not expected to have a significant impact on the financial statements.
ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 amends current guidance to require a public entity to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. Public entities with a single reporting segment are required to provide both the new disclosures and all of the existing disclosures required under ASC 280. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for the Company for annual periods on January 1, 2024 and for interim periods starting in 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 is not expected to have a significant impact on the financial statements.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 amends current guidance under ASC 740 to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures. The guidance requires public business entities to disclose in the rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance requires all entities, to disclose annually, income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Note 3. Statement of Cash Flows
As allowed by the accounting standards, the Company has chosen to report, on a net basis, its cash receipts and cash payments for time deposits accepted and repayments of those deposits, and loans made to customers and principal collections on those loans. The Company uses the indirect method to present cash flows from operating activities. Other supplemental cash flow information is presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash transactions:
Interest expense paid$380,804 $92,506 $65,336 
Income taxes paid$25,786 $46,570 $58,083 
Noncash transactions:
Deferred dividend equivalents$(51)$200 $197 
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned$— $23,900 $— 
Loans to facilitate the sale of other real estate owned$6,188 $— $— 
Transfer of securities available for sale to held to maturity$— $117,583 $— 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities$8,698 $4,011 $5,156 
Loans purchased, not yet settled$— $27,210 $29,332 
Transfer of bank premises to other real estate$805 $— $— 


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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 4. Securities
Securities have been classified in the consolidated balance sheets according to management’s intent. The amortized cost of securities and their approximate fair values at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
Amortized
Cost (1)
Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
Securities Available for Sale
December 31, 2023
U.S. treasuries$228,231 $— $(14,009)$214,222 
Government agency securities467,754 — (71,648)396,106 
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions237,146 122 (9,634)227,634 
Corporate bonds43,000 — (7,180)35,820 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA 839,071 8 (119,610)719,469 
Other securities500 — — 500 
$1,815,702 $130 $(222,081)$1,593,751 
December 31, 2022
U.S. treasuries$259,675 $— $(20,265)$239,410 
Government agency securities468,994 — (84,479)384,515 
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions264,419 106 (13,294)251,231 
Corporate bonds43,000 — (5,795)37,205 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA913,388 9 (134,924)778,473 
Other securities950 — — 950 
$1,950,426 $115 $(258,757)$1,691,784 
Securities Held to Maturity
December 31, 2023
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions$205,232 $264 $(34,499)$170,997 
December 31, 2022
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions$207,059 $— $(44,820)$162,239 
____________
(1) Excludes accrued interest receivable of $7,129 and $7,702 on available for sale and $2,365 and $2,697 on held to maturity securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that is recorded in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
During 2022, the Company reclassified, at fair value, approximately $117,583 in available for sale obligations of state and municipal subdivisions to the held to maturity category, primarily to limit future volatility in equity due to potential increases in interest rates. The related net unrealized pre-tax gains of approximately $26 remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, as an adjustment of the yield on the transferred securities. There have been no transfers of securities in 2023.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Maturities of mortgage-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
December 31, 2023
Available for SaleHeld to Maturity
Amortized Cost
Fair Value
Amortized Cost
Fair Value
Due in one year or less$77,481 $76,593 $— $— 
Due from one year to five years329,879 308,400 — — 
Due from five to ten years418,913 359,287 — — 
Thereafter150,358 130,002 205,232 170,997 
976,631 874,282 205,232 170,997 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA 839,071 719,469 — — 
$1,815,702 $1,593,751 $205,232 $170,997 
Securities with a fair value of approximately $950,604 and $1,168,006 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were pledged primarily to secure deposits.
Proceeds from sale of securities available for sale and gross gains and gross losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Proceeds from sale$— $— $9,294 
Gross gains$— $— $13 
Gross losses$— $— $— 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows:
Less Than 12 MonthsGreater Than 12 MonthsTotal
Description of SecuritiesEstimated
Fair Value		Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value		Unrealized
Losses
Securities Available for Sale
December 31, 2023
U.S. treasuries$— $— $214,222 $(14,009)$214,222 $(14,009)
Government agency securities— — 396,106 (71,648)396,106 (71,648)
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions40,864 (360)147,529 (9,274)188,393 (9,634)
Corporate bonds— — 32,820 (7,180)32,820 (7,180)
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA 8,724 (312)710,301 (119,298)719,025 (119,610)
$49,588 $(672)$1,500,978 $(221,409)$1,550,566 $(222,081)
December 31, 2022
U.S. treasuries$106,849 $(3,923)$132,561 $(16,342)$239,410 $(20,265)
Government agency securities63,451 (7,533)321,064 (76,946)384,515 (84,479)
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions209,395 (9,068)17,034 (4,226)226,429 (13,294)
Corporate bonds23,584 (4,416)10,621 (1,379)34,205 (5,795)
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA266,756 (25,377)511,207 (109,547)777,963 (134,924)
$670,035 $(50,317)$992,487 $(208,440)$1,662,522 $(258,757)
The Company's securities classified as available for sale and held to maturity are evaluated for expected credit losses by applying the appropriate expected credit losses methodology in accordance with ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. At December 31, 2023, management's review of all securities at an unrealized loss position determined that the losses resulted from factors not related to credit quality. This conclusion is based on management's analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors for each security type in our portfolio.
The unrealized losses on available for sale securities are generally due to increases in market interest rates. Furthermore, the Company has the intent to hold the available for sale securities until maturity or a forecasted recovery, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the securities before the recovery of their cost basis. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. As such, there is no allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities recognized as of December 31, 2023.
The Company's held to maturity securities include taxable and tax-exempt municipal securities issued primarily by school districts but also may include utility districts or other municipalities. With regard to securities issued by state and municipal subdivisions, management considers issuer bond ratings, historical loss rates for given bond ratings, whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities, internal forecasts and whether or not such securities are guaranteed. Substantially all of the Company's held to maturity securities are guaranteed by the Texas Permanent School Fund (PSF), which is a sovereign wealth fund that serves to provide revenues for funding of public primary and secondary education in the State of Texas. At December 31, 2023, all of the Company's held to maturity securities were rated AAA/Aaa by Moody's and/or Standard & Poor's bond rating services. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2023, there were no past due principal or interest payments associated with these securities. As such, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded on held to maturity securities as of December 31, 2023.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)

Note 5. Loans, Net and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
Loans, net at December 31, 2023 and 2022, consisted of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Commercial$2,266,851 $2,240,959 
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans549,689 312,099 
Real estate:
Commercial8,289,124 7,817,447 
Commercial construction, land and land development1,231,484 1,231,071 
Residential1,669,786 1,592,859 
Single-family interim construction517,928 508,839 
Agricultural109,451 124,422 
Consumer76,229 81,667 
Total loans (1)
14,710,542 13,909,363 
Allowance for credit losses(151,861)(148,787)
Total loans, net (1)
$14,558,681 $13,760,576 
____________
(1)    Excludes accrued interest receivable of $54,563 and $48,815 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that is recorded in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
The Company has certain lending policies and procedures in place that are designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. Management reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. A reporting system supplements the review process by providing management with frequent reports related to loan production, loan quality, concentrations of credit, loan delinquencies and nonperforming and potential problem loans.
Commercial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and prudently expand its business. The Company’s management examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. These cash flows, however, may not be as expected and the value of collateral securing the loans may fluctuate. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis.
The commercial loan portfolio includes loans made to customers in the energy industry, which is a complex, technical and cyclical industry. Experienced bankers with specialized energy lending experience originate our energy loans. Companies in this industry produce, extract, develop, exploit and explore for oil and natural gas. Loans are primarily collateralized with proven producing oil and gas reserves based on a technical evaluation of these reserves. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were approximately $621,883 and $574,698 of energy-related loans outstanding, respectively.
The Company has a mortgage warehouse purchase program providing mortgage inventory financing for residential mortgage loans originated by mortgage banker clients across a broad geographic scale. Proceeds from the sale of mortgages is the primary source of repayment for warehouse inventory financing via approved investor takeout commitments. These loans typically have a very short duration ranging between a few days to 15 days. In some cases, loans to larger mortgage originators may be financed for up to 60 days. Warehouse purchase program loans are collectively evaluated for impairment and are purchased under several contractual requirements, providing safeguards to the Company. To date, the Company has not experienced a loss on these loans and no allowance for credit losses has been allocated to them.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location as well as granularity with moderate average loan sizes. Management monitors the diversification of the portfolio on a quarterly basis by type and geographic location. Management also tracks the level of owner-occupied property versus non owner-occupied property. At December 31, 2023, the portfolio consisted of approximately 21% of owner-occupied property.
Land and commercial land development loans are underwritten using feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews and financial analysis of the developers or property owners. Generally, borrowers must have a proven track record of success. Commercial construction loans are generally based upon estimates of cost and value of the completed project. These estimates may not be accurate. Commercial construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with the repayment dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these loans may be pre-committed permanent financing or sale of the developed property. The loans in this portfolio are geographically diverse and due to the increased risk are monitored closely by management and the board of directors on a quarterly basis.
Residential real estate and single-family interim construction loans are underwritten primarily based on borrowers’ documented income and ability to repay the Bank and other creditors as well as minimum collateral values and credit scores. Relatively small loan amounts are spread across many individual borrowers, which minimizes risk in the residential portfolio. In addition, management evaluates trends in past dues and current economic factors on a regular basis.
Agricultural loans are collateralized by real estate and/or agricultural-related assets. Agricultural real estate loans are primarily comprised of loans for the purchase of farmland. Loan-to-value ratios on loans secured by farmland generally do not exceed 80% and have amortization periods limited to twenty years. Agricultural non-real estate loans are generally comprised of term loans to fund the purchase of equipment, livestock and seasonal operating lines to grain farmers to plant and harvest corn and soybeans. Specific underwriting standards have been established for agricultural-related loans including the establishment of projections for each operating year based on industry developed estimates of farm input costs and expected commodity yields and prices. Operating lines are typically written for one year and secured by the crop and other farm assets as considered necessary. Agricultural loans carry credit risks as they involve larger balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, repayment of such loans depends on the successful operation or management of the farm property securing the loan or for which an operating loan is utilized. Farming operations may be affected by adverse weather conditions such as drought, hail or floods that can severely limit crop yields.
Consumer loans represent less than 1% of the outstanding total loan portfolio. Collateral consists primarily of automobiles and other personal assets. Credit score analysis is used to supplement the underwriting process.
Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within the state of Texas, primarily in the north, central and southeast Texas regions and the state of Colorado, specifically along the Front Range area. As of December 31, 2023, loans in the North Texas region represented about 36% of the total portfolio, followed by the Colorado Front Range region at 26%, the Houston region at 25% and the Central Texas region at 13%. A large percentage of the Company’s portfolio consists of commercial and residential real estate loans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no concentrations of loans related to a single industry in excess of 10% of total loans.
Under ASC 326, the allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged-off against the allowance when they are deemed uncollectible. Recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The amount of the allowance represents management's best estimate of current expected credit losses on loans considering available information relevant to assessing collectibility over the loans' contractual terms, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless the extension or renewal options are included in the borrower contract and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The Company's allowance balance is estimated using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, credit quality, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, gross domestic product, property values, various price indices, and/or other relevant factors. The Company utilizes Moody’s Analytics economic forecast scenarios and assigns probability weighting to those scenarios which best reflect management’s views on the economic forecast.
The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for portfolios of loans when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. For determining the appropriate allowance for credit losses on a collective basis, the loan portfolio is segmented into pools based upon similar risk characteristics and a lifetime loss-rate model is utilized. For modeling purposes, loan pools include: commercial and industrial, commercial real estate - construction/land development, commercial real estate - owner occupied, commercial real estate - non-owner occupied, agricultural, residential real estate, HELOCs, single-family interim construction, and consumer. Management periodically reassesses each pool to ensure the loans within the pool continue to share similar characteristics and risk profiles and to determine whether further segmentation is necessary. The measurement of expected credit losses is impacted by loan/borrower attributes and certain macroeconomic variables. Management has determined that they are reasonably able to forecast the macroeconomic variables used in the modeling processes with an acceptable degree of confidence for a total of two years then encompassing a reversion process whereby the forecasted macroeconomic variables are reverted to their historical mean utilizing a rational, systematic basis. Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within the modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan pools. These qualitative factor (Q-Factor) adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk.
Loans exhibiting unique risk characteristics and requiring an individual evaluation are measured based on 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate; 2) the loan's observable market price; or 3) the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The majority of the Company’s individually evaluated loans are measured at the fair value of the collateral.
Management continually evaluates the allowance for credit losses based upon the factors noted above. Should any of the factors considered by management change, the Company’s estimate of credit losses could also change and would affect the level of future provision for credit losses. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off. While the calculation of the allowance for credit losses utilizes management’s best judgment and all the information available, the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is dependent on a variety of factors beyond the Company’s control, including, among other things, the performance of the entire loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of regulatory authorities towards loan classifications.
Loans requiring an individual evaluation are generally identified at the servicing officer level based on review of weekly past due reports and/or the loan officer’s communication with borrowers. In addition, the status of past due loans are routinely discussed within each lending region as well as credit committee meetings to determine if classification is warranted. The Company’s internal loan review department has implemented an internal risk-based loan review process to identify potential internally classified loans that supplements the independent external loan review. Independent loan reviews cover a wide range of the loan portfolio, including large lending relationships, specifically targeted loan types, and if applicable recently acquired loan portfolios. These reviews include analysis of borrower’s financial condition, payment histories, review of loan documentation and collateral values to determine if a loan should be internally classified. Generally, once classified, an analysis is completed by the credit department to determine the amount of allocated allowance for credit loss required. Expected credit losses for collateral dependent loans, including loans where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty but foreclosure is not probable, are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
During 2023, the Company updated and performed a recalibration of its credit loss models to enhance model performance reliability. The overall impact of the model changes as described below mainly resulted in reclassifications of provision expense between the loan pools. While the fundamental modeling methodologies remain unchanged, the updates included 1) consolidation of the energy loans into the commercial and industrial risk pool as a result of similarities in risk characteristics observed in recent history, 2) correlation of the loss rate model to new peer group loss history data which resulted in changes to certain loan pool macroeconomic variables (MEVs) further diversifying the variables used in the model, 3) changes to the qualitative factor model to address the volatility of past dues and risk grades by incorporating a four quarter rolling average to the assessed risk level, and 4) adjustment to the unfunded commitments utilization model to bifurcate the single-family residential and commercial construction portfolio loan pools into various sub pools to better correlate their utilization rates.
The following is a summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by class for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:
CommercialCommercial Real EstateCommercial Construction,
Land and Land
Development		Residential
Real Estate		Single-Family
Interim
Construction		AgriculturalConsumerUnallocatedTotal
Year ended December 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of year$54,037 $61,078 $17,696 $3,450 $11,817 $207 $502 $— $148,787 
Provision for credit losses(19,270)(982)14,883 3,467 5,647 539 (107)— 4,177 
Charge-offs(918)— (1,196)— (27)(6)(17)— (2,164)
Recoveries944 — 111 — — 5 1 — 1,061 
Balance at end of year$34,793 $60,096 $31,494 $6,917 $17,437 $745 $379 $— $151,861 
Year ended December 31, 2022
Balance at beginning of year$49,747 $65,110 $23,861 $2,192 $7,222 $106 $468 $— $148,706 
Provision for credit losses5,534 (23)(6,165)1,183 4,595 101 43 — 5,268 
Charge-offs(1,739)(4,159)— (6)— — (10)— (5,914)
Recoveries495 150 — 81 — — 1 — 727 
Balance at end of year$54,037 $61,078 $17,696 $3,450 $11,817 $207 $502 $— $148,787 
Year ended December 31, 2021
Balance at beginning of year$27,311 $36,698 $13,425 $6,786 $2,156 $337 $684 $423 $87,820 
Impact of adopting ASC 32612,775 29,108 22,008 (2,255)7,179 (178)(334)(423)67,880 
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration4,328 7,640 927 140 — — — — 13,035 
Provision for credit losses12,130 (7,961)(12,373)(2,486)(2,113)(53)247 — (12,609)
Charge-offs(6,856)(375)(126)— — — (174)— (7,531)
Recoveries59 — — 7 — — 45 — 111 
Balance at end of year$49,747 $65,110 $23,861 $2,192 $7,222 $106 $468 $— $148,706 
The Company will charge-off that portion of any loan which management considers a loss. Commercial and real estate loans are generally considered for charge-off when exposure beyond collateral coverage is apparent and when no further collection of the loss portion is anticipated based on the borrower’s financial condition.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The following table presents loans that were evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and the related specific credit loss allocations, by loan class as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Loan BalanceSpecific AllocationsLoan BalanceSpecific Allocations
Commercial$21,534 $11,662 $21,981 $8,378 
Commercial real estate25,672 3,567 12,303 1,209 
Commercial construction, land and land development— — — — 
Residential real estate— — — — 
Single-family interim construction— — 189 43 
Agricultural75 19 — — 
Consumer— — — — 
$47,281 $15,248 $34,473 $9,630 
Nonperforming loans by loan class at December 31, 2023 and 2022, are summarized as follows:
CommercialCommercial
Real Estate		Commercial Construction,
Land and Land
Development		Residential Real EstateSingle-Family
Interim
Construction		AgriculturalConsumerTotal
December 31, 2023
Nonaccrual loans (1)
$21,541 $26,564 $10 $2,111 $— $75 $5 $50,306 
Loans past due 90 days and still accruing— 14 — 1,480 — — — 1,494 
Total nonperforming loans (2)
$21,541 $26,578 $10 $3,591 $— $75 $5 $51,800 
December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual loans (1)
$22,565 $13,393 $15 $1,582 $189 $— $8 $37,752 
Loans past due 90 days and still accruing5 — — 838 — — — 843 
Troubled debt restructurings (not included in nonaccrual or loans past due and still accruing)— 1,435 — 59 — — — 1,494 
Total nonperforming loans$22,570 $14,828 $15 $2,479 $189 $— $8 $40,089 
____________
(1)    There are $14 and $125 in loans on nonaccrual without an allowance for credit loss as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, no interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans. No significant amounts of accrued interest was reversed during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(2)    With the adoption of ASU 2022-02, effective January 1, 2023, TDR accounting has been eliminated.
The accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes that, after considering collection efforts and other factors, the borrower's financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Regulatory provisions would typically require the placement of a loan on non-accrual status if 1) principal or interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection or 2) full payment of principal and interest is not expected. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off is reversed against interest income. Cash collections on nonaccrual loans are generally credited to the loan receivable balance, and no interest income is recognized on those loans until the principal balance has been collected. Loans are generally returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing certain concessions, such as principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, an interest rate reduction, or a combination of such concessions. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is written off. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not provide any modifications under these circumstances to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. The following table presents information regarding the aging of past due loans by loan class as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Loans
30-89 Days
Past Due		Loans
90 Days or More
Past Due		Total Past
Due Loans		Current
Loans		Total
Loans
December 31, 2023
Commercial$1,898 $4,883 $6,781 $2,260,070 $2,266,851 
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— — — 549,689 549,689 
Commercial real estate5,388 12,432 17,820 8,271,304 8,289,124 
Commercial construction, land and land development2,457 — 2,457 1,229,027 1,231,484 
Residential real estate7,477 2,282 9,759 1,660,027 1,669,786 
Single-family interim construction828 — 828 517,100 517,928 
Agricultural— 75 75 109,376 109,451 
Consumer267 4 271 75,958 76,229 
$18,315 $19,676 $37,991 $14,672,551 $14,710,542 
December 31, 2022
Commercial$1,005 $5,629 $6,634 $2,234,325 $2,240,959 
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans— — — 312,099 312,099 
Commercial real estate13,093 449 13,542 7,803,905 7,817,447 
Commercial construction, land and land development2,820 — 2,820 1,228,251 1,231,071 
Residential real estate4,702 1,346 6,048 1,586,811 1,592,859 
Single-family interim construction— 189 189 508,650 508,839 
Agricultural— — — 124,422 124,422 
Consumer214 8 222 81,445 81,667 
$21,834 $7,621 $29,455 $13,879,908 $13,909,363 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The Company’s internal classified report is segregated into the following categories: 1) Pass/Watch, 2) Special Mention, 3) Substandard 4) Doubtful and 5) Loss. The loans placed in the Pass/Watch category reflect the Company’s opinion that the loans reflect potential weakness that requires monitoring on a more frequent basis. The loans in the Special Mention category reflect the Company’s opinion that the credit contains weaknesses which represent a greater degree of risk and warrant extra attention. These loans are reviewed monthly by officers and senior management to determine if a change in category is warranted. The loans placed in the Substandard category are considered to be potentially inadequately protected by the current debt service capacity of the borrower and/or the pledged collateral. These credits, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have shown weakness related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market or political conditions, which may jeopardize repayment of principal and interest and may be considered impaired. There is a possibility that some future loss could be sustained by the Company if such weakness is not corrected. The Doubtful category includes loans that are in default or principal exposure is probable and the possibility of loss is extremely high. The Loss category includes loans that are considered uncollectible, with little chance of turnaround.
Management considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension or renewal of a loan constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are re-underwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. The following summarizes the amortized cost basis of loans by year of origination/renewal and credit quality indicator by class of loan as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Commercial
Pass$223,287 $211,182 $281,878 $78,695 $99,516 $161,184 $1,099,241 $347 $2,155,330 
Pass/Watch168 9,672 8,976 121 2,064 9,396 5,655 — 36,052 
Special Mention185 — 13,517 85 — 820 9,052 1,214 24,873 
Substandard6,949 7,428 20,509 291 2,453 1,944 7,636 3,386 50,596 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial$230,589 $228,282 $324,880 $79,192 $104,033 $173,344 $1,121,584 $4,947 $2,266,851 
Current period gross write-offs$285 $— $301 $5 $73 $254 $— $— $918 
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans
Pass$549,689 $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $549,689 
Pass/Watch— — — — — — — — — 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total mortgage warehouse purchase loans$549,689 $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $549,689 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Commercial real estate
Pass$1,038,410 $2,570,061 $1,913,673 $900,786 $536,973 $805,784 $57,954 $5,827 $7,829,468 
Pass/Watch28,048 82,001 61,025 26,594 22,395 48,420 — — 268,483 
Special Mention22,624 37,445 20,647 23,607 12,211 14,884 — 346 131,764 
Substandard5,502 16,666 27,653 4,371 3,026 2,191 — — 59,409 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate$1,094,584 $2,706,173 $2,022,998 $955,358 $574,605 $871,279 $57,954 $6,173 $8,289,124 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Commercial construction, land and land development
Pass$430,273 $430,458 $218,880 $51,127 $6,693 $13,633 $22,315 $74 $1,173,453 
Pass/Watch14,177 10,132 3,415 7,184 — 58 — — 34,966 
Special Mention224 — 22,491 314 — — — — 23,029 
Substandard— 26 — — — 10 — — 36 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial construction, land and land development$444,674 $440,616 $244,786 $58,625 $6,693 $13,701 $22,315 $74 $1,231,484 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $1,196 $— $— $— $— $— $1,196 
Residential real estate
Pass$197,436 $506,608 $356,360 $219,473 $136,968 $162,766 $71,494 $437 $1,651,542 
Pass/Watch— 360 2,415 2,895 1,239 1,902 85 — 8,896 
Special Mention— — — 47 1,492 1,607 — 262 3,408 
Substandard685 1,302 15 499 838 2,556 45 — 5,940 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential real estate$198,121 $508,270 $358,790 $222,914 $140,537 $168,831 $71,624 $699 $1,669,786 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Single-family interim construction
Pass$300,574 $133,211 $15,590 $— $— $— $65,385 $— $514,760 
Pass/Watch1,203 — — — — — — — 1,203 
Special Mention1,964 — — — — — 1 — 1,965 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total single-family interim construction$303,741 $133,211 $15,590 $— $— $— $65,386 $— $517,928 
Current period gross write-offs$— $— $27 $— $— $— $— $— $27 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorTotal
Agricultural
Pass$16,543 $35,993 $22,472 $9,707 $3,470 $10,056 $9,435 $— $107,676 
Pass/Watch— 1,756 — — — — — — 1,756 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — 19 — — 19 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total agricultural$16,543 $37,749 $22,472 $9,707 $3,470 $10,075 $9,435 $— $109,451 
Current period gross write-offs$— $5 $1 $— $— $— $— $— $6 
Consumer
Pass$6,348 $3,173 $900 $8,056 $1,267 $81 $54,392 $90 $74,307 
Pass/Watch— — 1,917 — — — — — 1,917 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — 1 — — 4 — — 5 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total consumer$6,348 $3,173 $2,818 $8,056 $1,267 $85 $54,392 $90 $76,229 
Current period gross write-offs$8 $9 $— $— $— $— $— $— $17 
Total loans
Pass$2,762,560 $3,890,686 $2,809,753 $1,267,844 $784,887 $1,153,504 $1,380,216 $6,775 $14,056,225 
Pass/Watch43,596 103,921 77,748 36,794 25,698 59,776 5,740 — 353,273 
Special Mention24,997 37,445 56,655 24,053 13,703 17,311 9,053 1,822 185,039 
Substandard13,136 25,422 48,178 5,161 6,317 6,724 7,681 3,386 116,005 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total loans$2,844,289 $4,057,474 $2,992,334 $1,333,852 $830,605 $1,237,315 $1,402,690 $11,983 $14,710,542 
Current period gross write-offs$293 $14 $1,525 $5 $73 $254 $— $— $2,164 
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial
Pass$297,800 $347,801 $126,390 $112,887 $51,623 $153,435 $1,031,483 $1,173 $2,122,592 
Pass/Watch8 14,790 155 188 1,812 7,934 8,216 5,907 39,010 
Special Mention234 4,821 101 1,485 — 144 8,646 20 15,451 
Substandard394 35,950 398 9,191 55 7,037 10,840 41 63,906 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial$298,436 $403,362 $127,044 $123,751 $53,490 $168,550 $1,059,185 $7,141 $2,240,959 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Mortgage warehouse purchase loans
Pass$312,099 $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $312,099 
Pass/Watch— — — — — — — — — 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total mortgage warehouse purchase loans$312,099 $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $312,099 
Commercial real estate
Pass$2,652,298 $1,980,631 $998,910 $617,664 $448,758 $640,275 $59,184 $9,222 $7,406,942 
Pass/Watch90,313 25,954 33,664 18,678 53,469 25,831 — — 247,909 
Special Mention10,180 41,193 — 10,870 8,722 10,735 — 26 81,726 
Substandard3,513 40,001 8,574 3,178 8,268 17,336 — — 80,870 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate$2,756,304 $2,087,779 $1,041,148 $650,390 $519,217 $694,177 $59,184 $9,248 $7,817,447 
Commercial construction, land and land development
Pass$553,376 $465,272 $126,704 $10,477 $23,073 $12,188 $12,705 $4,018 $1,207,813 
Pass/Watch8,036 43 10,297 — — 72 — — 18,448 
Special Mention1,313 674 — — — — — — 1,987 
Substandard28 2,771 — 10 — 14 — — 2,823 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial construction, land and land development$562,753 $468,760 $137,001 $10,487 $23,073 $12,274 $12,705 $4,018 $1,231,071 
Residential real estate
Pass$525,631 $379,789 $220,077 $155,460 $79,437 $154,875 $59,332 $1,238 $1,575,839 
Pass/Watch373 918 642 1,743 76 3,312 302 — 7,366 
Special Mention2,267 — — 700 227 1,224 126 — 4,544 
Substandard708 455 538 219 — 2,997 193 — 5,110 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total residential real estate$528,979 $381,162 $221,257 $158,122 $79,740 $162,408 $59,953 $1,238 $1,592,859 
Single-family interim construction
Pass$351,031 $105,573 $18,885 $— $241 $— $16,447 $— $492,177 
Pass/Watch— — — — — 16,471 2 — 16,473 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — 189 — — 189 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total single-family interim construction$351,031 $105,573 $18,885 $— $241 $16,660 $16,449 $— $508,839 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
Term Loans by Year of Origination or RenewalRevolving Loans
December 31, 202220222021202020192018PriorTotal
Agricultural
Pass$52,525 $24,743 $13,875 $3,705 $5,847 $8,872 $10,588 $— $120,155 
Pass/Watch2,700 — — — — — 1,547 — 4,247 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — 20 — — 20 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total agricultural$55,225 $24,743 $13,875 $3,705 $5,847 $8,892 $12,135 $— $124,422 
Consumer
Pass$7,715 $4,909 $7,959 $1,576 $300 $81 $59,113 $— $81,653 
Pass/Watch— — — — — — — — — 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— 4 — — — 10 — — 14 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total consumer$7,715 $4,913 $7,959 $1,576 $300 $91 $59,113 $— $81,667 
Total loans
Pass$4,752,475 $3,308,718 $1,512,800 $901,769 $609,279 $969,726 $1,248,852 $15,651 $13,319,270 
Pass/Watch101,430 41,705 44,758 20,609 55,357 53,620 10,067 5,907 333,453 
Special Mention13,994 46,688 101 13,055 8,949 12,103 8,772 46 103,708 
Substandard4,643 79,181 9,510 12,598 8,323 27,603 11,033 41 152,932 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Loss— — — — — — — — — 
Total loans$4,872,542 $3,476,292 $1,567,169 $948,031 $681,908 $1,063,052 $1,278,724 $21,645 $13,909,363 

Note 6. Premises and Equipment, Net
Premises and equipment, net at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Land$81,224 $81,570 
Building275,841 274,218 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment68,463 59,979 
Aircraft8,947 8,947 
Leasehold and tenant improvements9,301 6,421 
Construction in progress7,218 3,667 
450,994 434,802 
Less accumulated depreciation(95,161)(79,434)
$355,833 $355,368 
Depreciation expense amounted to $18,475, $14,934 and $12,385 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)

Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, goodwill totaled $994,021.
The following is a summary of other intangible assets:
December 31,
20232022
Gross core deposit intangible$125,884 $125,884 
Less accumulated amortization(79,267)(67,321)
Total core deposit intangible, net$46,617 $58,563 
Gross customer relationship intangible$6,407 $6,407 
Less accumulated amortization(2,464)(1,971)
Total customer relationship intangible, net$3,943 $4,436 
Total other intangible assets, net$50,560 $62,999 
Amortization expense related to intangible assets amounted to $12,439, $12,491 and $12,580 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The remaining weighted average amortization period for intangible assets is 4.7 years as of December 31, 2023.
The future amortization expense related to other intangible assets remaining at December 31, 2023 is as follows:
First year$11,752 
Second year11,238 
Third year10,801 
Fourth year8,284 
Fifth year7,006 
Thereafter1,479 
$50,560 

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 8. Deposits
Deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:
December 31,
20232022
AmountPercentAmountPercent
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts$3,530,704 22.5 %$4,736,830 31.3 %
Interest-bearing checking accounts5,628,478 35.8 6,311,868 41.8 
Savings accounts540,121 3.4 760,777 5.0 
Money market accounts1,741,848 11.1 1,889,833 12.5 
Certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts (IRA), less than $250,0003,145,334 20.0 752,594 5.0 
Certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts (IRA), $250,000 and greater1,136,550 7.2 669,515 4.4 
$15,723,035 100.0 %$15,121,417 100.0 %
At December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit, including IRAs, were as follows:
First year$4,040,402 
Second year222,873 
Third year8,802 
Fourth year5,639 
Fifth year4,168 
$4,281,884 
Brokered deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $2,503,281 and $528,937, respectively.

Note 9. Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
At December 31, 2023, the Company had two short-term advances from the FHLB of Dallas under note payable arrangements that matured in January 2024. The weighted average interest rate of the advances were 5.43% and 2.42% at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The balances outstanding on advances were $350,000 and $300,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The advances were secured by $31,498 of FHLB stock owned by the Company and a blanket lien on certain loans along with specific listed loans for an aggregate available carrying value of $6,808,778 at December 31, 2023. The Company had remaining credit available under the FHLB advance program of $5,144,607 at December 31, 2023.
At December 31, 2023, the Company had $1,303,100 in undisbursed advance commitments (letters of credit) with the FHLB. As of December 31, 2023, these commitments mature on various dates from January 2024 through July 2025. The FHLB letters of credit were obtained in lieu of pledging securities to secure public fund deposits that are over the FDIC insurance limit. At December 31, 2023, there were no disbursements against the advance commitments.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 10. Other Borrowings
Other borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Unsecured fixed rate subordinated debentures in the amount of $110,000. The balance of borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is net of discount and origination costs of $198 and $555, respectively. Interest payments of 5.875% are made semiannually on February 1 and August 1. The maturity date is August 1, 2024. The notes may not be redeemed prior to maturity and after August 1, 2023, no longer meet the criteria to be recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. (1)
$109,802 $109,445 
Unsecured fixed-to-floating subordinated debentures in the amount of $130,000. The balance of borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is net of origination costs of $1,731 and $1,991, respectively. Interest payments initially of 4.00% fixed rate are made semiannually on March 15 and September 15 through September 15, 2025. Thereafter, floating rate payments of 3 month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus 3.885% payable quarterly in arrears beginning on December 15, 2025. The maturity date is September 15, 2030 with an optional redemption at September 15, 2025. The notes meet the criteria to be recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. (1)
128,269 128,009 
Unsecured revolving line of credit with an unrelated commercial bank in the amount of $100,000. The line bears interest at the monthly Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index (BSBY) plus 1.75% with a maturity date of February 16, 2024. The Company is required to meet certain financial covenants on a quarterly basis, which includes certain restrictions on cash at IBG and meeting minimum capital ratios. (2)
33,750 — 
Unsecured fixed-to-floating subordinated debentures in the amount of $30,000. The balance of borrowings at December 31, 2022 is net of origination costs of $388. Interest payments of 5.00% fixed rate were made semiannually on June 30 and December 31 through December 31, 2022 and thereafter, floating rate payments of 3 month LIBOR plus 2.83%. On March 31, 2023, the next optional redemption date, the debentures were redeemed.
— 29,612 
$271,821 $267,066 
____________
(1)    The permissible portion of qualified subordinated notes decreases 20% per year during the final five years of the term of the notes.
(2)    Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company renewed the line (see Note 22. Subsequent Events).

The Company has established federal funds lines of credit notes with ten unaffiliated banks totaling $445,000 of borrowing capacity at December 31, 2023 and eleven unaffiliated banks totaling $545,000 of borrowing capacity at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, one of the lines, totaling $50,000, has a stated maturity date in February 2024. The remaining lines have no stated maturity dates and the lenders may terminate the lines at any time without notice. The lines are provided on an unsecured basis and must be repaid the following business day from when the funds are borrowed. There were no borrowings against the lines at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
In addition, the Company maintains a secured line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank with an availability to borrow approximately $1,095,664 and $1,072,483 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Approximately $1,312,949 and $1,326,376 of certain loans and securities were pledged as collateral at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no borrowings against this line as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Beginning in first quarter 2023, the Company is eligible to borrow from the Federal Reserve's Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP), which provides additional contingent liquidity through the pledging of certain qualifying securities and other assets valued at par. Under the program, which ends March 11, 2024, the Company can obtain advances of up to one year in length and can repay the obligation at any time without penalty. Borrowing capacity of $661,721 was available as of December 31, 2023 based on the par-value of qualifying unpledged securities. There were no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The Company also participates in an exchange that provides direct overnight borrowings with other financial institutions. The funds are provided on an unsecured basis. Borrowing availability totaled $699,000 and $809,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 11. Junior Subordinated Debentures
The Company has formed or acquired nine statutory business trusts (the Trusts) for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. Each of the Trusts have issued capital and common securities and invested the proceeds thereof in an equivalent amount of junior subordinated debentures (the Debentures) issued by the Company. The interest rate payable on, and the payment terms of the Debentures are the same as the distribution rate and payment terms of the respective issues of capital and common securities issued by the Trusts. The Debentures are subordinated and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness. The Company has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the obligations of each of the Trusts with respect to the capital and common securities. Except under certain circumstances, the common securities issued to the Company by the trusts possess sole voting rights with respect to matters involving those entities. Under certain circumstances, the Company may, from time to time, defer the debentures' interest payments, which would result in a deferral of distribution payments on the related trust preferred securities and, with certain exceptions, prevent the Company from declaring or paying cash distributions on the Company's common stock and any other future debt ranking equally with or junior to the debentures. The Company may redeem the debentures, which are intended to qualify as Tier 1 capital, at the Company’s option, subject to approval of the Federal Reserve.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying amount of debentures outstanding totaled $54,617 and $54,419, respectively. Information regarding the Debentures as of December 31, 2023 are summarized in the table below:
Trust Preferred Securities IssuedDebentures Carrying ValueRepricing FrequencyInterest RateInterest Rate IndexMaturity Date
IB Trust I$5,155 $5,155 Quarterly8.89%
SOFR + 3.25%
March 2033
Guaranty Trust III 10,310 10,310 Quarterly8.76
SOFR + 3.10
July 2033
IB Trust II3,093 3,093 Quarterly8.51
SOFR + 2.85
March 2034
Cenbank Trust III15,464 15,464 Quarterly8.31
SOFR + 2.65
April 2034
IB Centex Trust I2,578 2,578 Quarterly8.89
SOFR + 3.25
February 2035
IB Trust III3,712 3,712 Quarterly8.04
SOFR +2.40
December 2035
Community Group Statutory Trust I3,609 3,609 Quarterly7.25
SOFR + 1.60
June 2037
Northstar Trust II (1)
5,155 4,121 Quarterly7.32
SOFR + 1.67
June 2037
Northstar Trust III (1)
8,248 6,575 Quarterly7.32
SOFR + 1.67
September 2037
$57,324 $54,617 
____________
(1)    Assumed in 2017 with a total recorded fair value discount of $2,707 remaining as of December 31, 2023.

Note 12. Leases
The Company’s primary leasing activities relate to certain real estate operating leases entered into in support of the Company’s branch operations and back office operations. The Company leases 20 of its 91 branches. The Company’s branch locations operating under lease agreements have all been designated as operating leases. In addition, the Company leases certain equipment under operating leases. The Company does not have leases designated as finance leases.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s ROU lease assets were $24,404 and $24,830, respectively, and related lease liabilities were $25,777 and $25,913, respectively. Leases have remaining terms ranging from six months to 27.1 years, including extension options that the Company is reasonably certain will be exercised.
The table below summarizes net lease cost:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Operating lease cost$6,037 $6,559 $6,567 
Short term lease cost59 121 64 
Variable lease cost1,351 1,455 1,645 
Sublease income(374)(268)(282)
Net lease cost$7,073 $7,867 $7,994 
The table below summarizes other information related to operating leases:
Years Ended December 31,
20232022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases$5,708 $5,743 
Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases, in years7.647.19
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases3.32 %2.97 %
The following table outlines lease payment obligations as outlined in the Company’s lease agreements for each of the next five years and thereafter in addition to a reconcilement to the Company’s current lease liability as of December 31, 2023.
2024$5,773 
20255,080 
20263,669 
20272,824 
20282,547 
Thereafter9,313 
Total lease payments29,206 
Less imputed interest(3,429)
$25,777 
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not entered into any material leases that have not yet commenced.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 13. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Commitments and Contingencies
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. The commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of this instrument. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the approximate amounts of these financial instruments were as follows:
December 31,
20232022
Commitments to extend credit$3,107,827 $3,291,409 
Standby letters of credit31,627 24,135 
$3,139,454 $3,315,544 
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, farm crops, property, plant and equipment and income-producing commercial properties.
Letters of credit are written conditional commitments used by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The Company’s policies generally require that letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan arrangements. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, the Company would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount shown in the table above. If the commitment is funded, the Company would be entitled to seek recovery from the customer.
Allowance For Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is calculated under ASC 326, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. Off-balance sheet credit exposures primarily consist of amounts available under outstanding lines of credit and letters of credit detailed in the table above. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur based on historical utilization rates. The allowance is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments was as follows:
December 31,
202320222021
Balance at beginning of period$3,944 $4,722 $— 
Impact of ASC 326 adoption— — 1,113 
Provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure(47)(778)3,609 
Balance at end of period$3,897 $3,944 $4,722 
Litigation 
The Bank is a party to a legal proceeding inherited in connection with its acquisition of BOH Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiary, Bank of Houston (BOH). On February 27, 2023, the Bank entered into a settlement in principle with the plaintiffs and executed a settlement agreement on March 7, 2023. The settlement and bar orders were approved by the Court on August 8, 2023. Once the litigation is dismissed, the Bank, as described in the settlement agreement, will make a one-time cash payment of $100,000 to the court appointed receiver to settle the case and to resolve all current and potential future claims. Such settlement is recognized as litigation settlement expense included in noninterest expense on the accompanying income statement along with $2,500 in related legal and other fees.
In addition, the Company is involved in other legal actions arising from normal business activities. Management believes that the outcome of such proceedings will not materially affect the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

Note 14. Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current income tax expense$30,876 $44,836 $52,130 
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense(21,759)5,168 5,353 
Income tax expense, as reported$9,117 $50,004 $57,483 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
A reconciliation between reported income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 to income before income taxes is presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Income tax expense computed at the statutory rate$10,987 $51,722 $59,269 
Tax-exempt interest income from municipal securities(2,159)(2,176)(1,752)
Tax-exempt loan income(962)(1,116)(1,359)
Bank owned life insurance income(1,211)(1,296)(1,094)
Non-deductible FDIC premiums655 298 269 
State taxes, net of federal benefit244 2,045 2,516 
Non-deductible compensation565 919 473 
Net tax expense (benefit) from stock based compensation280 (703)(691)
Other718 311 (148)
$9,117 $50,004 $57,483 

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in the table below. Deferred taxes as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are based on the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses$33,886 $33,241 
Net unrealized loss on available for sale securities46,610 54,315 
Reserve for legal settlement21,801 — 
Lease liabilities under operating leases5,608 5,640 
NOL and tax credit carryforwards from acquisitions2,631 2,986 
Net unrealized loss on cash flow hedge1,720 2,351 
Acquired loan fair market value adjustments3,001 3,785 
Stock-based compensation2,112 2,496 
Reserve for bonuses and other accrued expenses1,910 4,163 
Deferred loan fees and costs, net3,122 3,738 
Accrued FDIC special assessment1,812 — 
Acquired securities941 1,107 
Acquired intangibles910 1,060 
Other real estate owned917 — 
Unearned income327 420 
Deferred compensation243 416 
Noncompete agreements438 484 
Nonaccrual loans311 268 
Other865 868 
129,165 117,338 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Premises and equipment(17,215)(16,920)
Right-of-use assets under operating leases(5,309)(5,404)
Intangible assets(10,999)(13,711)
Acquired junior subordinated debentures fair value adjustment(589)(632)
FHLB and other restricted stocks(555)(359)
Acquired tax goodwill (1,064)(899)
Other(769)(744)
(36,500)(38,669)
Net deferred tax asset$92,665 $78,669 
At December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $11,180 which expire in various years from 2025 to 2032 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $8,137 which expire in various years from 2025 to 2027. Deferred tax assets are recognized for net operating losses because the benefit is more likely than not to be realized. No valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was recorded at December 31, 2023 or 2022 as management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions and does not have any interest and penalties recorded in the income statement for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the US federal tax jurisdiction. The Company is no longer subject to examination by the US federal tax jurisdiction for years prior to 2020.

Note 15. Related Party Transactions
In the ordinary course of business, the Company has and expects to continue to have transactions, including loans to its officers, directors and their affiliates. In the opinion of management, such transactions are on the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons. Loan activity for officers, directors and their affiliates as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:
December 31,
20232022
Balance at beginning of year$35,798 $34,627 
New loan originations2,444 13,641 
Repayments(5,439)(13,545)
Changes in affiliated persons(105)1,075 
Balance at end of year$32,698 $35,798 
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, none of the loans to officers, directors, or their affiliates were considered non-performing.

Note 16. Employee Benefit Plans
The Company has a 401(k) profit sharing plan (Plan) which covers employees over the age of eighteen who have completed thirty days of credited service, as defined by the Plan. The Plan provides for “before tax” employee contributions through salary reduction contributions under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. A participant may choose a salary reduction not to exceed the dollar limit set by law each year. Contributions by the Company and by participants are immediately fully vested. The Company makes 401(k) matching contributions of 100% up to 6% of the participant's eligible compensation for the Plan year. The Plan also provides for the Company to make additional discretionary contributions to the Plan. The Company made contributions of $7,523, $8,007 and $7,011 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are recorded in salaries and employee benefits in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 17. Fair Value Measurements
The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. In estimating fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 Inputs – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3 Inputs – Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
The following table represents assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 by level within the ASC Topic 820 fair value measurement hierarchy:
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Assets/
Liabilities
Measured at
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2023
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. treasuries$214,222 $— $214,222 $— 
Government agency securities396,106 — 396,106 — 
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions227,634 — 227,634 — 
Corporate bonds35,820 — 35,820 — 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA 719,469 — 719,469 — 
Other securities500 — 500 — 
Loans held for sale, fair value option elected (1)
12,016 — 12,016 — 
Derivative financial instruments:
Interest rate lock commitments507 — 507 — 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades4 — 4 — 
Loan customer counterparty227 — 227 — 
Financial institution counterparty9,472 — 9,472 — 
Liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments:
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge8,256 — 8,256 — 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades43 — 43 — 
Loan customer counterparty9,403 — 9,403 — 
Financial institution counterparty261 — 261 — 
December 31, 2022
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. treasuries$239,410 $— $239,410 $— 
Government agency securities384,515 — 384,515 — 
Obligations of state and municipal subdivisions251,231 — 251,231 — 
Corporate bonds37,205 — 37,205 — 
Mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA778,473 — 778,473 — 
Other securities950 — 950 — 
Loans held for sale, fair value option elected (1)
10,612 — 10,612 — 
Derivative financial instruments:
Interest rate lock commitments294 — 294 — 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades98 — 98 — 
Financial institution counterparty13,968 — 13,968 — 
Liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments:
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge11,283 — 11,283 — 
Interest rate lock commitments6 — 6 — 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades11 — 11 — 
Loan customer counterparty13,788 — 13,788 — 
____________
(1)    At December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected had an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $11,747 and $10,330, respectively. There were no mortgage loans held for sale under the fair value option that were 90 days or greater past due or on nonaccrual at December 31, 2023.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
Investment securities available for sale
Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 and Level 2 inputs. Securities are classified within Level 1 when quoted market prices are available in an active market. Inputs include securities that have quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. For securities utilizing Level 2 inputs, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury and other yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security’s terms and conditions, among other things.
Loans held for sale
Certain mortgage loans held for sale are measured at fair value on a recurring basis due to the Company's election to adopt fair value accounting treatment for those loans originated for which the Company has entered into certain derivative financial instruments as part of its mortgage banking and related risk management activities. These instruments include interest rate lock commitments and mandatory forward commitments to sell these loans to investors known as forward mortgage-backed securities trades. This election allows for a more effective offset of the changes in fair values of the assets and the mortgage related derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Mortgage loans held for sale, for which the fair value option was elected, which are sold on a servicing released basis, are valued using a market approach by utilizing either: (i) the fair value of securities backed by similar mortgage loans, adjusted for certain factors to approximate the fair value of a whole mortgage loan, including the value attributable to mortgage servicing and credit risk, (ii) current commitments to purchase loans or (iii) recent observable market trades for similar loans, adjusted to credit risk and other individual loan characteristics. As these prices are derived from market observable inputs, the Company classifies these valuations as Level 2 in the fair value disclosures. For mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected, the earned current contractual interest payment is recognized in interest income, loan origination costs and fees on fair value option loans are recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred. The Company has no continuing involvement in any residential mortgage loans sold.
Derivatives
The Company utilizes interest rate swaps to hedge exposure to interest rate risk and variability of cash flows associated to changes in the underlying interest rate of the hedged item. These hedging interest rate swaps are classified as a cash flow hedge. The Company utilizes a third-party vendor for derivative valuation purposes. These vendors determine the appropriate fair value based on a net present value calculation of the cash flows related to the interest rate swaps using primarily observable market inputs such as interest rate yield curves (Level 2 inputs).
The estimated fair values of interest rate lock commitments utilize current secondary market prices for underlying loans and estimated servicing value with similar coupons, maturity and credit quality, subject to the anticipated loan funding probability (pull-through rate). The fair value of interest rate lock commitments is subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates and the estimated pull-through rate. These commitments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value disclosures, as the valuations are based on observable market inputs.
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades are exchange-traded or traded within highly active dealer markets. In order to determine the fair value of these instruments, the Company utilized the exchange price or dealer market price for the particular derivative contract; therefore these contracts are classified as Level 2. The estimated fair values are subject to change primarily due to changes in interest rates.
The Company also enters into certain interest rate derivative positions. The estimated fair value of these commercial loan interest rate swaps are obtained from a pricing service that provides the swaps' unwind value (Level 2 inputs). See Note 18. Derivative Financial Instruments, for more information.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
In accordance with ASC Topic 820, certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The following table presents the assets carried on the consolidated balance sheet by caption and by level in the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2023 and 2022, for which a nonrecurring change in fair value has been recorded:
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Assets
Measured
at Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)		Period Ended
Total Losses
December 31, 2023
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans$5,822 $— $— $5,822 $3,525 
Other real estate owned9,490 — — 9,490 6,052 
December 31, 2022
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans$8,527 $— $— $8,527 $3,505 
Other real estate owned23,900 — — 23,900 3,548 
Individually evaluated loans are measured at an observable market price (if available) or at the fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral (if collateral dependent). Fair value of the loan’s collateral is determined by appraisals or independent valuation, which is then adjusted for the estimated costs related to liquidation of the collateral. Management’s ongoing review of appraisal information may result in additional discounts or adjustments to valuation based upon more recent market sales activity or more current appraisal information derived from properties of similar type and/or locale. In addition, management's discounting criteria may vary for loans secured by non-real estate collateral such as inventory, oil and gas reserves, accounts receivable, equipment or other business assets. Management reviews the appraisals or valuations for appropriateness and adjusts the value downward to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 5% to 8% of the appraised value. Therefore, the Company has categorized its individually evaluated loans as Level 3.
Other real estate owned is measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment). Other real estate owned is classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. When transferred from the loan portfolio, other real estate owned is adjusted to fair value less estimated selling costs and is subsequently carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated selling costs. The fair value is determined using an external appraisal process, discounted based on internal criteria. Management reviews the external appraisals for appropriateness and adjusts the value downward to consider selling and closing costs, which typically range from 5% to 8% of the appraised value. Therefore, the Company has categorized its other real estate as Level 3.
In addition, mortgage loans held for sale not recorded under the fair value option are required to be measured at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of these loans is based upon binding quotes or bids from third party investors. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, all mortgage loans held for sale not recorded under the fair value option were recorded at cost.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Fair Value of Financial Instruments not Recorded at Fair Value
The carrying amount, estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments that are reported at amortized cost on the Company's consolidated balance sheets were as follows at December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Carrying
Amount		Estimated
Fair Value		Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31, 2023
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$721,989 $721,989 $721,989 $— $— 
Certificates of deposit held in other banks248 243 — 243 — 
Investment securities held to maturity205,232 170,997 — 170,997 — 
Loans held for sale, at cost4,404 4,506 — 4,506 — 
Loans, net14,558,681 14,547,963 — — 14,547,963 
FHLB of Dallas stock and other restricted stock34,915 34,915 — 34,915 — 
Accrued interest receivable64,237 64,237 — 64,237 — 
Financial liabilities:
Deposits15,723,035 15,697,806 — 15,697,806 — 
Accrued interest payable43,653 43,653 — 43,653 — 
FHLB advances350,000 350,022 — 350,022 — 
Other borrowings271,821 257,975 — 257,975 — 
Junior subordinated debentures54,617 68,735 — 68,735 — 
Off-balance sheet assets (liabilities):
Commitments to extend credit— — — — — 
Standby letters of credit— — — — — 
December 31, 2022
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$654,322 $654,322 $654,322 $— $— 
Certificates of deposit held in other banks496 486 — 486 — 
Investment securities held to maturity207,059 162,239 — 162,239 — 
Loans held for sale, at cost698 710 — 710 — 
Loans, net13,760,576 13,450,582 — — 13,450,582 
FHLB of Dallas stock and other restricted stock23,436 23,436 — 23,436 — 
Accrued interest receivable59,214 59,214 — 59,214 — 
Financial liabilities:
Deposits15,121,417 15,063,025 — 15,063,025 — 
Accrued interest payable9,604 9,604 — 9,604 — 
FHLB advances300,000 246,519 — 246,519 — 
Other borrowings267,066 258,800 — 258,800 — 
Junior subordinated debentures54,419 53,969 — 53,969 — 
Off-balance sheet assets (liabilities):
Commitments to extend credit— — — — — 
Standby letters of credit— — — — — 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The methods and assumptions used by the Company in estimating fair values of financial instruments as disclosed herein in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, other than for those measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis discussed above, are as follows:
Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair value.
Certificates of deposit held in other banks: The fair value of certificates of deposit held in other banks is based upon current market rates.
Investment securities held to maturity: For investment securities held to maturity, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury and other yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the security's terms and conditions, among other things.
Loans held for sale, at cost: The fair value of loans held for sale is determined based upon commitments on hand from investors.
Loans: A discounted cash flow model is used to estimate the fair value of the loans. The discounted cash flow approach models the credit losses directly in the projected cash flows, applying various assumptions regarding credit, interest and prepayment risks for the loans based on loan types, payment types and fixed or variable classifications.
Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas and other restricted stock: The carrying value of restricted securities such as stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas and Independent Bankers Financial Corporation approximates fair value.
Deposits: The fair values disclosed for demand deposits are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (that is their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate certificates of deposit (CDs) approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-rate CDs are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, line of credit and federal funds purchased: The fair value of advances maturing within 90 days approximates carrying value. Fair value of other advances is based on the Company’s current borrowing rate for similar arrangements.
Other borrowings: The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for short-term borrowings. The fair value of private subordinated debentures are based upon prevailing rates on similar debt in the market place. The subordinated debentures that are publicly traded are valued based on indicative bid prices based upon market pricing observations in the current market.
Junior subordinated debentures: The fair value of junior subordinated debentures is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the published Bloomberg US Financials BB rated corporate bond index yield.
Accrued interest: The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate their fair values.
Off-balance sheet instruments: Fair values for off-balance sheet, credit-related financial instruments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties' credit standing. The fair value of commitments is not material.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 18. Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company accounts for its derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 815 which requires all derivative instruments to be carried at fair value on the balance sheet. The Company has designated certain derivative instruments used to manage interest rate risk as hedge relationships with certain assets, liabilities or cash flows being hedged. Certain derivatives used for interest rate risk management are not designated in a hedge relationship and are used for asset and liability management related to the Company's mortgage banking activities and commercial customers' financing needs. All derivatives are carried at fair value in either other assets or other liabilities.
Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.
The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedge relationship. This documentation includes linking the fair value for cash flow hedges to the specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or the specific firm commitments or forecasted transaction. The Company assesses, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.
The Company's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company has two interest rate swap derivatives with an aggregated notional amount of $100,000 that were designated as cash flow hedges. The derivatives are intended to hedge the variable cash flows associated with certain existing variable-interest rate loans and were determined to be effective during the year ended December 31, 2023.
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same period that the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts of losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives was $917, net of tax, and the amounts of losses that were reclassified to interest income as interest payments were made on the Company’s variable-rate loans was $3,293, net of tax, during and for the year ended December 31, 2023. Amounts of losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives was $8,624, net of tax, and the amounts of losses that were reclassified to interest income as interest payments were received on the Company’s variable-rate loans was $609, net of tax, during and for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $3,669 will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income.
Through its mortgage banking division, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with consumers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by the Company. The Company manages the changes in fair value associated with changes in interest rates related to interest rate lock commitments by using forward sold commitments known as forward mortgage-backed securities trades. These instruments are typically entered into at the time the interest rate lock commitment is made.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The Company offers certain derivatives products, primarily interest rate swaps, directly to qualified commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. The interest rate swap derivative positions relate to transactions in which the Company enters into an interest rate swap with a customer, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. An interest rate swap transaction allows customers to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate. In connection with each swap, the Company agrees to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. At the same time, the Company agrees to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount.
The following table provides the outstanding notional balances and fair values of outstanding derivative positions at December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Outstanding Notional BalanceAsset Derivative
Fair Value		Liability Derivative
Fair Value
December 31, 2023
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge$100,000 $— $8,256 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate lock commitments18,789 507 — 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades15,000 4 43 
Commercial loan interest rate swaps:
Loan customer counterparty201,063 227 9,403 
Financial institution counterparty201,063 9,472 261 
December 31, 2022
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedge$100,000 $— $11,283 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate lock commitments15,476 294 6 
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades18,500 98 11 
Commercial loan interest rate swaps:
Loan customer counterparty183,183 — 13,788 
Financial institution counterparty183,183 13,968 — 
The commercial loan customer counterparty weighted average received and paid interest rates for interest rate swaps outstanding were as follows:
Weighted Average Interest Rate
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
ReceivedPaidReceivedPaid
Loan customer counterparty4.53 %7.89 %4.12 %6.72 %
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The credit exposure related to interest rate swaps is limited to the net favorable value of all swaps by each counterparty, which was approximately $9,699 and $13,968 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In some cases collateral may be required from the counterparties involved if the net value of the derivative instruments exceeds a nominal amount. Collateral levels are monitored and adjusted on a regular basis for changes in interest rate swap values. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, cash of $10,242 and $10,394 and securities of $444 and $509 were pledged as collateral for these derivatives, respectively, and counterparties had deposited $2,130 of cash with the Company as of December 31, 2023.
The Company has entered into credit risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which the Company is either a participant or a lead bank. Risk participation agreements entered into as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparty should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with that financial institution. The Company is party to one risk participation agreement as a participant bank having a notional amount of $1,481 at December 31, 2023. The Company was not party to a risk participation agreement as the participant bank as of December 31, 2022. Risk participation agreements entered into as the lead bank provide credit protection to the Company should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract. The Company is party to one risk participation agreement as the lead bank having a notional amount of $8,805 and $9,082 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The changes in the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and the forward sales of mortgage-backed securities are recorded in mortgage banking revenue. These gains and losses were not attributable to instrument-specific credit risk. For commercial interest rate swaps, because the Company acts as an intermediary for our customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts substantially offset each other and do not have a material impact on the results of operations.
A summary of derivative activity and the related impact on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
Income Statement LocationYears Ended December 31,
202320222021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate swaps - cash flow hedgesInterest and fees on loans$(4,188)$(791)$584 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate lock commitmentsMortgage banking revenue219 (737)(2,490)
Forward mortgage-backed securities tradesMortgage banking revenue(126)81 574 

Note 19. Stock Awards
The Company grants common stock awards to certain employees of the Company. In May 2022, the shareholders of the Company approved the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (2022 Plan). Under this plan, the Compensation Committee may grant awards to certain employees and directors of the Company in the form of restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, qualified and nonqualified stock options, performance share awards and other equity-based awards. Effective with the adoption of the 2022 Plan, no further awards will be granted under the prior 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (2013 Plan). Awards outstanding under the 2013 Plan will remain in effect under the prior plan according to their respective terms and any terminated 2013 Plan awards will be available for awards under the 2022 Plan in accordance with the 2022 Plan's provisions. The 2022 Plan has 1,500,000 reserved shares of common stock to be awarded by the Company’s Compensation Committee. As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,367,836 shares remaining available for grant for future awards.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Shares issued under these plans are restricted stock awards and performance stock units. Restricted stock awarded generally vest evenly over the required employment period, and range from one to five years. Performance stock units awarded have a three to four year cliff vesting period. Restricted stock awards granted are issued at the date of grant and receive dividends. Performance stock units are eligible to receive dividend equivalents as such dividends are declared on the Company's common stock during the performance period. Equivalent dividend payments are based upon the number of shares issued under each performance award and are deferred until such time that the units vest and the shares are issued.
Restricted Stock Awards
The following table summarizes the activity in nonvested restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Restricted Stock AwardsNumber of
Shares		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2022309,015 $60.12 
Granted during the period138,909 56.74 
Vested during the period(156,644)59.07 
Forfeited during the period(5,940)63.07 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2023285,340 $58.99 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2021363,551 $53.14 
Granted during the period149,160 69.80 
Vested during the period(193,303)54.61 
Forfeited during the period(10,393)57.40 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2022309,015 $60.12 
Compensation expense related to these awards is recorded based on the fair value of the award at the date of grant and totaled $8,258, $10,856 and $8,984 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Compensation expense is recorded in salaries and employee benefits in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2023, future compensation expense is estimated to be $10,908 and will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 1.92 years.
The fair value of common stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $7,971, $13,795 and $12,651, respectively. The Company has recorded $280, $(703) and $(691) in excess tax expense (benefit) on vested restricted stock to income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
There were no modifications of stock agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021 that resulted in significant additional incremental compensation costs.
At December 31, 2023, the future vesting schedule of the nonvested restricted stock awards is as follows:
Number of Shares
First year150,496 
Second year80,407 
Third year52,689 
Fourth year1,748 
Total nonvested shares285,340 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Performance Stock Units
Performance stock units represent shares potentially issuable in the future. The number of shares issued is based upon the measure of the Company's achievement of its relative adjusted return on average tangible common equity, as defined by the Company, over the award's performance period as compared to an identified peer group's achievement over the same performance period. The number of shares issuable under each performance award is the product of the award target and the award payout percentage for the given level of achievement which ranges from 0% to 150% of the target.
The following table summarizes the activity in nonvested performance stock units at target award level for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Performance-Based Restricted Stock UnitsNumber of
Shares		Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2022140,240 $49.20 
Granted during the period37,938 60.21 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2023178,178 $51.55 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2021114,498 $43.93 
Granted during the period25,742 72.65 
Nonvested shares, December 31, 2022140,240 $49.20 
Compensation expense related to performance stock units is estimated each period based on the fair value of the target stock unit at the grant date and the most probable level of achievement of the performance condition, adjusted for the passage of time within the vesting periods of the awards. Compensation expense related to these awards was $(764), $2,841 and $1,707 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation expense is estimated to be $2,673. The remaining performance period over which the expense will be recognized is 1.88 years.

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 20. Regulatory Matters
Under banking law, there are legal restrictions limiting the amount of dividends the Bank can declare. Approval of the regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of the Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. For state banks, subject to regulatory capital requirements, payment of dividends is generally allowed to the extent of net profits.
The Company (on a consolidated basis) and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Tier 2 capital for the Company includes permissible portions of the Company's subordinated notes. The permissible portion of qualified subordinated notes decreases 20% per year during the final five years of the term of the notes.
The Company is subject to the Basel III regulatory capital framework (the Basel III Capital Rules). The Basel III Capital Rules require that the Company maintain a 2.5% capital conservation buffer above the minimum risk-based capital adequacy requirements. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and requires increased capital levels for the purpose of capital distributions and other payments. Failure to meet the full amount of the buffer will result in restrictions on the Company's ability to make capital distributions, including dividend payments and stock repurchases and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers.
In February 2019, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule that revised certain capital regulations under ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and included a transition option that allows banking organizations to phase in, over a three year period, the day one adverse effects of adoption on their regulatory capital ratios (three year transition option). In connection with the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2021, the Company recognized an after-tax cumulative effect reduction to retained earnings. The Company elected to adopt the three year transition option and the deferral has been applied in capital ratios presented below.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total, Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and the Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject, including the capital buffer requirement.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded those levels necessary to be categorized as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as “well capitalized,” the Bank must maintain minimum total risk based, CET1, Tier 1 risk based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
The following table presents actual and required capital ratios under Basel III Capital Rules for the Company and Bank as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended, to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules.
ActualMinimum Capital
Required Plus Capital
Conservation Buffer
Required To Be
Considered Well
Capitalized (1)
AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
December 31, 2023
Total capital to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated$1,885,776 11.57 %$1,711,650 10.50 %$1,630,143 10.00 %
Bank2,020,376 12.40 1,711,142 10.50 1,629,659 10.00 
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated1,617,985 9.93 1,385,621 8.50 978,086 6.00 
Bank1,882,585 11.55 1,385,210 8.50 1,303,727 8.00 
Common equity tier 1 to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated1,562,385 9.58 1,141,100 7.00  N/A  N/A
Bank1,882,585 11.55 1,140,761 7.00 1,059,278 6.50 
Tier 1 capital to average assets:
Consolidated1,617,985 8.94 723,633 4.00  N/A  N/A
Bank1,882,585 10.41 723,438 4.00 904,298 5.00 
December 31, 2022
Total capital to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated$1,936,363 12.35 %$1,645,772 10.50 %$1,567,402 10.00 %
Bank2,013,874 12.85 1,645,236 10.50 1,566,891 10.00 
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated1,637,191 10.45 1,332,291 8.50 940,441 6.00 
Bank1,896,702 12.10 1,331,858 8.50 1,253,513 8.00 
Common equity tier 1 to risk weighted assets:
Consolidated1,581,591 10.09 1,097,181 7.00 N/AN/A
Bank1,896,702 12.10 1,096,824 7.00 1,018,479 6.50 
Tier 1 capital to average assets:
Consolidated1,637,191 9.49 690,309 4.00 N/AN/A
Bank1,896,702 10.99 690,130 4.00 862,663 5.00 
_____________
(1) “Well-capitalized” Common Equity Tier 1 to Risk-Weighted Assets and Tier 1 to Average Assets are not formally defined under applicable banking regulations for bank holding companies. However, the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC may require the Company to maintain a Tier 1 to Average Assets Ratio above the required minimum.
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Stock repurchase program: From time to time, the Company's Board of Directors has authorized stock repurchase programs which allow the Company to purchase its common stock generally over a one-year period at various prices in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. In January 2023, the Company's Board established the 2023 Stock Repurchase Plan (2023 Plan), which provided for the repurchase of up to $125,000 of common stock through December 31, 2023. There were no shares repurchased under the 2023 Plan during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. Under the prior plan, the Company repurchased 1,651,236 shares at a total cost of $115,966 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Federal bank regulators have adopted final rules that, among other things, eliminated the standalone prior approval requirement for any repurchase of common stock. However, the Company remains subject to a Federal Reserve Board guideline that requires consultation with the Federal Reserve Board regarding plans for share repurchases. The Company’s repurchases of its common stock may be subject to a prior approval or notice requirement under other regulations, policies or supervisory expectations of the Federal Reserve Board.
Company stock repurchased to settle employee tax withholding related to vesting of stock awards totaled 41,727 shares at a total cost of $2,175, and 53,088 shares at a total cost of $3,780 for the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and were not included under the repurchase program.

Note 21. Parent Company Only Financial Statements
The following balance sheets, statements of income and statements of cash flows for Independent Bank Group, Inc. should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.
Balance Sheets
 December 31,
Assets20232022
Cash and cash equivalents$7,311 $5,660 
Investment in subsidiaries2,722,598 2,701,273 
Investment in trusts1,724 1,724 
Other assets3,285 3,511 
Total assets$2,734,918 $2,712,168 
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Other borrowings$271,821 $267,066 
Junior subordinated debentures54,617 54,419 
Other liabilities5,887 5,300 
Total liabilities332,325 326,785 
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock— — 
Common stock413 412 
Additional paid-in capital1,966,686 1,959,193 
Retained earnings616,724 638,354 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(181,230)(212,576)
Total stockholders' equity2,402,593 2,385,383 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$2,734,918 $2,712,168 

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Statements of Income
 Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Interest expense:
Interest on other borrowings$15,934 $14,450 $15,247 
Interest on junior subordinated debentures4,725 2,713 1,756 
Total interest expense20,659 17,163 17,003 
Noninterest income:
Dividends from subsidiaries148,132 208,665 134,547 
Other— — 61 
Total noninterest income148,132 208,665 134,608 
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits8,383 14,886 10,546 
Professional fees948 736 126 
Other2,631 2,738 2,510 
Total noninterest expense11,962 18,360 13,182 
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries115,511 173,142 104,423 
Income tax benefit6,711 8,454 7,131 
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries122,222 181,596 111,554 
Equity in undistributed (loss) income of subsidiaries(79,021)14,695 113,196 
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Statements of Cash Flows
 Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$43,201 $196,291 $224,750 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed loss (income) of subsidiaries79,021 (14,695)(113,196)
Amortization of discount and origination costs on borrowings1,203 893 894 
Stock based compensation expense7,494 13,697 10,691 
Excess tax expense (benefit) on restricted stock vested280 (703)(691)
Deferred tax expense (benefit)396 (579)(210)
Net change in other assets(170)107 1,020 
Net change in other liabilities358 140 500 
Net cash provided by operating activities131,783 195,151 123,758 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital investment in subsidiaries(69,000)— — 
Net cash used in investing activities(69,000)— — 
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from other borrowings100,000 111,000 75,000 
Repayments of other borrowings(96,250)(128,000)(104,500)
Repurchase of common stock(2,175)(119,746)(32,132)
Dividends paid(62,707)(63,492)(56,861)
Net cash used in financing activities(61,132)(200,238)(118,493)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents1,651 (5,087)5,265 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year5,660 10,747 5,482 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year$7,311 $5,660 $10,747 

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Independent Bank Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands, except for share and per share information)
Note 22. Subsequent Events
Declaration of dividends
On January 18, 2024, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend in the amount of $0.38 per share of common stock to the stockholders of record on February 1, 2024. The dividend totaling $15,685 was paid on February 15, 2024.
BTFP advance
On January 24, 2024, the Company borrowed $155,000 against the BTFP as a lower cost alternative to an FHLB advance. The advance has an interest rate of 4.88% and a one year term due January 24, 2025.
Line of credit agreement
On February 16, 2024, the Company renewed its $100,000 unsecured revolving line of credit with a maturity date of February 15, 2025 and the rate index was updated to one-month Term SOFR. As of February 20, 2024, the Company has borrowings of $33,750 against its revolving line of credit.
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ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
The Company has not elected to include a summary of the information required in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
139

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of McKinney, Texas, on February 20, 2024.
Independent Bank Group, Inc. (Registrant)
Date: February 20, 2024By: /s/ David R. Brooks
David R. Brooks
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ David R. BrooksChairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director February 20, 2024
David R. Brooks(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Paul B. LangdaleExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 20, 2024
Paul B. Langdale(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Brenda K. MontgomeryChief Accounting Officer February 20, 2024
Brenda K. Montgomery(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Daniel W. BrooksVice Chairman and DirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Daniel W. Brooks
/s/ William E. FairDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
William E. Fair
/s/ Janet P. FroetscherDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Janet P. Froetscher
/s/ Alicia K. HarrisonDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Alicia K. Harrison
/s/ Craig E. HolmesDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Craig E. Holmes
/s/ J. Webb Jennings IIIDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
J. Webb Jennings III
/s/ Donald L. PoarchDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Donald L. Poarch
/s/ G. Stacy SmithDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
G. Stacy Smith
/s/ Michael T. ViolaDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Michael T. Viola
/s/ Paul E. WashingtonDirectorFebruary 20, 2024
Paul E. Washington