EX-99.1 2 exhibit99-1.htm ESCOBAL GUATEMALA PROJECT - PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT Tahoe Resources Inc. - Exhibit 99.1 - Filed by newsfilecorp.com




ESCOBAL GUATEMALA PROJECT
NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

DATE AND SIGNATURES PAGE

This report is current as of 07 May 2012. The effective date of the Mineral Resource estimate is 23 January, 2012. See Appendix A, PEA Contributors and Professional Qualifications, for certificates of qualified persons. These certificates are considered the date and signature of this report in accordance with Form 43-101F1.


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ESCOBAL GUATEMALA PROJECT

FORM 43-101F1 TECHNICAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE
         
DATE AND SIGNATURES PAGE I
         
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
         
LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS IX
         
LIST OF TABLES XI
         
1 SUMMARY 1
         
  1.1 PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 1
         
  1.2 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND OWNERSHIP 2
         
  1.3 MINERAL TENURE, SURFACE RIGHTS, AND ROYALTIES 3
         
  1.4 PERMITS 3
         
  1.5 ENVIRONMENT 4
         
  1.6 GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION 4
         
  1.7 EXPLORATION STATUS 5
         
  1.8 DRILLING 5
         
  1.9 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 5
         
  1.10 DATA VERIFICATION 6
         
  1.11 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING 6
         
  1.12 MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES 6
         
    1.12.1 Mineral Resources 6
    1.12.2 Mineral Reserves 7
         
  1.13 MINING 7
         
  1.14 PROCESS FLOWSHEET 8
         
  1.15 TAILINGS AND WASTE ROCK FACILITY 8
         
  1.16 INFRASTRUCTURE 9
         
  1.17 TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS 9
         
  1.18 RECLAMATION 9
         
  1.19 OPERATING COST ESTIMATE 10
         
  1.20 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE 11


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  1.21 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 13
         
  1.22 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 16
         
2 INTRODUCTION 17
         
  2.1 PURPOSE AND BASIS OF REPORT 17
         
  2.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 17
         
  2.3 QUALIFIED PERSONS AND SITE VISITS 17
         
  2.4 EFFECTIVE DATES 18
         
  2.5 UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS 19
         
3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS 21
         
  3.1 MINERAL TENURE 21
         
  3.2 SURFACE RIGHTS, ACCESS, AND PERMITTING 22
         
  3.3 RESOURCE MODELING 22
         
  3.4 MINE TABULATION 22
         
  3.5 DRILLING, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND SECURITY, DATA VERIFICATION 22
         
  3.6 METALLURGICAL TESTING 22
         
  3.7 FLOW SHEETS 22
         
  3.8 CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS 22
         
  3.9 PROCESS PLANT AND COSTING 23
         
4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION 24
         
  4.1 LOCATION 24
         
  4.2 MINERAL TENURE AND AGREEMENT 24
         
  4.2.1 Mineral Rights 24
  4.2.2 Surface Rights 27
  4.2.3 Agreements 28
  4.2.4 Royalties 28
  4.2.5 Permits 28
         
  4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND STEWARDSHIP 29
         
  4.3.1 Primary Watershed 30
  4.3.2 Dry Stack Tailing 30
  4.3.3 Lined Stormwater and Waste Facilities 30
  4.3.4 Concurrent Reclamation 30
  4.3.5 Process Water Recovery and Recycling 30
  4.3.6 Process/Contact Water Treatment Facility 30
  4.3.7 Paste Backfill 31
  4.3.8 Geochemical Characterization 31


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  4.3.9 Environmental Impact Management Program 31
         
  4.4 PERMITTING 31
         
  4.4.1 Baseline Studies and Permits 32
         
5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 34
         
  5.1 ACCESSIBILITY 34
         
  5.2 CLIMATE 34
         
  5.3 LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 34
         
  5.4 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE 34
         
  5.5 PHYSIOGRAPHY 35
         
6 HISTORY 36
         
7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION 38
         
  7.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 38
         
  7.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY 39
         
  7.3 LITHOLOGIES 39
         
  7.4 STRUCTURE 41
         
  7.5 MINERALIZATION 43
         
  7.6 ESCOBAL VEIN ZONES 45
         
  7.7 VEIN MODEL 48
         
8 DEPOSIT TYPES 50
         
  8.1 ESCOBAL DEPOSIT 51
         
9 EXPLORATION 52
         
  9.1 GEOCHEMISTRY 52
         
  9.2 DRILLING 55
         
  9.3 REGIONAL TARGETS 56
         
10 DRILLING 59
         
  10.1 DRILL CAMPAIGNS 60
         
  10.2 DATA COLLECTION 61
         
  10.3 DRILLING SUMMARY AND RESULTS 62
         
11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY 66
         
  11.1 SAMPLE METHOD AND APPROACH 66
         
  11.2 SAMPLE SECURITY 66


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  11.3 LABORATORY SAMPLE PREPARATION 67
         
  11.4 LABORATORY ANALYSES 67
         
  11.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES 67
         
  11.5.1 Standard Reference Materials 68
  11.5.2 Blanks 68
  11.5.3 Check Assays 68
  11.5.4 Duplicates 69
         
  11.6 CONCLUSIONS 69
         
12 DATA VERIFICATION 70
         
  12.1 DATABASE AUDIT 70
         
  12.1.1 2010 Assay Audit and Database Reconstruction 70
  12.1.2 2012 Assay Audit 71
  12.1.3 2010 Drill Sample Locations and Down-Hole Surveys 71
  12.1.4 2012 Drill Sample Locations and Down-Hole Surveys 72
         
  12.2 SITE VISITS 72
         
  12.2.1 Drilling Operations 72
  12.2.2 Sampling and Logging Procedures 73
         
  12.3 2010 VERIFICATION SAMPLING 73
         
  12.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL “QA/QC” 74
         
  12.4.1 Duplicate Samples to E10-225 75
  12.4.2 Duplicates and Check Samples post E10-225 79
  12.4.3 Blanks to E10-225 81
  12.4.4 Blanks Post E10-225 82
  12.4.5 Standards to E10-225 83
  12.4.6 Standards post E10-225 83
  12.4.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 86
         
  12.5 2010 CORE RECOVERY – METAL GRADE ANALYSES 86
         
13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING 89
         
  13.1 SAMPLING 90
         
  13.2 GRINDING TESTS 90
         
  13.3 GRINDABILITY TESTS 91
         
  13.4 REAGENT SCREENING TESTS 91
         
  13.5 DETERMINATION OF RECOVERIES AND REAGENT CONSUMPTIONS 94
         
  13.6 ESTIMATED METALLURGICAL RECOVERIES 95
         
  13.6.1 Design Throughput 95
  13.6.2 Metallurgy 95


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14 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES 97
         
  14.1 INTRODUCTION 97
         
  14.2 DATA 97
         
  14.3 DEPOSIT GEOLOGY PERTINENT TO RESOURCE MODELING 98
         
  14.4 GEOLOGIC MODEL 99
         
  14.5 MINERAL-DOMAIN GRADE MODELS 100
         
  14.6 DENSITY 105
         
  14.7 SAMPLE CODING AND COMPOSITING 106
         
  14.8 RESOURCE MODEL AND ESTIMATION 110
         
  14.9 RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION 111
         
  14.10 MINERAL RESOURCES 112
         
  14.11 DISCUSSION, QUALIFICATIONS, RISK, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 121
         
15 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES 122
         
16 MINING METHODS 123
         
  16.1 CURRENT STATUS 123
         
  16.2 LONG HOLE MINING 128
         
  16.3 PASTE BACKFILL 134
         
  16.4 DEVELOPMENT 135
         
  16.5 GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 136
         
  16.6 MINE VENTILATION 138
         
17 RECOVERY METHODS 141
         
  17.1 MINING EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE 141
         
  17.2 MINING WORK FORCE 142
         
  17.3 MINE INFRASTRUCTURE AND FIXED EQUIPMENT 144
         
  17.4 PROCESSING 145
         
  14.4.1 Process Overview – Sulfide 145
         
18 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE 148
         
19 MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS 149
         
20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT 150
         
  20.1 GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 150
         
  20.2 TAILING AND DEVELOPMENT ROCK STORAGE FACILITY 151


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    20.2.1 Design Criteria 151
  20.2.2 Stormwater Management 151
  20.2.3 Concurrent Reclamation 152
  20.2.4 Geotechnical 152
  20.2.5 Tailing Placement 152
  20.2.6 Development Rock Placement 152
         
  20.3 PERMITTING 153
         
  20.4 SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACTS 154
         
21 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS 155
         
  21.1 DEVELOPMENT COST 155
         
  21.2 MINING COST 156
         
  21.3 BACKFILL COST 156
         
  21.4 ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGY 156
         
  21.5 DEFINITION DRILLING 156
         
  21.6 GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS 157
         
  21.7 OPERATING COST ESTIMATE 158
         
  21.7.1 Process Plant Operating & Maintenance Costs 159
  21.7.2 Process Labor & Fringes 160
  21.7.3 Electrical Power 160
  21.7.4 Reagents 161
  21.7.5 Maintenance Wear Parts and Consumables 162
  21.7.6 Process Supplies & Services 162
         
  21.8 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE 163
         
  21.8.1 Introduction 168
  21.8.2 Assumptions 168
  21.8.3 Estimate Accuracy 168
  21.8.4 Contingency 168
  21.8.5 Documents 168
         
22 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 170
         
  22.1 INTRODUCTION 170
         
  22.2 MINE PRODUCTION STATISTICS 170
         
  22.3 PLANT PRODUCTION STATISTICS 170
         
  22.3.1 Smelter Return Factors 171
         
  22.4 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 173
         
  22.4.1 Initial and Expansion Capital 173
  22.4.2 Sustaining Capital 173
  22.4.3 Working Capital 174


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  22.4.4 Salvage Value 174
  22.4.5 Revenue 174
  22.4.6 Operating Cost 175
  22.4.7 Total Cash Cost 175
  22.4.8 Taxation 176
  22.4.9 Project Financing 176
  22.4.10 Net Income After Tax 176
  22.4.11 NPV and IRR 176
         
23 ADJACENT PROPERTIES 186
         
24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION 187
         
  24.1 MINING 187
         
  24.1.1 Cut-Off Grade 187
  24.1.2 Mineral Resources for Mine Planning 188
  24.1.3 Underground Mining 189
         
25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS 192
         
26 RECOMMENDATIONS 195
         
27 REFERENCES 197


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LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
     
Figure 2-1: Project Location Map 18
     
Figure 4-1: Exploration Concession Showing Regional Veins 27
     
Figure 7-1: Regional Geology 38
     
Figure 7-2: Local Geology 39
     
Figure 7-3: Interpretation of Central Escobal Vein along normal faults and dilational jog. (looking east) 42
     
Figure 7-4: Vein episodes and generalized relationships 44
     
Figure 7-5: Escobal Central Zone. Drillhole E08-110 Breccia with Red Proustite Bands 45
     
Figure 7-6: Escobal Long Section. Viewed to north 47
     
Figure 8-1: Generalized Diagram showing the Spatial Relationship of Intermediate Sulfidation Deposits 51
     
Figure 9-1: Soil and Rockchip Geochemistry – Silver 53
     
Figure 9-2: Soil and Rockchip Geochemistry – Zinc 54
     
Figure 9-3: Known Mineral Resource and Exploration Potential 56
     
Figure 9-4: Regional Exploration Targets 57
     
Figure 9-5: Escobal District Exploration Targets 58
     
Figure 10-1: Escobal Drill Hole Location Map 60
     
Figure 10-2: Escobal East Zone – Cross Section 807500E (looking East) 65
     
Figure 10-3: Escobal Central Zone – Cross Section 806500E (looking East) 65
     
Figure 12-1: Scatterplot for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate 77
     
Figure 12-2: Relative Percent Difference for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate 78
     
Figure 12-3: Absolute Value of Relative Percent Difference for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate 78
     
Figure 12-4: Blanks in Inspectorate Gold Analyses 82
     
Figure 12-5: Control Chart for Silver in CDN-ME-7 84
     
Figure 12-6: Core Recovery – Silver Grade Comparison 87
     
Figure 12-7: Core Recovery – Lead Grade Comparison 88
     
Figure 14-1: Section 806400 – Escobal Central Zone Silver Geologic Model 102
     
Figure 14-2: Section 806800 – Escobal Central Zone Silver Geologic Model 103
     
Figure 14-3: Section 807450 – Escobal East Zone Silver Geologic Model 104
     
Figure 14-4: Section 806400 – Escobal Central Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades 118


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Figure 14-5: Section 806800 – Escobal Central Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades 119
     
Figure 14-6: Section 807500 – Escobal East Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades 120
     
Figure 16-1: East Central Decline Portal Area 124
     
Figure 16-2: West Central Decline Portal Area 124
     
Figure 16-3: East Central Ramp 125
     
Figure 16-4: West Central Ramp 126
     
Figure 16-5: East and West Central Ramp 127
     
Figure 16-6: Longitudinal Long -hole Stoping Method (isometric view) 130
     
Figure 16-7: Transverse Long-hole Stoping Method (isometric view) 131
     
Figure 16-8: 1190 Meter Level 132
     
Figure 16-9: 1215 Meter Level 133
     
Figure 17-1: Overall Processing Flow Sheet 147
     
Figure 22-1: Changes in NPV @ 5% Due to Changes in Cost Structure 177
     
Figure 24-1: Escobal Main Ramp and Raise Layout 191


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE    DESCRIPTION PAGE
   
Table 1-1: Summary of Indicated and Inferred Resources 7
   
Table 1-2: Approximate Concentrate Production and Content 10
   
Table 1-3: Operating Costs by Area 10
   
Table 1-4: Initial Capital Cost Control Budget (3,500 MTPD) 11
   
Table 1-5: Capital Cost Estimate for the 4,500 MTPD Expansion: 12
   
Table 1-6: Capital Cost Estimate for the 5,500 MTPD Expansion 12
   
Table 1-7: High/Low Metal Price 13
   
Table 1-8: 4500 MTPD Case – Sensitivity Analysis 14
   
Table 1-9: 5500 MTPD Case - Sensitivity Analysis 15
   
Table 2-1: Terms and Abbreviations 19
   
Table 4-1: San Rafael Concessions 26
   
Table 10-1: Total Oasis Concession Drilling through March 31, 2011 59
   
Table 10-2: Escobal Drilling Included in Resource Estimate (Drilling through Dec 31, 2011) 60
   
Table 10-3: Drill Hole Summary by Zone 64
   
Table 12-1: MDA Verification Samples – Silver and Gold Results 73
   
Table 12-2: MDA Verification Samples – Lead and Zinc Results 74
   
Table 12-3: Comparison of Analyses of Duplicate Pairs 75
   
Table 12-4: Simple Statistics, Lead 77
   
Table 12-5: Simple Statistics for Percent Differences, Lead 79
   
Table 12-6: Summary Comparison of Duplicate Pairs at Primary Lab 80
   
Table 12-7: Summary Comparison of Original and Check Analyses 80
   
Table 12-8: Blanks in Escobal Data Set 81
   
Table 12-9: Failure List for Blanks Post E10- 225 83
   
Table 12-10: Summary of Results for Standards 85
   
Table 13-1: Master Composite Head Assay Results 90
   
Table 13-2: P80 Versus Metal Recovery to the Lead Rougher Concentrate 91
   
Table 13-3: Resulting Ball Mill Work Indices from Ball Mill Grindability Tests 91
   
Table 13-4: Typical Metal Recovery to Lead Rougher Concentrate 92
   
Table 13-5: Typical Metal Distribution in Rougher Flotation Products 92
   
Table 13-6: Typical Metal Distribution in Rougher Flotation Products 93


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Table 13-7: Escobal Concentrator Operational Parameters 95
   
Table 13-8: Reagent Consumptions 95
   
Table 14-1: Mineral Domain Grade Populations 100
   
Table 14-2: Lithology Density Values Used in Model 106
   
Table 14-3: Mineral Domain Density Values Used in Model 106
   
Table 14-4: Escobal Mineral Domain Composite Statistics 108
   
Table 14-5: Escobal Estimation Parameters for Mineral Resources 110
   
Table 14-6: Escobal Deposit Reported Resource 114
   
Table 14-7: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation 115
   
Table 14-8: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation (continued) 116
   
Table 14-9: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation (continued) 117
   
Table 16-1: Paste Fill Mix Designs for Vertical Exposures 134
   
Table 16-2: Primary and Secondary Development – 3 production cases 136
   
Table 16-3: Escobal RMR Values 137
   
Table 17-1: Mine Capital 141
   
Table 17-2: Project Mobile Equipment List 142
   
Table 17-3: Mine Personnel 142
   
Table 21-1: Mine Operating Costs 155
   
Table 21-2: Escobal General and Administrative Operating Costs 157
   
Table 21-3: Escobal General and Administrative Operating Cost 158
   
Table 21-4: Approximate Concentrate Production and Content 159
   
Table 21-5: Operating Costs by Area 159
   
Table 21-6: Process Plant Labor & Fringes 160
   
Table 21-7: Power Cost Summary 161
   
Table 21-8: Reagents Consumption Summary 162
   
Table 21-9: Grinding Media and Wear Items 162
   
Table 21-10: Initial Capital Expense Estimate (3,500 MTPD) 163
   
Table 21-11: Capital Cost Estimate for the 4,500 MTPD Expansion 164
   
Table 21-12: 4,500 MTPD Expansion Project 165
   
Table 21-13: Capital Cost Estimate for the 5,500 MTPD Expansion 166
   
Table 21-14: 5,500 MTPD Expansion Project 167
   
Table 22-1: Life of Mine Ore and Metal Grades 170


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Table 22-2: Metal Recovery Factors 171
   
Table 22-3: Life of Mine Concentrate Summary 171
   
Table 22-4: Smelter Return Factors 172
   
Table 22-5: Initial and Expansion Capital Summary 173
   
Table 22-6: Sustaining Capital Summary 174
   
Table 22-7: Operating Cost 175
   
Table 22-8: 4500 MTPD Case – Sensitivity Analysis 178
   
Table 22-9: 5500 MTPD Case - Sensitivity Analysis 179
   
Table 22-10: Detail Financial Model (4,500 MTPD) 180
   
Table 22-11: Detail Financial Model (5,500 MTPD) 183
   
Table 24-1: Cut-Off Value 188
   
Table 24-2: Escobal Mineral Resources 188


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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX DESCRIPTION
   
A PEA Contributors and Professional Qualifications
   
  •      Certificate of Qualified Person (“QP”)
   
B Escobal Project – Significant Drill Intercepts
   
C Escobal Project – Descriptive Statistics – Drill Samples
   
D Escobal Project – Geotechnical Assessment


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1               SUMMARY

1.1             PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Exploration work since 2010 has resulted in significant increase in the mineral resources of the Escobal site, leading to a new Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) to analyze increased mine and plant throughput associated with extraction of the additional resources. The new assessment indicates that throughput increases from 3,500 metric tonnes per day (MTPD) to 4,500 MTPD and/or 5,500 MTPD will improve economic results.

  • Indicated mineral resources for the Escobal deposit are 27.1 million tonnes grading 422 g/t Ag, 0.43 g/t Au, 0.71% Pb and 1.28% Zn at a cut-off grade of 150 g/t silver- equivalent, which represents a 50% increase in Indicated silver ounces as compared to the Indicated silver resources reported in November 2010. Indicated silver-equivalent ounces now total 429.7 million.

  • Inferred mineral resources for the Escobal deposit are 4.6 million tonnes grading 254 g/t Ag, 0.59 g/t Au, 0.34% Pb and 0.66% Zn at a cut-off grade of 150 g/t silver-equivalent. Inferred silver-equivalent ounces total 44.7 million.

  • Although the Escobal mineral resource has increased significantly since 2010, the Escobal deposit has not been fully delineated and remains open along strike and down dip.

  • The previous Preliminary Economic Assessment (November 2010) indicated that a 3,500 MTPD underground mine producing lead and zinc concentrates over a production life of 18 years is economically viable. The new Preliminary Economic Assessment demonstrates that increasing the throughput to 4,500 MTPD and/or 5,500 MTPD will enhance the economic results over the previous plan. The contemplated operations would provide direct employment of approximately 650 employees in Guatemala.

  • Metallurgical studies to-date continue to confirm that processing of the indicated and inferred resources through differential sulfide flotation will produce marketable lead and zinc concentrates. Process recovery rates are expected to average 87% for silver, 75% for gold, and 83% for lead and zinc.

  • Production in years 1 through 10 would average more than 20 million ounces of silver per year at total cash cost of less than $5.00 U.S. (net of by-product credits) at the base case metal prices used in the study ($25.00/oz Ag, $1300/oz Au, $0.95/lb Pb, $.090/lb Zn). In both expansion cases, production life would increase to 19 years, approximately one year longer than the 3,500 MTPD case contemplated in the previous PEA.

  • After tax net present value for the 4,500 MTPD case at a 5% discount rate is $2.94 billion at the base case metal prices, with an after tax internal rate of return (IRR) of 68.3% on an initial capital cost of $372.8 million.


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  • After tax net present value for the 5,500 MTPD case at a 5% discount rate is $2.99 billion at the base case metal prices, with an after tax internal rate of return (IRR) of 68.5% on initial capital costs of $405.4 million.

  • Significant exploration upside remains in the Escobal vein trend and in other regional exploration opportunities.

  • Based on financial and technical measures, exploration work and project advances to date, M3 recommends that Tahoe complete the detailed engineering and development of the Escobal project and begin taking steps to increase mine and mill capacity to 4,500 MTPD.

  • Based on these same factors, positive economic benefits may be realized from expansion above 4,500 MTPD. M3 recommends that Tahoe continue to explore adjacent to the known Escobal mineral resources and advance detailed engineering to further define and optimize potential mine and plant capacity beyond 4,500 MTPD.

This PEA is preliminary in nature and includes Inferred mineral resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as mineral reserves, and there is no certainty that the PEA will be realized. The basis for the PEA is the Indicated mineral resources and Inferred mineral resources as reported herein. No pre-feasibility or feasibility study has been carried out with respect to the Escobal project.

1.2             PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND OWNERSHIP

Escobal is located in southeast Guatemala, approximately 40 kilometers east-southeast of Guatemala City and three kilometers east of the town of San Rafael Las Flores in the Department of Santa Rosa. San Rafael Las Flores has a population of 3,500 people and is 70 km from Guatemala City by paved road. Access to the area is also possible from the northeast on a paved highway via the town of Mataquescuintla. The Company is not aware of any significant indigenous population residing in the area of the Escobal Project. According to Guatemala’s National Institute of Statistics (Census 2002) San Rafael Las Flores’ population is 99.6% “Ladino”, i.e., of Hispanic origin and non-indigenous.

The local climate consists of two major seasons; a “rainy” season between May and November and a “dry” season between November and May. Annual precipitation averages 1,689 mm. Average temperatures vary between 14°C and 33.1°C.

There is a high voltage electrical line extended to the town of San Rafael Las Flores, which will be upgraded to handle the anticipated load requirements for the Project. Telephone and internet services are currently available at the project site and nearby facilities in San Rafael Las Flores. There are water wells within the Project area that are capable of providing water for operations.

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1.3             MINERAL TENURE, SURFACE RIGHTS, AND ROYALTIES

Tahoe Resources Inc. acquired the project from Goldcorp through a transaction completed in June, 2010. The Project comprises three exploration concessions, totaling approximately 129 km2, called Oasis, Lucero and Andres, which were granted on March 26, 2007, August 21, 2007 and November 15, 2007, respectively to Entre Mares de Guatemala S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of Goldcorp. The concessions are now controlled by Minera San Rafael S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of Tahoe. The Oasis concession covers the entire Escobal vein and project area.

The first three-year term of the Oasis concession expired in March 2010; Tahoe renewed this concession in August 2010. Extension requests have been filed for Lucero and Andres with approvals pending. The concessions can be extended for an additional two-year term. There is a reasonable expectation that the extensions will be granted for the concessions.

Applications for additional exploration concessions have been submitted to the Guatemalan government and as of the effective date of the Report are pending approval.

Land surrounding the Project area is privately owned by local farmers and used for growing coffee in the higher elevations and vegetables and other crops in the flatter low lying areas. Tahoe/Minera San Rafael has acquired all project surface rights needed to support the areas required for operations, tailings, waste rock disposal, processing, and ancillary surface facilities as contemplated in this Preliminary Economic Assessment.

The current mineral royalty in Guatemala is 1% paid to the federal government, of which a portion is returned to the local community. In January 2012, the Guatemalan Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) and the Guatemalan Mining Association (GREMIAL) agreed to a voluntary royalty of 4% for precious metals and 3% for base metals. This voluntary royalty increase is reflected in the economic analysis included in this Preliminary Economic Assessment. In addition, a profit sharing program in the form of an NSR royalty of 0.5% will be paid to an Association of Land Owners.

1.4             PERMITS

The Escobal Project is currently in the exploration phase and exploration activities are permitted by both MEM and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN). All required permits to continue surface and underground exploration are in place. The environmental requirements from MARN are specified in Resolution 4590-2008/ELER/CG dated December 23, 2008 that applies to exploration activities. License of rights was transferred from Entre Mares de Guatemala to Minera San Rafael as specified in Resolution 1918-2010/ECM/GB, dated September 3, 2010. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) that addresses the environmental impacts associated with the ongoing exploration declines was submitted to MARN in November 2010 and an Environmental License submitted in March 2011. An appropriate level of public disclosure and involvement was required and developed at this stage. MARN accepted the work plan for the exploration declines on April 5, 2011, clearing the way for starting the underground exploration program. An Environmental Impact Study (EIS) that addresses the environmental impacts associated with exploitation of the mineral body was approved by MARN on October 21, 2011 by Resolution 3061-2011/DIGARN/ECM/beor. This resolution clears the way for construction of the mine, processing plant, and surface facilities required for exploitation. Minera San Rafael submitted the application to MEM for the Exploitation license, required for producing concentrates from the mine, in November 2011 and expects the license to be granted in the first half of 2012.

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All other permits required for construction and operation have been obtained. Permits to continue surface exploration activities are in place.

1.5             ENVIRONMENT

The mandate from Tahoe is to meet or exceed the standards of sustainability and environmental management based on North American practice and regulation. No impacted waters and materials will be directly discharged from the site. Impacted water will require lined containment and treatment prior to being released to the environment. The environmental management program will include the following:

  • Dry stack tailings
  • Lined storm water and waste facilities
  • A concurrent reclaim program
  • Process water recovery and recycling
  • Process/contact water treatment systems
  • Underground paste backfill

These environmental controls represent the state of the art in sustainable design.

1.6             GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION

The Escobal deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation fault-related vein formed within Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks within the Caribbean plate. The Escobal vein system hosts silver, gold, lead and zinc, with an associated epithermal suite of elements, within quartz and quartz-carbonate veins. Quartz veins and stockwork up to 50 m wide, with up to 10% sulfides, form at the core of the Escobal deposit and grade outward through silicification, quartz-sericite, argillic and propylitic alteration zones.

Drilling to date has identified continuous precious and base metal mineralization at Escobal over 2,200 meters laterally and 1,000 meters vertically in four zones; the East, Central, West/Margarito and East Extension zones. The vein system is oriented generally east-west, with variable dips. The East and East Extension zones dip to the south from 60° to 75° to the south with recent drilling showing a change to vertical dip at depth. The majority of the mineralized structure(s) in the Central and Margarito zones dip from 60° to 75° to the north, steepening to near-vertical at depth. The upper eastern portion of the Central Zone dips 60° to 70° to the south as in the East Zone.

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1.7             EXPLORATION STATUS

In 2011, exploration drilling at the Escobal project was designed to improve confidence in the established Indicated and Inferred mineral resources as well as to explore extensions of the deposit where it was open laterally and to depth. This program succeeded in expanding the November 2010 Indicated resource by 50% to 367.5 million silver ounces. Inferred resources now total 36.7 million silver ounces.

The Escobal deposit is open along strike in both directions and down dip. Tahoe is aggressively exploring for the continuation of mineralization at Escobal, with five drills currently active on the property. The drilling is designed to identify new areas of mineralization within the Escobal structure through wider and deeper extensional step-outs. This program will be carried out principally from the surface, with underground drilling to commence in mid-2012 once drill platforms are available in the ongoing exploration declines.

The Escobal vein is one of 14 vein showings identified in the district and the only vein system that has been adequately drilled to date. Using the geologic model developed at Escobal, prospective areas will continue to be evaluated throughout the region while a more concentrated effort will be made to upgrade and drill viable targets within Tahoe’s currently held concession areas. In late 2011, drilling was expanded to evaluate other regional targets.

1.8             DRILLING

Drilling on the Oasis concession has been conducted by Entre Mares (Goldcorp) and Tahoe from 2007 to the present, using a combination of contracted and company-owned drills. A total of 381 drill holes (136,615 meters) have targeted the Escobal vein system and other veins within the concession. Data from drilling on the Escobal vein through December 2011 have been used for the resource model and estimate reported herein. With minor exception, all drilling at Escobal has been by diamond drill (core) methods, with the majority (66%) of mineralized intercepts drilled using NTW-size or larger drill core. Core recovery averages 96% over the life of the project.

1.9             SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS

BSI Inspectorate has been the primary analytical laboratory for all of the Escobal drill sample preparation and analysis, with only minor exceptions. All samples have been prepared and analyzed using industry-standard practices suitable for the mineralization at Escobal. Entre Mares and Tahoe conducted quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) programs throughout all of the drill campaigns at Escobal, which included check assaying, duplicate sample assaying at other laboratories, and the use of blind assay standards and assay blanks.

The core sampling procedures, sample analyses, QA/QC procedures, and sample security have provided sample data that are of sufficient quality for use in the resource estimation.

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1.10            DATA VERIFICATION

Data verification was supervised by Paul Tietz, CPG, of Mine Development Associates (Reno, Nevada USA). Mr. Tietz conducted site visits to the Escobal property in 2010 and 2012, which included verifying drill locations in the field, reviewing sample handling and data collection procedures, verifying downhole survey data, and independent verification sampling of drill core. MDA also completed a full audit of the project database, analysis of the QA/QC data, and study of core recovery and its relationship to metal grades. The results of this verification program support the estimation of the Escobal resource and the assignment of an Indicated classification to much of the stated resource.

1.11           MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

McClelland Laboratories (McClelland) Sparks, Nevada, USA conducted the initial metallurgical tests in 2009 on three drill core samples from the Escobal mineral deposit. It was concluded from the results of the tests that a differential lead/zinc flotation producing a high value lead concentrate containing most of the silver and gold in the mineral resource and a salable lower value zinc concentrate was the optimum processing route.

In June 2010, FLSmidth Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories was contracted to conduct metallurgical testing on drill cores representative of the mineralization from the Escobal Project. The primary objective of the test program was to determine process design criteria for crushing, grinding and flotation for the Escobal sulfide deposit. Results of the differential flotation tests indicate that the Escobal sulfide mineralization will respond to widely used and proven mineral processing techniques. The test programs conducted to date show that good recoveries of gold, silver, lead and zinc and acceptable reagent consumptions can be obtained by using conventional lead zinc differential flotation process. Metallurgical testing of material from newly discovered extensions of the Escobal vein (i.e., East Extension and West/Margarito zones) has been initiated with results pending.

Flotation feed will consist of a primary grind size of 80% passing 105 µm in the rougher flotation circuits and regrind size of 80% passing 37 µm in the cleaner flotation circuits. Expected recoveries from the sulfide mineral processing are, 86.8% for silver, 75.1% for gold, 82.5% for lead, and 82.6% for zinc.

1.12            MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES

1.12.1         Mineral Resources

The mineral resource estimate for the Escobal deposit contains 367.5 million ounces of silver classified as Indicated resources and 36.7 million ounces of silver classified as Inferred resources, with significant amounts gold, lead, and zinc reported in both resource categories. A summary of the Indicated and Inferred resources, using a cutoff grade of 150 grams per tonne silver equivalent, is provided in the following table:

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Table 1-1: Summary of Indicated and Inferred Resources

Resource
Classification
Tonnes
(M)
Silver
(g/t)
Gold
(g/t)
Lead
(%)
Zinc
(%)
Silver
(Moz)
Gold
(koz)
Lead
(kt)
Zinc
(kt)
Indicated 27.1 422 0.43 0.71 1.28 367.5 373 192 347
Inferred 4.6 254 0.59 0.34 0.66 36.7 85 15 30

Mineral resources at Escobal were estimated using approximately 22,900 samples obtained from 350 diamond drill core holes, totaling 121,639 meters. Mine Development Associates modeled and estimated the Escobal deposit resources by refining the geologic model, evaluating the drill data statistically, interpreting mineral domains on cross sections and level plans, analyzing the modeled mineralization statistically to establish estimation parameters, and estimating silver, lead, gold, and zinc grades into a three-dimensional block model using inverse distance cubed (ID3).

Silver-equivalent Indicated resources total 429.7 million ounces at an average grade of 493 g/t and silver-equivalent Inferred resources total 44.7 million ounces at an average grade of 309 g/t. Silver-equivalent values for the resources were calculated using metal prices of $25.00/oz Ag, $1300/oz Au, $0.95/lb Pb, and $0.90/lb Zn. The effective date of the mineral resource estimate is 23 January 2012.

1.12.2        Mineral Reserves

There are no mineral reserves reported for the Escobal project.

1.13 MINING

Exploration work since completion of the November 2010 PEA has added significant high quality resources to the Escobal mineral inventory. The additions have prompted the need to evaluate the ability for expansion of the mine and process plant production capacity. With the additional resources the mine clearly has excess annual production capacity beyond that contemplated in the November 2010 PEA. In order to take advantage of that capacity, transverse long-hole stoping will replace longitudinal long-hole stoping in areas where the horizontal dimensions across the strike of the vein are greater than 15 meters. This will allow an increase in the number of active producing workplaces in the mine at any given time.

Approximately 15,000 meters of additional primary development ramps and 1,100 meters of raise will be required to access the new resource. Primary development has been accelerated compared to the previous plan in order to access the new resources and allow increased production. This will be accomplished through the addition of development crews and equipment rather than an increase in productivity. Footwall laterals in waste will be used to access stoping areas in lieu of the individual spiral ramps that were utilized in the earlier study for stope development. Two cases have been analyzed in this study; increasing mine production to 4,500 MTPD and capping it at that rate throughout the mine life, or increasing mine production to 4,500 MTPD, making major modifications to the process plant and then further increasing mine production to 5,500 MTPD for the remainder of the mine life. The mine plan for the two cases only differ in the timing of development and a slightly smaller equipment fleet for the 4,500 MTPD.

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The Escobal deposit will be accessed through two main portals. Primary ramps will access the Central Zone and a third primary ramp will be driven into the East Zone from the West Central ramp. The three primary ramps will connect to a system of secondary footwall laterals spaced 25 meters vertically in the Central Zone and spiral access ramps in the East Zone. Stopes will be accessed from the secondary development openings. The primary and secondary development will be excavated at a maximum incline of 15%. The main access ramps are located nominally 75 and 150 meters from the vein and will be driven 5 meters wide by 6 meters high. Internal ventilation raises will be driven between the various ramps, footwall laterals, and accesses.

Filtered tails from the process plant will be combined with cement and water to make a structural fill for use underground. Backfill will be required for all stopes for stability reasons and as a preferred place to store tailings. A paste backfill plant located near the East portal will produce backfill for delivery via a system of steel and HDPE pipe into the mine for placement in the mined out stopes. Stope production will be hauled directly from the stopes to the process plant by truck and development waste will be placed in mined stopes where possible, or trucked to a surface waste dump facility. The mine plan contemplates a network of infrastructure to dewater the mine, supply electrical power, fresh water for operations and dust control, compressed air and communication systems. The mine is expected to deliver a total of 29.8 million tonnes at average grades of 383 g/t silver, 0.38 g/t gold, 0.62% lead, and 1.10% zinc to the mill for processing. This total includes dilution of 4.7 million tonnes at an average grade of 71 g/t silver, 0.12 g/t gold, 0.10% lead, and 0.22% zinc. A mine wide cut-off value of 150 g/t equivalent silver has been determined as optimal for the operation and approximately 95% of the resource above this cut-off is extracted in the mine plan.

1.14            PROCESS FLOWSHEET

Mineralized rock will be transported from the underground mine to a run of mine stockpile from where it will be transported via front end loader or trucks to the processing facility. Mineral concentrates of gold, silver, lead and zinc will be produced by mineral flotation technology. The sulfide concentrator will consist of a three stage crushing circuit followed by one ball mill. This will be followed by a conventional lead zinc differential flotation circuit consisting of tank cells with separate circuits for lead and zinc. Lead and zinc concentrates produced at the concentrator facility will be packaged and loaded onto trucks for shipment to concentrate smelters and metal refineries.

The design basis for the processing facility is 4,500/5,500 dry metric tonnes per day or 1,642,500/2,007,500 dry tonnes per year. Sulfide and mixed oxide-sulfide resources (diluted) are available for approximately 19 years at an average silver grade of 383 g/t, gold grade of 0.38 g/t, lead grade of 0.62% and zinc grade of 1.1% .

1.15            TAILINGS AND WASTE ROCK FACILITY

The above ground disposal of tailings will be “dry stacked”. Tailings that are thickened and filtered to 10% to 15% moisture content are commonly termed dry tailings. Benefits include a reduced footprint and the water removed from the tailing is returned to the process stream, providing a direct effect to make-up water. M3 anticipates approximately 45% of the tailings will be dry stacked, with the remainder of the tailings returned underground as paste fill. In addition, dewatering for reclamation and closure is completed concurrent with operations greatly simplifying environmentally sound closure of the facility.

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1.16            INFRASTRUCTURE

The project is approximately 2 kilometers from San Rafael Las Flores, a town of 3,500 people, and approximately 70 kilometers by paved highway from Guatemala City. All year access to the area is good via paved highway from Guatemala City.

Electrical power will be provided to the project from the existing Guatemala national grid by means of connecting to the existing San Rafael Las Flores substation at a voltage level of 69 kV, and bringing a new 7 km long 69 kV line to site. Additional power required for the expansion cases as well as for peak use demand periods in the 3,500 MTPD case will require on-site generation. Current plans indicate that the national grid will in the future complete a closed loop to the project rather than the current radial feed. However, power requirements beyond those currently assigned to the property have been envisioned and estimated as on-site generators with diesel being the fuel.

Hydrological studies indicate that sufficient water will be available to supply process and potable requirements for the project.

1.TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS

The major process and mining equipment will be procured overseas and shipped to Guatemala. No special handling requirements are foreseen, and normal shipping routes and ships can be utilized. Logistics to date has not proven to be problematic.

Guatemala has ports on both the Pacific and the Caribbean coasts. Access to the mine site from both ports is on paved highway.

Filtered concentrate will be placed in 1,000 to 2,000 pound super-sacks, placed in sea-going containers, and carried on highway tractor trailer units along paved highway to either port for shipment to international smelters.

1.18            RECLAMATION

The entire facility will be designed with closure in mind, to the greatest extent practicable. The facilities will be designed and operated to minimize the footprints and areas of disturbance and to utilize the most advanced planning and reclamation techniques available including dry stack tailings, concurrent reclamation and geomorphic landform grading.

Surface disturbance of this underground mine will be small as all mining activity will be underground. Reclamation will commence as soon as is practical during the development and operations by placing salvaged topsoil on outslopes and encouraging vegetation. Final reclamation of the top surface will occur at final closure at the end of mine life.

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1.19            OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

The operating costs for the 4,500 MTPD and the 5,500 MTPD cases were calculated for each year during the life of the mine using the annual production tonnage as a basis. Table 1-2 reflects the approximate production of zinc and lead concentrates and metal contained in each concentrate.

Table 1-2: Approximate Concentrate Production and Content

4,500 MTPD Case Tonnes (000's) Zinc (klbs.) Silver (kozs.) Gold (kozs.)
   Zinc Concentrate 515 596,372 15,807 15
   Lead Concentrate 299 336,480 303,275 258
         
5,500 MTPD Case        
   Zinc Concentrate 519 600,758 15,830 15
   Lead Concentrate 300 337,734 303,708 258

Table 1-3 shows the unit cost per tonne for the life of the mine for both cases.

Table 1-3: Operating Costs by Area

  4,500 MTPD 5,500 MTPD
 Life of Mine $/tonne      $/tonne
 Ore Tonnes 29,826,845 29,924,285
     
   Mining Operations $29.03 $27.22
     
   Mill Operations    
         Crushing & Conveying $1.95 $1.85
         Grinding & Classification $5.06 $6.29
         Flotation and Regrind $4.20 $4.19
         Concentrate Dewatering, Filtration & Dewatering $1.05 $0.99
         Tailing Disposal $5.26 $4.92
         Laboratory $0.52 $0.50
         Ancillary Services $1.50 $1.42
     
     Subtotal Processing $19.54 $20.16
 Supporting Facilities    
     General and Administrative $6.67 $6.87
     Subtotal Supporting Facilities $6.67 $6.87
 Total Operating Cost $55.24 $54.25

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1.20            CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE

All costs for the options presented in this report are in addition to the costs of the 3,500 MTPD plant, which is currently under development. Table 1-4 shows a summary of budgeted initial capital expenses for the original plant.

Table 1-4: Initial Capital Cost Control Budget (3,500 MTPD)

Description Cost
Direct Costs  
General Site $14,045,472
Mine, West Portal – By Owner $0
Mine, East Portal – By Owner $0
Primary Crushing $4,098,061
Secondary & Tertiary Crushing $5,737,647
Fine Ore Storage & Reclaim $5,775,776
Grinding $15,074,923
Flotation & Regrind $20,755,307
Reagents $3,734,928
Concentrate $9,613,887
Tailing Dewatering $16,990,634
Paste Backfill Plant $6,723,845
Tailing Dry Stack $2,073,044
Water Systems and Well Field $10,313,094
Sewage Treatment $639,615
Main Substation $6,065,325
Overhead Power Line $2,402,365
Ancillaries $20,893,022
Insurance/Capital Spares $2,000,000
Freight $10,388,696
Duties $3,001,033
Subtotal DIRECT COST $160,326,674
   
Indirect Costs  
CONTINGENCY $26,646,797
   
Other Indirects Including EPCM, $30,040,626
Contractor Power, Vendor Supervision  
and Commissioning  
   
IVA @ 12% (Eventually Refundable) $10,697,853
   
TOTAL EPCM CAPITAL COST $227,711,950
TOTAL MINE CAPITAL COST $78,494,050
OWNER’S COST $20,443,000
   
TOTAL $326,649,000

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As of March 31, 2012, this project is under development. The project has committed $100,467,621 (i.e. 44%) of the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Management (EPCM) budget of $227,711,950 and has used $6,116,714 (i.e. 23%) of the contingency budget of $26,646,797 allotted for the project. The Owner has committed $68,511,671 (69%) of the Mine Development and Owners budget of $98,937,988. The owner has not yet used any contingency but has allocated all of the $13.9 million of the contingency budgeted to underground development and purchases of mining equipment.

The capital costs for the option to increase production to 4,500 MTPD are as follows:

Table 1-5: Capital Cost Estimate for the 4,500 MTPD Expansion:

Total Costs for the 3,500 MTPD Project $326,649,000
   
Additional Costs for the Expansion to 4,500 MPTD from 3,500 MTPD
     Mine Expansion Costs $28,101,501
   
     Direct Costs $12,710,911
     Indirect Costs $5,323,588
     Total Plant Expansion Costs $18,034,499
Grand Total $372,785,000

The 4,500 MTPD expansion will cost $18,034,499 in plant expansion and $28,101,501 in mine development and equipment in addition to the costs for the 3,500 MTPD project, for a total of $372,785,000.

The capital costs for the option to increase production to 5,500 MTPD are as follows:

Table 1-6: Capital Cost Estimate for the 5,500 MTPD Expansion

Total Costs for the 3,500 MTPD Project $326,649,000
   
Additional Costs for the Expansion to 5,500 MPTD from 3,500 MTPD  
     Mine Expansion Costs $28,101,501
   
     Direct Costs $35,147,120
     Indirect Costs $15,015,844
     Total $50,162,964
Grand Total $405,413,465

The 5,500 MTPD expansion will cost $50,162,964 for plant expansion and $28,601,501 in mine development and equipment costs in addition to the costs for the 3,500 MTPD project, for a total of $405,413,465.

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1.21            FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The 4,500 MTPD case economic analysis indicates that the project has an NPV5% of $2.94 billion and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 68.3% with a payback period of 1.5 years.

The 5,500 MTPD case economic analysis indicates that the project has an NPV5% of $2.99 billion and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 68.5% with a payback period of 1.5 years.

Table 1-8 (4,500 MTPD) and Table 1-9 (5,500 MTPD) compare the base case project financial indicators with the financial indicators for other cases when the sales price, the amount of capital expenditure, and operating cost are varied from the base case values by 10% and 20% while metal recoveries are varied by 1% and 2%. Two additional cases evaluate the sensitivity of the project to metal prices. The prices used in those cases are shown below. By comparing the results of this sensitivity study, it can be seen that the project IRR is most sensitive to metal price and capital cost.

Table 1-7: High/Low Metal Price

The High Metal Price Case was calculated using the following prices: The Low Metal Price Case was calculated using the following prices:
Ag - $35 Ag - $18
Au - $1800 Au - $1100
Pb - $0.95 Pb - $0.95
Zn - $0.90 Zn - $0.90

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Table 1-8: 4500 MTPD Case – Sensitivity Analysis

 Sensitivities - After Taxes  
Change in Metal Prices NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
  Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
20%  $6,339,750  $3,902,357 $2,568,846 83.6% 0.9   
10%  $5,576,018  $3,420,385 $2,240,478 76.0% 1.1   
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
-10%  $4,048,553  $2,456,439 $1,583,741 59.8% 1.4   
-20%  $3,284,821  $1,974,466 $1,255,373 51.2% 1.7   
           
Change in Operating Cost NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
20%  $4,482,749  $2,736,312 $1,777,190 64.5% 1.3   
10%  $4,647,517  $2,837,362 $1,844,650 66.3% 1.3   
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
-10%  $4,977,054  $3,039,462 $1,979,569 69.8% 1.2   
-20%  $5,141,822  $3,140,512 $2,047,029 71.6% 1.1   
           
Change in Initial Capital NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
20%  $4,760,314  $2,887,240 $1,861,664 60.2% 1.4   
10%  $4,786,300  $2,912,826 $1,886,887 63.9% 1.3   
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
-10%  $4,838,271  $2,963,998 $1,937,332 72.9% 1.1   
-20%  $4,864,257  $2,989,584 $1,962,555 78.7% 1.0   
           
Change in Recovery NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
2.0%  $4,950,739  $3,025,832 $1,971,676 69.5% 1.2   
1.0%  $4,881,512  $2,982,122 $1,941,893 68.8% 1.2   
0.0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2   
-1.0%  $4,743,059  $2,894,702 $1,882,326 67.3% 1.2   
-2.0%  $4,673,832  $2,850,992 $1,852,543 66.6% 1.3   

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Table 1-9: 5500 MTPD Case - Sensitivity Analysis

 Sensitivities - After Taxes  
Change in Metal Prices NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
20%  $6,345,786  $3,963,392 $2,627,389 83.7% 1.0   
10%  $5,580,592  $3,474,281 $2,292,385 76.1% 1.1   
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
-10%  $4,050,205  $2,496,061 $1,622,378 60.2% 1.4   
-20%  $3,285,011  $2,006,950 $1,287,374 51.6% 1.7   
           
Change in Operating Cost NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
20%  $4,490,725  $2,784,266 $1,822,839 64.9% 1.3   
10%  $4,653,062  $2,884,719 $1,890,110 66.6% 1.3   
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
-10%  $4,977,736  $3,085,623 $2,024,653 70.0% 1.2   
-20%  $5,140,073  $3,186,075 $2,091,924 71.7% 1.2   
           
Change in Initial Capital NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
20%  $4,763,427  $2,933,999 $1,906,936 60.5% 1.4   
10%  $4,789,413  $2,959,585 $1,932,159 64.1% 1.3   
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
-10%  $4,841,384  $3,010,757 $1,982,604 73.1% 1.2   
-20%  $4,867,370  $3,036,343 $2,007,827 78.8% 1.1   
           
Change in Recovery NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback   
  Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
2.0%  $4,954,100  $3,073,868 $2,018,138 69.7% 1.2   
1.0%  $4,884,749  $3,029,520 $1,987,760 69.0% 1.2   
0.0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2   
-1.0%  $4,746,048  $2,940,822 $1,927,003 67.6% 1.3   
-2.0%  $4,676,698  $2,896,473 $1,896,625 66.9% 1.3   

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1.22            CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of this PEA demonstrate that:

  1.

An economically viable and environmentally suitable underground mining operation can be designed and constructed at the Escobal project.

     
  2.

Based on this analysis, M3 recommends Tahoe continue to advance the project.

     
  3.

Additional underground exploration, work to finalize project permitting for exploitation, and detailed engineering and design for feasibility of the expansion cases is recommended.

     
  4.

In addition, M3 recommends Tahoe continue to explore adjacent to the known Escobal mineral resources and advance detailed engineering to further define and optimize potential mine and plant capacity beyond 4,500 MTPD.


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2               INTRODUCTION

2.1             PURPOSE AND BASIS OF REPORT

M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation ("M3") of Tucson, Arizona in the USA was commissioned by Tahoe Resources Inc. ("Tahoe") to provide an independent Qualified Person’s Review and Technical Report (the "Report") for the potential expansion of the Escobal Project in Guatemala (the "Project"). This review is warranted by the substantial increase in resources resulting from continued exploration since the previous Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) in November 2010. The Project location is shown in Figure 2-1.

Tahoe is the sole proprietor of the Project through its subsidiary, Minera San Rafael, S.A. ("MSR"). The Project is comprised of three exploration concessions, 129 km2 (129,000 ha) called Oasis, Lucero and Andres, granted on March 26, 2007, August 21, 2007 and November 15, 2007 respectively. The Oasis concession covers the entire Escobal vein.

This Report uses metric measurements, except where noted. The currency used in the Report is U.S. dollars. The local currency of Guatemala is the Quetzal. At the Report effective date, the exchange rate was US$1 equals 8.00 Quetzals.

2.2             SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Tahoe previously filed a Technical Report on the Escobal project entitled “Escobal Project Guatemala NI 43-101 Technical Report” dated 30 April 2010. This report was prepared by AMEC Americas Limited of Vancouver, Canada under the guidance of Mr. Greg Kulla, P. Geo., a Qualified Person (QP) as defined by NI 43-101.

Tahoe issued a second Technical Report on the Escobal project entitled “Escobal Guatemala Project NI 43-101 Preliminary Economic Assessment” dated 29 November 2010. This report was prepared by M3 under the guidance of Mr. Conrad Huss, P.E., a QP as defined by NI 43-101. The November 2010 PEA reported an increase in the mineral resources of the Project and provided technical and economic analyses of the potential viability of those mineral resources. Additional information was obtained by M3 or provided by Tahoe, and is contained herein.

2.3             QUALIFIED PERSONS AND SITE VISITS

The Qualified Person and Principal author for this report is Conrad Huss, P.E., of M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation. All M3 personnel for this project are supervised by Conrad Huss. Mr. Huss visited the Project site on 1 December 2010.

The Qualified Person responsible for the review of the civil and environmental controls for the Escobal project is Daniel Roth, PE, of M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation. Mr. Roth visited the Escobal project site on numerous occasions in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

The Qualified Person responsible for the review of the metallurgical testing and flow sheets for the Escobal project is Thomas L. Drielick, PE, of M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation.

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Other M3 staff members that have visited the project site include:

Randy Hensley – Construction Manager
Alberto Bennett – Electrical Engineer
Lorena Montano – Environmental

The Qualified Person responsible for the review of the drilling, sampling method, sample preparation and analysis, data verification, and resource estimate for the Escobal project is Paul Tietz, CPG, of Mine Development Associates, an independent mining consulting firm. Mr. Tietz visited the Escobal project site in September 2010 and February 2012.


Figure 2-1: Project Location Map

2.4             EFFECTIVE DATES

The effective date of the Report is 07 May 2012; the effective date of the Escobal resource estimate is 23 January 2012.

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Tahoe’s exploration drilling program is ongoing as of the effective dates of the Report and resource estimate. Where applicable, results received to date from this recent drilling generally corroborate the updated resource model.

There were no material changes to the information on the Project between the effective date and the signature date of the Report.

2.5             UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The report considers US Dollars ($) only. Unless otherwise noted, all units are metric. However, as noted and as standard for projects of this nature, certain statistics are reported as avoirdupois or English units, grades are described in terms of percent (%), grams per metric tonne (g/tonne or g/t) or troy ounces per short ton (oz/t),. Salable base metals are described in terms of metric tonnes, English pounds. Salable precious metals are described in terms of troy ounces.

The following abbreviations are used in this report.

Table 2-1: Terms and Abbreviations

Abbreviation Unit or Term
AA Atomic Adsorption
Ag Silver
AG Autogenous Grinding
AT Assay Ton
Au Gold
cfm Cubic feet per minute
CO 3 Carbonate
COG Cutoff grade
Cu Copper
CV Coefficient of Variation (standard deviation/mean)
dba doing business as
DDH Diamond Drill Hole
FA Fire Assay
g/tonne or g/t grams per metric tonne
GPS Global Positioning System
HP / hp Horsepower
ICP Inductively-Coupled Plasma
IRR Internal Rate of Return
kg Kilograms
km Kilometer
k Thousands
kPa Kilopascal
kW-h Kilowatt-hour
L Liters
LOM Life of Mine
Ma Million years old
MDA Mine Development Associates
Mn Manganese
MTPD Metric Tonnes per Day
MY Million years old
NPV Net Present Value

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Abbreviation Unit or Term
NSR Net Smelter Return
opt Troy ounces per English ton
oz/t troy ounce per short ton
Pb Lead
PSD Particle Size Distribution
ppm Part per million
% Percent by weight
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RC Reverse Circulation
tpa Tonnes per annum
tpy Tonnes per year
tpd Tonnes per day
US$ / USD United States Dollars
XRD X-Ray Diffraction
XRF X-Ray Fluorescence
Zn Zinc
2-D Two-Dimensional
3-D Three-Dimensional
4WD Four-Wheel Drive

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3               RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS

The QP as author of this Report states that he is a qualified person for the Report as identified in the “Certificate of Qualified Person” attached to the Report. The author has relied upon and disclaims responsibility for information derived from the following expert reports pertaining to mineral rights, surface rights, and permitting issues.

In cases where the M3 PEA author, Conrad Huss, P.E., Qualified Person, has relied on contributions of the Qualified Persons listed in Appendix A, the conclusions and recommendations are exclusively the Qualified Persons’ own. The results and opinions outlined in this report that are dependent on information provided by Qualified Persons outside the employ of M3 are assumed to be current, accurate and complete as of the date of this report.

Reports received from other experts have been reviewed for factual errors by Tahoe and M3. Any changes made as a result of these reviews did not involve any alteration to the conclusions made. Hence, the statements and opinions expressed in these documents are given in good faith and in the belief that such statements and opinions are not false and misleading at the date of these reports.

Metallurgical testing done by Tahoe’s consultants depends on the samples’ accuracy representing the Escobal deposit.

The base case metal prices utilized herein were provided by M3.

Mining is a business inherent with risk. The risk must be borne by the Owner. M3 does not assume any liability other than performing this technical study to normal professional standards.

3.1             MINERAL TENURE

M3 has not examined mineral tenure, nor independently verified the legal status or ownership of the Project area or underlying property agreements. M3 has fully relied upon independent legal experts for this information through the following documents:

  • Arenales & Skinner-Klee, 2010: unpublished legal opinion letter prepared by Arenales & Skinner-Klee for Entre Mares, S.A., 23 February, 2010.

  • Arenales & Skinner-Klee, 2010: unpublished legal opinion letter prepared by Arenales & Skinner-Klee for Entre Mares, S.A., 21 May, 2010.

  • AMEC, 2010: Escobal Project Guatemala NI 43-101 Technical Report, prepared by Mr. Greg Kulla, 30 April, 2010

Data and information derived from work done by previous owners of Escobal and more recent work by Tahoe Resources Inc.

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3.2             SURFACE RIGHTS, ACCESS, AND PERMITTING

M3 has fully relied on information regarding the status of the current Surface Rights, Road Access and Permits through opinions and data supplied by independent legal experts through the following document:

  • Arenales & Skinner-Klee, 2010: unpublished legal opinion letter prepared by Arenales & Skinner-Klee for Entre Mares, S.A., 23 February, 2010.

  • Arenales & Skinner-Klee, 2010: unpublished legal opinion letter prepared by Arenales & Skinner-Klee for Entre Mares, S.A., 21 May, 2010.

  • AMEC, 2010: Escobal Project Guatemala NI 43-101 Technical Report, prepared by Mr. Greg Kulla, 30 April, 2010

Data and information derived from work done by previous owners of Escobal and more recent work by Tahoe Resources Inc.

3.3             RESOURCE MODELING

The Qualified Person in charge of Resource Modeling is Paul Tietz of Mine Development Associates (MDA).

3.4             MINE TABULATION

The Qualified Person in charge of Mine Tabulation and Costing Review is Conrad Huss of M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation.

3.5             DRILLING, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND SECURITY, DATA VERIFICATION

The Qualified Person in charge of Drilling, Sample Preparation and Security, and Data Verification is Paul Tietz of MDA.

3.6             METALLURGICAL TESTING

The Qualified Person in charge of Metallurgical Testing is Thomas Drielick, P.E. of M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation.

3.7             FLOW SHEETS

The Qualified Person in charge of Flow Sheets is Thomas Drielick, P.E. of M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation.

3.8             CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

The Qualified Person in charge of Civil and Environmental Controls is Daniel Roth, P.E. of M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation.

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3.9             PROCESS PLANT AND COSTING

The Qualified Person in charge of Process Plant and Costing is Conrad Huss, P.E. of M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation.

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4               PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION

4.1             LOCATION

Escobal is an advanced stage is an exploration project located in southeast Guatemala; approximately 40 kilometers east-southeast of Guatemala City and two kilometers east of the town of San Rafael Las Flores in the Department of Santa Rosa (Figure 2-1). The Project is centered at UTM coordinate 806,500E 1,601,500N (NAD27, Zone 15).

The Project consists of three exploration concessions, Oasis, Lucero and Andres covering 129 square kilometers that is 100% owned by Tahoe Resources through its wholly-owned subsidiary Minera San Rafael S.A.

4.2             MINERAL TENURE AND AGREEMENT

4.2.1           Mineral Rights

The Project comprises three exploration concessions covering 129 km2 (129,000 ha) called Oasis, Lucero, and Andres (Figure 4-1), granted on March 26, 2007, August 21, 2007 and November 15, 2007 respectively to Entre Mares de Guatemala S.A. The Oasis concession covers the entire Escobal vein, the Lucero concession is located approximately 20 km east of Escobal and the Andres concession lies roughly 13 km to the northwest. The original concessions covering a total area of 129 km2 (129,000 ha) were transferred to Mineral San Rafael S.A. through a transaction agreement, dated 3 May, 2010, with two wholly-owned subsidiaries of Goldcorp Inc.

Exploration concessions in Guatemala are granted for an initial period of three years which can be extended for two additional periods for two years each, for a total holding period of seven years. The first three-year term of the Oasis concession expired in March 2010, at which time a renewal application was filed to extend the exploration concession for two more years. As part of the renewal process requirement the Oasis concession was reduced in area from 50 km2 to 40 km2 and three new exploration concessions were applied for to fill the 20% gap created by the area reduction; the Melissa, Cipreses and Puente Quebrado concessions cover a total area of 10 km2 in the northeast and south areas of the original Oasis concession. The renewal application was approved by the Guatemalan Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) on 28, April, 2010, prior to its effective transfer to Tahoe at the close of the Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) on June 8, 2010.

In June 2010 an application was filed to extend the term of the Lucero license for two years from its July 2010 expiration date. The renewal application provides for a reduction in the area of the license from 52.8 km² to 40 km². One new license application (Valencia) was filed to fill the approximate 12.8 km² gap created by the reduction of the original Lucero license. Similarly, an application was made in October 2010 to extend the Andres license for two years from the original license expiration in December 2010. In this case the Granada license was applied for to fill the gap left through reduction of the Andres license. The renewal of the Lucero and Andres licenses are pending.

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According to Guatemala law, a second two-year extension can be applied for all three licenses in 2012, but after 2014, no more extensions are permitted and an exploitation license application must be made. Prior to the application of the exploitation license an economic study, mine plan and environmental impact assessment must be completed as preconditions for granting of an exploitation license.

In addition to the three granted exploration licenses, applications for the Soledad reconnaissance license and the El Olivo and Juan Bosco exploration licenses were submitted to MEM by Entre Mares in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. San Rafael acquired the right to these applications as part of the Escobal Acquisition. San Rafael later filed an application for the Cristina exploration license (October 2010) and the El Silencio reconnaissance and Barrera exploration licenses (November 2010). In 2011 five exploration concessions – Nacimiento, Pajarita, El Durazno, Teresa and Pajal, were applied for over newly identified prospective areas within the El Soledad and El Silencio reconnaissance concessions. The Company was subsequently notified by MEM that these applications could not be registered until the reconnaissance concessions were granted and requested exploration areas were formally excluded. All of these licenses will cover land within the Escobal Project area when issued.

On July 8, 2011 an application was submitted to MEM for the Escobal Exploitation concession, covering 20.0 km2 of area designated for mine development in the original Oasis exploration concession. Upon filing of the exploitation concession, three new exploration concessions (Oasis I, II, III) were requested to occupy the area liberated through elimination of the original Oasis concession.

According to Guatemalan requirements the concession is “coordinate staked”; filed only referenced to UTM coordinates and nothing is located on the ground. No physical survey of exploration concession boundaries is required.

The following table shows concession type, size and application/grant dates for all San Rafael concessions:

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Table 4-1: San Rafael Concessions


Concession

Type

Size (Km2)
Application
Date

Grant Date
1st Extension
Filed
1st Extension
approved
SOLEDAD Recon 802.5 12/6/2006 NA    
OASIS Exploration 40.0 10/25/2006 3/15/2007 10/9/2009 4/27/2010
LUCERO Exploration 45.8 10/25/2006 7/20/2007 6/21/2010  
ANDRES Exploration 44.0 5/18/2007 12/17/2007 10/6/2010  
EL OLIVO Exploration 36.0 5/18/2007 NA    
JUAN BOSCO Exploration 59.9 11/12/2008 NA    
PUENTE
QUEBRADO
Exploration 3.0 10/9/2009 NA    
MELISA Exploration 3.0 10/9/2009 NA    
CIPRESES Exploration 3.0 10/9/2009 NA    
VALENCIA Exploration 7.0 8/23/2010 NA    
GRANADA Exploration 5.0 10/6/2010 NA    
CRISTINA Exploration 52.5 10/6/2010 NA    
EL SILENCIO Recon 1098.1 11/4/2010 NA    
BARRERA Exploration 9.0 11/17/2010 NA    
NACIMIENTO Exploration 7.6 2/19/2011 NA    
PAJAL Exploration 66.0 5/4/2011 NA    
ESCOBAL Exploitation 20.0 7/8/2011 NA    
EL DURAZNO Exploration 48.9 7/29/2011 NA    
PAJARITA Exploration 57.0 7/29/2011 NA    
TERESA Exploration 68.5 8/17/2011 NA    
OASIS I Exploration 12.8 8/31/2011 NA    
OASIS II Exploration 7.0 8/31/2011 NA    
OASIS III Exploration 0.2 8/31/2011 NA    

Yearly payments to the MEM for each 50 km2 exploration concession includes an approximate Q. 30,000 (~US$ 3,750) concession holding fee and a Q. 750 (~US$ 90) exploration report filing fee. All required payments are current for all concessions through 2010. Similar payments will be required for subsequent extension periods.

There are no defined work requirements to keep an exploration concession valid, although exploration activity (sampling, mapping, etc.) must to be conducted and results filed with the Ministry of Mines (MEM) on an annual basis. Exploration activity reports have been filed with MEM for all exploration concessions each year as required.

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Figure 4-1: Exploration Concession Showing Regional Veins

4.2.2 Surface Rights

In Guatemala, the surface rights are independent of mining rights and must be negotiated separately. There is no allowance for expropriation in Guatemala. The land in the area of the project is privately owned by local farmers and is used for growing coffee in the higher elevations and vegetables and other crops in flat low lying areas.

Approximately 281 ha of surface rights cover the area of the Project. All Project surface rights needed to support the areas required for mining, tailings, waste rock disposal, processing plant and ancillary surface facilities have been acquired.

Based on an internal survey conducted in 2008 and an independent survey conducted in 2009 the average value of land in the area is approximately US$13,500 per hectare.

In areas peripheral to the project where surface rights have not been purchased annual rental fee agreements are in place with a number of land owners that provides for access and site preparation to accommodate exploration activities and drilling. No liabilities currently exist for land usage.

Construction and temporary operations offices have been built in the property, as well as a temporary maintenance shop, warehouse, internal and access roads, internal power lines, a temporary electrical substation and infrastructure to support the underground exploration development at both portals, including air compressors, generators and ventilation fans. General construction of the process plant, offices and ancillary buildings is underway.

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4.2.3           Agreements

On 3 May 2010, Tahoe executed an agreement to acquire the Escobal Project with Goldcorp’s indirectly wholly owned subsidiaries, Goldcorp Holdings Barbados Ltd. and Guatemala Holdings Ltd., which respectively hold 9.1% and 91.9% of Entre Mares de Guatemala S.A. de C.V. On 8 June 2010 upon successful completion of Tahoe’s Initial Public Offering, Tahoe acquired all of the common shares of Entre Mares including the Escobal project and all of the exploration properties discussed in this Report.

4.2.4           Royalties

The current mineral royalty in Guatemala is 1%, shared equally between the local Municipality and Federal government. However, in January 2012 a voluntary royalty was agreed to between the Ministry of Mines (MEM) and the Guatemalan Mining Association (GREMIAL) that would impose a higher royalty on precious and non-precious metal mining. The voluntary rates were established at 4% for precious metals and 3% for base metal mining. The royalty on non-metal mining was maintained at 1%, while Goldcorp agreed to pay a 5% royalty rate at their Marlin gold-silver operation.

Tahoe is developing a profit sharing program which may be considered to be a royalty that will be implemented to provide ex-land owners benefits throughout the life of the Project. The concept is to pay an amount of 0.5% of net smelter returns to an Association of Land Owners and individual land owners. A certain percentage of this money will be deposited in a special fund, administrated by the association board of directors and used for improvements in local communities on behalf of the members of the association. Land purchase agreements include a provision that provides land owners the right to buy their land back from Tahoe at a significantly reduced price at the end of the life of the mine, once all reclamation has been completed.

4.2.5           Permits

All permits to continue exploration activities are in place. The application for the first two year extension of all three exploration license has been submitted. Tree-cutting permits, generally required by the National Institute of Forests (INAB), have not been required for exploration drilling as no road building has been undertaken due to minimal surface disturbance by the use of man-portable drills. Reclamation of drill sites is conducted once each drill hole is completed. INAB permits have been obtained for specific areas of site facilities where tree cutting is required for project development. Land use changes in the project area have also been approved by INAB as required.

This is an early-stage development project with exploration activities permitted by both MEM and MARN. All required permits to continue surface and underground exploration activities are in place. No other parties hold interest in the project.

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The environmental requirements for the Escobal Project from MARN are specified in Resolution 4590-2008/ELER/CG, dated December 23, 2008. This resolution applies to surface exploration activities. These requirements were transferred from Entre Mares to Minera San Rafael as specified in Resolution 1918-2010/ECM/GB, dated September 3, 2010.

Development of an underground exploration program including the construction of two declines to gain access for additional drilling of the Escobal deposit is a permitted activity under the terms of the existing exploration license. An EIS addressing the additional activities associated with underground exploration was required prior to commencement of these activities and was filed with the MARN in November 2010 and an Environmental License filed on March 17, 2011. Approval of the Environmental Assessment was required before the underground exploration commenced; MEM notified the company of the reception and acceptance of the work program for the exploration declines on April 5, 2011, clearing the way for the start of the underground exploration program.

An EIA for the exploitation phase of the project was prepared and submitted to MARN for approval in August of 2011. MARN approved the EIA for exploitation by issuing Resolution 3061-2011 in October of 2011. This approval allowed full construction of the mine, process plant and all surface and underground facilities to be conducted. Application for the Exploitation License was submitted to the MEM in November 2010 and is awaiting final approval by the agency. Approval of this license is required before production can commence.

The environmental impact statements require documentation of baseline conditions, a project description, and an analysis of potential impacts and their mitigation measures. Public disclosure and involvement has been required and developed throughout each stage of the project and the permitting.

4.3             ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND STEWARDSHIP

The Escobal Project is a Greenfield project and as such warrants a high level of environmental stewardship. The mandate from Tahoe is to meet or exceed the standards of sustainability and environmental management based on North American practice and regulation. This section summarizes the elements of design and practice relating to environmental management and stewardship at the Escobal Project.

No impacted waters and materials will be directly discharged from the site. Impacted water will require lined containment and treatment prior to being released to the environment. The environmental management program includes:

  • Primary Watershed Considerations
  • Dry Stack Tailings
  • Lined stormwater and waste facilities
  • Concurrent Reclamation
  • Process water recovery and recycling
  • Process/Contact Water Treatment Facility
  • Underground Paste Backfill
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  • Geochemical Characterization
  • Environmental Impact Management Program

4.3.1           Primary Watershed

The plant site and Tailings and Waste Rock facilities are designed and located such that the upstream primary natural watershed will not be diverted. Only the portion of the drainage near the operational facilities will be realigned and strengthened. The avoidance of diverting this major watershed will reduce the overall area of disturbance as well as maintaining the historic flow of water through the property.

4.3.2           Dry Stack Tailing

Dry stack tailing management provides significant environmental and operational advantages over traditional wet or slurry tailings disposal methods.

The primary benefit derived from a dry stack tailing system is water balance. As the tails are filtered to 10~15% moisture, the remaining water is returned to the process stream providing a direct offset to make-up water normally obtained from ground water pumping.

Another benefit to a dry stack tailing system is the reduced footprint compared to a wet system.

4.3.3           Lined Stormwater and Waste Facilities

All facilities located on permeable ground that contain or receive impacted waters or acid generating material will be lined for containment.

4.3.4           Concurrent Reclamation

Concurrent reclamation of the Tailings and Waste Rock Storage Facility outslopes will allow for early reclamation with either native seed mix or a return to agricultural crops. Natural landform grading will be incorporated to provide a more stable, sustainable and natural functioning final surface.

4.3.5           Process Water Recovery and Recycling

The process design in both the Tails and Concentrate circuits maximizes process water recovery and reuse. In addition, contact water from the Tailings and Waste Rock Storage Facility as well as contact water from the haul roads and active mill and plant areas will be collected in channels and stormwater ponds for reuse in the process stream. Recycling and utilizing this water for operational uses will reduce the need for make-up process water from fresh water sources and minimize the potential for aquifer impacts in the region.

4.3.6           Process/Contact Water Treatment Facility

Process and contact water not utilized in the process stream or underground operations will be processed at the Process Water Treatment Facility where it will meet North American standards before being released to the environment. The project team is investigating utilizing treated water that cannot be used in the operation as irrigation water in reforestation and reclamation projects rather than direct discharge to surface waters.

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4.3.7           Paste Backfill

Up to 60% of the tailings produced will be mixed with cement and water in a batch plant and disposed of underground as paste backfill, providing several environmental advantages.

  • Provides stability to the underground workings, increasing safety and reducing the possibility of subsidence expressions reaching the surface.

  • Provides an opportunity to encapsulate any potentially acid generating development materials, isolating them from water and oxygen thus preventing any potential metals leaching or acid generation.

  • Provides reduction of storage area required on the surface. As little as 40% of the tails produced will be disposed of above ground.

4.3.8           Geochemical Characterization

Geochemical Characterization of the waste rock samples and tailings samples to date indicates a large net neutralizing capacity. Humidity cell tests with representative samples from both waste rock and tails have been in progress for over a year, with average pH values of 7.8 and 7.2 for the waste rock and tailings, respectively. No deleterious metals in the waste rock or tailings effluent exceed regulatory limits. Samples are being collected systematically and regularly as the declines are being excavated and as metallurgical work continues. Testing of these samples is ongoing and delivering consistent and favorable results indicating almost no potential for acid generation. Sampling and characterization of the waste rock and tailings continues.

4.3.9           Environmental Impact Management Program

Potential impacts from the envisioned mining operations will be characterized, monitored and managed by a comprehensive Environmental Impact Management Program developed specifically for the conditions at Escobal. Based on North American standards, the program will function to avoid, minimize, mitigate and remediate, in that order, all potential impacts. The management plan is designed to comply with the requirements of the Exploration Decline EIS, the EIS for Exploitation, other permit and governmental regulations.

4.4             PERMITTING

All activities on the Escobal Project have been permitted by both the MEM and MARN as well as other agencies of the Guatemalan Government. The environmental requirements for the initial exploration program from the MARN are specified in Resolution 4590-2008/ELER/CG dated December 23, 2008. License of rights was transferred from Entre Mares de Guatemala to Minera San Rafael as specified in Resolution 1918-2010/ECM/GB, dated September 3, 2010. An EIA that considers the environmental impacts associated with the underground exploration drifts was been prepared and submitted to MARN. This EIA authorizing excavation of the two declines, temporary facilities for to support the underground effort, the access road and installation of the power line was approved by MARN Resolution 262-2011. An EIA for the exploitation phase of the project was prepared and submitted to MARN for approval August of 2011. MARN approved the EIA for exploitation by issuing Resolution 3061-2011 in October of 2011. This approval allowed full construction of the mine, process plant and all surface and underground facilities to be conducted. Application for the Exploitation License was submitted to the MEM in November 2010 and is awaiting final approval by the agency. Approval of this license is required before production can commence.

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The environmental impact statements require documentation of baseline conditions, a project description, and an analysis of potential impacts and their mitigation measures. Public disclosure and involvement has been required and developed throughout each stage of the project and the permitting.

4.4.1           Baseline Studies and Permits

The following is a list of baseline data that is typically required for a mining project proposal and includes the current status of Escobal Project studies:

  • Flora and Fauna. First Aquatic and Terrestrial biology survey completed in 2008, two in 2009, and two in 2010, and continued in 2011; surveys are conducted twice per year, once in the rainy season and once in the dry season.

  • Archaeological Resources. First inspection completed in June 2009. Second inspection completed in October 2010. An extensive third inspection associated with analysis of full project construction was conducted in 2011 approval of the final report was completed and referenced in the approved EIA for construction of the project.

  • Socioeconomic Conditions. Studies conducted in 2010 in association with the Environmental Impact Assessment for Exploration. Additional studies were conducted and completed in 2011 in support of and approval of the Exploitation EIA and application for the Exploitation License.

  • Air Quality. Data collection commenced in 2009. More than two years of quarterly samples have been collected to complete a baseline record for the approved EIAs and permits. Air Quality continues to be collected as conditions of the approved permits and in support of the construction activities.

  • Ambient Noise Levels. Data collection commenced in 2009 and two years of quarterly samples have been collected to complete a baseline record. Noise data continues to be collected as conditions of the approved permits and in support of construction activities.

  • Vibration Monitoring. A vibration study was completed in 2010 and the data was included in the underground exploration EIA completed in Nov. 2010. Monitoring continues in support of the exploitation EIA approval and license as well as a condition of approved permits and in support of construction activities.

  • Soil Characteristics. Description and characterization of soils completed in 2010. Ongoing analysis is conducted as needed to support additional permit requirements.

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  • Climatic Information. A simple rain gage was installed in 2009. Weather Station installed in 2010. Climatic information for previous years was obtained from Weather Stations in Los Esclavos and Portezuelo, the closest stations to the project. Climatic data will continue to be collected throughout the mine life.

  • Groundwater Quality. Ground water quality sampling has been designed to monitor the natural springs in the area. Data gathering commenced in 2008 and has continued on a systematic basis through the present. Data collection will continue to meet permit conditions and in support of construction activities.

  • Surface Water Quality. Data collection commenced in 2008 and has continued on a regular schedule through the present time. Data collection will continue to meet permit requirements and in support of construction activities.

  • Hydrology. Study commenced in 2010 and has continued through the present. Data collection will continue to meet permit requirements and in support of construction activities.

  • Hydrogeology. Study commenced in 2010 and has continued through the present. Data collection will continue to meet permit requirements and in support of construction activities.

  • Geochemistry. Data collection commenced in 2009 and has continued through the present. Data collection will continue to meet permit requirements and in support of construction activities.

  • Geology. Data collection commenced in 2007and continues to date.

The EIA for exploitation was completed, submitted to the agencies, and approved in 2011. This allowed construction of all underground and surface facilities necessary for production to commence. Application for the Exploitation License was made to MEM in November 2011. Tahoe contemplates approval of the license in the first half of 2012. The license is required before production can commence.

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5

ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

5.1             ACCESSIBILITY

The Escobal project is in southeast Guatemala, 40 kilometers east-southeast of Guatemala City and two kilometers east of the town of San Rafael Las Flores (pop. 3,500) in the Department of Santa Rosa. The property is centered at UTM coordinate 806,500E 1,601,500N (NAD27, Zone 15).

The principal access route to the project is from Guatemala City by 70 km of paved to the town of San Rafael Las Flores, and then east 3 km by dirt road to the center of the project area. The project is accessible all year; however access to the upper elevations of the deposit is limited to four-wheel drive vehicles on less developed roads. Project offices and facilities are currently located at the project site. Housing and food services are located in the town of San Rafael.

5.2             CLIMATE

The local climate consists of two major seasons; a “rainy” season between May and November and a “dry” season between November and May.

Average annual precipitation amounts to 1,689 mm (66 in) with June and September the rainiest months with 315 mm (12 in) and 335 mm (13 in), respectively. January and December are the driest months with 0.6 mm (0.02 in) and 10.6 mm (0.4 in) of rain, respectively.

Average temperatures vary between April, the hottest month with average lows of 19°C (66°F) and highs of 33.1°C (91°F) and January, the coldest month, with temperatures averaging lows of 14°C (58°F) and highs of 30°C (86°F). Climate measurements are from a combination of sources including the project site in 2010, Los Esclavos, Cuilapa, and Santa Rosa located 30 km southwest of the Project area over several years.

Exploration and development activities are carried out year-round without interruption due to weather. Mining activities are expected to be conducted year-round.

5.3             LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The town of San Rafael Las Flores (pop. ~ 3,500) has basic services such as banks, health center and schools. Mataquescuintla (pop. ~ 8,000), located approximately 7 km from San Rafael, is more developed with more diverse banking, commerce and health services. Although there is some historic mining in the area, there is no local workforce experienced in modern mining, and appropriate training programs for the local workforce has commenced. Several smaller villages surround the project area and contribute to the project labor pool.

5.4             EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

There is a 13.2 kV medium voltage line to the town of San Rafael Las Flores; however, this line is not capable of handling the anticipated load requirements for the project. Project power requirements may be met by upgrade of an existing 69 kV line and substation located in Mataquescuintla, approximately seven kilometers north of the project. This will be done by expanding the existing 69 kV bay and adding a capacitor bank to improve voltage regulation. Project power alternatives are currently being assessed.

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As the project has a relatively low overall power requirement, self-generation remains a fallback position. Project economics can withstand increased operating costs with relatively little impact on the financial metrics.

All year access to the area is good via paved highways either from Guatemala City (approximately 70 km by road) via Barberena and Nueva Santa Rosa (approximately 75 km by road) to the south or alternatively via paved roads from Mataquescuintla (approximately 5 km by road) and Jalapa (approximately 40 km by road) to the north.

Satellite internet services and telephone are currently available at the project site and in San Rafael Las Flores. A fiber optic communication line is currently available in San Rafael and will be operational when permanent facilities are established at the Project site.

Hydrological studies of the Project are currently underway. There are water wells within the Project area which may provide sources of water for potable and process needs.

Sufficient land has been purchased to host the required tailings, waste, plant, and underground access for a mining operation.

Many general supplies required for a mining operation are available in Guatemala, but major mining-specific supplies are not available in-country and will be imported.

5.5             PHYSIOGRAPHY

The project area lies within mountainous terrain interspersed with rolling hills and valleys. Elevations range from 1,300 m in the valley on the west end of the Escobal vein to 1,800 masl in the drilled east extension. The high mountain range of Montaña Soledad Grande north and east of Escobal rises to an elevation of 2,600 m.

Vegetation is characterized by natural mountain forest species that consist of oak, pine and cypress tree varieties and lower strata scrub-brush species.

Agricultural products in the area include corn and beans for local consumption, and commercial production of onions, tomato and coffee.

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6               HISTORY

Guatemala does not have a well-recognized mining history, though the area of Mataquescuintla, approximately 7 km north of the Escobal Project, is the site of copper-silver production from underground mining around the turn of the 20th century.

A small underground operation was developed on an antimony showing at the Loma Pache prospect 600 m north of the Escobal vein in the 1970s. There are no drilling records available from the development of the Loma Pache prospect. Production records for both operations are incomplete; the Mataquescuintla (a.k.a. Colis) mine reportedly produced 8,000–10,000 tons of concentrate of unknown grade. Underground grades are reported to be 217 g/t silver (Ag), 0.2 g/t gold (Au), 1.27% copper (Cu) and 24% sulphur (S).

Interest in the Escobal area dates back to 1996 when Entre Mares de Guatemala S.A., the predecessor of Minera San Rafael SA., prospected in the area and identified high-grade gold values associated with surface quartz veins in the western portion of the Escobal vein zone. Size potential of the zone was deemed uneconomic at the time and exploration activities were discontinued later that year. In 2006, Entre Mares reinitiated regional exploration in the area, partially based on verifying geochemical anomalies in the company database. In late 2006, significant silver and gold grades were detected from surface sampling along an extensive alteration zone developed over the Escobal vein. An exploration concession was applied for in October 2006 and was granted in March 2007. Exploration drilling commenced in May 2007 and as of the effective date of this Report is ongoing.

In early 2010 Goldcorp, predecessor to Tahoe in ownership of Escobal, reported a Measured and Indicated mineral resource estimate for Escobal of 6.97 Mt at 0.63 gpt Au and 580.3 gpt Ag and an Inferred mineral resource of 13.15 Mt at 0.53 gpt Au and 443.4 gpt Ag (February 17, 2010 Goldcorp news release). Goldcorp did not release a technical report to support the mineral resource declaration at that time.

In an independent study conducted in April 2010, AMEC Americas Ltd. carried out a resource calculation based on 46,333 m of drilling in 175 holes. This study reported an Indicated Mineral Resource of approximately 100 million ounces of silver contained in 4,570,000 tonnes at a silver grade of 684 g/t and an Inferred Mineral Resource of approximately 176 million ounces of silver contained in 12,800,000 tonnes at a silver grade of 427 g/t. (Source: Mineral Resource NI 43-101 Technical Report – AMEC Americas Ltd. dated April 30, 2010, prepared under the guidance of Mr. Greg Kulla, P. Geo, a Qualified Person.)

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In 2010 Tahoe Resources engaged M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation (“M3”) to prepare the Escobal Preliminary Assessment Report, dated November 29, 2010 that contained an updated mineral resource estimate based on data from 61,469 meters in 220 diamond drill holes. The Preliminary Assessment reported 245.2 million ounces of silver classified as Indicated Mineral Resources, based on 15.3 million tonnes at an average silver grade of 500 g/t and 71.7 million ounces of silver classified as Inferred Mineral Resources, based on 8.3 million tonnes at an average silver grade of 271 g/t. In addition, both mineral resource categories reported significant amounts of gold, lead, and zinc (Source: Escobal Guatemala Project, NI 43-101 Technical Report Preliminary Economic Assessment – M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation dated November 29, 2010, prepared under the guidance of Mr. Conrad Huss, P.E., a Qualified Person).

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7               GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION

7.1             REGIONAL GEOLOGY

Guatemala comprises two geologic terrains formed as the result the convergence of a major tectonic plate boundary. The North American plate comprises the northern half of Guatemala, and the Caribbean plate comprises the southern half with three major east-west trending, left-lateral transform faults forming the plate collision boundary. From north to south this boundary is defined by the Polochic, Motagua and Jocotan fault systems (Figure 7-1). The Escobal deposit lies within the southern, Caribbean plate, south of the Motagua fault. The northern side of the Motagua fault system contains Paleozoic metasediments, schist and gneiss, while the south side contains a series of Tertiary mafic volcanic eruptive events composed mostly of dacitic to andesitic tuff, lahar and andesitic to basaltic flows. These eruptive units are separated by thin beds of water-lain sediments consisting mostly of fine to medium grained clastic and tuffaceous sediments. Tertiary volcanics are commonly covered by Quaternary and recent dacitic volcanic eruptive ash units. The Escobal deposit is within the Tertiary mafic eruptive units that trend parallel to the Motagua fault system.


Figure 7-1: Regional Geology

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7.2             LOCAL GEOLOGY

Project area surface geology is shown in Figure 7-2. This area is underlain by the Eocene Subinal Formation, a series of interbedded volcaniclastic sediments that include siltstone, fine-and coarse-grained sandstone, tuff, and limestone-clast conglomerate. This formation is unconformably overlain by a package of medium- grained, massive porphyritic andesite and lithic tuff composed of fine- to coarse-grained lapilli. Magnetic andesitic dikes, the youngest lithological units in the Project area, cross-cut all rock units. A thin unit of Quaternary pyroclastic ash irregularly overlies all lithological units over large portions (~ 60%) of the project area.


Figure 7-2: Local Geology

7.3             LITHOLOGIES

Specific lithological units from oldest to youngest in age and their corresponding map designations are described below:

Volcaniclastic-Clastic Sequence (Subinal Fm) (cr):

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  • A volcaniclastic sedimentary sequence related to regional redbeds forms the local basement in the Escobal area. These rocks are believed to correlate with the Subinal Formation, a continental clastic sequence that is distributed throughout central and southeast Guatemala. The volcaniclastic sequence at Escobal contains subunits of lapilli, andesite and crystal tuff intercalated with siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate. Individual beds range from 5 m to 200 m widths. The unit is exposed as irregularly- distributed windows in drainages and has a minimum thickness of 500 m.

  • Sedimentary and volcanic subunits prove to be difficult to use as marker beds, due to their irregular distribution and repetitive occurrence. Recent drilling in the West Zone has identified a specific narrow sub-horizontal andesite unit in the extreme west drill sections. Distribution of this andesite bed shows a marked displacement; 150-250 meters down- to the west, suggesting normal basin margin faulting around the 805,900E section.

Porphyritic Andesite (ap):

  • A sub- horizontal shaped body of porphyritic andesite unconformably overlies basement sediments throughout the Escobal area. The unit is massive to medium-grained and porphyritic, with feldspar, biotite and quartz phenocrysts in a fine-grained matrix.

  • This unit is thought to be hypabyssal or intrusive in origin as it is texturally very consistent and shows no mineralogical zonation. The unit forms rare outcrops in the Escobal area and has been defined in drilling over a thickness of 500 m. Based on regional geological relationships, the porphyry is believed to be Upper Miocene in age.

  • Recent drilling in the extreme west portion of the project area encountered a thick unit of andesite breccia that is interpreted as a flow within or proximal to a volcanic vent. The monolithic matrix-supported breccia is composed of sub- angular to sub-rounded porphyritic andesite clasts within a similar composition matrix. Due to limited drilling in the area, the size and distribution of this unit is not currently know, but interpretation will develop with planned deep drilling in 2012.

Lithic Tuff (tl):

  • A unit of young post-mineral lithic tuff overlies the andesite porphyry in the northeast and far-west portions of the Escobal area. The unit consists of white, non- welded ashflow tuff with angular to sub-rounded, lapilli to pebble-sized lithic fragments of basalt to rhyolite composition. This unit masks the eastern extension of the East Zone of the Escobal vein with observed thickness of 50 m to 150 m, thickening to the east where less erosion is evident.

Andesite Dikes (ad):

  • Andesite dikes cut all three lithological units and are believed to be post mineral of late- Tertiary (post Miocene) age. Dikes occur in the eastern portion of the Escobal Vein where bodies can be followed for 3 km along a N40W regional trend. The dikes are near-
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vertical tabular bodies that range in width from 20 cm to 10 m, which primarily occupy the footwall of the East Escobal vein. Dikes are composed of euhedral feldspar crystals immersed in a very fine grained matrix. The dikes are generally fresh to weakly altered and contain rare minor quartz veinlets and are thought to be of pre- or syn-mineral age. The dikes are generally magnetic, though magnetism varies in intensity with the degree of alteration/weathering.

Quaternary ash-airfall tuff (Qc/Qph):

  • Non-lithified ash and pumice-rich tuff is widespread and covers most ridges and topographic highs in the project area. Thickness is variable, though is commonly several meters thick on hilltops and slopes. Ash is typically eroded from drainages and valleys, though where reworked and transported, can form up to 20 meter-thick deposits.

  • The ash unit comprises two layers; a basal very coarse- grained, unconsolidated, heterolithic layer; and an upper layer of medium- to fine-grained unconsolidated ash.

7.4             STRUCTURE

The dominant structural trend in the region parallels the regional Montagua fault along an east-west to N60E trend. At Escobal this structural trend is represented by a series of east-west trending normal faults that exhibit down-to-the south movement, typical of an extensional structural regime. These faults are evidenced by lithologic displacement, shear and gouge zones and placement of the high-angle south dipping veins that define the East Escobal vein and upper and lower limbs of the variably-dipping Central Zone.

Dilation jogs, or tensional shears are commonly observed in extensional fault terrains (pull-apart basins or grabens) where the area between individual normal faults exhibit wide zones of disruption as a response to the structural event. These zones are commonly wider and more gently dipping than the primary steeply dipping structures. The wider moderate north-dipping Central mineralized zone is interpreted as occupying a dilational jog between the normal faults represented by the East Escobal vein zone and the upper and lower limbs of the Central vein zone.

A N40W trending structure dissects the Escobal vein between the East and Central zones. This feature is evidenced by the occurrence of steep dipping (70°SW) andesite dikes and an apparent (~ 100 m) left-lateral shift of mineralization. Based on relative elevations of mineralization and lithologic markers, this is a normal fault with vertical movement on the order of 50 m up-to-the northeast.

In the extreme west margin of the Escobal vein, drilling delineated an andesite marker horizon within the volcaniclastic sequence that suggests a fault at the margin of the San Rafael valley. Relative location of the sub-horizontal andesite suggests normal fault movement on the order of 150-250 meters, down-to-the west.

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Figure 7-3: Interpretation of Central Escobal Vein along normal faults and dilational jog. (looking east)

Alteration

  • Alteration mineralogy is typical of intermediate sulfidation epithermal systems. Quartz veins and stockwork up to 50 m wide, with up to 10% sulfides form at the core of this alteration pattern and grade outward through silicification, quartz-sericite, argillic and propylitic zones. The following descriptions provide additional detail on the alteration types:

Silicification

  • Pervasive silicification is intimately related to zones of mineralization and forms as halos on both sides of the principal veins. Silica replacement is common in the matrix and occasionally replaces minor accessory minerals. Where strongly silicified, the rock is totally replaced leaving only casts of replaced minerals. This thoroughly pervasive texture is common where hydrothermal breccia occurs. Disseminated pyrite is commonly associated with silica replacement. Silicification halos surround mineralized veins for thicknesses up to 50 m.
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Quartz-Sericite alteration

  • Quartz-sericite alteration forms larger zones surrounding veins and silicified zones and generally indicates the zones proximal to mineralization. The alteration is characterized by homogenous zones of mixed quartz and sericite that form up to 100 m thick.

Argillization

  • Argillic alteration commonly forms in select fault and shear zones. Commonly clay (kaolinite), sericite and jarosite form within narrow (centimeter to meter wide) zones as the alteration products of feldspar, biotite and rock matrix.

Propylitization

  • Propylitic alteration forms as weakly pervasive and stronger fault- controlled zones of chlorite-calcite-pyrite. Propylitic alteration forms furthest from mineralization and commonly borders fresh-unaltered rock.

7.5             MINERALIZATION

Economic mineralization at Escobal comprises silver, gold, lead, and zinc hosted within quartz veins, stockwork zones and hydrothermal breccias. The mineralization is identified by drilling over a 1,700 m strike length and 800 m vertically. Average vein widths vary from 10 m in the East Zone to over 30 m in the Central Zone. The mineralization is open at depth and to the east and west where it is covered by alluvium and post-mineral volcanic rocks.

The deposit predominantly comprises sulfide mineralization. Silver, lead, and zinc sulfide mineralization predominates in the Central and West zones though elevated gold values also occur at depth in the Central Zone. In the East Zone gold-rich mineralization is associated with the upper mixed sulfide-oxide horizon. Silver mineralization in all zones shows a close association with galena and low-iron sphalerite.

A petrographic study of vein samples indicated a fairly simple and consistent paragenesis. Stage I veining consists of banded to massive chalcedony intercalated with quartz and carbonate. This is the volumetrically-dominant vein event and contains the bulk of sulfide minerals. Volumetrically lesser Stage II consists of sulfide-bearing granular chalcedony. Various episodes of post-sulfide quartz, and late barren calcite veining locally cut and/or overprint the main banded vein.

Based on analysis of petrographic characteristics at least five events of quartz veining are interpreted. These include, from oldest to youngest:

  1)

Dominant banded quartz-chalcedony vein.

  2)

Silica flooding event (quartz-chalcedony)

  3)

Narrow chalcedony/quartz veinlets.

  4)

Narrow euhedral quartz veinlets

  5)

Late hematite- goethite-chlorite-sericite and calcite replacement veinlets


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Gold-silver mineralization occurs exclusively in the first two events. Narrow later-stage quartz, chalcedony veinlets are not considered precious or base metal depositing events.


Figure 7-4: Vein episodes and generalized relationships

Silver minerals are dominantly proustite (+/- pyrargyrite), lesser amounts of acanthite and minor native silver. Gold minerals include electrum and native gold. These minerals and other sulfides occur as aggregates of abundant finely disseminated grains most commonly in chalcedony and of interstitial grains to quartz in select bands and as more isolated grains, especially in visible gold sites, throughout the vein in chalcedony/quartz. Aggregates of grains commonly consist of pyrite, acanthite, proustite, visible gold, ± galena, ± sphalerite, and ± chalcopyrite. Acanthite, proustite, and visible gold commonly are found together as disseminated aggregates exhibiting no, or rare, mutual contacts. In places, gold exhibits mutual contacts with acanthite and proustite.

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Figure 7-5: Escobal Central Zone. Drillhole E08-110 Breccia with Red Proustite Bands

There is no definitive boundary to the overall vein width or to the up or down dip extensions of the vein. Silicification and stockwork concentrations increase towards massive banded and/or brecciated quartz ± carbonate vein material. Mineralization may start abruptly or may gradually increase through the stockwork. The vein appears to be better constrained in the volcanic host rocks and more diffuse and unconstrained in the sediment host rocks.

Drilling in the far west end of the Escobal vein (E11-312) encountered a wide zone of massive gypsum veins. This is the only gypsum occurrence recognized in the project area. Because it is associated with a similarly rare wide zone of brecciated andesite, it is believed to represent a low-temperature hot springs environment related to the margin of an andesitic volcanic vent.

7.6             ESCOBAL VEIN ZONES

The Escobal vein is divided into three zones:

East Zone

  • In the East Zone, the Escobal vein follows an east-west to N80E normal fault that dips variably (60 -75°) to the south and can be followed for at least 450 m on strike and over a vertical range of 450 m.

  • Recent drilling in the area directly below the initial East Zone (between sections 807,500 and 807,600E) demonstrated that the typical south-dipping vein transitions to a north - dipping dilational jog similar in character, rock type and elevation as found in the Central Zone. This deeper extension in the East Zone remains open and untested down- dip to the north and laterally to the east and west.

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  • Recent widely-spaced step-out drilling in the deep eastern margin of the East Zone has identified a new zone of mineralization that can be followed for 350 meter along an east- west strike and to a 400 meter depth. The “East Extension” comprises multiple zones of moderate (2-20 meters) width veins and stockwork zones with a near vertical dip. Mineralization extends from 1400 to 1000 meter elevation and remains open to depth. The zone is capped by a 300 meter deep zone of un-mineralized narrow veining that was recognized in earlier drill campaigns.

  • Geochemistry in the main East Zone is characterized by a gold-rich sector in the near surface oxide/mixed sulfide-oxide zone that abruptly changes at depth to silver-rich mineralization across the sulfide interface. Lead and zinc concentrations show a strong correlation to silver mineralization in the lower portion of the sulfide zone and increase with depth relative to silver. A gradational zoning pattern is observed with silver giving way to lead and then zinc with depth. The East Extension is characterized by high silver and relatively low grade for lead, zinc and gold.

Central Zone

  • The Central portion of the Escobal vein is the thickest part of the vein system. The zone extends 700 meters on strike and covers a nearly 600 meter vertical range, from outcrop at 1500 meter elevation to the deepest drill intercept at 900 meter elevation. The zone strikes east-west with the main portion of the vein dipping moderately (60- 70°) to the north. Flexures in mineralization in the upper and lower reaches of the Central Zone are controlled by high-angle faults. The wide moderately north-dipping main portion of the vein represents mineralization along the dilational jog, or tensional shears between two major normal faults.

  • There is no near-surface gold zone observed in the Central Zone though gold does increase at depth; increasing at 1200 m elevation and extending to 900 m elevation, where it remains open to depth. This deep gold mineralized zone is unrelated to the near- surface gold zones observed in the East and West zones and may represent a distinct deep-seated gold-rich mineralized zone.

  • High-grade silver occurs throughout the Central Zone, the bulk of which forms a wide roughly horizontal zone related to the wide north-dipping dilational structure. The zone narrows towards the east and exhibits greatest vertical extent on its western margin where it abruptly terminates along a barren “gap zone” bounding the western Margarito area. Lead and zinc concentrations correlate extremely well with silver grades in the Central Zone, though silver grades are maintained at depth, contrary to the gradational Ag-Pb-Zn vertical zoning that is evident in the East Zone.

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West Zone

  • The West mineralized zone has been significantly expanded through recent drilling. The zone is characterized by surficial gold occurrences that give way to a wide zone of silver, gold, and base metal rich vein stockwork at depth. The deeper “Margarito” mineralization is a discrete shoot as it is separated from the Central Zone and the upper gold zone by a 50-100 meter wide barren “gap” in mineralization. The zone as currently modeled extends over a 350 meter strike length and spans +400 meters vertically, raking down to the east. The top of mineralization is entirely preserved with significant grades commencing 250 meters below the surface. The zone is open to depth and down- rake to the east, while the western margin is believed to be down- dropped further west along a normal basin-bounding fault, interpreted through marker-bed offset.

  • The West Zone follows a semi-arcuate trace with moderate north dips in the upper reaches of the zone giving way to steep, near vertical inclination at depth. The upper portion of the zone is characterized by high gold values in the mixed-oxide zone. The deeper Margarito shoot exhibits very wide (30-50m) zones of stockwork- veining with moderate silver grades, moderate-high gold grades throughout. Base metal values show a marked increase in the lower portion of the zone.


Figure 7-6: Escobal Long Section. Viewed to north.

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Oxidation

  • The bulk (+75%) of the deposit is un-oxidized. Wall rock oxidation was modeled on 50 meter-spaced north-south drill sections with oxidation to depths up to 200 meters while the vein itself, due to its relative permeability is partially oxidized from the surface to 250 meters depth. Secondary manganese oxide is concentrated near the base of the oxide zone.

  • The current mixed oxide-sulfide domain boundary is defined by the last observation of any limonite. Oxidation within vein intervals above the domain boundary vary from moderately to completely oxidized in drill holes. Primary sulfide concentrations increase with depth, from none near surface, to 100% at the domain boundary. There are intensely oxidized vein intersections with high gold grades in upper level of the East Zone which may be amenable to leach processes.

7.7             VEIN MODEL

Vein attributes have been compiled to support metallurgical sample collection and to aid ongoing exploration. Physical attributes include estimated true vein width and vein volume percent across the defined zones. Mineralogic attributes include iron oxide/sulfate mineral intensity, manganese oxide mineral intensity, observed proustite and total sulfide intensity. Geochemical attributes include average Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, and Sb contents for each vein intercept, as well as calculated Ag/Au, Ag/Pb, and Ag/Cu ratios. All vein attributes were contoured on a long section in the plane of the vein (vein intercepts were projected horizontally at 90 degrees to a common east-west plane). Key observations include the following:

  • Four high-grade (plus 500 g/t Ag) Ag-(Au-Pb-Zn) “ore shoots” are defined by drilling. The East and Central zones are well-defined by drilling while the East Extension and West/Margarito zones remain partially open. All zones contain bonanza-grade (plus 1000 g/t Ag) intervals.

  • The East Zone “ore shoot” begins approximately 100 meters beneath the surface, is at least 350 meters in strike length, and spans over 400 meters elevation.

  • The Central Zone “ore shoot” begins approximately 50 meters beneath the surface, is at least 700 meters in strike length and spans approximately 600 meters in elevation.

  • The East Extension “ore shoot” begins approximately 300 meters beneath the surface. The zone is partially defined by drilling and is open to the west, east and down dip. As currently defined, the zone covers a 350 meter strike length and 400 meter vertical range.

  • The West/Margarito Zone begins approximately 250 meters below the surface and as currently defined extends over a 350 meter strike length and 400 meter vertical range. The zone remains open to depth, down-rake to the east and to the west where believed to be offset by faulting.

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  • Distribution of gold, silver, lead and zinc show a general trend of mineralization with a gentle (~ 20°) rake, down to the west; in effect the East Zone is about 200 meters higher in elevation than the Central Zone, which is in turn is about 200 meters higher in elevation than the Margarito Zone.

  • Individual “ore shoots” in the East and Margarito zones show rakes 20-50°± to the east in the plane of the vein. The Central Zone is roughly horizontal with a more extensive vertical plume along its western margin. The East Extension, as currently defined, trends sub- horizontal with an apparent moderate (~ 50°) rake to the east where open to depth.

  • Gold and arsenic are erratically anomalous above and peripheral to the higher grade Ag- Pb-Zn-(Au) in partially oxidized vein in the West and East zones. Gold is significantly more prevalent in deep western portion of the Escobal vein system. Deep drilling in sulfide-rich portions of the western Central and Margarito zones show consistently elevated gold values vector down to the west.

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8               DEPOSIT TYPES

The Escobal deposit formed in an intermediate sulfidation epithermal quartz vein system of probable Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene age. These deposits are commonly included in the low-sulfidation epithermal class of deposits. Distinguishing characteristics indicative of the “intermediate sulfidation” environment include mineral assemblages indicating a sulfidation state between those of high and low sulfidation types, relatively high total sulfide content of 5 to 10 percent, low-iron “blond” sphalerite, presence of silver sulfosalts, and association with andesitic to dacitic volcanics. Magmatic-associated fluids are implied.

Epithermal deposits form as high-temperature mineralizing fluids rise along structural pathways and deposit quartz and precious and base metals minerals in open spaces in the response to boiling, which is usually coincident to a release of pressure within the hydrothermal system. This quartz and metal deposition followed by resealing of the system is repeated over the life of the hydrothermal system resulting in crosscutting and overprinted breccia and vein textures. Typically, the largest and highest grade deposits are associated with long hydrothermal systems marked by complex overlapping veins.

These deposits are strongly structurally controlled. Mineralized fluids are directed along structural pathways with high-grade “ore shoots” typically concentrated in open dilatant zones. These dilatant zones commonly form where inflections occur vertically and laterally along the vein.

Metal deposition and zoning in epithermal deposits are related to the level of boiling. Typically precious metals deposit above the boiling level while base metals precipitate below. Boiling may occur at different levels as the hydrothermal system evolves producing an overprint of various episodes.

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Figure 8-1: Generalized Diagram showing the Spatial Relationship of Intermediate Sulfidation Deposits
(after Corbett 2002, Epithermal Gold for Exploration, AIG News No. 67, 8p)

8.1             ESCOBAL DEPOSIT

The Escobal deposit occurs in a similar geologic setting with host rocks, vein characteristics and mineralogy typical of other intermediate sulfidation systems. Specific definitive features include banded, cockscomb, and drusy vein textures; massive, stockwork and breccia veins; intermediate argillic and quartz-sericite alteration; appreciable base metal and silver-sulfosalt mineralogy and associated arsenic and antimony.

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9               EXPLORATION

Exploration at Escobal employs prospecting, mapping and surface geochemical sampling to identify prospective vein zones, followed by drilling. Preliminary work was conducted by Entre Mares de Guatemala as early as 1996 though the project was suspended due to lack of a recognized economic target. Interest in the project was revived in 2006 through more attentive prospecting, recognition of high-grade gold mineralization in the West and East Escobal zones and presence of the extensive silver-base metal-rich Central Escobal zone.

Evolution of the mineralization model at Escobal has been instrumental in identifying the projects resource potential. The recognition of a deep silver-base metal zone below the remnant near-surface gold-bearing cap was paramount in the discovery success. Of equal importance, the understanding of the structural control of the variably-dipping Central Zone vein, and more recently the change in dip of the deep East Zone vein and the discoveries of the West/Margarito and East Extension zones continues to add potential to the project as deeper open portions of the vein zones continue to be defined.

The exploration strategy at Escobal utilizes straightforward exploration techniques that include prospecting for vein and altered outcrops and float, subsequent detailed geologic mapping and surface geochemistry followed by drilling to test the lateral and vertical projections of the surface veins.

Recent step-out drilling has been successful in identifying buried mineralized zones both laterally and to depth from the originally defined Escobal resource areas. These discoveries resulted through systematic drilling along the projections of geochemical anomalies from prior drilling. The new information gained contributes to the understanding of the distribution, zoning and strength of the mineralized system. Based on the results to date, it is believed that there remains significant potential for discovery of still unrecognized mineralization of significance along the Escobal structure.

Several other veins have been identified in the district. The geologic model developed from the Escobal vein will be applied to interpreting these veins and identifying additional targets within the district. At the same time, geologic mapping and prospecting will continue to help identify other styles of mineralization in the district that may include mineralized intrusive and breccia bodies.

Supplementary studies are being undertaken to aid interpretation and discovery of buried veins throughout the region. Currently, spectroscopic (Terraspec®) analysis is being carried out on Escobal and other veins to develop an alteration zoning model that may enhance interpretation and develop other district drill targets. No geophysical studies have yet been employed, though the use of geophysics is being considered in the future to expand exploration in areas of thick alluvial and or post-mineral volcanic cover.

9.1             GEOCHEMISTRY

Gold and silver mineralization in the Escobal vein is typical of intermediate sulfidation deposits with associated epithermal suite of elements including arsenic, antimony, lead and zinc.

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Generally, high arsenic, lead and zinc grades correlate with anomalous silver mineralization. Moderate correlations are also observed between silver with antimony and gold with arsenic and lead. Manganese is anomalous throughout the deposit, both as pyrolusite in the oxide portion and possibly as a product of sphalerite in the non-oxide portion of the deposit.

Soil sampling has been completed at 100 m by 25 m spacing over the entire Escobal vein and adjoining areas. Soil and rockchip anomalies confirm trends identified through geological mapping and drilling (Figure 9-1 and Figure 9-2).

 
Figure 9-1: Soil and Rockchip Geochemistry – Silver

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Figure 9-2: Soil and Rockchip Geochemistry – Zinc

The style of mineralization and geochemical zoning patterns vary laterally across the deposit:

East Zone: East Zone geochemistry is characterized by a gold-rich sector in the near surface mixed/oxide zone that abruptly changes with depth to silver-rich mineralization at the oxide/sulfide interface. A small zone of gold mineralization occurs in the deep-east edge of the East Zone, at a similar elevation and possibly related to the deep Central Zone gold domain.

Anomalous lead and zinc concentrations are related to silver mineralization in the sulfide zone. A gradational zoning pattern is observed with silver giving way to lead and then zinc with depth. Absolute lead and zinc values increase with depth relative to silver, suggesting that a pure base metal zone may be imminent below current drilling.

Arsenic is coincident with gold mineralization in the East Zone. Generally arsenic is vertically constrained throughout the deposit, occupying a horizon between 1200 to 1600 meters. In the East Zone anomalous arsenic correlates with the two east-plunging gold “ore shoots” in the mixed/oxide zone, and is irregularly dispersed below gold mineralization in the sulfide zone. Anomalous antimony correlates well with silver and shows a slightly wider dispersion pattern than arsenic.

Central Zone: Geochemistry in the Central Zone is distinctive as no near-surface gold zone is observed. Silver mineralization occurs at a slightly lower elevation than the East Zone and remains open to the east. Anomalous gold grades occur at depth in the central core of the Central Zone with anomalous gold grades at 1350 meter elevation (~ 100-150 meters below surface) extending to a deeper intercept at 1025 meter elevation. This deep gold mineralized core of the Central Zone is believed to represent a distinct zone unrelated to the near-surface gold zones observed in the East and West zones.

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Lead and zinc concentrations correlate extremely well with silver in the Central Zone though gradational silver-lead-zinc vertical zoning is not evident as in the East Zone.

Arsenic forms as a large dispersion halo west and above Central Zone mineralization. Antimony correlates well with and shows a minor dispersion around gold-silver mineralization.

West Zone: The West Zone is the most geochemically inconsistent portion of the deposit characterized by surficial gold occurrences, lack of distinct zone of silver mineralization and irregular lead, antimony and arsenic anomalies below the surface gold zone. The West Zone surface gold anomaly occupies a similar elevation range as the upper mixed/oxide East gold zone and is interpreted as the erosional remnant of the same zone. As exploration drilling in the west zone has been largely geared towards definition of the near-surface gold targets, deeper drilling is required to explore zones of deeper silver and gold mineralization and evaluate geochemical signatures in this area.

9.2           DRILLING

The most effective exploration tool at Escobal has been core drilling. Drilling commenced in the spring of 2007 and has continued uninterrupted to the present. As of March 31, 2012 a total of 136,615 meters in 381 holes have been drilled on the Oasis concession. Drilling is discussed in Section 10 of this Report.

Physical attributes recorded through core logging include vein style and intensity, alteration style and intensity, structural style and intensity and sulfide, iron oxide and manganese oxide mineral concentrations. Geochemical attributes include average Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, and Sb contents for most vein intercepts.

The deposit remains open down dip and along strike in both the east and west directions (Figure 9-3). Drilling will continue to define the margins of the identified mineralized zones in the current model and explore for additional zones laterally and at depth. The focus of ongoing exploration is to test deep targets below all mineralized zones as well as the projection of the vein to the west under alluvial valley fill and to the east under post-mineral volcanic cover. The use of larger surface drills and the drilling from underground drill stations are included in the current drill plan.

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Figure 9-3: Known Mineral Resource and Exploration Potential

9.3          REGIONAL TARGETS

Regional exploration has identified a number of additional targets surrounding the Escobal Project on exploration or reconnaissance concessions which are under application or have been approved. These targets are illustrated in Figure 9-4 and Figure 9-5.

The Neque target parallels the Escobal vein and is exposed in an 800 m diameter window of post-mineral tuff where grades of up to 375 g/t Ag and 16.0 g/t Au were produced through rockchip sampling. Previous work on this property, by Entre Mares includes prospecting in 2006, rock sampling in 2007, soil geochemistry lines in 2007 and geological mapping in 2007. No drilling has been conducted on this property.

The San Nicholas area contains a high-sulphidation alteration target with Au values reported up to 30 g/t within a 1 km2 alteration area. No drilling has been conducted in the area. The area has been explored by Entre Mares by prospecting in 2000, rock chip sampling in 2007 and 2008, soil sample lines in 2007 and 2008, and geological mapping in 2008. Tahoe carried out some field work, community relations and drill site preparation in 2010 and 2011. Environmental baseline studies commenced in 2011 and a drill plan has been approved by MARN.

The Las Flores target is comprised of a series of east-west trending quartz veins exposed intermittently over a 5 km strike length where grades of up to 150 g/t Ag and 7.0 g/t Au are reported. Previous work on this property by Entre Mares included prospecting in 2006 and 2008, rock sampling from 2006 to 2009 inclusive, soil geochemistry lines in 2008 covering a portion (approximately 5%) of the West Area and preliminary mapping in 2008. This property has not been drill tested.

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Figure 9-4: Regional Exploration Targets

The San Juan Bosco vein located 6 km west of and parallel to the Escobal vein is a 5 m wide vein that can be traced along a 1 km strike length. A reconnaissance surface sampling program generated results grading up to 15 g/t Ag and 1 g/t Au. Previous work by Entre Mares on this property included prospecting in 2008, rock sampling in 2008, soil geochemistry lines in 2008 and geological mapping in early 2009. Five drill holes were drilled in 2009 testing a portion of the vein where permitted on the Oasis exploration license; JB09-01 contained an 86.64 m interval grading 0.24 g/t Au, which terminated in mineralization. Drill hole JB09-04 contains a single 3 m interval grading 2.37 g/t Au. Additional drilling is warranted to test the higher-grade portion of the vein.

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Figure 9-5: Escobal District Exploration Targets

The Varejones target is comprised of numerous red-bed hosted low-sulphidation veins exposed over a 2 km northeast trend where surface results generated values of up to 200 g/t Ag and 4.9 g/t Au. Previous work by Entre Mares on this property includes prospecting in 2001 and 2006, rock sampling in 2007, and soil geochemistry lines in 2007. The target has not yet been drilled.

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10             DRILLING

Drilling on the Oasis concession has been conducted by Entre Mares and Tahoe from 2007 to the present. There have been 381 drill holes totaling 136,615 meters completed on the Escobal and surrounding veins through March 31, 2012. Data acquired through December 31, 2011 have been used for the Escobal resource model and estimate reported herein; the dataset used for resource estimation was comprised of 350 drill holes totaling 121,639 meters, including data from 21 holes drilled to obtain metallurgical samples.

Holes drilled in the Oasis concession and not within the current Escobal resource estimate include ten exploration drill holes completed by Entre Mares in 2007 that targeted outlying exploration areas (Areneras, Bosco, and Granadillo veins) and three exploration holes drilled by Tahoe at the Morales exploration area in 2011.

Drilling at Escobal has been by diamond drill (core) methods, using 1.52 m and 3.04 m (5-ft and 10-ft) core barrels. The majority (66%) of mineralized intercepts were drilled using NTW-size or larger drill core, with lesser amounts of NQ2-, BTW-, and BQTK-size drill core. Core recovery averages 96% over the life of the project.

Six diamond drill holes were precollared through unmineralized rock using reverse circulation (RC) drilling; four drill holes precollared by RC have yet to be continued with diamond drilling. In addition, 37 small diameter (AQ-size) Winkie core holes were drilled at Escobal in 2010 and 2011; these drill holes were used as a ‘first pass’ prospecting tool or to gather near-surface geologic data for future plant site construction planning. No RC or Winkie drill samples are included in the drill hole database used for the resource estimate.

Summaries of the drilling completed to date and drill holes used for the resource estimate are presented in Table 10-1 and Table 10-2, respectively. Figure 10-1 is a plan map illustrating the drill hole locations at Escobal.

Table 10-1: Total Oasis Concession Drilling through March 31, 2011

Company Area Type No. Drill Holes Total Length (m)
  Entre Mares   Escobal Exploration 213 58,156
  Areneras Exploration    3      601
  Granadillo Exploration    2      425
  Juan Bosco Exploration    5    1,294
  Total 223 60,476
  Tahoe Resources   Escobal Exploration 131 68,810
  Escobal Metallurgical   21     4,943
  Escobal Piezometer    3        900
  Morales Exploration    3      1,487
  Total 158    76,139
    Grand Total 381 136,615

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Table 10-2: Escobal Drilling Included in Resource Estimate (Drilling through Dec 31, 2011)

Area No. Drill Holes Total Length (m)
East Zone 132 37,597
East Zone Extension 29 17,735
Central Zone 127 46,688
West Zone / Margarito 62 19,619
Total 350 121,639


Figure 10-1: Escobal Drill Hole Location Map

10.1          DRILL CAMPAIGNS

Entre Mares

Entre Mares conducted drilling campaigns on the Oasis concession from 2007 to June 2010, during which time they completed 223 diamond drill holes totaling 60,476 meters; all but ten drill holes targeted the Escobal vein system. Entre Mares’ drilling was conducted by Kluane Guatemala S.A. (a division of Kluane International), using KD600 and KD1000 drill rigs, and by Entre Mares personnel, using company-owned Hydracore drills.

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Tahoe Resources

Upon acquisition of the Escobal property and facilities in June 2010, Tahoe continued the exploration drilling program begun by Entre Mares without interruption, with Kluane Guatemala S.A. as the drill contractor using the same KD600 and KD1000 drill rigs. In addition Tahoe Resources purchased a Hydracore 2000 man-portable drill and an LM-75 drill in early 2011. Both drills were utilized throughout the 2011 exploration drill program.

From June 2010 through March 2012, Tahoe completed 158 drill holes totaling 76,139 meters on the Oasis concession; all but three of these drill holes were targeted at the Escobal vein system.

Tahoe completed 113 exploration drill holes totaling 57,640 meters prior to the December 31, 2011 cutoff date for inclusion of drill data into the resource model.

In mid-August 2010 through to early 2011, Tahoe initiated a diamond drilling program to acquire core samples specifically for metallurgical and physical property testing. Rodio-Swissboring Guatemala S.A. was contracted to drill five large diameter core holes (PQ-size) to acquire samples for comminution testing. No assay data was obtained from this drilling. An additional 16 core holes were drilled to obtain samples for metallurgical variability tests. These holes were drilled by Kluane Guatemala S.A. and Tahoe (HQ- and NTW-size drill core). Assays from the variability test samples are included in the resource estimate.

In addition, data from three piezometer wells are included in the resource estimate.

10.2          DATA COLLECTION

As the project manager and majority of on-site geologic personnel remain unchanged from the transfer of the property from Entre Mares to Tahoe, data collection procedures are generally consistent between the two companies. Hence, the following descriptions are applicable to both the Entre Mares and Tahoe drilling programs, except as noted.

Drill Core Handling

As the core barrel is retrieved from the drill hole, the core is removed and placed in wooden core boxes along with markers labeled with the downhole distance. The core boxes are labeled and transported by pickup truck to the core logging facility at the project site, where company geologists and technicians wash and photograph the core, record the geologic and geotechnical characteristics, and mark drill core intervals for sampling. The core is sampled by sawing the core in half longitudinally. After logging and sampling are complete, the core boxes are transported either to a secured storage facility in San Rafael Las Flores or to storage facilities at the project site, where it is stored on racks inside covered buildings.

Drill Collar Surveys

At the completion of each drill hole, the collar locations are marked in the field with a four-inch plastic (PVC) pipe cemented into the top of the drill hole. The drill hole identification number is indicated by permanent marker on the PVC pipe and etched in the cement at the collar. All drill collar locations were surveyed by Sergio Diaz (2007-2010) or Geotecnología S.A. (2009-2011), both independent professional surveyors based in Guatemala City. Collar locations were determined using non-differential global positioning system (GPS) instruments and post processed. In some cases where topography or heavy vegetation prevented collection of accurate measurements by GPS, the surveyor employed a Total Station instrument using established drill collar locations or project control points with known coordinates as bench marks. All drill hole collar coordinates are reported in UTMm coordinates, NAD 27, Zone 15 and converted to the Escobal site Cartesian coordinate system. The original reports received from the surveyor are archived at the Escobal project office and the reported collar coordinates stored in the Escobal project digital database.

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Downhole Surveys

Downhole survey measurements are taken by the drill contractor or company personnel at approximate 50 meter intervals and at the final depth of each drill hole. Entre Mares used a Tropari down-hole survey instrument through to mid-2009, after which they used a Reflex EZ-shot digital down-hole survey tool. All holes drilled by Tahoe were surveyed using the Reflex EZ-shot tool. A 3° west magnetic declination correction was routinely applied to raw azimuth readings for all drill holes. The survey readings are entered into the Escobal project digital database with the original survey datasheets archived at the Escobal project office.

Geological Logging

Geologic data from drill core is originally recorded on paper logging forms and then entered into the digital project database. Data documented from the drill core includes lithology; primary and secondary rock textures, vein lithology; mineralization and alteration; estimated sulfide content; structural features, including the angle of structure to the core axis; and degree of iron oxidation.

Geotechnical Logging

All drill core has been logged for geotechnical data. Geotechnical data collected from the drill core includes core recovery, hardness, rock quality designation (RQD), joint number (Jn), joint roughness (Jr), joint alteration (Ja), joint water reduction factor (Jw), and the stress reduction factor (SRF); all of which is entered into the project database. From this data, geomechanical classifications – tunneling quality index (Q rating) and rock mass rating (RMR) – are calculated to identify the ground control measures appropriate for the rock quality anticipated during underground excavation, determine appropriate stope dimensions (span height and width), and estimate mining dilution. A summary of the geotechnical data and subsequent analysis is detailed in the Geotechnical Characterization section.

10.3          DRILLING SUMMARY AND RESULTS

Both the Entre Mares and Tahoe drilling programs at Escobal have targeted the vein system with diamond drill core holes oriented perpendicular to the general east-west strike direction of the deposit, as illustrated in Figure 10-1, and at varying inclinations to explore the deposit along dip.

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To date, drilling has intersected mineralization over approximately 2,200 meters of strike length and 1,000 meters of total vertical extent; elevations range from 980 to 1710 meters above sea level (masl) in the East Zone, from 910 to 1540 masl in the Central Zone and from 700 to 1450 masl in the West Zone. In general, the Escobal deposit has been drill-delineated in the east-west direction (i.e., along strike) on nominal 50-meter spaced intervals, with numerous holes drilled between the 50-meter intervals, particularly in the East Zone. The drill sample spacing is sufficient for the geologic modeling and resource estimation of the Escobal vein system.

The East Zone and East Zone Extension strike approximately azimuth 80° and dip to the south from 60° to 80°, with an average dip of approximately 70° south. As such, the majority of drill holes are oriented to the north, with a few holes oriented south to explore for north-dipping secondary veins. Drill hole lengths range from 9.9 meters to 867.5 meters, with an average drill hole length of 343.7 meters. Average drill spacing in the East Zone is approximately 40 meters, with drill spacing in the ‘core’ of the East Zone at about 34 meters. Average drill spacing in the East Zone Extension is 64 meters.

The Central Zone strikes approximately east-west with variable dips with the western portion (West/Margarito Zone) trending slightly to the north of west. The mineralized structure generally dips from 60° to 70° to the north from the surface down to around 1200 meters elevation and steepens to near-vertical at depth. The upper portion of the deposit in eastern half of the Central Zone dips 60° to 70° to the south (East Zone orientation). Accordingly, drill holes were oriented northerly to explore the south-dipping portion of the mineralization and southerly to explore the north-dipping portion of the mineralization. Drill hole lengths range from 8.2 meters to 995.2 meters, averaging 349.8 meters. Average drill spacing in the Central Zone is approximately 52 meters; drill spacing in the ‘core’ of the Central Zone is 41 meters. Drill spacing in the West/Margarito area is about 65 meters.

A summary of the drill hole information by zone is presented in Table 10-3. Figure 10-2 and Figure 10-3 are cross sections through the East and Central zones, respectively, illustrating the relationship between drill hole orientation and the geometry of the Escobal vein. As shown, the relationship between drilled length and the true width of mineralization is variable, dependent on the inclination of the drill hole relative to the vein dip.

Significant intercepts for the Escobal deposit, including drilled widths and estimated true widths, are summarized in Appendix B.

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Table 10-3: Drill Hole Summary by Zone

East Zone North Oriented
Drill Holes
South Oriented
Drill Holes
Vertical (≥ -85°)
Drill Holes
Drill Holes Number 120 8 4
  Min Length (m) 9.9 100.0 83.5
  Max Length (m) 577.3 803.1 467.9
  Avg Length (m) 281.7 334.0 279.3
Azimuth Range 320° to 040° 174° to 220° n/a
  Avg 185° n/a
Inclination Range -45° to -80° -45° to -84° -85° to -90°
  Avg -58° -65° -87°

East Zone Extension North Oriented
Drill Holes
South Oriented
Drill Holes
Vertical (≥ -85°)
Drill Holes
Drill Holes Number 28 1 0
  Min Length (m) 237.9 - -
  Max Length (m) 867.5 - -
  Avg Length (m) 611.4 615.7 -
Azimuth Range 356° to 026° - -
  Avg 001° 181° -
Inclination Range -47° to -71° - -
  Avg -58° -69° -

Central Zone(1) North Oriented
Drill Holes
South Oriented
Drill Holes
Vertical (≥ -85°)
Drill Holes
Drill Holes Number 42 68 16
  Min Length (m) 8.2 46.3 59.4
  Max Length (m) 888.0 831.6 511.1
  Avg Length (m) 459.7 318.3 315.1
Azimuth Range 357° to 010° 158° to 203° n/a
  Avg 180° n/a
Inclination Range -45° to -72° -45° to -84° -85° to -90°
  Avg -56° -67° -88°

West/Margarito Zone North Oriented
Drill Holes
South Oriented
Drill Holes
Vertical (≥ -85°)
Drill Holes
Drill Holes Number 18 41 3
  Min Length (m) 55.2 25.9 45.7
  Max Length (m) 995.2 693.4 146.3
  Avg Length (m) 485.0 258.2 99.9
Azimuth Range 344° to 000° 145° to 184° n/a
  Avg 358° 179° n/a
Inclination Range -45° to -69° -44° to - 78° -89°
  Avg -57° -59° -89°

  (1)

One hole in Central Zone (E11-342) oriented East at 83° azimuth and - 33° inclination excluded from summary


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Figure 10-2: Escobal East Zone – Cross Section 807500E (looking East)


Figure 10-3: Escobal Central Zone – Cross Section 806500E (looking East)

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11             SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY

Sample preparation, analyses, and security procedures generally remained consistent between Entre Mares and Tahoe and the following descriptions are applicable to the practices of both Entre Mares and Tahoe, except as noted. With few exceptions, Entre Mares used BSI Inspectorate as their primary analytical laboratory and Tahoe continues to use BSI Inspectorate (now named Inspectorate, a division of Bureau Veritas) as their primary laboratory. Inspectorate holds current ISO 17025 and ISO 9001:2000 certifications.

11.1          SAMPLE METHOD AND APPROACH

The sampling methodology remained consistent from Entre Mares to Tahoe; whereas the Escobal exploration manager and many of the on-site geologic personnel responsible for the drill core sampling remained in place following the transfer of the property from Entre Mares to Tahoe Resources in 2010.

Once the drill core has been logged for geologic and geotechnical properties (as described in Section 10.2), geologists determined sample intervals based on geologic and/or mineralogic changes. Sample intervals generally varied from less than one meter to one-and-one-half meters in zones of discreet mineralization, and from three meters to locally six meters in weakly mineralized or altered areas. Tahoe Resources’ geologists sampled drill core that is visually identified as having significant mineralization on one-and-one-half meter intervals; weakly mineralized core is sampled at three meter intervals. These sample lengths are appropriate for the differing styles and distribution of mineralization at Escobal, though it is recommended that sample intervals do not extend across obvious mineralogic contacts. Intervals of ‘fresh’ unaltered rock are normally excluded from sampling. Once the sample intervals are determined, the core is marked and sample tags are stapled to the core box dividers.

Core samples selected for analysis are cut lengthwise using mechanized diamond saws. One-half of the core is placed in a plastic sample bag with a sample tag. The remaining half core is replaced in the core box for future reference. The mineralized zones at Escobal are often quite wide (up to 50 meters) and complex (multiple cross-cutting vein events). The practice of submitting one-half of the core provides a reasonable representation of the mineralization for analysis.

11.2          SAMPLE SECURITY

After the drill core is logged and sampled at the project site, the samples are taken to San Rafael Las Flores where they are stored in the secured office/warehouse facility until delivered to Inspectorate’s sample preparation laboratory in Guatemala City. From 2007 to 2008, all samples were picked up by Inspectorate at the San Rafael office. Since 2008, the samples have been delivered to the Inspectorate prep lab using Tahoe’s drivers and vehicles. BSI holds duplicate sample pulps in secured storage in Guatemala City and returns them on a routine basis to a secured Tahoe facility in San Rafael Las Flores.

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11.3          LABORATORY SAMPLE PREPARATION

Since the initiation of drilling at Escobal in 2007, all drill core samples have been prepared by BSI Inspectorate at their preparation facility in Guatemala City. After drying, core samples were crushed to >80 percent passing 2 mm (10 mesh) using a jaw crusher and roll mill. The crushed samples were then passed through a Jones riffle splitter to obtain a nominal 300 gram sample for pulverization. The 300-gram subsample was pulverized to >90 percent passing 150 mesh and split into two sample pulps for primary and check analyses. Barren sand is used to clean the pulverizer after every sample; one sample of the barren sand is inserted into the sample stream per batch where it is reported as an internal laboratory blank. BSI Inspectorate packaged and air-freighted one set of pulps to the BSI Inspectorate laboratory in Reno, Nevada for analysis and delivered the second set of pulps to Entre Mares and Tahoe at site.

11.4          LABORATORY ANALYSES

BSI Inspectorate in Reno, Nevada is the primary laboratory for nearly all of the assaying of drill core at Escobal, with the exception of 79 metallurgical samples from Entre Mares’ 2008 drilling campaign that were assayed ALS Chemex for Au and Ag and 315 samples from Tahoe Resources’ 2010 metallurgical program that were assayed at Cardwell Analytical (wet assays) and ALS Chemex (ICP).

BSI Inspectorate determined silver grades using aqua regia digestion followed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and, to a lesser extent, induced-coupled polarization (ICP). The use of ICP for silver grade determination was discontinued in late 2007. For initial silver results exceeding 200 g/t, Entre Mares instructed BSI Inspectorate to automatically re-analyze the sample using fire assay with gravimetric finish. Tahoe continues this practice, but uses a lower grade threshold of 100 g/t.

Gold analyses were done by fire assay (one assay-ton) followed by AAS. Samples returning more than 3 g/t were re-assayed with a gravimetric finish. Assayed sample mass varied depending upon level of sulfide in the sample to limit losses caused by boil-over in the assaying process.

Sample pulps were also analyzed for a multi-element geochemical suite using aqua regia digestion followed by ICP. Lead, zinc, and copper values exceeding 1% were re-analyzed by aqua regia/AAS, which has a higher grade determination threshold than ICP. Base metal samples exceeding the threshold of AAS were assayed using titration methods.

11.5          QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES

Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures for drill core sample analyses include the use of standard reference materials, sample blanks, check assays, and duplicate samples, as described herein. Results and analysis of the QA/QC data is presented in 12.0, Data Verification.

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11.5.1        Standard Reference Materials

Tahoe incorporates blind standard reference material (assay standards) into the sample stream prior to submission of the samples to BSI Inspectorate at a rate of one assay standard per 20 drill samples (5%). Four assay standards of varying silver, gold, lead, and zinc grades are used. Assay standards are prepared and certified by CDN Resource Laboratories Ltd. of Langley, BC. Entre Mares did not use assay standards in their QA/QC program at Escobal.

In addition, BSI Inspectorate also includes reference materials (both in-house and certified reference materials) in its QA/QC program.

11.5.2        Blanks

Entre Mares and Tahoe inserted sample blanks into the sample stream at irregular intervals to check for contamination during the laboratory sample preparation stage. Samples assaying less than five parts per billion gold and 0.1 parts per million silver were collected from local outcrops at Escobal for use as sample blanks. These samples are valid as gold and silver blanks, but do contain trace amounts of lead and zinc. The project database includes 1,554 assay blanks submitted by Entre Mares and Tahoe.

BSI Inspectorate also monitored pulverizer contamination by collecting and analyzing the barren sands used to clean the pulverizer after each sample.

11.5.3        Check Assays

Check assay programs have been in effect at Escobal since the initiation of the exploration drilling campaigns. A total of 5,108 sample pulps, representing 23% of the samples in the Escobal database, were re-assayed by laboratories other than BSI Inspectorate including samples submitted to more than one outside laboratory for redundant check assaying.

Entre Mares’ submitted the second pulp split prepared by BSI Inspectorate to a second laboratory for check assaying for nearly all mineralized drill intercepts. Entre Mares used the laboratory at the Marlin Mine in Guatemala for conducting silver and gold check assays beginning with their first drill hole at Escobal in May 2007 through May 2008, and again from July 2009 through the end of their involvement with the property in June 2010. From June 2008 through July 2009, Entre Mares used CAS Honduras for the silver and gold check assaying. A small percentage of samples were also checked by ALS Chemex in Vancouver.

SGS and CAS Honduras both analyzed for silver and gold using fire assay with AAS finish, with high grade results reassayed by fire assay with gravimetric finish. ALS Chemex analyzed for silver and gold using fire assay with gravimetric finish and analyzed for lead and zinc using four-acid digestion with AAS. High grade ‘overlimit’ lead and zinc results were reanalyzed by volumetric methods (titration).

For Tahoe’s check assay program, BSI Inspectorate shipped 5% of the assay pulp splits to ALS Chemex (Vancouver, BC or Reno, Nevada) for reanalysis in 2010. In 2011, BSI Inspectorate shipped 25% of mineralized sample interval pulps to ALS Chemex for check analyses. As before, ALS Chemex analyzes for silver and gold by fire assay and gravimetric finish and analyzes for lead and zinc using four-acid digestion with AAS. High grade ‘overlimit’ lead and zinc results are reanalyzed by titration.

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11.5.4        Duplicates

Duplicate samples are collected after the first stage of crushing (coarse rejects) as opposed to check-assay samples, which are sample pulps. There are a total of 961 duplicate sample analyses in the Escobal database, representing approximately 4% of total samples collected.

From May 2007 through July 2009, Entre Mares submitted coarse reject duplicates generally at the rate of one in 15 samples to CAS Honduras for reanalysis of gold and silver by fire assay/AAS. From July 2009 through May 2010, Entre Mares sent coarse-reject splits to ALS Chemex in Vancouver, though on a much more irregular schedule. ALS Chemex completed the sample preparation process and analyzed the new sample pulps for silver and gold using fire assay with gravimetric finish and for lead and zinc using four-acid digestion with AAS. High grade ‘overlimit’ lead and zinc results were reanalyzed by titration. Tahoe has discontinued the use of coarse reject duplicate analyses.

11.6          CONCLUSIONS

MDA believes that the core sampling procedures, sample analyses, QA/QC procedures, and sample security have provided samples that are of sufficient quality for use in the resource estimation discussed in Section 14.

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12             DATA VERIFICATION

Mine Development Associates (“MDA”) verified the Escobal database on two occasions; first in 2010 for the November 2010 mineral resource estimate and again in 2012 for the current resource estimate. The verification work consisted of: 1) completing an audit of the full assay database; 2) checking a significant percentage of the drill location and survey data; 3) conducting two site visits, which included verification sampling and a review of sample handling and logging procedures; 4) reviewing the QA/QC data; and 5) analyzing the core recovery data and its relationship to metal grades. The results of this verification program support the estimation of the Escobal resource and the assignment of an Indicated classification to much of the stated resource.

12.1          DATABASE AUDIT

The discussion that follows includes the information that appeared in the 2010 technical report, with additions describing MDA’s 2012 data verification procedures and results.

12.1.1        2010 Assay Audit and Database Reconstruction

The Escobal assay database includes results of the primary analyses for silver, gold, lead, and zinc, plus a 32-element geochemical suite, completed by BSI Inspectorate (“Inspectorate”). The database also includes the secondary check and duplicate analyses completed by ALS Chemex (“Chemex”). The metal values were listed by sample ID number and corresponding drill-hole “from-to” down-hole sample interval. The assay database does not include any of the check assay data from the Marlin Mine lab or the CAS Honduras lab due to the lack of back-up data and the inability to verify any of these analyses.

Each sample interval’s final “accepted” metal value was an average of multiple analyses if duplicate and/or check assay values were present. A number of different analytical techniques was employed by the labs which resulted in some uncertainty as to what values should be used in determining the accepted database metal value. As an example, silver techniques ranged from induced-coupled polarization (“ICP”) to aqua regia digestion followed by atomic absorption spectrometry (“AAS”) to fire assay with gravimetric finish. (See discussion of all analytical techniques in Section 11.0) After discussions with Tahoe, a hierarchy of assay techniques was established for each metal, and it was decided that the “accepted value” would be calculated using only the value(s) for the highest-ranked technique. Using the silver example from above, for intervals with both ICP and AAS techniques, only the AAS value(s) would be considered.

In reviewing the assay data, it was recognized that there was a significant number of analyses in which the analytical technique was not known, so creating an assay hierarchy was not possible. To help rectify this problem, and to also serve as a thorough audit of the assay data, MDA downloaded all of the assay data, including information on assay techniques, directly from the labs and 1) compared these data with the database values, and 2) sorted all data into their proper technique. These imported data were then used to reconstruct the database and determine the final accepted values to be used in the resource estimate.

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The sample data sent to the labs uses a sample ID code that is blind to the lab as to the drill hole number and from-to location. MDA conducted an audit of the sample ID/drill hole from-to correlation by comparing the hard-copy sample selection data against the database. Approximately 15 percent of the database was checked and no errors were noted, though a result of this effort was the realization that the current database was missing sample interval data from recent holes E10-221, 223, 224, and 225. All of the missing intervals were in weakly mineralized zones outside of the current mineral model, so their exclusion from the resource estimate is not considered material.

The drill sample down-hole locations were also checked while on site by comparing the database from-to values directly against the sample intervals marked within the core boxes for 12 drill holes. No errors were noted.

12.1.2         2012 Assay Audit

The post-2010 assay analyses were completed by BSI Inspectorate (“Inspectorate”) with secondary check and duplicate analyses completed by ALS Chemex (“Chemex”) Both labs used similar analytical techniques as in 2010. As in 2010, the current drill samples were submitted to the lab using a sample ID code that is blind to the lab as to the drill hole number and from-to location. The 2012 database was standardized to use only the primary assay values from Inspectorate and no further reconstruction of the assay data was required.

MDA conducted a thorough audit of the post-2010 assay data using the same techniques and procedures as described above for the 2010 resource estimate. All assay data was downloaded directly from the lab and compared with the database values. Two clerical errors concerning a sequence of lead and zinc values were noted and corrected in the database. No other material errors were found.

The drill sample down-hole locations were also checked while on site by comparing the database from-to values directly against the sample intervals marked within the core boxes for six drill holes. No errors were noted.

12.1.3         2010 Drill Sample Locations and Down-Hole Surveys

The drill sample collar locations for the pre-Tahoe drill holes were audited against the original spreadsheet data from the third-party surveyor, and no errors were found. MDA updated the database with the survey data for the recent Tahoe drilling and then checked all locations by plotting the hole collars on cross-sections and comparing the locations with the digital topography. A number of drill holes in areas of steep topography had a ±3m elevation difference with the topography and/or adjoining drill holes. After discussion with Tahoe, MDA adjusted the elevations on 21 drill holes to better match the existing data. The uncertainty in some of the collar elevations is not considered significant for the resource estimation to be classified at a level of Indicated.

The down-hole survey data for 36 holes (approximately 17 percent of the database) were audited. For 17 of the holes audited, MDA compared the database values against a visual inspection of the original Sperry Sun camera discs produced by the Tropari survey instrument; only occasional minor discrepancies (<2 degrees) were noted between MDA’s reading of the discs and the current database. For the remainder of the drilling, MDA compared the database survey data against the original survey coupons created on-site by the survey crew. One significant error was noted (a difference of 10 degrees in the dip angle), and the database was corrected to reflect the new data.

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12.1.4        2012 Drill Sample Locations and Down-Hole Surveys

The 2012 project drill location database submitted to MDA was in the Escobal site Cartesian coordinate system. Using the X,Y conversion formulas provided by Tahoe, MDA checked for consistency all of the pre-2010 drill collar coordinates against the current database. MDA then audited the post-2010 drill holes against the original spreadsheet data from the third-party surveyor. Several discrepancies in the most recent hole locations were found in the initial audit. After going through the survey records with project personnel, it was determined that the database contained preliminary survey data which had not been replaced with the final coordinates. The database was revised to include all final data. All hole locations were also checked by plotting the hole collars on cross-sections and comparing the locations with the digital topography.

The down-hole survey data for 11 holes (approximately 12 percent of the post-2010 database) were audited. MDA compared the database survey data against the original survey coupons created on-site by the survey crew. No errors were noted.

12.2          SITE VISITS

Paul Tietz of MDA visited the project site on September 7th through the 10th, 2010 and again on February 6th through the 9th, 2012. The purpose of the visits was to review the Escobal deposit drilling and sampling procedures, results, and geology in preparation for the resource modeling, and to complete the remaining data audit tasks required for the 2010 and 2012 resource estimates (as discussed in Section 12.1) . Specific data verification items included database construction and recordation, drill-hole location and down-hole survey validation, and QA/QC methods, the results of which are discussed in Sections 12.1.1, 12.1.3, and 12.4, respectively. A limited amount of core was evaluated, and verification samples were collected in 2010 from four core holes. During each site visit, time was spent in the field verifying and discussing drilling and sampling procedures and geologic concepts with project personnel.

12.2.1        Drilling Operations

Core rigs were operating on the property during both of MDA’s site visits. A detailed description of the core drilling campaigns and procedures is provided in Section 10. The drilling procedures observed while on-site were consistent with industry standards, and no drilling issues were observed or discussed with project personnel which would negatively impact the resource estimate.

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12.2.2        Sampling and Logging Procedures

The current logging and sampling procedures meet industry standards/practices and are sufficient to allow for confidence in the upcoming resource estimate. The one improvement suggested by MDA is the use of more selective sampling for both the thin mineralized veins occurring peripheral to the main mineralized structural zones and also for the discrete barren veins within the mineralization. The existing sampling procedures consist of fairly continuous 1m and/or 1.5m sample-widths within the mineralized horizons and 3m sampling widths within the weakly mineralized wallrock. This sampling style does not adequately characterize the often high-grade nature of the thin (<0.3m -wide) mineralized veins that occur within both the structural zone’s weakly mineralized hanging wall and footwall.

12.3          2010 VERIFICATION SAMPLING

MDA collected eight quarter-core verification samples from typical moderate- to high-grade sample intervals within four core holes. Six of the quarter-core samples were collected from three recent Tahoe core holes drilled since the completion of the AMEC resource estimate in early 2010. The MDA samples were delivered to the Inspectorate prep lab in Guatemala City and analyzed using the same analytical techniques as employed for the Escobal drilling.

Table 12-1 and Table 12-2 show the assay results for the MDA samples (columns "XX_MDA") with the original half-core assay values (columns "XX_orig.) for comparison. A third column ("XX_diff") shows the percentage difference between the two assays, with a positive value indicating an increase in grade with the MDA sample. The tables also include the means for the two sample types and also the mean of the percentage difference values.

The verification sample results show similar mean values for silver, lead, and zinc, though individual intervals have differences of up to 80 percent. The MDA gold values are predominantly lower than the original samples, which could be a result of sampling bias or inherently more erratic gold mineralization.

Table 12-1: MDA Verification Samples – Silver and Gold Results

MDA
Sample ID
Hole_ID From To Ag_orig.
ppm
Ag_MDA
ppm
Ag_diff
%
Au_orig.
ppb
Au_MDA
ppb
Au_diff
%
MDA-ES1 E08-52 176.5 177.5 481.7 500.1 4% 18.514 12.446 -33%
MDA-ES2 E08-52 177.5 178.5 8628.8 7053.5 -18% 2.234 0.709 -68%
MDA-ES3 E10-210 277.5 279 3171.9 1778.4 -44% 0.146 0.059 -60%
MDA-ES4 E10-210 279 280.5 5961.9 2691.3 -55% 0.589 0.192 -67%
MDA-ES5 E10-211 348 349.5 1439.9 2442.6 70% 0.232 0.331 43%
MDA-ES6 E10-211 351 352.5 3562.7 3213.4 -10% 0.453 0.161 -64%
MDA-ES7 E10-221 574.5 576 311.9 359.5 15% 0.81 0.736 -9%
MDA-ES8 E10-221 577.5 579 291.5 394.9 35% 1.29 1.25 -3%
    mean value 2981.3 2304.2 -0.3% 3.034 1.986 -32.8%

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Table 12-2: MDA Verification Samples – Lead and Zinc Results

MDA
Sample ID
Hole_ID From To Pb_orig.
ppm
Pb_MDA
ppm
Pb_diff
%
Zn_orig.
ppm
Zn_MDA
ppm
Zn_diff
%
MDA-ES1 E08-52 176.5 177.5 640 667 4% 730 1153 58%
MDA-ES2 E08-52 177.5 178.5 21500 23400 9% 4093 4339 6%
MDA-ES3 E10-210 277.5 279 5406 4313 -20% 5944 6338 7%
MDA-ES4 E10-210 279 280.5 5765 3025 -48% 4774 3267 -32%
MDA-ES5 E10-211 348 349.5 7019 12700 81% 11000 18100 65%
MDA-ES6 E10-211 351 352.5 22800 29100 28% 32100 32900 2%
MDA-ES7 E10-221 574.5 576 2726 2854 5% 8730 6372 -27%
MDA-ES8 E10-221 577.5 579 2730 2408 -12% 7434 5694 -23%
    mean value 8573 9808 5.8% 9351 9770 7.0%

The MDA sample results discussed above are not considered to be statistically meaningful due to the limited sampling but serve primarily as a general verification of the Escobal metal grades.

No further verification samples were collected during the 2012 site visit.

12.4          QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL “QA/QC”

MDA evaluated the QA/QC data for the Escobal project on two occasions. In 2010 MDA evaluated the QA/QC data for holes up to and including number E10-225. A summary of that evaluation appeared in the Technical Report of November, 2010. In 2012, MDA evaluated the QA/QC data for holes drilled since E10-225, up to and including E11-348 and PZ11-02. The discussion that follows is the one that appeared in the 2010 technical report, with additions describing MDA’s evaluation of the data for the later holes. For clarity as to which generation of data is being discussed, section titles include the words “to E10-225” or “post E10-225”, as appropriate.

For holes up to and including E10-225, the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures for drill core sample analyses included the use of standard reference materials, sample blanks, and duplicate samples. The duplicate samples consist of pairs of analyses, done on the same samples, at two or more different labs.

Tahoe provided the following description of protocols used from 2010 to the present:

Assay Standards:

To be inserted into sample stream prior to submission of the samples to BSI Inspectorate at a rate of one assay standard per 20 drill samples (5%). Assay standards are selected based on which standard’s grade more closely matches the geologist’s estimate of grade for the proximal drill samples.

 

Assay Blanks:

To be inserted into the sample stream at irregular intervals; particularly internal or immediately following high-grade sample intervals. Samples assaying less than five parts per billion gold and 0.1 parts per million silver were collected from local outcrops at Escobal for use as sample blanks. BSI Inspectorate also monitored pulverizer contamination by collecting and analyzing the barren sands used to clean the pulverizer after each sample.


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Check Assays:In 2010, BSI Inspectorate shipped 5% of the assay pulp splits to ALS Chemex (Vancouver, BC or Reno, Nevada) for reanalysis. Due to a miscommunication, in 2011 Inspectorate shipped approximately 25% of mineralized sample interval pulp splits to ALS Chemex for check analyses. Tahoe used ALS’s Vancouver facility exclusively in 2011.

12.4.1        Duplicate Samples to E10-225

Several combinations of pulp "check assay" duplicate samples and coarse reject "preparation" duplicate samples are available, in different pairings of analyses done at Inspectorate, Chemex, CAS in Honduras and at the Marlin Mine lab. Duplicates are available for gold, silver, lead, and zinc. For gold and silver, duplicates are available for wet geochemical and for gravimetric analyses. The available pairings are listed in Table 12-3.

Each duplicate pair in Table 12-3 was evaluated using basic statistical parameters, scatterplots, and relative difference plots. Analysis of the thirty-two duplicate sets in Table 12-3 involved more than 96 charts. Only one set of examples of the charts used is presented in this report.

Table 12-3: Comparison of Analyses of Duplicate Pairs

Original (X) Check (Y) Material Count Erratics
Rejected
Pct Diff of
Means
Relative
Pct Diff
Abs Rel
Pct Diff
Insp. Au FA ppb CAS Au FA30+AA g/tonne pulp 1368 2 2.6 7.4 29.9
Insp. Au FA ppb CAS Au FA30+AA g/tonne coarse reject 43 none 5.7 4.4 25.9
Mine Au g/t CAS Au FA30+AA g/tonne pulp 24 5 -2.1 -16.5 53.8
Mine Au g/t CAS Au FA30+AA g/tonne coarse reject 27 1 9.7 -9.0 44.4
Insp. Au FA ppb Mine Au g/t pulp 2173 12 -5.7 46.7 91.1
Mine Au g/t Chemex 983 Au ppm pulp 261 none 10.0 25.5 46.2
Mine Au g/t Chemex 983 Au ppm coarse reject 217 none 30.3 62.5 80.0
Insp. Au FA ppb Chemex 983 Au ppm pulp 321 none 3.5 41.7 58.8
Insp. Au Grav ppb Mine Au Grav pulp 49 1 -3.8 -5.0 11.9
Insp. Au Grav ppb CAS Au FA30+Grav g/tonne pulp 19 1 -4.6 -7.4 15.6
Insp. Ag AQR ppm CAS Ag Wet ppm pulp 1325 none -7.4 58.5 134.0
Insp. Ag AQR ppm CAS Ag Wet ppm coarse reject 125 2 -7.3 122.0 154.8
Insp. Ag AQR ppm Mine Ag g/t pulp 2050 none -13.9 -6.9 32.8
Mine Ag g/t Chemex 8106 Ag ppm pulp 229 3 8.5 4.7 20.4
Mine Ag g/t Chemex 8106 Ag ppm coarse reject 230 none 20.8 25.7 43.4
Mine Ag g/t CAS Ag Wet ppm pulp 24 none 12.0 30.4 34.8
Mine Ag g/t CAS Ag Wet ppm coarse reject 25 none -24.2 -274.0 290.6
Insp. Ag AQR ppm Chemex 8106 Ag ppm pulp 313 1 -4.4 -6.5 21.6
Insp. Ag AQR ppm Chemex 8106 Ag ppm coarse 289 2 -1.8 2.1 31.6

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Original (X) Check (Y) Material Count Erratics
Rejected
Pct Diff of
Means
Relative
Pct Diff
Abs Rel
Pct Diff
    reject          
Insp. Ag Grav ppm CAS Ag FA30+Grav g/tonne pulp 499 none -3.8 -4.6 7.4
Insp. Ag Grav ppm CAS Ag FA30+Grav g/tonne coarse reject 8 none 3.8 5.4 9.1
Insp. Ag Grav ppm Mine Ag Grav pulp 585 1 -6.4 -12.0 15.3
Mine Ag Grav Chemex Ag ME-GRA21 ppb pulp 74 1 9.9 8.9 12.9
Insp. Ag Grav ppm Chemex Ag ME-GRA21 ppb pulp 58 none 1.0 0.2 8.2
Insp. ICP Lead % Chemex Pb-AA62 % pulp 152 none -17.3 -14.5 15.2
Insp. ICP Lead % Chemex Pb-AA62 % coarse reject 25 1 -10.1 -16.7 19.6
Insp. ICP Lead. Pb ppm Chemex Pb-AA62 % pulp 644 none -2.5 13.1 27.5
Insp. ICP Lead Pb ppm Chemex Pb-AA62 % coarse reject 471 2 -2.0 10.4 36.3
Insp. ICP Zinc % Chemex Zn- AA62 % pulp 207 2 -6.5 -10.3 12.8
Insp. ICP Zinc % Chemex Zn- AA62 % coarse reject 39 2 -9.5 -14.9 16.6
Insp. ICP Lead Zn ppm Chemex Zn- AA62 % pulp 619 none -1.0 8.5 18.5
Insp. ICP Lead Zn ppm Chemex Zn- AA62 % coarse reject 477 1 -1.7 8.6 24.6

12.4.1.1        Example of Charts; Lead at Chemex and Inspectorate

Inspectorate, the “primary” lab, did most of the analyses used in the resource estimate. Inspectorate did an “assay” for lead, reported in percent, and an ICP analysis, reported in ppm. The comparison shown is Inspectorate’s ICP analysis with Chemex’s analysis by atomic absorption, comparing “coarse reject” also called “preparation” duplicates. This compares the results of the process of sample size reduction, sample grain size reduction, and chemical analyses at the two labs.

For the comparison illustrated by the charts, MDA began with 533 pairs analyzed at both labs. Sixty samples were eliminated from the comparison as their analyses fell above or below the detection range stated by one or both of the labs. Two samples were eliminated for having extreme differences suggesting either an analytical error or a record-keeping error. MDA has no way to differentiate these two types of errors, although where extreme differences occur, a record-keeping error is suspected.

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Note: An RMA regression (red line) assumes two independent variables.

Figure 12-1: Scatterplot for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate

Figure 12-1 and Table 12-4 suggest a good correlation, with Chemex tending to be slightly lower than Inspectorate at grades above about half a percent.

Table 12-4: Simple Statistics, Lead

  Std dev Mean
% Pb
Median
% Pb
Count
Pb Insp. 0.176 0.119 0.042 471
Pb Cmx 0.171 0.117 0.041 471
% Diff   -2.0    

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Note: The relative percent difference is calculated as:

100 x (Chemex-Inspectorate) / lesser of (Chemex, Inspectorate). This calculation gives a worst- case number.

Figure 12-2: Relative Percent Difference for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate


Figure 12-3: Absolute Value of Relative Percent Difference for Lead, Chemex vs. Inspectorate

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Table 12-5: Simple Statistics for Percent Differences, Lead

  Std dev Mean Count
Rel pct Diff 102.02 10.39 471
Abs Rel pct Diff 95.89 36.31 471

Figure 12-2 and Figure 12-3 suggest that the two labs&rsquo; analyses for lead compare very well, with some large percentage differences at grades under 0.1% Pb.

12.4.1.2      Summary of the Duplicate Analysis Results

As it is not practical to include large numbers of charts in the present report, the results of the duplicate analyses checks are summarized in Table 12-3.

In Table 12-3, the "Original (X)" analysis is always taken from either the Marlin Mine lab or Inspectorate. Analyses from all other labs are considered to be "Check (Y)" samples. Where Inspectorate is compared to the Marlin Mine lab, Inspectorate&rsquo;s analysis is considered to be the "Original (X)". "X" and "Y" refer to the axes the analyses appear on in charts like Figure 12-1. All differences are calculated as "Check" - "Original".

"Count" is the number of samples left after all those out of the detection range of the analytical method were eliminated. "Erratics Rejected" is the number of samples eliminated because of large differences or other problems. Thus a comparison of "Erratics Rejected" to "Count" gives one estimate of the proportion of suspect data. The total number of "erratic" or suspect pairs in all of the duplicate pairs is 40, out of 12,970 comparisons, or about 0.3 %.

Data may be suspect due to analytical or record-keeping errors, and MDA does not have any means to differentiate these two possibilities. The decision to consider a pair suspect is to some degree subjective and is made in the context of each comparison set.

For each comparison, the lab that yielded the lower average value is shaded blue in Table 12-3. In almost all comparisons involving the Marlin Mine lab, the Mine analyses come out low. Inspectorate appears to be biased high relative to Chemex and the Marlin Mine lab but may be either high or low relative to CAS, depending on the metal and method being evaluated.

For the most part, in the Escobal data set the contrast between a comparison of pulp duplicates and the same comparison using coarse reject duplicates is not large. The contrast does tend to be larger if one of the labs in the comparison is the Marlin Mine lab. It would be useful to have a comparison of coarse reject duplicates in which both the original and duplicate were prepared and analyzed in the Marlin Mine lab.

12.4.2        Duplicates and Check Samples post E10-225

There are two types of duplicate and check assays to be considered in the post E10-225 assay data set. Small numbers of same-lab duplicates run at Inspectorate are the first type, and the second type is a much larger set of pairs consisting of original assays at Inspectorate and check assays done at ALS Chemex.

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In the case of the post E10-225 same-lab duplicates, three types of analyses are involved:

  • Gold analyzed by fire assay prep with AA finish. MDA notes that the duplicate analysis had a higher upper detection limit than the original. There are 14 such duplicate pairs, but two have values exceeding the upper limit for the first analysis, leaving 12 effective comparisons.
  • Silver analyzed by atomic absorption. There are 23 such duplicate pairs, but nine have values exceeding the upper limit for the method, leaving 14 effective comparisons.
  • Silver analyzed by fire assay with a gravimetric finish. There are 8 such duplicate pairs.

MDA did not chart the same-lab duplicates described above. A summary comparison appears in Table 12-6, below.

Table 12-6: Summary Comparison of Duplicate Pairs at Primary Lab

Element Method, units Count of Pairs Mean of Original Mean of Duplicate Bias percent
Au FAA, ppb 12 4,787 4,846 1.2
Ag AA, ppm 14 41.0 43.0 4.9
Ag FA grav, ppm 8 2,806.2 2,879.7 2.6

Three common mathematical two-sample comparison tests, the F-test for variances, the t-Test for means and the Mann-Whitney test for medians, suggest that at the 95% confidence level each set of duplicates is not statistically distinguishable from the corresponding set of originals (Test done using SigmaXL software).

The post E10-225 data set includes 339 pairs of analyses for each of silver, gold, lead and zinc, consisting of the original analyses done by Inspectorate and check analyses done by ALS Chemex. MDA assessed these check analyses using charts similar to the examples that appear in Section 12.4.1.1. The results of MDA&rsquo;s assessment are summarized in Table 12-7, below.

Table 12-7: Summary Comparison of Original and Check Analyses

      Mean Values of Parameters
Metal Count Erratics
Rejected
Original
ppm
ALS
ppm
Pct Diff of
Means
Relative
Pct Diff
Abs Rel
Pct Diff
Gold 194 4 0.382 0.391      2.4 5.7 14.5
Silver 204 7 308.7 311.4      0.9 1.6 8.6
Lead 207 none 0.85 0.876      3.1 14.1 17.3
Zinc 230 none 1.063 1.115      4.9 11.1 15.5

Note that while there are 339 sample pairs, the counts in Table 12-7 are all substantially less than that. For each metal, analyses below the detection limits and very low-grade analyses were eliminated from the calculations of the statistics that appear in Table 12-7, because small real differences can, at low grades, create large but not very meaningful percentage differences.

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Three common mathematical two-sample comparison tests, the F-test for variances, the t-Test for means and the Mann-Whitney test for medians, suggest that for each of the four metals, at the 95% confidence level the set of check analyses is not statistically distinguishable from the set of original analyses.

12.4.3        Blanks to E10-225

The analytical database that MDA received in 2010 for Escobal includes the analyses of blanks listed in Table 12-8.

Table 12-8: Blanks in Escobal Data Set

Lab and Analysis Number of Blanks
Insp. Ag AQR ppm 1,014
Mine Ag g/t 226
Chemex 8106 Ag ppm 35
CAS Ag Wet ppm 110
CAS Au FA30+AA g/tonne 115
Insp. Au FA ppb 1,035
Mine Au g/t 226
Chemex 983 Au ppm 35
Total 2,796

The material used as blanks was collected from local outcrops where the sample assayed less than five parts per billion gold and 0.1 parts per million silver. The material was not subjected to a rigorous round-robin analysis, so MDA cannot be assured that the material is truly "blank." MDA evaluated the results of the analyses of blank material making use of charts like the example in Figure 12-4.

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Figure 12-4: Blanks in Inspectorate Gold Analyses

Figure 12-4 shows a plot of the results of the analyses of blanks, with a superimposed plot of the analyses of the samples numerically-preceding each blank. The purpose of superimposing the analyses of the preceding samples is to gain a visual impression as to whether a high grade in a preceding sample tends to produce a higher grade in the immediately-following blank. In the example shown, there is remarkably little evidence of such contamination. In the data set as a whole, there are some suggestions of such contamination, but they are not systematic and they are too few to be of concern.

The red "warning" line on Figure 12-4 is arbitrarily set at five times the lab&rsquo;s lower detection limit. Three to five times the detection limits are typical industry rules of thumb, when no more rigorously-determined rule is available. Two failures are evident in Figure 12-4. The grades in the two failures are so high that MDA suspects they are due to record-keeping errors rather than analytical failures.

In the 2,796 analyses reported to be of blank material, 50 count as failures using five times the lower detection limit as a rule of thumb. This is a rate of 1.8% . MDA cannot determine which of the 50 are record-keeping errors and which are analytical failures.

12.4.4        Blanks Post E10-225

Standards have just recently been introduced by Tahoe. The limited data (<10 analyses per standard) preclude any meaningful analyses or conclusions.

The post E10-225 analytical data set includes 536 analyses of material identified as blanks. Tahoe describes the blank material as “collected from local outcrops of unaltered andesite, which is the one of two primary host rocks for the deposit. The samples were combined and twelve splits were sent to the lab for Au and Ag analysis only; all samples came back <5 ppb Au and <0.1 ppm Ag. However, there were no base metal analyses performed.” MDA has reviewed the data from the blanks for gold, silver, lead and zinc, but concludes that the material is not suitable as a blank for lead and zinc.

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Continuing to use five times the detection limit as the failure criterion for gold and silver, MDA identified the failures listed in Table 12-9, below.

Table 12-9: Failure List for Blanks Post E10-225

Sample Analysis Report Number Report Date
  Gold, ppm 
646766    0.035 11-338-07549-01 18-Oct-11
  Silver, ppm 
622327    0.5 10-338-02670-01 16-Sep-10
624977    3 11-338-03457-01 31-May-11
646766    1.1 11-338-07549-01 18-Oct-11
660651    0.6 11-338-08163-01 24-Oct-11
68162    0.8 11-338-08714-01 8-Nov-11
644088    0.5 11-338-08927-01 9-Nov-11
661605    9.1 11-338-10395-01 3-Jan-12
625138    3.8 11-338-03582-01  

The failure rate for gold in the blanks is negligible. The failure rate for silver is 1.5 though the magnitude in assay grade of the failures is still low and would not have a material effect on the resource estimate.

12.4.5        Standards to E10-225

In 2010, standards had just recently been introduced by Tahoe. The limited data (<10 analyses per standard) precluded any meaningful analyses or conclusions in the Technical Report of November, 2010.

12.4.6        Standards post E10-225

Four different standards were used by Tahoe from 2010 onwards. All of the standards were obtained from CDN Resource Laboratories Ltd. (“CDN”) of Langley, British Columbia, Canada. A total of 74 analyses of standards are in the data set.

For each metal certified in each standard, CDN’s certificates include a “Recommended Value” and a “Between Lab Two Standard Deviations”.

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For the evaluation described herein, MDA used warning limits set at:

Recommended Value ± 2 * Standard Deviation

Control limits or failure limits were set at:

Recommended Value ± 3 * Standard Deviation

MDA obtained the standard deviation by taking half of CDN&rsquo;s "Two Standard Deviations". Information provided by Tahoe indicates that Tahoe used substantially the same failure criteria as MDA.

For each standard, and for each of gold, silver, lead and zinc, MDA plotted a control chart similar to the conventional Shewhart charts. An example is shown in Figure 12-5.


Figure 12-5: Control Chart for Silver in CDN-ME-7

Notes:

The red upper and lower warning lines are the using statistics calculated by CDN.

The red upper and lower control lines, UCL and LCL, are the , using statistics calculated by CDN.

The three low-side failures noted were excluded from the calculation of the mean and standard deviation for this data set, shown by blue lines.


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Sixteen charts similar to Figure 12-5 were generated in doing the evaluation of the analytical results obtained for the standards. Rather than show all of them in this report, MDA has summarized the results in Table 12-10.

Table 12-10: Summary of Results for Standards

Std. ID Count Best Value Average Bias pct Minimum Maximum Low
Failures
High
Failure
    CDN-ME-5    
Gold ppm 15 1.07 1.100 +2.8 0.685 1.398 1 3
Silver ppm 15 206.1 208.6 +1.2 197.8 215.3 none none
Lead ppm 15 21,300 21,633 +1.6 18,200 23,300 1 2
Zinc ppm 15 5,790 5,717 -1.3 5,315 6,452 5 2
    CDN-ME-6    
Gold ppm 29 0.270 0.278 +3 0.220 0.315 1 1
Silver ppm 29 101 99.7 -1.3 90.9 110.6 none none
Lead ppm 29 10,200 9,912 -2.8 8,760 10,900 2 none
Zinc ppm 29 5,170 5,221 +1 4,729 5,702 none none
    CDN-ME-7    
Gold ppm 24 0.219 0.220 +0.5 0.203 0.264 none 1
Silver ppm 24 150.7 142.7 -5.3 106.4 163.7 3 none
Lead ppm 24 49,500 49,271 -0.5 41,300 59,700 3 4
Zinc ppm 24 48,400 47,475 -1.9 44,500 53,200 5 2
    CDN-ME-11    
Gold ppm 6 1.380 1.418 +2.8 1.357 1.483 none none
Silver ppm 6 79.3 76.1 -4 73.8 79.2 none none
Lead ppm 6 8,600 7,889 -8.3 6,502* 8,289 1 none
Zinc ppm 6 9,600 9,242 -3.7 8,588 10,100 1 none

Notes: “Count” is the number of times that this standard was inserted into the sample stream.

“Best Value” is the value assigned to the standard by the manufacturer, for the metal indicated. In the certificates provided by CDN this is referred to as the “Recommended Value”.

“Average” is the average of the values obtained for this standard by Inspectorate when analyzing Tahoe’s drill samples. Analyses deemed to be failures were not excluded in calculating this average.

  “Bias pct” is calculated using the formula 100 * (Average-Best Value)
          Best Value

“Minimum” is the minimum of the values obtained for this standard by the lab analyzing Tahoe’s drill samples.

“Maximum” is the maximum of the values obtained for this standard by the lab analyzing Tahoe’s drill samples.

“Low Failures” is a count of the number of instances in which an analysis of the standard fell at or below the lower control limit.

“High Failures” is a count of the number of instances in which an analysis of the standard fell at or above the upper control limit.

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*The low bias for lead in CDN-ME-11 is strongly influenced by this single low value in sample 68137.

Where Tahoe identify analytical failures, their policy is to re-run the affected sample batch, for the element concerned. The final data set made available to MDA incorporates any such re-runs, so the failures identified by Tahoe in the batches that were re-run are not "visible" to MDA and are not counted in the failure columns of Table 12-10. Tahoe has advised MDA that they were most rigorous about identifying failures and having batches re-run for silver, somewhat less rigorous in the case of gold, and least rigorous in the cases of lead and zinc. Silver carries in excess of 85% of the value of the project, and silver also has the fewest failures in Table 12-10, only three and those all on the low side.

Any set of analyses by a single lab will in all probability have some biases relative to the accepted values of standards. The biases listed in Table 12-10 have magnitudes that are, for the most part, typical of those that MDA encounters in assay data sets. There are two biases whose magnitudes exceed 5%, silver in CDN-ME-7 and lead in CDN-ME-11. In both cases the biases are on the low side; in other words the lab produced results that are biased low relative to the accepted values of the standards.

12.4.7         Conclusion and Recommendations

The large quantity of pulp duplicate data up to E10-225, with some coarse reject duplicate data, show less than 1% of erratically-large differences and do not reveal significant biases in the critical components of the data set, those being analyses from Inspectorate and Chemex.

The post E10-225 check analyses contained higher percentages of erratically-large differences, about 2.1% for gold and about 3.4% for silver. On average, ALS Chemex’ analyses are marginally higher than those of the primary lab, Inspectorate.

The analyses of blanks yielded a higher-than-expected “failure” rate, notably for silver in the post E10-225 data set. The observed failure rate is not so high as to disqualify the data set for use in the resource estimate described in this report.

12.5          2010 CORE RECOVERY METAL GRADE ANALYSES

Tahoe provided MDA with the core recovery data for all 218 core holes used in the 2010 resource estimate. MDA checked the recovery data calculations and spot-checked the measurements against the core photos. Only one measurement error was found in the calculations, and the recovery data showed no apparent discrepancies with the visual check of the core photos.

The core recovery data are dominated by measurements of >95 percent recovery with isolated zones of lower recovery. The average core recovery for all readings is approximately 96 percent. The average core recovery for the mineralized intervals used in the resource estimate is approximately 95 percent. Approximately 65 percent of the core recovery measurements have values of 100 percent recovery. The prevalence of exact 100 percent core recovery values is indicative of the massive, weakly fractured nature of the country rock but also suggests possibly less rigorous measurement techniques.

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MDA analyzed the relationship between metal grades and core recovery. All four metals (silver, gold, lead, and zinc) were reviewed independently. Figure 12-6 shows the relationship between silver grades and core recovery. The silver grade and number ("Count) of core recovery intervals are presented in the left-hand and right-hand y-axis, respectively. These values are sorted into core recovery "bins" of regular 10 percent intervals as noted along the x-axis. (Each bin represents all intervals within each 10 percent interval; for example, recovery column "80" shows the average silver value and number of sample intervals for all intervals with core recovery values between 80 and 89 percent.) The data shown in Figure 12-6 were filtered for only those sample intervals with silver grades greater than 10g Ag/t to better represent the core recovery effect on significant silver grades.

The data in Figure 12-6 show a noticeable decrease in average silver grade when core recovery drops below 80 percent. Only a small fraction (<10 percent) of all sample intervals have recovery values below 80 percent, so the observed change in silver grade is not believed to result in a material error in the current resource estimate. Since the assay values have been potentially down-graded due to the core recovery loss, the current resource estimate is on the conservative side, indicating a small upside to the resource estimate.

MDA analyzed the gold grade versus core recovery data, and a similar pattern as seen in the silver data was observed.

Figure 12-6: Core Recovery - Silver Grade Comparison

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Figure 12-7 shows the relationship between lead grades and core recovery. The lead grade and number ("Count) of core recovery intervals are presented in the left-hand and right-hand y-axis, respectively. These data are sorted into the same core recovery 10-percent bins as in Figure 12-6. The data shown in Figure 12-7 include only those sample intervals with lead grades greater than 100 ppm Pb.

 
Figure 12-7: Core Recovery - Lead Grade Comparison

The lead versus core recovery data in Figure 12-7 indicate that there is an approximate 25 percent increase in lead grade when core recovery decreases from 100 percent into the 80 percent recovery category. Below 80 percent, the lead data have a similar, though somewhat more erratic, decrease in values as was seen above in the silver data. The latter observed decrease in lead grade is not considered significant due to the small fraction (<10 percent) of all samples with recoveries less than 80 percent. An analysis of the zinc data shows the same relationship with core recovery as seen in the Figure 12-7 lead data.

The increase in lead and zinc grades associated with the 80 percent and 90 percent core recovery intervals could be directly related to a selective increase in grade from core loss. It also could be a natural function of the geology in which the higher-grade, base-metal mineralization occurs preferentially within highly fractured structural intervals. The observed lower core recoveries within these intervals would then have a purely spatial correlation, not genetic, with the increased grades. Further analyses of the data would be needed for a more precise determination of the relationship between core recovery and base-metal grades.

No further analyses of the core recovery data was conducted in 2012. Overall, the data indicate good to excellent core recovery within the mineralized horizons and support the estimation of the Escobal resource to an Indicated level.

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13             MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

Independent and well-respected international testing facilities that have performed metallurgical test work on the Project include:

  • FLSmith Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
  • McClelland Laboratories (McClelland); Nevada, USA
  • SGS Lakefield; Canada
  • Economic Geology Consulting (EGC); Nevada, USA
  • Phillips Enterprises, LLC (PE); Colorado, USA.
  • Silver Valley Laboratories (SVL); Idaho, USA.
  • Kappes Cassiday Associates, Reno, Nevada, USA.

The laboratories do not hold ISO certification for metallurgical testing activities; this is typical for metallurgical test work facilities. Test work was performed on behalf of Entre Mares during 2008–2009.

Previous metallurgical test work conducted by McClelland Laboratories (McClelland), Utah, USA and Kappes Cassiday Associates, Reno, Nevada, USA (KCA) concluded that differential lead/zinc flotation producing a high value lead concentrate containing most of the silver and gold in the mill feed and a saleable lower value zinc concentrate was the optimum processing route.

The following conclusions were drawn from the test work conducted by McClelland Laboratories in May 2009:

  • The Escobal sulfide and mixed oxide/sulfide composites did not respond particularly well to gravity concentration treatment, at an 80%-106μm feed size.
  • The Escobal sulfide composites responded well to conventional bulk sulfide flotation treatment for recovery of gold and silver, at an 80%-75μm feed size
  • The Escobal sulfide composites showed good potential for selective flotation of contained lead and zinc.
  • The Escobal mixed oxide/sulfide composite did not respond as well to conventional bulk sulfide flotation treatment.
  • The Escobal composites were moderately amenable to whole ore milling/cyanidation treatment, at an 80%-75μm feed size.
  • The EC08-127 composite may have displayed a moderate preg-robbing tendency during whole ore cyanidation.
  • Adding activated carbon during whole ore cyanidation (CIL) leaching generally was effective in significantly improving gold and silver recoveries.
  • Cyanidation of flotation products, including regrind/intensive cyanidation of flotation rougher concentrates, was not particularly effective in increasing overall leach recoveries, when compared to whole ore CIL/cyanidation leaching.

FLSmidth Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories was selected in June 2010 to conduct a comprehensive metallurgical testing on a composite sample representative of the Escobal

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deposit. The objective of the Dawson Metallurgical testwork is to advance the design of the differential flotation circuit to process the mineralized material from the Escobal deposit. The sequence of flotation testwork being conducted by Dawson Metallurgical includes the following:

  • Grind time determination
  • Reagent screening for lead rougher flotation
  • Lead rougher flotation
  • Reagent screening for zinc rougher flotation
  • Zinc rougher flotation
  • Preliminary grind size optimization
  • Locked cycle testing
  • Tailing and concentrate physical property characterization

Hazen Research, Inc. located in Golden Colorado was selected in June 2010 to conduct a comprehensive comminution test program using PQ core samples drilled specifically for these tests. The tests include: JK drop weight tests, Bond rod mill tests, Bond ball mill tests, Bond crushing tests and abrasion testing.

13.1          SAMPLING

A total of 46 buckets of drill core samples were received for sample preparation and assay at Phillips Enterprises and stage crushed to minus 10-mesh prior to flotation testing.

Head assays for the master composite were conducted to determine gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and antimony (Sb). Also carbon (total/organic), non-sulfide lead and non-sulfide zinc were determined. The results of the head assay analysis for the master composite are presented in a table below.

Table 13-1: Master Composite Head Assay Results

Element Au, ppm Ag, ppm %Pb %Zn %Cu %Fe %Sb %C tot %C org Pb ns Zn ns
Assay 0.412 569 0.984 1.56 0.041 2.48 0.044 1.35 0.05 0.10 0.097

13.2          GRINDING TESTS

Two kilogram samples were ground in a mill at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minute intervals to establish the relationship between the grind sizes (P80) and grind times. The time required to achieve various grinds were obtained and tests were run at different grind sizes to ascertain the relationship between P80 versus metal recovery.

The test results shown in the tables below indicate that grinding beyond 105 microns did not result in any significant increase in metal recoveries. It was therefore decided that 105 microns was the optimum grind size for rougher flotation. This grind is being used for further testwork as well as the design of the process plant.

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Table 13-2: P80 Versus Metal Recovery to the Lead Rougher Concentrate


Test No

Grind P80
Metal Recovery to Pb Rougher Concentrate with SIPX as
Collector
  Microns %Au %Ag %Pb %Zn %Cu %Fe %Sb
9 231 55.3% 69.5% 83.6% 22.2% 57.7% 16.6% 28.0%
10 144 61.6% 75.5% 88.2% 20.8% 64.3% 18.3% 30.3%
11 105 67.0% 78.7% 88.7% 19.1% 64.0% 18.9% 30.8%
4 74 64.9% 82.9% 89.4% 17.9% 64.8% 22.8% 30.8%
12 46 67.9% 79.6% 82.6% 14.5% 64.6% 13.1% 30.0%
13 37 68.5% 76.5% 67.5% 11.4% 56.4% 10.3% 28.0%

Test No.
Grind Time
(P80,microns)
Metal Recovery to Pb Rougher Concentrate
With PAX as Collector
    %Au %Ag %Pb %Zn %Cu %Fe %Sb
22 35(150) 67.6% 81.1% 88.9% 31.9% 71.7% 34.7% 31.4%
23 45(105) 71.8% 81.3% 89.2% 25.7% 70.6% 37.2% 30.8%
24 60(75) 73.9% 81.2% 89.4% 24.1% 71.8% 36.4% 32.3%
25 85(53) 73.9% 80.0% 80.1% 15.1% 64.9% 21.2% 37.9%

13.3          GRINDABILITY TESTS

Phillips Enterprises, LLC conducted three ball mill grindability tests on Escobal Project samples as part of the McClelland Laboratories test work. The resulting ball mill work indices (Wi) from ball mill grindability tests conducted at closing screen of 100 mesh (150 micron) are shown below.

Table 13-3: Resulting Ball Mill Work Indices from Ball Mill Grindability Tests

Sample Wi (kW-hr/st) Wi (kW-hr/mt)
EC08 - 122 14.07 15.55
EC08 - 125 17.22 18.99
EC08 - 127 16.44 18.13
Average 15.91 17.56

A circuit consisting of one 5m by 8.5m (16.5 ft x 28 ft) ball mill in closed circuit with a hydrocyclone classifier was selected as a circuit that would likely meet the design tonnage. This circuit was based on the results from the comminution tests to produce a primary grind size of 80% passing 105 µm.

13.4          REAGENT SCREENING TESTS

Initial lead rougher flotation tests were conducted with Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate and Sodium Ethyl Xanthate and 3418A as the main collectors. It was observed that each collector tried worked well with the flotation being very fast and essentially being completed after 4 minutes.

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Microscopic examination of the concentrates indicated that concentrate contained galena as the main product with pyrite and gangue as the main contaminants with lesser but significant amounts of sphalerite as the third most common contaminant. Examination of the tails showed that the predominant sulfide minerals were pyrite and sphalerite with pyrite being in the majority. The minerals were very liberated with the only locking seen being small blebs of pyrite attached to gangue. It was also found that Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) performed better than Sodium Ethyl Xanthate. More reagent screening tests were conducted with the stronger xanthate, Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX), which improved the recovery of precious metals when compared with Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate as shown in the table below.

Table 13-4: Typical Metal Recovery to Lead Rougher Concentrate

Collector Type %Au %Ag %PB %Zn %Fe
SPIX 74.5 79.7 90.9 26.0 30.1
PAX 77.3 83.4 91.8 30.4 37.5
Difference 2.73 3.68 0.91 4.36 7.40

With the objective to maximize the precious metals recovery to the lead concentrate, Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) was used in subsequent tests as the main lead rougher collector.

The tests showed that galena floated well with xanthates as the main collectors. Pyrite and sphalerite floated with galena but not in unusual quantities considering the use of very strong collectors to maximize precious metals recoveries and the fact that pyrite is the most abundant sulfide in the material tested. The high degree of liberation indicates that a grind coarser than 75-microns is possible and that the rougher concentrate will clean well.

Initial zinc reagent screening tests were conducted with the tailings from the lead rougher flotation. Lime (Ca(OH)2), copper sulfate(CuSO4.5H2O) and Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) were added to the lead rougher tails slurry, conditioned for 5 minutes and a zinc rougher flotation step was completed after adding X-133 frother. The pH of the lead rougher tails slurry was raised to 9.5 with lime to depress pyrite and the copper sulfate was used to activate sphalerite.

Sphalerite floated well with PAX as the main collector at pH 9.5 and with about 30 g/t copper sulfate dosage for sphalerite activation. The results shown in the table below indicates that good recoveries of both lead and zinc are achievable in the rougher concentrates.

Table 13-5: Typical Metal Distribution in Rougher Flotation Products

Product Identification %Au %Ag %Pb %Zn %Fe
Lead Ro Con 76.72 82.29 91.10 31.7 29.83
Zinc Ro Con 5.56 4.91 2.94 61.89 13.39
Pb +Zn Con 82.28 87.20 94.03 93.64 43.22
Zinc Ro. Tail 17.72 12.80 5.97 6.36 56.78

More tests were conducted in September 2010 to address the following:

  • Recycle water. The Escobal Project design will strive to recycle as much water as possible minimizing treatment and discharge. Calcium in the lime used to raise the pH in zinc flotation depresses galena and precious metals and the copper sulfate used to activate sphalerite will increase the amount of sphalerite and pyrite that float to the lead rougher flotation concentrate if process water from the zinc flotation is recycled.

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  • Flotation Objectives. The best economic benefit for the project is to maximize the recovery of precious metals to the lead rougher circuit where the highest value can be achieved. Flow sheet design will therefore focus on recovery of precious metals to lead concentrate and achieving a marketable lead concentrate grade at the expense of some zinc recovery.

The flotation test program in progress to address the above objectives includes:

  • The use of co-collectors to improve the recovery of precious metals to the lead rougher concentrate

  • The use of rougher concentrate regrind to improve both the lead and zinc concentrate cleaner flotation response

  • The reduction or elimination of lime and or copper sulfate in the zinc rougher flotation circuit

  • The investigation of process water treatment options to remove lime and copper sulfate from recycle water.

Thirteen tests were run with co-collectors, 3418A, AF31, Aero 3477, AF 208, Flomin C-4920, Flomin C-4132, Flomin C-4150, Flomin C-7436, Flomin C-4930, Flomin C-7931. The co-collectors were either used with PAX in the lead rougher flotation or used in place of PAX in the zinc rougher flotation. The -10 mesh samples used for the tests were all ground to a P80 of 105 microns and X-133 was used as the frother for all the tests. Lime was not added to the zinc flotation circuit.

Table 13-6: Typical Metal Distribution in Rougher Flotation Products


Test #
Product
Identification
Co-Collectors
Used

%Au

%Ag

%Pb

%Zn

%Fe
42/43 Lead Ro Con AF31/C-4920 74.39 89.11 94.10 38.21 39.36
42/43 Zinc Ro Con 3418A 15.39 2.85 1.79 56.89 1.88
44/45 Lead Ro Con 3477 78.28 88.00 93.24 34.82 37.20
44/45 Zinc Ro Con C-7436 10.42 3.90 2.33 60.49 6.86
47 Lead Ro Con A-208 81.80 88.76 93.51 36.55 38.27
47 Zinc Ro Con SEX/ C-4132 4.74 2.75 1.65 56.96 4.84
48/49 Lead Ro Con C-4150 81.44 87.88 93.27 38.10 39.48
48/49 Zinc Ro Con SIPX/C-4132 6.69 2.83 1.80 56.40 3.59
50/51 Lead Ro Con C-7436 79.99 86.86 92.68 33.80 38.99
50/51 Zinc Ro Con SEX/C4150 5.71 3.86 2.35 60.28 4.82
52 Lead Ro Con C4930 80.98 87.17 93.20 37.04 39.96
52 Zinc Ro Con PAX/H2 SO 4 4.34 4.73 3.01 60.35 5.97
53/54 Lead Ro Con C-7931 84.35 87.17 93.89 37.14 36.64
53/54 Zinc Ro Con C-7931 2.42 3.26 1.94 57.22 5.30

93

The results of the tests showed that additional silver (and gold) could be recovered to the lead rougher concentrate by using co-collectors. The best results for silver recovery were obtained with a combination of AF31/Flomin C-4920 and Aerofloat 208 as co-collectors. The tests gave silver recoveries of 89.11% and 88.76% to the lead rougher concentrates. A closer examination shows that Aerofloat 208 may be a better co-collector since it floated more gold (81.80% vs 74.39%) and less zinc (36.55% vs 38.21%) and iron (38.27% vs 39.36) . than the AF31/Flomin C-4920 combination. Unfortunately the co-collectors also improved the flotation of the main contaminants sphalerite and pyrite to the lead rougher concentrate. More tests and mineralogical studies need to be conducted to ascertain whether there is some association of silver with sphalerite and pyrite. Testing currently in progress is analyzing the alternative of regrinding the rougher concentrate to improve mineral liberation, the use of sphalerite, and pyrite depressants to improve both the recovery of precious metals to and the grade of the final lead concentrate.

The results of the tests using very selective zinc collectors and co-collectors produced good results with less than 6% zinc left in the zinc (final) rougher tails in all the tests. The best result was achieved with SEX/Flomin C-4150 co-collector combination where 60.28% of the zinc in the ore reported to the zinc rougher concentrate with only 2.35% lead and 4.82% iron reporting in the zinc rougher concentrate. The 3418A co-collector had the lowest amount of contaminants of 1.79% lead and 1.88% iron but had only 56.89% of zinc reporting to the zinc rougher concentrate.

The following conclusions are drawn from the test work conducted so far by the Dawson’s Metallurgical:

  • The Escobal sulfide ore is amenable to selective flotation producing a lead concentrate with most of the silver and gold in the lead concentrate and a clean zinc concentrate with some precious metals content.

  • Grinding the ore to 80 percent passing 105 microns produced mineral liberation suitable for the flotation process.

  • Ore floated well with normal flotation reagents such as; potassium amyl xanthate (PAX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), copper sulfate (CuSO4 ), zinc sulfate, Aerofloat 208 and Aerofroth X-133.

  • Very selective collectors and co-collectors can be used in the zinc circuit at lower pH to eliminate the use of lime.

13.5          DETERMINATION OF RECOVERIES AND REAGENT CONSUMPTIONS

The following recoveries and reagent consumptions will be used based on test work and determinations described in the preceding sections:

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Table 13-7: Escobal Concentrator Operational Parameters

Parameter Value Units
Silver Recovery 86.7 Percent
Gold Recovery 75.1 Percent
Lead Recovery 82.5 Percent
Zinc Recovery 82.6 percent
Bond Work Index 17.56 kW-hr/Mt
Primary Grind Size (P80) 105 Microns

Table 13-8: Reagent Consumptions

Parameter Value Units
Collectors 60 g/t
Activators 30 g/t
Depressants 80 g/t
Frothers 30 g/t
Flocculant 60 g/t

13.6          ESTIMATED METALLURGICAL RECOVERIES

13.6.1        Design Throughput

The design basis for the Escobal project processing facility is 4,500/5,500 dry metric tons per day (mtpd) or 1,642,500/2,007,500 dry metric tons per year (mtpy). Sufficient resources are available for 19 years of milling at this rate.

13.6.2        Metallurgy

Process development to determine concentrator unit operations and to set the design criteria for the unit operations has been done by McClelland Laboratories Inc. of Reno, Nevada and FLSmidth Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories of Salt lake City, Utah. M3 has reviewed the data supplied by McClelland Laboratories Inc. and Dawson Metallurgical Laboratories and has relied on it to develop the process design criteria to be used for the design of the process facilities. The metallurgical testing program has followed industry accepted practices and is believed to be technically sound and representative for the deposit, although there can be no guarantee that all mineralogical assemblages have been tested. In addition, results obtained by testing vein samples may not always be representative of results obtained from production scale processing of the whole deposit. M3 has extrapolated the design criteria included in this document from test results. These preliminary design criteria may change as more computer simulation, laboratory, or pilot plant performance testing becomes available.

McClelland’s and Dawson Metallurgical froth flotation test data from samples of the Escobal sulfide resources has shown 75.1 percent gold recovery, 86.7 silver recovery, 82.5% lead recovery and 82.6% zinc from feed grades averaging 415 g/t silver, 0.47 g/t gold, 0.72% lead and 1.23% zinc.

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McClelland's tests also show that flotation recoveries of 66% and 84% for gold and silver were achievable from a mixed oxide/sulfide sample that had only about half the amount of sulfide sulfur contained in the sulfide samples. Based on experience at comparable deposits it is reasonable to assume that similar recoveries can be achieved for oxide material blended with sulfide material, though further testwork is required.

Metallurgical testing of material from the East Extension and West/Margarito Zone is currently in progress. Samples from each of these areas appear to be same mineralogically as samples tested from the Central and East zones and there is no reason to believe samples from the East Extension and West/Margarito will perform differently metallurgically. Results from this test work are expected in the third quarter of 2012.

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14             MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

14.1          INTRODUCTION

The mineral resource estimate described in this technical report is an update of a previous mineral resource estimate completed by MDA and publically reported on November 29, 2010. Mineral resource estimation for the Escobal project follows the guidelines of Canadian National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”). The modeling and estimation of silver, gold, lead, and zinc resources were done under the supervision of Paul G. Tietz, a qualified person under NI 43-101 with respect to mineral resource estimation. Mr. Tietz is independent of Tahoe by the definitions and criteria set forth in NI 43-101; there is no affiliation between Mr. Tietz and Tahoe except that of an independent consultant/client relationship. There are no mineral reserves estimated for the Escobal project.

The mineral resource described in this Report has an effective date for data input of January 23, 2012 and includes the data and analyses resulting from Tahoe Resources’ 2011 work program up to and including drill hole E11-348. For the current resource estimate, MDA audited the data derived from drilling through December 2011, analyzed QA/QC data, conducted a site visit, and collected samples of drill core for verification purposes. All of these subjects are discussed in Section 14 of the technical report.

The Escobal deposit was modeled and estimated by evaluating the drill data statistically, interpreting mineral domains on cross sections and then level plans, analyzing the modeled mineralization statistically to establish estimation parameters, and estimating silver, lead, gold, and zinc grades into a three-dimensional block model. All modeling of the Escobal resources was performed using Gemcom Surpac® software.

All of the procedures and methods used to model and estimate the Escobal deposit are similar to those used by MDA in the previous 2010 resource estimate. Specific data and results have been updated to reflect the current work.

Although MDA is not an expert with respect to any of the following factors, MDA is not aware of any unusual environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, or political factors that may materially affect the Escobal mineral resources as of the date of this report.

14.2          DATA

The Escobal deposit mineral resource reported in this technical report is based on project drill database consisting of 355 drill holes totaling 122,665 m. The project database includes the three Areneras and two Granadillo drill holes listed in drill total table in Section 10.1. The large majority of the drilling has been by diamond core drilling methods with the database containing 345 diamond core holes for 119,492 m. The remaining drilling was by reverse circulation “RC” methods (four drill holes for 751 m) or a combination of RC and diamond core (six drill holes for 2,422 m). The Escobal drill-hole assay database contains 22,937 silver assays, 22,936 gold assays, 22,844 lead assays, and 22,844 zinc assays. The geology database includes drill-hole lithology, alteration, vein type and percentages, sulfide content, and oxidation state data. Digital topography at 2 m-contours was supplied by Tahoe.

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14.3          DEPOSIT GEOLOGY PERTINENT TO RESOURCE MODELING

Mineralization within the Escobal deposit is associated with two generally east-west trending structures (Central and East) that are characterized by multi-phase brecciation and quartz±sulfide veining. The mineralized structures can be up to 50m wide, though widths of 10-30m are more common. The structure/wallrock boundaries are often not distinct sharp contacts, but consist of a gradual decrease in brecciation/veining over a 5-10m distance. This gradation is especially common within the hanging wall andesite wallrock in the Central and East zones. Conversely, the footwall boundary is more clearly defined within the sedimentary rocks in the deeper sections of the Central Zone. Peripheral to the main mineralized structures, mineralization occurs within thin (<0.5m) sulfide-bearing quartz veins and breccias.

The Central Zone structure extends 1,200 m along a general east-west strike. [The western portion of the Central Zone is often referred to as the West Zone in various project reports and by project personnel. For the purposes of this technical report, the Central Zone refers to the combined West and Central zones.] The upper portion of the Central Zone primarily dips steeply to the north at approximately 70-75 degrees while at depth it becomes near-vertical. Its vertical extent is approximately 950m, and though the mineralization appears to be weakening, the Central Zone is still considered open at depth. Within its eastern half, the upper portion of the Central structure is truncated against a weakly to moderately mineralized, east-dipping structure whose orientation is sub-parallel to the main East Zone structure. Structural interpretations suggest that this Central Zone east-dipping structure is the structurally -offset western extension of the East Zone structure.

A late, generally weakly mineralized, quartz-calcite vein event occurs within the middle and eastern portions of the Central Zone mineralized structure. The late veining occurs as distinct, predominantly post-mineralization veining, often less than 1m thick, that cuts through intervals of higher-grade mineralization. The late veining is prevalent in almost all intercepts to some degree, with the percentage of late vein directly affecting the assay grade of the individual sample intervals. Where the late quartz-calcite vein attains an appreciable thickness (up to 10m), a “metal void” is created in the otherwise generally continuous high-grade mineralization. Isolated instances of higher-grade mineralization within the vein often are associated with the presence of sulfide-rich, clasts or remnant slivers of the mineralized wallrock.

The East Zone structure, which lies a few hundred meters east- northeast of the larger Central Zone structure, extends 850m along a general N80E strike and dips to the south at approximately 60-70 degrees. The East Zone has a vertical extent of approximately 800m, and is still considered open at depth. Drilling in 2011 has extended the East Zone mineralization both along strike to the east and down-dip. A near-vertical, east-trending mineralized structure, similar in orientation to the Central Zone mineralized structure, has been encountered at depth within the East Zone. The east-southeast plunging intersection of this structure with the primary south-dipping East Zone structure is a structurally complex area hosting significant mineralization. Extensions of the near-vertical structure up through the East Zone are marked by narrow, though often high-grade, quartz-sulfide veins.

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The tuff lithology which overlies the andesite in the East Zone is a post-mineralization unit, and the East Zone mineralization truncates against the base of the tuff.

The Central and East zones contain predominantly sulfide mineralization, with minor oxide and mixed oxide/sulfide material within the upper portions of both zones. Silver, lead, and zinc occur throughout the Central and East zones, with better grades generally occurring within the sulfide mineralization. Gold also occurs throughout the deposit, though the richest gold mineralization is within the oxide and mixed material within the upper levels of the East Zone. Increased gold mineralization was also encountered in the 2011 drilling within the deeper portions of the Central Zone.

14.4          GEOLOGIC MODEL

A cross-sectional geologic model of the Escobal deposit was created by Tahoe and MDA. The cross-sections looked due east and were evenly spaced on 50m intervals. The cross-sections are numbered using the project’s UTM Easting coordinates with the westernmost section being section 805700E and the eastern section is 808000E.

Drill-hole information, including rock type, oxidation, and type and percentage of veining, along with the topographic surface, were plotted on the cross sections. To augment the plotted drill information, the core photos of almost all of the drill holes were analyzed for structural information, especially the angle to core axis orientation of the mineralized veins and breccias. The core photo review also allowed for greater definition on the vein types and structural zone contacts.

The geologic model constructed from this data included 1) the wallrock lithologies, with all apparent structural offsets, 2) the oxidation boundaries showing oxide, mixed oxide and sulfide, and sulfide material, and 3) the mineralized structures within the Central and East zones. The latter structural zone model was used as a template to guide the mineral-domain modeling (discussed below).

Included in the Central Zone structural geology was the modeling of the distinct through-going, late quartz-calcite vein. The location and thickness of the late vein was determined by those drill intercepts which are dominantly composed of massive, late quartz-calcite veining. As discussed in the previous section, the late veining can occur throughout the full width of the mineralized structure zone as less than 1m-thick veins. With the current drill spacing, it is not practical to model the thin veins at the scale of the Escobal deposit. As such, the current resource model, with the one distinct late quartz-calcite vein trending through the heart of the Central mineralization, is simplistic in its representation of this weakly mineralized veining.

The inability to accurately estimate the weakly mineralized, late-stage veining, and its effect on the metal-grade distribution, is an uncertainty in the current resource model.

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The lithology and oxidation models were converted into 3-dimensional solids which were used to code the block model. The lithology and oxidation codes were used to assign density values to the block model (see Section 14.6 for details on the block model density), while the oxidation coding was also used for resource classification.

14.5          MINERAL-DOMAIN GRADE MODELS

Cross-sectional mineral-domain models for each of the four metals were created for the Central and East zones. Distribution plots of silver, gold, lead, and zinc grades were made to help define the natural populations of metal grades to be modeled on the cross sections. The natural populations from the distribution plots were checked against the drill data and geologic model to determine if the populations represented realistic, continuous mineral types. Low-grade, moderate-grade, and high-grade mineral domains (domain codes 100, 200, and 300, respectively, in the block model) were determined for all four metals.

The resulting grade populations used to create the mineral domains are shown in Table 14-1.

Table 14-1: Mineral Domain Grade Populations

Metal Zone Low-Grade Domain
(domain 100)
Mid-Grade Domain
(domain 200)
High-Grade Domain
(domain 300)
Silver Central      ~ 5 – 130g Ag/t ~ 130 – 1300g Ag/t ~ >1300g Ag/t
East      ~ 5 – 145g Ag/t ~ 145 – 800g Ag/t ~ >800g Ag/t
Gold Central ~ 0.06 – 0.5g Au/t ~ 0.5 – 2.0g Au/t ~ >2.0g Au/t
East ~ 0.13 – 0.37g Au/t ~ 0.37 – 1.0g Au/t ~ >1.0g Au/t
Lead Central ~ 0.0025 – 0.05% Pb ~ 0.05 – 1.5% Pb ~ >1.5% Pb
East ~ 0.0025 – 0.08% Pb ~ 0.08 – 0.6% Pb ~ >0.6% Pb
Zinc Central ~ 0.0075 – 0.16% Zn ~ 0.16 – 1.0% Zn ~ >1.0% Zn
East ~ 0.0075 – 0.06% Zn ~ 0.15 – 0.85% Zn ~ >0.85% Zn

Distinct mineral domains, which were used to control estimation, were created based on the analytical population breaks indicated by the distribution plots and the geological interpretation. The mineral domains as modeled and drawn on the cross sections are not strict “grade shells” but are created using geologic information for defining orientation, geometry, continuity, and contacts in conjunction with the grades. Each of these domains represents a distinct style of mineralization. While all metals are generally spatially related, they are not always exactly coincident, thereby requiring separate domain models for each metal.

The unique metal-grade and geologic characteristics of the late, quartz-calcite vein required the creation of a unique mineral domain for it within each of the four metals (domain code 110). The late vein mineral domain included all late vein assay values and restricted estimation to within the late vein.

At the start of the mineral-domain modeling, it was realized that the low-grade gold domain was smaller in cross-sectional area than the low-grade silver domain. To assure that some level of gold mineralization would be estimated into all blocks containing silver, a dilutional domain (domain code 10) was added to the gold mineral-domain model.

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The mineral domain models were constructed by MDA and Tahoe personnel, though the final edits and review were done by MDA. Each metal was modeled independently, though the completed silver sectional model was used to help guide the general trends of the gold, lead, and zinc domain models. For the current resource estimate, a spatial and statistical analysis indicated a close relationship between the lead and zinc low- and mid-grade sectional domains. Accordingly, the low- and mid-grade lead sectional domains were used as a proxy for the corresponding zinc sectional domains. A unique high-grade zinc sectional domain was created due to the increased variation from the lead high-grade domain.

The mineral domain cross sections were three-dimensionally rectified to 5 m level plans, which coincide with the center of the block-model’s vertical block size. The rectified levels were used to code domain percentages into the block model.

Typical cross sections through the Central Zone silver domain model are shown in Figure 14-1 and Figure 14-2, while the East Zone silver domain model is shown in Figure 14-3. Also included on the cross-section figures are estimation areas used to both restrict the samples used for estimation, and to define orientations for estimation search ellipsoids. See Sections 14.7 and 14.8 for further details on the estimation areas.

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Figure 14-1: Section 806400 – Escobal Central Zone Silver Geologic Model

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Figure 14-2: Section 806800 – Escobal Central Zone Silver Geologic Model

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Figure 14-3: Section 807450 – Escobal East Zone Silver Geologic Model

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14.6          DENSITY

The following section on Escobal density is taken from the November 2010 technical report. No further analysis of the data has been completed.

The density values used in the current resource estimate are based on 3,397 density measurements collected by Tahoe from diamond drill core in the Escobal resource area. The samples were grouped according to lithology, oxidation state, and lead mineral domains, as discussed in Sections 14.4 and 14.5. The oxidation state (oxidized, mixed oxidized and sulfidic, and sulfidic) and lead domains (100, 110, 200, and 300) were used as a spatial control on model density due to the correlation with sulfide content, which is the dominant factor in density variation within the mineral model. After completing a statistical review of the density data, MDA eliminated two samples as being outliers or improbable and capped two measurements. Due to potential sample collection bias (the use of whole solid core versus fractured, possibly less-dense core), MDA lowered the values of each group by about 1% for use in the current resource estimate. The lithology, oxidation state, and mineral domains were used to code the block model with the assigned density values.

The density values used in the estimate are shown in the "Model" columns in Table 14-2 and Table 14-3. Table 14-2 lists the density values used for the wallrock lithologies. There are no density data for the overlying Tertiary tuff lithology, and a density value of 2.54g/cm3 was assigned to this lithology. The lack of density data for the tuff is not considered significant to the current resource estimation because no mineralization has been modeled into this post-mineralization rock unit.

The density values used for the mineralized material, which have the most impact on the resource estimate, are represented in Table 14-3. Within all mineral domains, there was a natural grouping of density values by oxidation state; lower density values for the oxidized and mixed material as compared to the higher density values within the sulfide material. The mineral domain densities vary from 2.52g/cm 3 within the oxidized and mixed low-grade (100 domain) material, to 2.82g/cm 3 within the sulfidic high-grade (300 domain) material within the Central Zone. The increased presence of massive sulfide in the Central Zone as compared to the East Zone is demonstrated in the density values; as a result, unique values for the 300 lead domain mineralization are assigned to each zone. This difference in density between East and West zones for the lower grade domains is not observed, so one density value is used for each of the 100 and 200 mineral domains in both zones. The limited sampling in the oxidized/mixed 300 domain resulted in MDA assigning the same values as those for the 200 domain for this rock type. Additional density measurements for the oxidized/mixed high-grade mineralization are recommended.

The block’s density value is the volume-weighted average of the unmineralized lithologic density, combined with the volumes of lead mineralization domains.

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Table 14-2: Lithology Density Values Used in Model

Lithology # Mean Median Min. Max. Std.Dev. Model
andesite 291 2.63 2.65 2.17 2.87 0.09 2.61
sediment 246 2.65 2.67 2.14 2.99 0.12 2.64
tuff No data           2.54

Table 14-3: Mineral Domain Density Values Used in Model

Pb Domain Ox. State # Mean Median Min. Max. Std.Dev. Model
100 Ox-Mix 186 2.55 2.55 2.16 2.79 0.09 2.52
200 Ox-Mix 114 2.57 2.57 2.26 2.84 0.09 2.54
300 Ox-Mix 6 2.51 2.52 2.30 2.67 0.15 2.54
110 all 126 2.64 2.63 2.44 3.64 0.11 2.59
100 Sulfide 472 2.65 2.67 2.17 2.99 0.09 2.63
200 Sulfide 1835 2.68 2.68 1.81 3.39 0.10 2.65
300 (East) Sulfide 162 2.77 2.74 2.56 3.31 0.14 2.72
300 (Central) Sulfide 418 2.90 2.80 2.15 4.30 0.31 2.82

14.7          SAMPLE CODING AND COMPOSITING

Drill-hole assays were coded by the sectional mineral-domain polygons. The coded drill samples were then sub-divided into four groups using 3-dimensional solids created from the estimation areas shown in Figure 14- 1,Figure 14-2, and Figure 14-3. The four assay groups are:

  1)

Outside the Central structural zone (estimation areas 10, 11, and 20),

  2)

Inside the Central structural zone (estimation areas 15 and 16),

  3)

Outside the East structural zone (estimation area 30), and

  4)

Inside the East structural zone (estimation area 35).

The drill samples, and subsequent composite samples, were sub-divided in this manner to restrict estimation across the boundaries of the mineralized structural zones. This was done to restrict the higher-grade structural zone assays to only influence blocks within the structural zone. Allowing the structural zone assays to estimate outside of the primary structure would have resulted in a clear overestimation of grade within the generally weakly altered wallrock.

All mineralization domains were evaluated in these groups, both statistically and spatially, within this geologic context. After these analyses, MDA capped a total of 144 individual metal analyses, for all domains and areas within all metals, which were statistically and spatially deemed beyond a given domain’s natural population of samples. This number of samples capped represents approximately 0.3% of the total assay values within the database. The capped analyses occur within all grade ranges and all estimation areas. Descriptive statistics of the uncapped and capped sample grades by estimation area and domain are given in Appendix C.

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Compositing was made at 3 m down-hole lengths, honoring all mineral domain and estimation area boundaries. Composite descriptive statistics for the estimation area groups and respective metal domains are presented in Table 14-4.

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Table 14-4: Escobal Mineral Domain Composite Statistics


 
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Table 14-4: Escobal Mineral Domain Composite Statistics (Continued)


 
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14.8          RESOURCE MODEL AND ESTIMATION

The Escobal resource block model replicates the relatively complex metal distributions and geometries observed in the geologic and mineral-domain cross-sectional models. Because of the rather contorted geometries and the unique composite grouping needed to control the estimation, eight separate estimation areas were created at Escobal; five in the Central Zone (areas 10, 11, 15, 16, and 20) and three in the East Zone (areas 30, 35 and 36). The locations of these areas relative to the mineral domains are shown in Figure 14-1, Figure 14-2, and Figure 14-3. The estimation areas were modeled with solids, which were used to code the block model.

The portion of each 5 m by 5 m by 2.5 m block inside each mineral domain was estimated using only composites from inside its respective domain and estimation area group. Grade interpolation utilized Inverse Distance Cubed (ID3), with nearest neighbor and ordinary kriging estimates also being made for checking estimation results and sensitivities. All estimations used three search passes, and successive passes did not overwrite previous estimation passes. The final pass filled the modeled domains. Strict (5m) search restrictions (pullbacks) were employed for the higher-grade values for all four metals within the late-stage quartz calcite vein (domain 110). Less restrictive pullbacks were also employed for specific zinc and gold domains to control the influence of the extreme high-grade samples. The Escobal estimation parameters are given in Table 14-5.

Variography and geostatistical evaluations were made to determine distances for search and classification criteria. A grade relationship for silver of up to 40m outside of the East and Central structural zones and 60 m inside the structural zones was observed in the statistics, and this value was used in the criteria for classifying Indicated resources.

Table 14-5: Escobal Estimation Parameters for Mineral Resources

Description Parameter
SEARCH PARAMETERS: All Estimation Areas
Samples: minimum/maximum/maximum per hole (1st pass search) 2 / 9 / 3
Samples: minimum/maximum/maximum per hole (2nd and 3rd pass searches) 1 / 9 / 3
First Pass Search (m): major/semimajor/minor 75 / 75 / 37.5
                                 Second Pass Search (m): major/semimajor/minor 150 / 150 / 75
Third Pass Search (m): major/semimajor/minor Fill all domains
 
SEARCH ELLIPSOID ORIENTATIONS
Search Bearing/Plunge/Tilt : Estimation areas 10 and 15 270o / 0o / -62.5o
Search Bearing/Plunge/Tilt : Estimation areas 11 and 16 270o / 0o / 90o
Search Bearing/Plunge/Tilt : Estimation area 20 260o / 0o / 60o
Search Bearing/Plunge/Tilt : Estimation areas 30 and 35 260o / 0o / 65o
Search Bearing/Plunge/Tilt : Estimation areas 36 260o / 0o / -70o

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SEARCH RESTRICTIONS

Domain Areas Grade Threshold Search
Restriction (m)
Estimation Pass
Ag 110 all >250 g/t 5 all
Pb 110 all >0.25 % 5 all
Zn 110 all >0.4 % 5 all
Au 110 all >1.0 g/t 5 all
Zn 300 15, 16 >1.0 % 75 all
Au 300 30 >25 g/t 75 all
Au 300 35 >6 g/t 75 all

14.9          RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

MDA classified the Escobal resources in order of increasing geological and quantitative confidence into Inferred and Indicated categories defined by the “CIM Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves” in 2005, in compliance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101. CIM mineral resource definitions are given below:

Mineral Resource

Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories. An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applied to an Indicated Mineral Resource. An Indicated Mineral Resource has a higher level of confidence than an Inferred Mineral Resource but has a lower level of confidence than a Measured Mineral Resource.

A Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge.

The term Mineral Resource covers mineralization and natural material of intrinsic economic interest which has been identified and estimated through exploration and sampling and within which Mineral Reserves may subsequently be defined by the consideration and application of technical, economic, legal, environmental, socio-economic and governmental factors. The phrase ‘reasonable prospects for economic extraction’ implies a judgment by the Qualified Person in respect of the technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction. A Mineral Resource is an inventory of mineralization that under realistically assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions might become economically extractable. These assumptions must be presented explicitly in both public and technical reports.

Inferred Mineral Resource

An ‘Inferred Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.

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Due to the uncertainty that may be attached to Inferred Mineral Resources, it cannot be assumed that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will be upgraded to an Indicated or Measured Mineral Resource as a result of continued exploration. Confidence in the estimate is insufficient to allow the meaningful application of technical and economic parameters or to enable an evaluation of economic viability worthy of public disclosure. Inferred Mineral Resources must be excluded from estimates forming the basis of feasibility or other economic studies.

Indicated Mineral Resource

An ‘Indicated Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.

Mineralization may be classified as an Indicated Mineral Resource by the Qualified Person when the nature, quality, quantity and distribution of data are such as to allow confident interpretation of the geological framework and to reasonably assume the continuity of mineralization. The Qualified Person must recognize the importance of the Indicated Mineral Resource category to the advancement of the feasibility of the project. An Indicated Mineral Resource estimate is of sufficient quality to support a Preliminary Feasibility Study which can serve as the basis for major development decisions.

Measured Mineral Resource

A ‘Measured Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.

Mineralization or other natural material of economic interest may be classified as a Measured Mineral Resource by the Qualified Person when the nature, quality, quantity and distribution of data are such that the tonnage and grade of the mineralization can be estimated to within close limits and that variation from the estimate would not significantly affect potential economic viability. This category requires a high level of confidence in, and understanding of, the geology and controls of the mineral deposit.

14.10         MINERAL RESOURCES

MDA classified the Escobal resources by a combination of distance to the nearest sample and the number of samples, while at the same time taking into account reliability of underlying data and understanding and use of the geology. All estimated mineralization was assigned to be at least Inferred. There are no Measured resources within the Escobal deposit at this time, primarily due to limited QA/QC data and some spatial uncertainty within parts of the model. To be classified as Indicated, the blocks outside of the East and Central structural zones must be within an average distance of 40m to two silver composites, coming from two different drill holes, within an 80m isotropic search. The isotropic search is limited to those composites outside of the structural zones. This effectively creates a requirement of two drill holes having the closest sample within 40m. Within the East and Central structural zones, Indicated blocks must be within an average distance of 60m to two silver composites, coming from two different drill holes, within a 120m isotropic search. The 120m isotropic search is limited to those composites inside of the structural zones. There are no Indicated resources within the oxide portions of the deposit or in the gold-dominant oxide and mixed material within the upper levels of the East zone, due to the reasons noted above and also due to a lack of metallurgical data and some uncertainty in the density data within the oxide material. None of these issues detract from the overall confidence in the global project resource estimate, but they do detract from confidence in some of the accuracy which MDA believes is required for Measured and Indicated in these specific areas. The resource classifications will likely rise when those issues listed above are resolved.

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Because of the requirement that the resource exists “in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction,” MDA is reporting the resources at an approximate economic cutoff grade that is reasonable for deposits of this nature that will likely be mined by underground methods. As such, some economic considerations were used to determine cutoff grades at which the resource is presented. MDA considered reasonable metal prices and extraction costs and recoveries, albeit in a general sense.

The Escobal reported resource is summarized in Table 14-6, while the Escobal estimation results are tabulated by classification and oxidation state in Table 14-7; the latter table provides the resource numbers at various AgEq cutoff grades to better assess grade-tonnage fluctuation. The stated resource comes from the block-diluted grade within the entire 5m by 5m by 2.5m blocks and is tabulated on a silver-equivalent ("AgEq") cutoff grade of 150g AgEq/t. All material, regardless of which metal is present and which is absent, is tabulated. Because multiple metals exist, but on a local scale do not necessarily co-exist, the AgEq grade is used for tabulation. Using the individual metal grades of each block, the AgEq grade is calculated using the following formula:

g AgEq/t = g Ag/t + (0.0026 * Pb ppm) + (52 * g Au/t) + (0.024 * Zn ppm)

This formula is based on prices of US$25.00 per ounce silver, US$0.90 per pound zinc, US$0.95per pound lead, and US$1300.00 per ounce gold. No metal recoveries are applied, as this is the in situ resource, though expected recoveries are similar across all metals resulting in no change to the stated equivalency formula. Typical cross sections through the Escobal block model showing AgEq block grades for the Central and East zones are given in Figure 14-4, Figure 14-5, and Figure 14-6. These are the same cross-section locations used to depict the mineral-domain models in Section 14.5.

Silver is the dominant metal throughout much of the Escobal deposit accounting for, on average, approximately 85 percent of the in situ block values. The one exception to the silver-dominant mineralization style is within the upper levels of the East Zone where the mineralization is primarily gold with decreased silver, lead, and zinc. The highest estimated gold grades (up to 40g Au/t) at Escobal occur within this area, and much of the AgEq stated resource is driven by the gold content in that area. Drilling within this localized area is more widely-spaced than in much of the East Zone, and the spatial location of the high-grade gold is not fully understood.

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MDA recommends that additional infill drilling must be completed to better characterize the gold mineralization.

Table 14-6: Escobal Deposit Reported Resource


 
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Table 14-7: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation


 
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Table 14-8: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation (continued)


 
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Table 14-9: Escobal Deposit AgEq Resource Tabulation (continued)


 
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Figure 14-4: Section 806400 – Escobal Central Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades

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Figure 14-5: Section 806800 – Escobal Central Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades

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Figure 14-6: Section 807500 – Escobal East Zone Block Model: AgEq Block Grades

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Checks were made on the Escobal resource model in the following manner:

  1

Cross sections with the mineral domains, drill-hole assays and geology, topography, sample coding, and block grades with classification were reviewed for reasonableness;

     
  2

Block-model information, such as coding, number of samples, and classification were checked visually by domain and lithology on sections and long-sections;

     
  3

Cross-section mineral domain volumes to level plan mineral domain volumes, to block model mineral domain volumes were checked;

     
  4

Nearest-neighbor and indicator kriging models were made for comparison;

     
  5

Sectional polygonal models were calculated from the original modeled section domains; and

     
  6

Quantile-quantile plots of assays, composites, and block- model grades were made to evaluate differences in distributions of metals throughout all domains and areas.

The resource estimate is considered reasonable, honors the geology, and is supported by the geologic model.

14.11         DISCUSSION, QUALIFICATIONS, RISK, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Escobal deposit’s Central Zone hosts laterally continuous mineralization over a 1,200m strike and up to 900m down-dip. The East Zone mineralization is up to 850m along strike and 800m down-dip. Sulfide mineralization is dominant, with silver, lead, and zinc occurring in potentially economic grades throughout most of the sulfide mineralization. Gold distribution is more erratic within the sulfide mineralization but can be high grade (>10g Au/t) within the oxidized portions of the East Zone where gold is the dominant metal.

The Escobal resource estimate is based on sufficient drill-sample analytical and density measurements, detailed drill-hole lithology and alteration data, and preliminary metallurgical results, to support a classification of Indicated for much of the sulfide mineralization. The lack of metallurgical testing on the oxide material and some spatial uncertainty in the model have resulted in an Inferred classification for all of the oxide portions of the deposit.

Additional drilling to better characterize the gold mineralization within the upper levels of the East Zone is recommended where economic viability is dominated by gold. Both the Central and East zones are open at depth, and further extensional drilling is recommended.

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15             MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES

There are no mineral reserves reported for the Escobal project.

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16             MINING METHODS

16.1          CURRENT STATUS

Underground development commenced in May, 2011, with construction of the East Central and West Central decline portals; after which ramp development began. Figure 16-3, Figure 16-4, and Figure 16-5 are plan maps of the development advance as of April 1, 2012. Development is scheduled to reach the 1190 meter elevation where initial production is expected to commence in the second half of 2013. Tahoe intends to operate Escobal with a minimum of expatriates which requires training Guatemalans in all aspects of the mining processes. Tahoe is committed to accomplishing this with a focus on safety, preventing accidents, and achieving production goals with safety performance at or above the performance of the top North American mining operations. Achieving our training and safety performance goals coupled with the persistence of weak soils and blocky ground to depths in excess of those anticipated in the initial analysis have resulted in slower than anticipated initial ramp advance and higher development costs than anticipated in the November 2010 PEA. However, advance rates have been within the contingency allowance for this phase of the project. Methods of development advance are expected to continue as anticipated in the November 2010 PEA and overall development and equipment costs for the 3,500 tonne per day case will be within the budgeted levels and be completed as scheduled in the November 2010 PEA.

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Figure 16-1: East Central Decline Portal Area


Figure 16-2: West Central Decline Portal Area

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Figure 16-3: East Central Ramp

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Figure 16-4: West Central Ramp

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Figure 16-5: East and West Central Ramp

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Exploration success since completion of the November 2010 PEA has added significant high quality resources to the Escobal inventory. The additions have prompted the need to evaluate the ability for expansion of the mine and process plant production capacity. With the additional resources the mine clearly has excess annual production capacity beyond that contemplated in the original PEA. In order to take advantage of that capacity, transverse long-hole stoping will replace longitudinal long-hole stoping in areas where the horizontal dimensions across the strike of the vein are greater than 15 meters. This will allow an increase in the number of active producing workplaces in the mine at any given time.

Approximately 15,000 meters of additional primary development ramps and 1,100 meters of raise will be required to access and develop the new resources. Primary development has been accelerated compared to the previous plan in order to access the new resources and allow increased production. This will be accomplished through the addition of development crews and equipment rather than an increase in productivity. Footwall laterals in waste will be used to access stoping areas in lieu of the individual spiral ramps that were utilized in the earlier study for stope development. Two cases have been analyzed in this study; increasing mine production to 4,500 tonnes per day and capping it at that rate throughout the mine life, or increasing mine production to 4,500 tonnes per day, making major modifications to the process plant and then further increasing mine production to 5,500 tonnes per day for the remainder of the mine life. The mine plan for the two cases only differ in the timing of development and a slightly smaller equipment fleet for the 4,500 tonne per day case.

16.2          LONG HOLE MINING

Production from the Escobal resource will be extracted by long-hole stoping methods. Two variations of this mining method will be utilized. Where the vein dimension across the strike is less than 15 meters, longitudinal long-hole stoping will be applied. This method consists of driving horizontal drifts on two different sublevels along the strike of the vein and then blasting the mineralized material vertically from the upper level or over-cut to the lower level or undercut. As the vein is mined along strike, the stability of the stope walls decreases. This stability decrease is related to many factors but the key factors are rock strength and vein dip. As the size of the excavated opening approaches the point that instability in the stope walls begins to result in spalling or surface failure, mining must cease and the void is backfilled and the process continues. This instability point, the point where the maximum design hydraulic radius is reached, has been calculated for each individual stope utilizing the large geotechnical data base collected during exploration. In order to maximize the stability of the hanging wall along strike, the hanging wall will be cable bolted on 1.2 meter centers and a minimum of 8 meters into the hanging wall.

Productivities were calculated for each stope based on a stoping life cycle simulation. The time required for on-vein development of over- and under-cuts, followed by long-hole mining to the maximum safe strike length, preparation time for backfilling, backfilling and re-entry were estimated and productivities were then calculated. Productivities developed with these criteria were then reduced by 15% and used as the maximum productivity for the stope. In most cases other logistical factors or development requirements placed more restrictive productivity limits on individual stopes.

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Stopes will be spaced 25 m vertically. Breaking slots will be established at the extreme ends of the stope to provide a void space for production blasting. Breaking slots will be excavated utilizing Cubex drills equipped with V-30 blind bore reaming heads to bore a 30-inch diameter raise between the upper-cut and under-cut for each stope. Once the breaking slots are complete, the stopes will advance towards the accesses by drilling holes between the over-cut and undercut, charging the holes with ANFO or emulsion explosives, and blasting a ring or row of holes at the end of the stope. The broken material blasted from the end of the stope will be excavated from the under-cut with Caterpillar R1700 or R2900 load-haul-dump (LHD) machines equipped for remote operations. The material will be loaded into AD45 Caterpillar trucks and transported to the process plant. This process continues until the maximum hydraulic radius or design limit of the opening along strike is reached, at which time long-hole mining ceases and the void is filled with paste backfill. Once the stope is backfilled and the fill cured, a new breaking slot will be required to continue long-hole mining in the stope. This process continues until the entire strike length is mined and filled. Excavation lengths along strike prior to backfilling will vary depending on the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of the hanging wall. In areas where the RMR of the vein will not allow excavation of the entire width of the vein in one pass, two or more panels will be utilized across the dip to complete excavation of the entire vein. Mining can progress vertically once mining has been completed on the level below and the stope has been backfilled and the fill allowed sufficient curing time. If mining has already taken place below, the stope can be filled with lower strength fill and or waste rock.

Figure 16-6 is an isometric view of the longitudinal long-hole stoping method.

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Figure 16-6: Longitudinal Long-hole Stoping Method (isometric view)

In areas where the vein width, the dimension perpendicular to the strike of the vein, exceeds 15 meters stopes will be developed perpendicular to the strike of the vein. This is commonly known as transverse long-hole stoping. In this case, 5 meter wide by 5 meter high footwall laterals will be developed approximately 20 meters to the south of and parallel to the vein. Access to the footwall laterals will be from the primary declines. Five (5) meter wide by 5 meter high over-cut and under-cut drifts will be developed from the south side of the vein to the north side of the vein spaced 25 meters vertically. Generally this will be the same as developing from the foot wall to the hanging wall of the vein but due to local change in dip, will occasionally be from hanging wall to footwall. Once the cross-cuts reach the hanging wall, a ”T” drift along the hanging wall will be excavated to a total stope width along strike of 20 meters. The hanging wall will be cable bolted on 1.2 meter centers a minimum of 8 meters into the hanging wall from this drift.

Breaking slots will be established on one end of the hanging wall drift of the stope to provide a void space for production blasting. Breaking slots will be excavated utilizing Cubex drills equipped with V-30 blind bore reaming heads to bore a 30 inch diameter raise between the over-cut and under-cut for each stope. Once the breaking slots are complete, the stopes will advance towards the accesses by drilling holes between the over-cut and under-cut in a ring pattern, charging the holes with ANFO or emulsion explosives, and blasting a ring or row of holes at the end of the stope. The broken material blasted from the end of the stope will be removed from the under-cut with Caterpillar R1700 or R2900 LHDs equipped for remote operations. The material will be loaded into an AD45 Caterpillar trucks and transport to the process plant. This process continues until all of the material between the hanging wall and the footwall has been excavated at which time hole mining ceases and the void is filled with paste backfill.

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The transverse mining method allows from multiple stopes to be in production along strike simultaneously on any given sublevel. Stopes along strike will be split into primary stopes and secondary stopes. Each primary stope will be separated along strike by a secondary stope. This allows for a rock pillar to be maintained between the primary stopes while these stopes are being excavated increasing the overall stability of the stopes. Once two primary stopes are excavated, backfilled and the backfill is allowed to cure, the secondary stope between them can be excavated and subsequently filled with either lower strength fill or waste rock or a combination. Mining will progress from the lower level to the next level above as the stopes on the lower level are mined and backfilled. The over-cut from the lower level will become the undercut or mucking level for the next level above. Figure 16-7 is an isometric view of the transverse long-hole mining method and Figure 16-8 and Figure 16-9 are plan maps of the 1190 meter and the 1215 meter levels which are planned to be the initial over-cut and under-cut levels and depict plan views of both mining methods and the development access to the stopes.

Figure 16-7: Transverse Long-hole Stoping Method (isometric view)

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z

Figure 16-8: 1190 Meter Level

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Figure 16-9: 1215 Meter Level

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16.3          PASTE BACKFILL

The proposed mining methods at Escobal are transverse and longitudinal long-hole stoping. Both will require use of cemented backfill as an integral part of the mining cycle. The mined stope voids will require backfill to ensure stability before mining adjacent pillars.

Transverse stoping will be used in wider parts of the deposit. Typical stope dimensions are 20 meters in width measured along strike, 25 meters high and mined to the full width of the vein which is expected to reach 35 to, locally, 50 meters. A mining width of 15 to 35 meters is expected to be typical. Mining will take place in a series of primary and secondary stopes. The primary stopes will have two exposures of rock walls along the vein strike direction, both of which will be the width of the stope and the secondary stopes will have two exposures of paste backfill, both of which will be the width of the vein. At the base of each production panel, high strength fill will be placed to enable removal of the underlying sill pillar.

Longitudinal stoping will be used in narrower parts of the deposit up to 15 meters wide. Typical stope dimensions are 20 meters in length measured along strike, 25 meters high and mined the full width of the vein. A mining width of two to 16 meters was selected for longitudinal stoping and the longitudinal stopes will have one wall of backfill exposure, the width of the mined opening. In addition to vertical exposures, some longitudinal stopes will be undercut in sill pillars requiring increased fill strength.

The mining strategy at Escobal is aimed at 100% extraction of material above the cut-off grade. Cemented paste backfill will be critical to maximizing recovery of this material. Fill rate requirements have been calculated for mining rates ranging from 3,500 tonnes per day to 5,500 tonnes per day and the paste plant has been designed to achieve fill rates consistent with mine production of 5,000 tonnes per day with expansion capabilities beyond that.

The transverse stope mining schedule requires the vertical paste fill exposures in the primary stopes to achieve the target strength after 28 days of curing. The secondary stopes will not be exposed and therefore only require a minimum strength of 200 kPa to be achieved after 56 days. The longitudinal stope mining schedule requires the vertical paste fill exposures of the end walls to achieve the target strength after 14 days of curing. The table below presents the past fill mix designs for all the vertical exposures detailed within the mine plan.

Table 16-1: Paste Fill Mix Designs for Vertical Exposures

Stope Type

Number of
Exposures
Width (m)

UCS
Strength
(kPa)
Cement %
W/W
Cement
kg/m3
Curing Time

Transverse
Primary
2 15>26 300 6.1% 84 28 days
26>60 400 7.2% 99
Transverse
Secondary
0 n/a 200 3.9% 54 56 days
Longitudinal 1 2>16 200 5.4% 54 14 days
16>25 300 7.0% 96

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Both transverse and longitudinal stope mining methods will require paste fill to be undercut at some stage within the mining schedule. The undercut exposures will have a long curing time so the 56 day results have been used to design these mixes. The paste fill mix designs required for the potential range of undercut widths within the mine plan range from a required strength of 700 kPa and 7.2% cement for undercuts of 2 meter widths to 900 kPa and 10.3% cement. At this time the plans limits undercut excavations to a maximum of 10 meters wide. Additional testing will be required for wider excavations which undercut fill.

Pumping will be required to deliver paste to the East Zone mining areas where stopes will be mined up to 85 meters above the paste plant elevation. A positive displacement pump rated at 60 Bar continuous and 100 Bar peak pumping through 200 mm diameter lines will be required for this area. For stopes in the Central Zone, paste backfill will be gravity delivered from the feed hopper to one of two surface 150 mm diameter cased boreholes. Both boreholes connect from surface to the various reticulation horizons on each sublevel.

16.4          DEVELOPMENT

The primary development ramps are designed at 5 meters wide by 6 meters high and will typically be driven at a maximum incline of 15%. The primary development ramps are sized to accommodate ventilation ducting which will allow ramp excavation up to 2,000 meters in length without the use of other ventilation systems. Secondary development heading which will allow access to the individual stopes are designed 5 meters wide by 5 meters high as these headings do not need to accommodate the large ventilation tubes included in the primary development design. Ventilation raises and ore passes are strategically located throughout the mine and included in the pre-production development schedule.

Table 16-2 shows the development required to ready the mine for production for each of the three production cases.

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Table 16-2: Primary and Secondary Development – 3 production cases

  2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
3500 MTPD
Meters Drift
Development
4754 3404 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896
3500 MTPD
Meters Raise
Development
280 330 350 200 150 50 50
4500 MTPD
Meters Drift
Development
5989 5795 4614 5120 4630 4637 2162
4500 MTPD
Meters Raise
Development
365 218 0 60 510 550 200
5500 MTPD
Meters Drift
Development
5989 5795 4364 5020 4480 4737 2512
5500 MTPD
Meters Raise
Development
365 218 0 60 375 135 350

Annual and total development requirements for the 4,500 MTPD and 5,500 MTPD cases in excess of that required for the 3,500 MTPD case are composed of accelerated development included in the 3,500 MTPD case required to increase production in the early years and the additional development require to produce from the new resource areas.

Development waste that is not placed in the mined stopes as backfill will be trucked to surface for use in facilities construction or placed in a development rock storage facility. Modified Acid/Base Accounting (ABA) tests, acid generation potential/acid neutralization potential (AGP/ANP) tests, and long-duration kinetic tests (humidity cell tests) performed on samples of the waste rock from various zones demonstrate that the waste rock encountered in the development headings has a high net neutralizing potential and is unlikely to generate acid. Humidity cell effluent analyses and Meteoric Mobility tests demonstrate the mobility of metals contained in the development rock to be within regulatory limits. All of these test results indicate that the waste rock is unlikely to emit metals and is likely to neutralize meteoric waters that may come in contact with the rock. The results of these tests are the design basis for waste storage and handling programs. A program to continue testing development rock as it is being mined is being utilized to ensure that in the unlikely event that rock with the potential for liberating metals or generating acid is encountered it is properly identified and will be mixed with cemented fill and place underground or encapsulated in the dry stacked tails facility. In either case the material will be isolated from contact with water and oxygen to insure the rock does not generate acid or allow metals to be released into the environment.

16.5          GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The geotechnical data collected by the exploration team in Guatemala is sufficient to utilize for mining method selection, opening size design, ground support design, and productivity estimates. Geotechnical data collected from the drill core includes core recovery, hardness, rock quality designation (RQD), joint number (Jn), joint roughness (Jr), joint alteration (Ja), joint water reduction factor (Jw), and the stress reduction factor (SRF). From this data, the tunneling quality index (Q rating) can be calculated to identify the rock quality to be anticipated during underground excavation. The rock mass rating (RMR) values for the Escobal vein, immediate hanging wall, and immediate footwall were determined from the Q rating by the formula RMR = (9 x lnQ) + 44. The equivalent RMR data is summarized in Table 16-3.

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Table 16-3: Escobal RMR Values

Area Location Average Median Minimum Maximum
East Zone Vein 56 62 17 87
Hanging Wall 52 57 7 85
Footwall 50 47 12 89
Central Zone Vein 61 64 0 80
Hanging Wall 54 56 9 85
Footwall 54 57 17 90

RMR data were plotted for the immediate hanging wall, footwall, and vein over the entire resource area. The data was contoured and overlaid on the stope outlines in long section. Depending on the width of the stope and the variability of the RMR, an average RMR was selected for each stope. In general, the vein material demonstrates a higher RMR than either wall of most stopes. In narrow stopes where a single panel will be adequate to mine the entire width of the vein, a design RMR was selected utilizing the hanging wall data. Vein dip and hanging wall rock strength are the most influential factors in determining the hydraulic radius for the opening. In wider stopes where multiple panels are required to extract the vein and the progression of extraction will be from footwall to hanging wall, the design RMR was typically selected from the vein data. In both cases locally weak areas were taken into consideration for the design.

Once a design RMR was selected for each stope, the RMR was used to calculate a maximum hydraulic radius and from that a maximum opening length along strike for each 5 meter wide by 25 meter high long hole panel. The maximum opening length then was utilized as the maximum length along strike that the stope could be mined before extraction is stopped and backfilling commenced. The design assumes that the over-cut and under-cut are fully supported with rock bolts but that no support is applied to the walls between. A simulation of the entire cycle time for drilling, blasting, mucking, preparation for and backfilling and re-establishing a breaking slot was performed to estimate the productivity of each stope based on the maximum opening length limitation. This productivity was used as a limiting factor in the stope production schedule.

Ground support in development headings will consist of 2.5 meter split set, grouted rebar, and swellex bolts depending on opening size and local ground conditions. The majority of the standard waste development can be properly supported with split set and grouted rebar bolts.

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Shotcrete and longer bolts will be utilized where local ground conditions such as faulting warrant the additional support.

Over-cut and under-cut headings will primarily be support with 2.5 meter split set bolts up to a span of 5 meters wide and 5 meters high in typical vein conditions. Additional and longer bolts will be required with spans up to 10 meters wide. Where the vein is wider the stope will be mined in panels so as to maintain safe opening sizes and minimize dilution.

The capital and operating costs as well as the productivities and schedule have allowances for cable bolting where stope hanging walls are unusually weak or unusually large excavations are required for specific installations.

Preliminary analysis of the geomechanical data for stope design was conducted in 2010 by Dr. Rimas Pakalnis of Pakalnis and Associates. Dr. Pakalnis revisited the Project in August 2011 to provide recommendations for ground support and control procedures in the East Central and West Central declines. Dr. Pakalnis’ analysis supports the methodology used in the mine design and development ground control programs. Dr. Pakalnis’ report can be found in Appendix D.

16.6          MINE VENTILATION

The mining method selected for the Escobal deposit is highly mechanized utilizing a fleet of diesel powered equipment. There are no known natural contaminants such as radon or carbon monoxide and the mine is not in an unusual heat environment. The ventilation required to safely manage contaminants and heat introduced by the diesel equipment is therefore the governing factor in the ventilation design. U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration guidelines are utilized as the standard in the Escobal ventilation design.

Ventilation modeling was conducted with standard methods in spreadsheets. Computerized modeling utilizing VNET PC or equivalent ventilation modeling software will be utilized for final design. Shock losses were considered using the equivalent length method. Standard, conservative K factors and nominal airway dimensions were used in the modeling, as no resistance data were available. K factors in the critical airways, specifically the boreholes to surface, were modeled over a range of values to ensure that unexpectedly high values would not create critical flow conditions.

Initially the mine will be developed via two declines into the Central Zone. For the first phase of primary development, the West Central and East Central declines will be driven 1,750 meters and 1,950 meters down slope, respectively, with drifts connecting the two declines on about 100 meter vertical spacing. The ventilation circuit for each decline will consist of two 48” (1.22 meter) diameter steel ducts installed in a nominal 5 meter wide by 6 meter high ramp. Each circuit will operate at 50,000 cfm (23.6 m3/sec) at a static pressure of 9.6 mm Hg at an elevation of 1,420 meters elevation. Two 75kW, 100hp fans will be installed at each decline to provide the required air flow during development. Ventilation requirements will be reduced for the primary development heading once the two declines are connected. Once the declines are connected and prior to completion of the primary ventilation raise from surface the west decline will be converted to exhaust and ventilation will flow into the east decline and exhaust out the west decline. A single 75kW auxiliary fan and a single 1.22 meter duct will be required in the primary ramp into the East Zone and below the 1,130 meter elevation in the West Central decline and the 1,197 meter elevation in the East Central decline. Once the main exhaust bore holes are excavated, both declines will become intake airways and all mine air will exhaust through the main bore hole to the surface between the east and west declines and out the bore hole in the East Zone.

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The primary production ventilation network will be placed into operation after the main exhaust bore holes in the Central Zone are excavated to the elevation of the initial production level undercut at the 1,190 meter elevation. An exhaust raise will be excavated on each end of the footwall laterals and daylight at the surface. A vane axial ventilation fan will be installed at the top of the borehole. Intake air will be drawn down the two declines, enter the active footwall laterals and drawn across the laterals to the exhaust boreholes where it will be drawn up to the surface through the bore hole. Fresh air will be directed from the declines to the production and development headings on the footwall laterals through a series air control doors. Air will be circulated from the footwall laterals through the active headings and returned to the footwall laterals to be exhausted to the surface.

As the mine is further developed, the bore holes in the Central Zone will be extended to the bottom of the mine and air will be drawn in a similar fashion to the bottom of the mine and exhausted through the bore holes. In addition, once the East Zone ramp reaches the 1,450 meter elevation, a bore hole from the surface will be excavated to connect the East Zone ramp with the surface and a vane axial fan will be installed at the top of this raise. Air will then be split from the East Central decline and funneled into the East Zone for ventilation of the production stopes in the East Zone. The ventilation scheme envisioned for the Central Zone will be sufficient to ventilate the additional resources in the lower west portion of the Central Zone. The additional resources in the lower East Zone Extension area will require a series of exhaust bore holes on each of the east and west ends of the strike length and extending vertically from top to bottom of the new zone.

Network modeling suggests that the system operating point for the 3,500 MTPD case would be approximately 120 m3/sec, 250,000 cfm, a total pressure of 3.6 mmHg at an elevation of 1,420 meters. Ventilation requirements for the 4,500 and 5,500 MTPD cases will increase to 325,000 cfm and 400,000 cfm at the same velocity and total pressure as the base case. Air flow velocities in excess of 4.1 m/s or 800 ft/min will be avoided in areas where personnel will work or travel regularly as this is the point that respirable dust becomes airborne. The flow rate in the declines and stopes will be well below this critical velocity. Air velocities in the bore hole will reach 5.8 m/sec or 1,130 ft/min but travel will be limited to inspections and emergencies in which case the fans can be either turned off or velocities can be reduced.

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Ventilation of the individual stopes will be accomplished through the use of auxiliary fans. A split of air from the main ventilation stream in the declines will be directed by the fan into the stope. Soft ventilation bag will be used to direct the air to the location where work is taking place after which the split of air will return to the main ventilation stream. In vein development headings the air will return via the route into the stope. During long-hole operations the air will be directed into the under-cut level and return to the main ventilation stream via the over-cut level. This flow direction reduces dust and improves visibility during mucking operations. Fan requirements for the individual stopes will be less than 26.3 m3/sec, 50,000 cfm, and will be supplied by a 42kW or 60 hp auxiliary fan. Adequate volumes of air have been provided in the design to dilute contaminants in the air stream to acceptable levels at all stages of the network.

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17             RECOVERY METHODS

17.1          MINING EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The following table summarizes the mobile equipment, fixed equipment, and infrastructure required for the three cases of the mine plan presented in this study. The initial capital will be spent in years 2011, 2012, and 2013 to achieve the 3,500 MTPD production plan. Capital for the expansion cases will be spent in 2012 through 2019 and consists of accelerating development in the Central and East zones as well as development of the new resources in the lower west portion of the Central Zone and the East Extension area in addition to the equipment and underground infrastructure required to support the additional development and production. Sustaining capital will be spent throughout the rest of the operating mine life. A freight and contingency of 15% has been applied to the mobile equipment. The 12% sales tax is applied to all items purchased inside Guatemala.

The costs are based on recent quotes of similar equipment. A schedule of sustaining capital is contemplated in the financial analysis and is based on estimates of equipment life and infrastructure requirements throughout the mine life. The following table shows a summary of capital requirements for equipment and mine development and underground infrastructure:

Table 17-1: Mine Capital

Mine Capital Initial Sustaining
3500 MTPD case $ 77 million $79.6 million
4500 MTPD case $105.1 million $125.6 million
5500 MTPD case $105.6 million $126.5 million

The major mine equipment will include R1700 and R2900 Caterpillar LHDs with 7.3 cubic meter buckets and equipped for remote operation production and development fleet. Forty-five (45) tonne Caterpillar trucks will be used for hauling ore and waste out of the mine. Atlas Copco two-boom electric hydraulic jumbos will be utilized to drive the development headings and stope development headings. Ground support will be installed in all headings with a fleet of Atlas Copco electric-hydraulic jumbos capable of installing split set, and swellex bolts. Cable bolting will be done using Atlas Copco Simba drills which will also be the primary production drill in the long-hole stopes. Cubex track-mounted drills equipped with a V-30 reaming head will be used for drilling breaking slots in the stopes. These drills will be equipped with top hammers and will be capable of drilling larger diameter holes for utilities as well as production drilling where larger diameter holes are desirable. Diamond drills will be utilized for stope definition to enhance production planning prior to stope production. The primary exhaust raise into the Central Zone and the East Zone will be initially developed using a contractor. Caterpillar 120 AWD graders will be used for road maintenance in the mine. Support equipment will include shotcrete remote spray jumbos and mixer trucks, scissor lifts, explosives trucks, and various materials handling vehicles are included in the fleet. A list of the equipment fleet and unit requirements including replacements over the life of the mine is included in the following table. The type of equipment is the same for each of the production cases. Additional units are required and included in the capital estimate for the higher production and accelerated development cases.

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Table 17-2: Project Mobile Equipment List

Mobile Equipment
R 2900 CAT LHD 7.3 mt3 Stoper
R 1700 CAT LHD 7.3 mt3 Shotcrete Spray Jumbo
  Underground transit Mixer Truck
  AWD 120 CAT Motor Grader
AD 45 CAT Truck 45t LM55 and LM75 Diamond Drills
AC Jumbo Boomer 282 2-boom Scissor Lift
AC Simba Long-hole Jumbo ANFO Truck
AC Simba Drill for cables Personnel Transport
AC Boltec MD Rock Bolt Jumbo Telehandler
Cubex Long-hole Jumbo w/V-30 blind bore head  
Longhole DTH Jumbo/Compressor Boom Truck
  Fan Truck
  Lube Truck
  HD Pickups
Jackleg  

17.2           MINING WORK FORCE

The mine is scheduled for two 11 hour shifts per day, 350 days per year. This will require 3 mine crews working a rotating schedule. The total mine personnel requirement is 298, including all management and supervisory personnel. A table listing the personnel breakdown is shown in the following table.

Table 17-3: Mine Personnel

  Per     4500 5500
Position Shift Shifts Number MTPD MTPD
  Staff          
  UG Manager     1 1 1
  Secretary     1 1 1
  UG General Foreman     1 1 1
  Production Foreman     1 1 1
  Development Foreman     1 1 1
  Backfill Foreman     1 1 1
  Area Supervisors 5 3 15 15 21
  Sub-total     21 21 28
  Engineering          
  Operations Manager     1 1 1
  Chief Engineer     1 1 1

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  Per     4500 5500
Position Shift Shifts Number MTPD MTPD
  Planning Engineers     4 4 4
  Project Engineer     1 1 1
  Geotech Engineer     1 1 1
  Ventilation Tech     1 1 1
  Production Engineer     1 1 1
  Engineering Tech     2 2 2
  Chief Surveyor     1 1 1
  Surveyors     3 3 4
  Survey Helpers     3 3 4
  Sub-total     18 18 20
  Geology          
  Chief Geologist (Mine and Exploration)     1 1 1
  Mine Geologists     8 8 10
  Exploration Geologists     0 0 0
  Geology Helpers     6 6 8
  Data Processor     1 1 2
  Samplers     3 3 6
  Sub-total     19 19 27
  Diamond Drilling          
  Diamond Drill General Foreman     2 2 2
  Diamond Drillers 3      3 9 9 9
  Drill Helpers 6      3 18 18 18
  Drill Mechanics     2 2 2
      3500 4500 5500
  Sub-total     MTPD MTPD MTPD
  Production and Development          
  Scoop Operators 6      3 18 21 24
  Truck Drivers 7      3 21 24 27
  Jumbo Operators 6      3 18 21 21
  Bolter Operators 5      3 15 18 21
  Stope Backfill Prep. 4      3 12 12 18
  Shotcrete Operators 4      3 12 12 12
  Grader Operator 1      3 3 6 6
  Aux Equipment Operators 6      3 18 21 27
  Lamp Room 1      3 3 3 3
  Backfill Operators 2      3 6 6 6
  Blasting Experts 1      3 3 6 9
  Cleaning Personnel 1      3 3 3 6
  Sub-total     132 153 147
  Mine Maintenance          
  Welders 2      3 6 6 9
  Pump Mechanics 1      3 3 4 6
  Electrical Engineer     1 1 1
  Electrical General Foreman     1 1 1
  Electricians 2      3 6 9 12
  Electrical Helpers 1      3 3 3 6
  Service Crew Leader 1      3 3 3 3

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  Per     4500 5500
                                         Position Shift Shifts Number MTPD MTPD
  Service Personnel 2 3 6 9 12
  Pump Men 1 3 3 6 9
  Sub-total     32 42 59
  Mobile Equipment Maintenance          
  Mobile Maintenance Manager     1 1 1
  Maintenance Planner     1 1 2
  Secretary     1 1 2
  General Foreman     1 1 2
  Supervisor 1 3 3 3 6
  Mechanics 12 3 36 39 45
  Helpers 4 3 12 15 18
  Sub-total     55 61 76

17.3          MINE INFRASTRUCTURE AND FIXED EQUIPMENT

The mine infrastructure planned for the preproduction period is listed in the capital costs section of this report and includes establishment of mine portals, access roads to portals and vent rises, mobile maintenance offices and shops, mine dry, air compressors, fuel tanks, explosives magazines, pumps, electrical transformers and equipment.

Drilling to date has encountered limited and periodic quantities of ground water. It is anticipated from the available data that the mine will generate approximately 500 gpm of ground water and pumping will be required to transport this water to the surface. The pumping system contemplated for the mine will utilize pumps in the development headings and stopes to pump water to a central location. A series of mobile pump stations will pump the water to the surface during development. More permanent sumps and pump stations will be constructed below the active production levels and water will be routed to stations via a series of boreholes. From the main sump water will be pumped to the surface via a dewatering line located in boreholes to the surface and delivered to the surface settling ponds for treatment and discharge.

Compressed air requirements in the mine will be limited to the air required for the Cubex drills in the stopes and occasional use of jackleg drills for repair or specialized work and small tool use in the underground shops. A distribution system will supply compressed air to central locations in the footwall laterals. Routine communications will be accomplished through the installation of a leaky feeder radio system. The system will be installed throughout the mine. Mine foremen, lead men, mechanics, and other key underground personnel will be equipped with portable radios to facilitate mine wide communications. Additional radios will be distributed at key locations on the surface including the mine supervision offices, the safety director’s office and the main office. Emergency communications will be provided through several systems. The first system is the leaky feeder system. In an emergency, this system functions the same way as in routine communications. The second system is the stench warning system. This system is used in an emergency to send a mine wide evacuation signal. The stench compound may be released into the compressed air and or the ventilation system. The third communication system that will be available in central locations of the mine is the paging telephone system. A limited number of paging telephones will distributed in key locations on the surface and underground. The primary function of the paging telephones will be to provide an independent emergency communication link to underground refuge chambers. This system will also serve as a standby system in the event of a failure of the leaky feeder system.

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13.8 kV Power will be delivered to the mine from the main substation on the Escobal site. The primary underground loads during the pre-production development and production are associated with ventilation and the electric hydraulic mining equipment. Peak connected loads during the mine life are not expected to exceed 7,000 kW or 6,600 hp in the 5,500 MTPD case.

A schedule of sustaining capital is contemplated in the financial analysis.

17.4          PROCESSING

17.4.1        Process Overview – Sulfide

The process selected for recovering the gold, silver, lead and zinc can be classified as “conventional”. The sulfide material will be crushed and ground to a fine size and processed through mineral flotation circuits. The following items summarize the process operations required to extract gold, silver, lead and zinc from the Escobal project ore.

  1.

Size reduction by a primary jaw crusher to reduce the material size from run-of-mine (ROM) to minus 200 millimeters.

     
  2.

Size reduction of the primary crushed material by secondary and tertiary crushing to reduce the ore size from 200 millimeters to minus 9 millimeters.

     
  3.

Grinding crushed material in a ball mill circuit to a size suitable for processing in a flotation circuit. The ball mill will operate in closed circuit with hydrocyclones to deliver an ore size of 80 percent passing 105 microns to the flotation circuit.

     
  4.

The flotation plant will consist of selective lead and zinc flotation circuits. The flotation circuits will each consist of rougher flotation and cleaner flotation to produce a high value gold, silver and lead concentrate and a lower value zinc concentrate with payable gold and silver values.

     
  5.

Final lead concentrate will be thickened, filtered, and loaded in super sacs for shipment. Final zinc concentrate will be also thickened, filtered and loaded in super sacs for shipment.

     
  6.

Flotation tailing will be thickened, filtered and either dry stacked in a tailing impoundment area or transported to the paste backfill plant. The paste backfill plant product will be used for backfill underground.

     
  7.

Water from tailing and concentrate dewatering will be treated and recycled for reuse in the process. The Escobal Project design strives to maximize recycling and reusing process water in order to minimize treatment and discharge. Plant water stream types include: process water, raw water, and potable water.


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  8.

Storing, preparing, and distributing reagents used in the process.

Mineral processing is shown in the flowsheet in Figure 17-1.

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Figure 17-1: Overall Processing Flow Sheet

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18             PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

Improvements to roads, bridges, and drainage structures, including ponds, may be removed or left in place whichever is most beneficial to the local community for post operation use. In the case of removal, each area will be regraded and revegetated.

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19             MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS

There are no market studies and contracts reported for the Escobal project.

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20 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT

20.1          GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Tahoe/Minera San Rafael has developed and implemented geochemical characterization programs to assess the potential for generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) from waste/development rock, mineralized material, and process residue (representing tailing material). The characterization programs include static and kinetic testing of samples collected from drill core, underground exploration excavations, and metallurgical testing.

As material excavated (waste/development rock) from the Escobal underground exploration project will be utilized to construct the pads (platforms) at the two portal locations, geochemical testing programs have been conducted to assess the potential for this material to generate ARD. Modified Acid/Base Accounting (ABA) tests were completed to determine the acid generation potential/acid neutralization potential (AGP/ANP) of the material. The results of these tests demonstrate that the rock to be excavated during the underground exploration has a high net neutralizing potential (average NNP of 87) and is unlikely to generate acid; therefore, no adverse impacts are predicted. Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure (MWMP) tests to evaluate the potential for dissolution and mobility of metals and other constituents from the development rock and tailings under natural precipitation conditions, i.e. rainwater, demonstrate leaching of deleterious constituents from waste rock and tails is unlikely to occur.

In addition to ABA and MWMP tests, a series of kinetic Humidity Cell (HC) tests have also been conducted on waste rock and tailings samples from Escobal. HC tests model the atmospheric and geological processes of weathering and are used to determine the rate (if any) of acid generation and variation of leachate (effluent) water quality over time. Samples of weakly mineralized waste rock, representing the rock types and alteration types that will be exposed in the development workings, and tailings from the metallurgical/flotation tests, were selected for HC testing. The ASTM procedure (D-5744) requires a minimum test duration of 20 weeks; the duration of the Escobal HC tests are currently beyond 54 continuous weeks with no indication of acid formation or deleterious metal concentrations that exceed regulatory limits in either the waste rock or tailings effluent, confirming the results of the ABA and MWMP tests.

Geochemical testing programs for waste/development rock were conducted by Goldcorp/Entre Mares in 2009 and by Tahoe/Minera San Rafael in 2010 and 2011 and continuing through the present. All ARD tests (ABA, MWM, HC) were performed by independent laboratories. McClelland Laboratories Inc (Sparks, Nevada USA) has conducted all ARD testing for Tahoe/Minera San Rafael; Goldcorp’s tests were performed by SVL Analytical Inc. (Kellogg, Idaho USA).

The exploration decline is designed to be excavated approximately 75 meters or more from the Escobal vein and is not anticipated to intersect significantly mineralized material. Minera San Rafael is and will continue to conduct paste pH tests of the rock from the exploration declines regularly as they are being mined. Samples of materials suspected to be potentially acid generating based on paste pH test results will be laboratory-tested by ABA. To date, no samples have demonstrated characteristics that would make them candidates for further ABA testing. Paste pH is performed onsite by Minera San Rafael. ABA tests will be performed by a qualified independent laboratory. In the event isolated areas of mineralization are encountered during exploration, Minera San Rafael will store that material underground to mitigate any potential for acid rock drainage.

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In addition to samples that do not pass the criteria established for the field test, ABA, MWMP, and humidity cell tests will be conducted periodically on samples to determine acid generating potential. Mineralized material that does not meet economic cut-off and is suspected to have the potential to generate ARD will be used as cemented backfill or encapsulated in the dry stack tailings facility.

20.2          TAILING AND DEVELOPMENT ROCK STORAGE FACILITY

20.2.1        Design Criteria

The above ground disposal of tailings will be designed to be “dry stacked”. Tailings that are thickened and filtered to 10 to 15% moisture content are commonly termed “dry tailings”. Dry tailings can be trucked and stacked at a relatively high density compared to conventional pipeline transported tailings slurry. Unlike conventional tailings impoundments that are designed to retain tailings and water, the design principles of dry stacked facilities are to create a self-supporting mound of tails rather than rely on the retaining forces of embankments to prevent mobilization of the tailings material. While this process can be considerably more expensive, dry stacked tailings have advantages over conventional tailings impoundments, particularly where water conservation is important and in regions with higher levels of seismic activity. Dry stacked facilities generally require a smaller surface footprint, are easier to reclaim, and have a higher long-term structural integrity and much lower long-term environmental impact as opposed to conventional tailings impoundments (Davies & Rice, 2004).

Over the life of mine, approximately 29.9 million tonnes of the dry tailings will be produced; of which approximately 14.5 million tonnes will be mixed with cement and go back underground as paste backfill. The remaining 14.5 million tonnes of dry tailings will be placed in the Tailings and Development Rock Storage Facility, along with approximately 2,300,000 tonnes of development rock.

20.2.2        Stormwater Management

Tailing stormwater surface run-off will report to a lined stormwater pond. Dry stack tailing facilities typically see limited infiltration. A coarse drain rock collection grid will be installed to capture potential seepage through the tailings. The seepage water will also discharge to the stormwater pond. This water will be utilized as process make-up water or be treated and released, as the site water balance dictates.

Stormwater run-on diversion will be accomplished by the construction of diversion channels upgradient of the active tailing placement area. The non-impacted water collected in these channels will report to down drains on either side of the facility which will in turn report to natural drainages.

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20.2.3        Concurrent Reclamation

Before any tailing or development rock material is placed in the facility, topsoil from the facility footprint will be stripped and stored in a topsoil salvage stockpile.

A starter buttress will be constructed along the toe of the footprint behind which the dry stack tailings and waste rock will be placed. The starter buttress may be constructed of suitable development rock and/or native material from within or near the facility footprint.

Once the starter buttress is complete, portions of the outslopes will be covered with topsoil and seeded with a native seed mix. As each new outslope lift (comprised of compacted dry tailing and / or suitable development rock) is completed, it will also be covered and seeded. This will accelerate revegetation and provide useful data on the effectiveness and efficiency of the reclamation and revegetation methods at this particular site.

The facility will be designed so that the final contours blend in with the surrounding terrain. Geomorphic landform grading principles will be employed to the extent practicable in the design of the outslopes to provide greater resistance to erosion and promote revegetation. The tailings facility will be covered with an engineered evapotranspiration layer consisting of sand covered by a layer of topsoil, specifically designed to minimize infiltration from precipitation, and then revegetated.

20.2.4        Geotechnical

Preliminary site inspections and subsurface testing indicate that the tailings and waste rock storage facility location will be acceptable for the design as currently proposed. Robertson GeoConsultants, Inc. has been retained to conduct the geotechnical investigations and design the construction criteria for the facility. Site investigations will be completed in the second quarter of 2012 and the final design of the tailings facility is expected to be complete in the third quarter of 2012, at which time the final design will be submitted to MARN for approval.

20.2.5        Tailing Placement

The dry tailings will delivered to the tailings area via conveyor where the filtered tailings will be loaded into trucks, hauled to the tailings facility, and dumped behind the starter buttress. The tailings will be spread and compacted in thin lifts. Compaction will be accomplished by dozer, smooth drum roller, or similar type equipment.

20.2.6        Development Rock Placement

Development rock produced from exploration drifting and development operations will first be utilized to construct the pads immediately outside the portals as working platforms. Development rock of appropriate quality may also be utilized in the construction of roads, drainage structures, erosion protection and safety berms. Some development rock may be used as backfill in the underground workings with the remainder being placed in the Tailings and Development Rock Storage Facilities. The development rock can be segregated within a separate storage facility or co-mingled with the dry tailings.

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20.3          PERMITTING

Overall activities at the Project are permitted through two primary agencies, the Ministry of Environment, Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Natural (MARN) and the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MARN). All permits for construction and development of the Project are in place. Receipt of the exploitation license for the commencement of production is pending.

MARN approval, including required environmental commitments, for surface exploration activities at the Project were granted to Entre Mares on December 23, 2008 by MARN Resolution 4590-2008/ELER/CG. The approval and requirements were transferred from Entre Mares to Minera San Rafael as specified in Resolution 1918-2010/ECM/GB, dated September 3, 2010.

An environmental impact study (EIS) addressing the additional activities associated with underground exploration was required prior to commencing excavation of the exploration declines. The underground exploration EIS was filed with MARN in November 2010 and an Environmental License filed on March 17, 2011. MEM notified the company of the receipt and acceptance of the work program for the exploration declines on April 5, 2011.

Development of an underground exploration program including the construction of two declines to gain access for additional drilling of the Escobal deposit is a permitted activity under the terms of the existing exploration license. An EIS for the exploitation phase of the project was prepared and submitted to MARN for approval in August of 2011. MARN approved the EIS for exploitation by issuing Resolution 3061-2011 in October of 2011. This approval allowed full construction of the mine, process plant and all surface and underground facilities to be conducted. Application for the Exploitation License was submitted to the MEM in November 2010 and is awaiting final approval by the agency. Approval of this license is required before production can commence.

The environmental impact statements require documentation of baseline conditions, a project description, and an analysis of potential impacts and their mitigation measures. Public disclosure and involvement has been required and developed throughout each stage of the project and the permitting.

All other permits have been acquired by Minera San Rafael, including tree-cutting permits as needed, issued by the National Institute of Forests (INAB). Land use changes in the project area have also been approved by INAB as required. Archeological clearances have been issued.

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20.4          SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACTS

The Project is located approximately two kilometers from San Rafael Las Flores, a community of approximately 3,500 inhabitants. The Company is not aware of any significant indigenous population residing in the area of the Escobal Project. According to Guatemala’s National Institute of Statistics (Census 2002) San Rafael Las Flores’ population is 99.6% “Ladino”, i.e., of Hispanic origin and non-indigenous. The area surrounding the community, including several small villages, is generally used by local farmers to grow vegetables in the valleys and coffee at higher elevations. There is no heavy industry in the immediate area. Tahoe/Minera San Rafael recognizes the potential impacts to the community’s infrastructure due to increased industrial activities and the related influx of the growing workforce and is working directly with community leaders and community groups to minimize any potential negative impacts and maximize the numerous benefits related to the project for the betterment of the community and surrounding areas. Community support for the Project is very high and Minera San Rafael is committed to being an active and positive member of the local community.

Tahoe/Minera San Rafael has committed to a voluntary increase in the royalty of 4% for precious metals and 3% for base metals though its involvement with the Guatemalan Mining Association. The royalty will be shared equally between the local municipality and the federal government. Life of mine royalty payments are estimated to be $388.3 and $389.0 million for the 4,500 MTPD case and 5,500 MTPD case, respectively.

Tahoe has purchased all of the land necessary for the operation of the Project and is developing a profit sharing program to provide the ex-land owners benefits throughout the life of the Project. The concept is to pay an amount of 0.5% of net smelter returns to an Association of Land Owners and individual land owners. A certain percentage of this money will be deposited in a special fund, administrated by the association board of directors and used for improvements in local communities on behalf of the members of the association. Land purchase agreements include a provision that provides land owners the right to buy their land back from Tahoe at a significantly reduced price at the end of the life of the mine, once all reclamation has been completed.

The project currently employs approximately 450 people of which 430 are Guatemalan and 95% of those live in or near San Rafael. Once in the production phase, the project is expected to have direct employment of approximately 650 people, 95% or which are expected to reside in the local communities.

The company maintains a community relations department in San Rafael that focuses on working with the community to address concerns and provide information about the mining operation. In addition, the 10 person department works with the municipality and local villages to assist in community and school improvement projects. This department has been active for over 4 years. Some of the projects include clean water supply projects, assisting in the start of new business, partnering with government agencies to provide training and education, and working with the local schools to enhance education quality in the area.

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21             CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

Operating costs, including capital development costs, were developed on a unit cost and quantity basis utilizing both first principals and similar operation comparisons. Data used in the analysis was derived from internal data bases collected over a number of years. In some cases the data was factored and or escalated to 2010 dollars to better reflect the Escobal operating plan. Data obtained from other Guatemalan operations, Goldcorp’s Marlin Mine in particular, received heavy weighting in the cost analysis due to similarities in location, mine size, ground conditions, and mining method. The term “ore” is used in this discussion of capital and operating costs to differentiate between mineralized material (including dilution) above an economic cutoff grade and waste rock; there is no inference of mineral reserves.

Table 21-1: Mine Operating Costs



3500 MTPD
case
4500 MTPD
case
5500 MTPD
case
Expensed Waste
Development
Labor
Supplies
$1.53
$3.94
$1.43
$3.68
$1.53
$3.94
Ore Development
Labor
Supplies
$0.34
$1.03
$.032
$0.96
$0.34
$1.03
Production Drilling
Labor
Supplies
$0.55
$1.64
$0.51
$1.53
$0.55
$1.64
Blasting
Labor
Supplies
$0.47
$1.41
$0.44
$1.32
$0.47
$1.41
Haulage
Labor
Supplies
$2.19
$4.43
$2.06
$4.15
$2.19
$4.43
Backfill
Labor
Supplies
$0.59
$8.78
$0.56
$8.23
$0.59
$8.78
Ventilation
& Services
Labor
Supplies
$0.50
$1.64
$0.50
$1.53
$0.50
$1.64
Total

Labor
Supplies
Total
$6.17
$22.87
$29.04
$5.82
$21.40
$27.22
$6.17
$22.87
$29.04

21.1          DEVELOPMENT COST

The development cost in the financial analysis is based on analysis of similar mining operations and a first principal analysis. The costs have been adjusted to reflect pertinent information from experience to date at Escobal. Data from the Marlin Mine in Guatemala was considered quite reliable as the operations are similar in size, rock quality, and average haul distances. Development of 5 meter wide by 5 meter high declines with owner crews is estimated at $2,715/m and contractor development is estimated at $3,015/m. The cost of developing the primary declines 5 meters wide by 6 meters high is estimated at $3,017/m with owner crews and $3,620/m utilizing a contractor. These unit costs include the cost of labor and supplies, including ground support materials, explosives, definition diamond drilling, installed piping, electrical, and communications lines and ventilation and pumping systems integral to the unit operation. These costs are common to all three production cases. Labor estimates are based on crew size for each development heading and local labor rates. Sales tax or IVA is included at 12% of the non-owner labor costs.

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21.2          MINING COST

Mining costs are also based on a detailed analysis of similar operations including the Marlin Mine as well as first principal analysis. The costs have been adjusted to reflect recent experience at Escobal. The Escobal cost for long-hole stoping is $18.56 per tonne mined for the 3,500 MTPD case, $20.06 per tonne for the 4,500 MTPD case, and $18.88 per tonne for the 5,500 MTPD case. This value does not include the access development or backfill placement. The long-hole mining costs include ore development, excavation of the over and under-cuts, as well as the cost of the excavation between the over and under-cut. These unit costs include the cost of labor and supplies, including ground support materials, explosives, installed piping, electrical, and communications lines and ventilation and pumping systems integral to the unit operation. Labor estimates are based on crew size for each development heading and local labor rates. Sales tax or IVA is included at 12% of the non-owner labor costs.

21.3          BACKFILL COST

The backfill costs include the operation and maintenance of the paste plant, pumping system, piping system, as well as electricity for the plant and pumps, cement as a binder, and the construction of bulkheads in the mine to seal areas to be filled. The total yearly backfill requirement is calculated to be 312,000 m3for the 3,500 MTPD case, 350,000 m3 380,000 m3 for the 4,500 MTPD and 5,500 MTPD cases respectively. At a density of 2.0, cement content of 5% by weight and water to cement ratio of 4, every cubic meter will contain 1.5 t of tailings, 0.4t of water and 0.1 t of cement. The cement cost is $11.75/m3. Additional costs are estimated to be about $5.24/m3, bringing the overall backfill cost to $16.99/m3. Estimated backfill cost per tonne mined is US$8.68 for the 3,500 MTPD case, $9.37 for the 4,500 MTPD case and $8.79 for the 5,500 MTPD case. This cost includes personnel for the paste backfill plant. Labor estimates are based on crew size for each development heading and local labor rates. Sales tax or IVA is included at 12% of the non-owner labor costs.

21.4          ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGY

Engineering and geology costs are included in the mining and development costs.

21.5          DEFINITION DRILLING

There will be two definition drills working full time to define stoping areas ahead of mining. The costs will be around $50/m drilled or about $0.45 per tonne ore and are included in the mining cost.

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21.6          GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS

The general and administrative costs to support the mining operations were developed on a unit cost and quantity basis and utilize data from Tahoe databases, the Marlin mine, and first principal estimates for Guatemalan labor, supplies and contracts listed in the following tables. Sales taxes or IVA is included at 12% of the non-owner labor costs.

Table 21-2: Escobal General and Administrative Operating Costs

          t/a  
G & A Workforce # Shifts Per Shift Number   Annual $ Total
             
General Manager     1   $220,000 $220,000
Assistant     1   12,000 $12,000
             
Human Resources Manager     1   $90,000 $90,000
HR Supervisor     1   $24,000 $24,000
Clerks     4   $10,000 $40,000
            $0
Chief Accountant     1   $75,000 $75,000
Accountant     1   $24,000 $24,000
Clerks     4   $10,000 $40,000
             
Purchasing Manager     1   $100,000 $100,000
Purchasing Supervisor     1   $24,000 $24,000
Purchasing Assistant     3   $10,000 $30,000
Warehouse Supervisor     2   $36,000 $72,000
Warehouse Assistant     8   $10,000 $80,000
            $0
Community Relations           $0
Manager     1   $75,000 $75,000
Supervisor     2   $20,000 $40,000
Team     8   $10,000 $80,000
            $0
Environmental Manager     1   $125,000 $125,000
Supervisors     2   $30,000 $60,000
Technicians     8   $10,000 $80,000
            $0
Safety Manager     1   $150,000 $150,000
Safety Supervisors     2   $20,000 $40,000
Safety Assistant     2   $10,000 $20,000
Training Supervisor     1   $60,000 $60,000
Training Assistants     2   $15,000 $30,000
            $0
Security Superintendent     1   $60,000 $60,000
Security Supervisor     4   $20,000 $80,000
Security Officers - executive security   12   $15,000 $180,000
Front Gate 3 2 6   $8,000 $48,000

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          t/a  
G & A Workforce # Shifts Per Shift Number   Annual $ Total
Admin Office 3 2 6   $8,000 $48,000
Mine Area 3 3 9   $8,000 $72,000
Mill 3 3 9   $8,000 $72,000
Refinery 3 2 6   $8,000 $48,000
             
Total G&A Workforce     112     $2,199,000

Table 21-3: Escobal General and Administrative Operating Cost


3500 MTPD
Case
4500 MTPD
Case
5500 MTPD
Case
Accounting $273,500 $312,571 $351,643
Human Resources $946,600 $1,081,829 $1,217,057
IT $122,225 $139,686 $157,146
Salaried Staff $4,322,720 $4,940,251 $5,557,783
Environmental $780,160 $891,611 $1,003,063
Sustainable Development $1,104,200 $1,261,943 $1,419,686
Security $705,900 $806,743 $907,586
Medical Services $458,898 $524,455 $590,012
Warehouse $173,020 $197,737 $222,454
Purchasing $274,875 $314,143 $353,411
Total $9,162,098 $10,470,970 $11,779,841

General and Administrative costs include employee withholdings and taxes as well as 12% IVA tax on services and supplies purchased in Guatemala.

21.7          OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

This section addresses the following costs:

  • Mining Costs
  • Process Plant Operating & Maintenance Cost
  • General and Administrative Costs

The operating costs for the 4,500 MTPD and the 5,500 MTPD cases were calculated for each year during the life of the mine using the annual ore tonnage as a basis. Table 21-4 reflected the approximate production of zinc and lead concentrates and metal contained each concentrate.

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Table 21-4: Approximate Concentrate Production and Content

  4,500 MTPD Case Tonnes (000's) Zinc (klbs.) Silver (kozs.) Gold (kozs.)   
     Zinc Concentrate 515 596,372 15,807 15   
     Lead Concentrate 299 336,480 303,275 258   
         
  5,500 MTPD Case        
     Zinc Concentrate 519 600,758 15,830 15   
     Lead Concentrate 300 337,734 303,708 258   

Table 21-5 shows the unit cost per ore tonne for the life of the mine for both cases.

Table 21-5: Operating Costs by Area

  4,500 MTPD 5,500 MTPD
Life of Mine $/tonne $/tonne
Ore Tonnes 29,826,845 29,924,285
     
   Mining Operations $29.03 $27.22
     
   Mill Operations    
         Crushing & Conveying $1.95 $1.85
         Grinding & Classification $5.06 $6.29
         Flotation and Regrind $4.20 $4.19
         Concentrate Dewatering, Filtration & Dewatering $1.05 $0.99
         Tailing Disposal $5.26 $4.92
         Laboratory $0.52 $0.50
         Ancillary Services $1.50 $1.42
     
     Subtotal Processing $19.54 $20.16
Supporting Facilities    
     General and Administrative $6.67 $6.87
     Subtotal Supporting Facilities $6.67 $6.87
   Total Operating Cost $55.24 $54.25

21.7.1        Process Plant Operating & Maintenance Costs

The process plant operating costs are summarized by areas of the plant and then by cost elements of labor, power, reagents, maintenance parts and supplies and services. In addition to the cost of these items an IVA tax of 12% was applied to materials and services required by the Guatemala government.

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21.7.2          Process Labor & Fringes

Process labor costs were derived from a staffing plan and based on prevailing daily or annual labor rates in the area. Labor rates and fringe benefits for employees include all applicable social security benefits as well as all applicable payroll taxes. The staffing plan summary and gross annual labor costs are shown in Table 21-6 below.

Table 21-6: Process Plant Labor & Fringes

Department Number of Personnel
  4,500 MTPD Case 5,500 MTPD Case   
     Mill Operations 73 73   
     Laboratory 23 23   
     Mill Maintenance 47 47   
  Total 143 143   

21.7.3          Electrical Power

Electrical power costs were provided by Tahoe. Power consumption was based on the equipment list connected kW, discounted for operating time per day and anticipated operating load level. The overall power rate is estimated at $0.140 per kWh. A summary of the base power consumption and cost and the additional power required for each case is shown below.

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Table 21-7: Power Cost Summary

3500 MTPD Power Requirements Annual kWhr Annual Cost
   Primary Crushing & Conveying 1,090,955 $171,062
   Secondary and Tertiary Crushing 7,380,769 $1,157,305
   Fine Ore Storage and Reclaim 679,032 $106,472
   Grinding 26,668,629 $4,181,641
   Flotation & Regrind 18,633,804 $2,921,780
   Reagents 840,676 $131,818
   Concentrate Thickening 3,945,741 $618,692
   Tailings Disposal 36,605,529 $5,739,747
   Dry Stack Area 394,631 $61,878
   Fresh Water/Plant Water 3,499,064 $548,653
   Ancillaries 272,238 $42,687
Total 3500 MTPD Power Requirements 100,011,069 $15,681,736
     
4500 MTPD Additional Power Requirements    
   Grinding 1,052,350 $165,009
   Flotation & Regrind 2,657,184 $416,646
   Concentrate Thickening 134,175 $21,039
   Tailings 263,088 $41,252
   Fresh Water/Plant Water 368,323 $57,753
Total 4500 MTPD Additional Power Requirements 4,475,119 $701,699
Total 4500 MTPD Power Requirements 104,486,188 $16,383,434
     
5500 MTPD Additional Power Requirements    
   Fine Ore Storage and Reclaim 210,470 $33,002
   Grinding 25,676,617 $4,026,094
   Flotation & Regrind 2,578,258 $404,271
   Tailings 263,088 $41,252
   Fresh Water/Plant Water 105,235 $16,501
Total 5500 MTPD Additional Power Requirements 28,833,668 $4,521,119
Total 5500 MTPD Power Requirements 133,319,856 $20,904,553

21.7.4          Reagents

Consumption rates were determined from the metallurgical test data or industry practice. Budget quotations were received for reagents supplied from local sources where available with an allowance for freight to site. In addition IVA tax of 12% was included.

A summary of process reagent consumption and costs are included in Table 21-8 below.

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Table 21-8: Reagents Consumption Summary

Reagents kg/tonne ore $/kg
     
   Lime 0.300 $ 0.11
   Zinc Sulfate 0.060 $ 3.00
   Zinc Cyanide 0.020 $ 2.20
   Copper Sulfate 0.030 $ 1.06
   PAX 0.020 $ 2.45
   C-7931 0.040 $ 10.00
   C-4132 0.020 $ 2.82
   X-133 0.030 $ 2.50
   Flocculant (Concentrate Thickeners) 0.010 $ 3.85
   Flocculant (Tailings Thickeners) 0.090 $ 3.85

21.7.5          Maintenance Wear Parts and Consumables

Grinding media consumption and wear items (liners) were based on industry practice for the crusher and grinding operations. These consumption rates and unit prices are shown in Table 21-9. In addition IVA tax of 12% was included.

Table 21-9: Grinding Media and Wear Items

Grinding Media & Wear Parts kg/tonne ore $/kg
   Primary Crusher - Liners 0.010 $ 4.85
   Secondary Crusher - Liners 0.040 $ 4.85
   Tertiary Crusher - Liners 0.021 $ 4.85
   Ball Mill - Liners 0.039 $ 5.73
   Zinc Regrind - Liners 0.001 $ 5.10
   Lead Regrind - Liners 0.001 $ 5.10
   Ball Mill - Balls 0.740 $ 1.25
   Lead Regrind Mill- Balls 0.020 $ 5.10
   Zinc Regrind Mill- Balls 0.020 $ 5.10

An allowance was made to cover the cost of maintenance of all items not specifically identified and the cost of maintenance of the facilities. The allowance was calculated using the direct capital cost of equipment times a percentage for each area, which totalled approximately $2.8 million for 4,500 MTPD case and $3.4 million for the 5,500 MTPD case. Also an annual allowance was made for outside maintenance services to be performed at approximately $0.5 million for both cases.

21.7.6          Process Supplies & Services

Allowances were provided in process plant for outside consultants, outside contractors, vehicle maintenance, and miscellaneous supplies. The allowances were estimated using M3’s information from other operations and projects. Approximately $2.5 million will be spent annually for both cases.

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21.8          CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE

Table 21-10 shows a summary of estimated initial capital expenses.

Table 21-10: Initial Capital Expense Estimate (3,500 MTPD)

Description Cost
Direct Costs  
General Site $14,045,472
Mine, West Portal – By Owner $0
Mine, East Portal – By Owner $0
Primary Crushing $4,098,061
Secondary & Tertiary Crushing $5,737,647
Fine Ore Storage & Reclaim $5,775,776
Grinding $15,074,923
Flotation & Regrind $20,755,307
Reagents $3,734,928
Concentrate $9,613,887
Tailing Dewatering $16,990,634
Paste Backfill Plant $6,723,845
Tailing Dry Stack $2,073,044
Water Systems and Well Field $10,313,094
Sewage Treatment $639,615
Main Substation $6,065,325
Overhead Power Line $2,402,365
Ancillaries $20,893,022
Insurance/Capital Spares $2,000,000
Freight $10,388,696
Duties $3,001,033
Subtotal DIRECT COST $160,326,674
   
Indirect Costs  
CONTINGENCY $26,646,797
   
Other Indirects Including EPCM, $30,040,626
Contractor Power, Vendor Supervision  
and Commissioning  
   
IVA @ 12% (Eventually Refundable) $10,697,853
   
TOTAL EPCM CAPITAL COST $227,711,950
TOTAL MINE CAPITAL COST $78,494,050
OWNER’S COST $20,443,000
   
TOTAL $326,649,000

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The capital costs for the option to increase production to 4,500 MTPD are as follows:

Table 21-11: Capital Cost Estimate for the 4,500 MTPD Expansion

Total Costs for the 3,500 MTPD Project $326,649,000
   
Additional Costs for the Expansion to 4,500 MPTD from 3,500 MTPD
     Mine Expansion Costs $28,101,501
   
     Direct Costs $12,710,911
     Indirect Costs $5,323,588
     Total Plant Expansion Costs $18,034,499
Grand Total $372,785,000

The 4,500 MTPD expansion will cost $18,034,499 in plant expansion and $28,101,501 in mine development and equipment in addition to the costs for the 3,500 MTPD project, for a total of $372,785,000.

A more detailed estimate for the 4,500 MPTD expansion is as follows:

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Table 21-12: 4,500 MTPD Expansion Project

Description Cost
 Mining Costs  
     Underground Mine Development $8,436,001
     Mine Equipment & Underground Infrastructure $19,665,500
 Subtotal Mine $28,101,501
   
Direct Costs  
 General Site $25,384
 Mine, West Portal - By Owner $0
 Mine, East Portal - By Owner $0
 Primary Crushing $0
 Secondary & Tertiary Crushing $0
 Fine Ore Storage & Reclaim $0
 Grinding $591,525
 Flotation & Regrind $2,146,662
 Reagents $0
 Concentrate $215,737
 Tailing Dewatering $260,890
 Paste Backfill Plant $0
 Tailing Dry Stack $0
 Water Systems and Well Field $123,000
 Sewage Treatment $0
 Main Substation $8,000,000
 Overhead Power Line $0
 Ancillaries $0
 Insurance/Capital Spares $0
 Freight $1,035,187
 Duties $312,525
Subtotal DIRECT COST $12,710,911
   
Indirect Costs  
CONTINGENCY $2,307,701
   
Other Indirects Including EPCM, $3,015,887
Contractor Power, Vendor Supervision  
and Commissioning  
   
IVA @ 12% (Eventually Refundable) $342,128
   
TOTAL EPCM COSTS FOR THE EXPANSION $18,034,499
TOTAL COSTS FOR THE 3,500 MPTD PROJECT $326,649,000
   
GRAND TOTAL $372,785,000

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The capital costs for the option to increase production to 5,500 MTPD are as follows:

Table 21-13: Capital Cost Estimate for the 5,500 MTPD Expansion

Total Costs for the 3,500 MTPD Project $326,649,000
   
Additional Costs for the Expansion to 4,500 MPTD from 3,500 MTPD
     Mine Expansion Costs $28,101,501
   
     Direct Costs $35,147,120
     Indirect Costs $15,015,844
     Total $50,162,964
Grand Total $405,413,465

The 5,500 MTPD expansion will cost $50,162,964 for plant expansion and $28,601,501 in mine development and equipment costs in addition to the costs for the 3,500 MTPD project, for a total of $405,413,465.

A more detailed estimate for the 5,500 MPTD expansion is as follows:

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Table 21-14: 5,500 MTPD Expansion Project

Description Cost
 Mining Costs  
     Underground Mine Development $8,436,001
     Mine Equipment & Underground Infrastructure $19,665,500
 Subtotal Mine $28,101,501
   
Direct Costs  
   General Site $70,294
   Mine, West Portal - By Owner $0
   Mine, East Portal - By Owner $0
   Primary Crushing $0
   Secondary & Tertiary Crushing $0
   Fine Ore Storage & Reclaim $263,881
   Grinding $14,749,495
   Flotation & Regrind $4,943,932
   Reagents $0
   Concentrate $198,832
   Tailing Dewatering $252,908
   Paste Backfill Plant $0
   Tailing Dry Stack $0
   Water Systems and Well Field $124,896
   Sewage Treatment $0
   Main Substation $10,979,926
   Overhead Power Line $0
   Ancillaries $0
   Insurance/Capital Spares $0
   Freight $2,731,718
   Duties $831,238
Subtotal DIRECT COST $35,147,120
   
Indirect Costs  
CONTINGENCY $6,371,021
   
Other Indirects Including EPCM, $7,326,349
Contractor Power, Vendor Supervision  
and Commissioning  
   
IVA @ 12% (Eventually Refundable) $1,318,474
   
TOTAL EPCM COSTS FOR THE EXPANSION $50,162,964
TOTAL COSTS FOR THE 3,500 MPTD PROJECT $326,649,000
   
GRAND TOTAL $405,413,465

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21.8.1        Introduction

In general M3 based this capital cost estimate on its knowledge and experience of similar types of facilities and work in similar locations. Resources available to M3 included recent cost data collected for a nearby mining project and for similar process plants that have been constructed, are under construction, are being designed or studied in other locations.

21.8.2        Assumptions

The project is assumed to be constructed in a conventional EPCM format, e.g. Tahoe will retain a qualified contractor to manage and design the project; bid and procure materials and equipment as agent for Tahoe; bid and award construction contracts as agent; and manage the construction of the facilities as agent.

Tahoe will order major material supplies (e.g., structural and mechanical steelwork) as well as bulk orders (e.g., piping and electrical). These will be issued to construction contractors on site using strict inventory control.

All costs to date by Owner are considered as sunk costs.

“Initial Capital” is defined as all capital costs through to the end of construction. Capital costs predicted for later years are carried as sustaining capital in the financial model.

All costs are in 1st quarter 2012 US dollars.

21.8.3        Estimate Accuracy

The accuracy of this estimate for those items identified in the scope-of-work is estimated to be within the range of plus 20% to minus 15%; i.e., the cost could be 20% higher than the estimate or it could be 15% lower. Accuracy is an issue separate from contingency, the latter accounts for undeveloped scope and insufficient data (e.g., geotechnical data).

21.8.4        Contingency

Contingency is intended to cover unallocated costs from lack of detailing in scope items. It is a compilation of aggregate risk from all estimated cost areas. Contingency is not simply a “buffer” to cover estimate inaccuracy. Properly calculated contingency will be spent.

21.8.5        Documents

Documents available to the estimators include the following:

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Design Criteria (Yes)
Equipment List (Yes)
Equipment Specifications (No)
Construction Specifications (No)
Flowsheets (Yes)
P&IDs (Yes)
General Arrangements (Yes)
Architectural Drawings (No)
Civil Drawings (No)
Concrete Drawings (No)
Structural Steel Drawings (No)
Mechanical Drawings (No)
Electrical Schematics (No)
Electrical Physicals (No)
Instrumentation Schematics (No)
Instrument Log (No)
Pipeline Schedule (No)
Valve List (No)
Cable and Conduit Schedule (No)

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22             ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

22.1          INTRODUCTION

The financial evaluation presents the determination of the Net Present Value (NPV), payback period (time in years to recapture the initial capital investment), and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the project. Annual cash flow projections were estimated over the life of the mine based on the estimates of capital expenditures and production cost and sales revenue. The sales revenue is based on the production of lead and zinc concentrate also containing gold and silver. The estimates of capital expenditures and site production costs have been developed specifically for this project and have been presented in earlier sections of this report.

The economic analysis of the Project includes Inferred mineral resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as mineral reserve. The PEA is preliminary in nature and there is no certainty that the PEA will be realized. The basis for the PEA is the Indicated mineral resources and Inferred mineral resources as reported herein. There is no pre-feasibility or feasibility study in respect to the Escobal project. The term “ore” is used in this economic analysis to differentiate between mineralized material (including dilution) above an economic cutoff grade and waste rock; there is no inference of mineral reserves.

22.2          MINE PRODUCTION STATISTICS

Mine production is reported as ore from the mining operation. The annual production figures were obtained from the mine plan as reported earlier in this report.

The life of mine ore and waste quantities and ore grade are presented in the table below.

Table 22-1: Life of Mine Ore and Metal Grades

  Ore Tonnes        
  (000's) Zinc % Lead % Gold g/t Silver g/t
  4500 MTPD Case 29,872      1.1%        0.6%              0.4 383.2   
           
  5500 MTPD Case 29,924      1.1%        0.6%              0.4 382.6   

22.3          PLANT PRODUCTION STATISTICS

Ore will be processed using crushing, grinding, and flotation technology to produce metals in a flotation concentrate. Two concentrate products will be produced, zinc concentrate and lead concentrate. Gold and silver will be recovered in both the zinc and lead concentrates.

The estimated metal recoveries in the lead and zinc concentrates are presented in the table below.

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Table 22-2: Metal Recovery Factors

  Lead % Zinc % Gold % Silver %
Lead Concentrate 82.5 - 71.0 82.5
Zinc Concentrate - 82.6 4.1 4.3

Estimated life of mine lead and zinc concentrate production is presented below with the approximate metal contained.

Table 22-3: Life of Mine Concentrate Summary

4,500 MTPD Case Tonnes (000's) Zinc (klbs.) Silver (kozs.) Gold (kozs.)
     Zinc Concentrate                        515 596,372 15,807 15
     Lead Concentrate                        299 336,480 303,275 258
         
5,500 MTPD Case        
     Zinc Concentrate                        519 600,758 15,830 15
     Lead Concentrate                        300 337,734 303,708 258

22.3.1        Smelter Return Factors

Lead and zinc concentrates will be shipped from the site to lead and zinc smelting and refining companies. Smelter and refining treatment charges are negotiable at the time of agreement.

A smelter may impose a penalty either expressed in higher treatment charges or in metal deductions to treat concentrates that contain higher than specified quantities of certain elements. It is expected that this project will produce relatively clean concentrates that will not pose any special restrictions on smelting and refining and that the concentrates will be easily marketable.

The smelting and refining charges calculated in the financial evaluation include charges for smelting lead and zinc concentrates and refining precious metal from both the lead and zinc concentrates. Also included in these charges will be the transportation to get the concentrate from the site to the smelter. The off-site charges that will be incurred are presented in Table 22-4.

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Table 22-4: Smelter Return Factors

Lead Concentrate  
Payable lead in concentrate 95.0 %
Payable gold in concentrate 95.0 %
Payable silver in concentrate 96.0 %
Lead deduction (minimum) 3.0 %
Gold deduction (oz/dmt) 0.032
Silver deduction (oz/dmt) 1.607
Treatment charge ($/tonne) $300.00
   
Price Participation  
Add $0.04 for dollar increase in Pb price per metric ton $2,000 to $2,300
Add $0.04 for dollar increase in Pb price per metric ton >$2,300
Subtract $0.01 for dollar increase in Pb price per metric ton $1,700 to $2,000
Subtract $0.01 for dollar increase in Pb price per metric <$1,700
Refining charge – Au ($/oz) $8.00
Refining charge – Ag ($/oz) $1.50
Transportation Charges ($/wmt) $100.00
Moisture (%) 8.0 %
   
Zinc Concentrate  
Payable zinc in concentrate 85.0 %
Payable gold in concentrate 85.0 %
Payable silver in concentrate 70.0 %
Zinc deduction (minimum) 8.0 %
Gold deduction (oz/dmt) 0.05
Silver deduction (oz/`dmt) 3.00
Treatment charge ($/tonne) $191.00
   
Price Participation  
Add $0.05 for dollar increase in Zn price per metric ton $2,000 to $2,300
Add $0.05 for dollar increase in Zn price per metric ton >$2,300
Subtract $0.02 for dollar increase in Zn price per metric ton $1,700 to $2,000
Subtract $0.02 for dollar increase in Zn price per metric <$1,700
Refining charge – Au ($/oz) $0.00
Refining charge – Ag ($/oz) $0.00
Transportation Charges ($/wmt) $100.00
Moisture (%) 8.0 %

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22.4           CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

22.4.1        Initial and Expansion Capital

The base case financial indicators have been determined with 100% equity financing of the initial capital. Any acquisition cost or expenditures prior to the January, 2012 have been treated as “sunk” cost and have not been included in the analysis.

The total capital carried in the financial model for new construction, expansion capital and preproduction mine development is shown in the table below.

Table 22-5: Initial and Expansion Capital Summary

  4500 MTPD Case 5500 MTPD Case
Period Amount Amount
Year 2012 $181,760 $181,760  
Year 2013 $98,924 $99,274  
Year 2014 $12,002 $11,448  
Year 2015 $5,499 $5,247  
Year 2016 $2,482 $3,439  
Year 2017 $625 $600  
Year 2018 $1,335 $1,335  
Year 2019 $2,968 $19,032  
Year 2020 $400 $16,464  
Total $305,995 $338,599  

22.4.2       Sustaining Capital

A schedule of capital cost expenditures during the production period was estimated and included in the financial analysis under the category of sustaining capital. This capital will be expended during a 16 year period, starting in Year 1 and ending in Year 16. Table 22-6 shows the annual sustaining capital expenditures.

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Table 22-6: Sustaining Capital Summary

Period 4500 MTPD Case 5500 MTPD Case
Year 2013 $10,450 $10,450  
Year 2014 $12,556 $12,556  
Year 2015 $14,037 $14,037  
Year 2016 $15,622 $13,490  
Year 2017 $18,660 $17,484  
Year 2018 $11,841 $13,422  
Year 2019 $16,850 $19,456  
Year 2020 $7,190 $7,190  
Year 2021 $5,557 $5,557  
Year 2022 $6,942 $6,942  
Year 2023 $5,313 $5,313  
Year 2024 $6,375 $6,375  
Year 2025 $6,284 $6,284  
Year 2026 $6,821 $6,821  
Year 2027 $3,059 $3,059  
Year 2028 $766 $766  
Total $148,324 $149,204  

22.4.3        Working Capital

A 60 day delay of receipt of revenue from sales is used for accounts receivables. A delay of payment for accounts payable of 30 days is also incorporated into the financial model. In addition, working capital allowance of $20.0 million for plant consumable inventory is estimated in year -1, year 1, year 4 and year 5. All the working capital is recaptured at the end of the mine life and the final value of these accounts is $0.

22.4.4        Salvage Value

No allowance for salvage value has been included in the cash flow analysis.

22.4.5       Revenue

Annual revenue is determined by applying estimated metal prices to the annual payable metal estimated for each operating year. Sales prices have been applied to all life of mine production without escalation or hedging. The revenue is the gross value of payable metals sold before treatment charges and transportation charges. Metal sales prices used in the evaluation are as follows:

  Zinc $0.90/pound
  Lead $0.95/pound
  Silver $25.00/ounce
  Gold $1,300.00/ounce

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22.4.6        Operating Cost

Cash Operating Cost includes mine operations, process plant operations, general administrative cost, smelting and refining charges and shipping charges. The table below shows the estimated operating cost by area per metric ton of ore processed.

Table 22-7: Operating Cost

  4500 MTPD Case 5500 MTPD Case
Operating Cost $/ore tonne $/ore tonne
Mine $29.03 $27.22   
Process Plant $19.54 $20.16   
General Administration $6.67 $6.87   
Smelting/Refining    
Treatment $23.96 $23.96   
Total Operating Cost $79.20 $78.20   

22.4.7        Total Cash Cost

The average Total Cash Cost over the life of the mine is estimated to be 92.50 and $91.49 per metric ton of ore processed for the 4500 MTPD case and 5,500 MTPD case, respectively. Total Cash Cost is the Total Cash Operating Cost plus royalties, property tax and tailings infrastructure and reclamation and closure costs.

22.4.7.1      Royalty

A royalty payment is based on 4.5% of the mineral content at market prices starting the first year of production. The life of mine royalty payments is estimated to be $388.3 and $389.0 million for the 4,500 MTPD case and 5,500 MTPD case, respectively.

22.4.7.2      Tailings Infrastructure and Reclamation & Closure

An allowance for the cost of reclamation and closure of the property has been included in the cash flow projection. Yearly concurrent reclamation and yearly tailing facility liner advancement are included in the cost. Years 2 – 18 shows an allowance of $0.15 per total material mined. An allowance of $4.0 million is included for end of mine life closure for both cases.

22.4.7.3      Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight line method starting with first year of production. The initial capital was depreciated using a 10 year life and the sustaining capital was depreciated using an 8 year life. The last year of production is the catch-up year if the assets are not fully depreciated by that time.

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22.4.8        Taxation

22.4.8.1       Corporate Income Tax

The Escobal project is evaluated with a 7% gross corporate tax based on the metal value shipped outside of the country based on revenues returned from the smelters. The tax rate was increased by the Guatemalan congress in February 2012. It was assumed that all the metals were shipped out of the country.

Corporate income taxes paid is estimated to be $604.1 and $604.0 million for the life of the mine for the 4,500 MTPD case and 5,500 MTPD case, respectively.

22.4.9       Project Financing

For the purposes of this study it is assumed the project will be all equity financed. Therefore, no interest payments on debt are considered.

22.4.10      Net Income After Tax

Net Income after Tax is approximately $4.8 billion for the life of the mine for both cases.

22.4.11       NPV and IRR

The base case economic analysis indicates that the project has an NPV at 5% discount rate of $2.94 billion and $2.99 billion and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 68.1% and 68.3% with a payback period of 1.5 years for the 4,500 MTPD case and the 5,500 MTPD case, respectively. This compares to the 3,500 MTPD case from the previous Preliminary Economic Assessment (29 November 2010) adjusted to the base case metal prices used in this new Preliminary Economic Assessment of an NPV at 5% discount rate of $ 2.76 billion an IRR of 69.8% and payback of 1.1 years.

Factors effecting the change in the NPV include increasing the royalties from 1.5% to 4.5%, increasing taxes from 5% of revenues net of smelter costs to 7%, considering 2011 costs sunk for all three cases, one less year of discounting, increased silver refining costs, increased power demand, higher cement prices and the effect of the two expansion cases. The cumulative effects can be seen in Figure 22-1. Sensitivity analyses for the 4,500 MTPD and 5,500 MTPD cases are presented in Table 22-8 and Table 22-9. Detailed financial models for each case are shown in Table 22-10 and Table 22-11.

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Figure 22-1: Changes in NPV @ 5% Due to Changes in Cost Structure

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Table 22-8: 4500 MTPD Case – Sensitivity Analysis

 Sensitivities - After Taxes  
Change in Metal Prices NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
20%  $6,339,750  $3,902,357 $2,568,846 83.6% 0.9
10%  $5,576,018  $3,420,385 $2,240,478 76.0% 1.1
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
-10%  $4,048,553  $2,456,439 $1,583,741 59.8% 1.4
-20%  $3,284,821  $1,974,466 $1,255,373 51.2% 1.7
           
Change in Operating Cost NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
20%  $4,482,749  $2,736,312 $1,777,190 64.5% 1.3
10%  $4,647,517  $2,837,362 $1,844,650 66.3% 1.3
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
-10%  $4,977,054  $3,039,462 $1,979,569 69.8% 1.2
-20%  $5,141,822  $3,140,512 $2,047,029 71.6% 1.1
           
Change in Initial Capital NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
20%  $4,760,314  $2,887,240 $1,861,664 60.2% 1.4
10%  $4,786,300  $2,912,826 $1,886,887 63.9% 1.3
0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
-10%  $4,838,271  $2,963,998 $1,937,332 72.9% 1.1
-20%  $4,864,257  $2,989,584 $1,962,555 78.7% 1.0
           
Change in Recovery NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
2.0%  $4,950,739  $3,025,832 $1,971,676 69.5% 1.2
1.0%  $4,881,512  $2,982,122 $1,941,893 68.8% 1.2
0.0%  $4,812,286  $2,938,412 $1,912,109 68.1% 1.2
-1.0%  $4,743,059  $2,894,702 $1,882,326 67.3% 1.2
-2.0%  $4,673,832  $2,850,992 $1,852,543 66.6% 1.3

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Table 22-9: 5500 MTPD Case - Sensitivity Analysis

 Sensitivities - After Taxes  
Change in Metal Prices NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
20%  $6,345,786  $3,963,392 $2,627,389 83.7% 1.0
10%  $5,580,592  $3,474,281 $2,292,385 76.1% 1.1
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
-10%  $4,050,205  $2,496,061 $1,622,378 60.2% 1.4
-20%  $3,285,011  $2,006,950 $1,287,374 51.6% 1.7
Change in Operating Cost NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
20%  $4,490,725  $2,784,266 $1,822,839 64.9% 1.3
10%  $4,653,062  $2,884,719 $1,890,110 66.6% 1.3
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
-10%  $4,977,736  $3,085,623 $2,024,653 70.0% 1.2
-20%  $5,140,073  $3,186,075 $2,091,924 71.7% 1.2
Change in Initial Capital NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
20%  $4,763,427  $2,933,999 $1,906,936 60.5% 1.4
10%  $4,789,413  $2,959,585 $1,932,159 64.1% 1.3
0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
-10%  $4,841,384  $3,010,757 $1,982,604 73.1% 1.2
-20%  $4,867,370  $3,036,343 $2,007,827 78.8% 1.1
Change in Recovery NPV @ 0% NPV @ 5% NPV @ 10% IRR% Payback
Base Case  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
2.0%  $4,954,100  $3,073,868 $2,018,138 69.7% 1.2
1.0%  $4,884,749  $3,029,520 $1,987,760 69.0% 1.2
0.0%  $4,815,399  $2,985,171 $1,957,381 68.3% 1.2
-1.0%  $4,746,048  $2,940,822 $1,927,003 67.6% 1.3
-2.0%  $4,676,698  $2,896,473 $1,896,625 66.9% 1.3

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Table 22-10: Detail Financial Model (4,500 MTPD)

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Table 22-11: Detail Financial Model (5,500 MTPD)

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23             ADJACENT PROPERTIES

There are no properties immediately adjacent to the Project that are at the same stage of development.

This report focuses on the areas of the Escobal Project that contain resources. There are additional zones of mineralization within the Oasis concession however, that have been drilled; in 2009 five holes were drilled on the San Juan Bosco prospect six kilometers west of Escobal and three holes were drilled on the Morales prospect seven kilometers north of the Escobal vein in 2010-2011. Ongoing exploration continues on a regional level throughout Tahoe’s other concession.

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24             OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

24.1          MINING

This Preliminary Economic Assessment evaluates the potential economic viability of mineral resources at Tahoe Resources’ Escobal project and includes material classified as Inferred mineral resources in the analysis, as permitted by Section 2.3(3) of National Instrument 43-101.

NI 43-101 Required Disclosure: The preliminary assessment is preliminary in nature and includes inferred mineral resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as mineral reserves, and there is no certainty that the preliminary assessment will be realized. The basis for the PEA is the Indicated mineral resources and Inferred mineral resources, the effective date of which is 23 January 2012. There is no pre-feasibility or feasibility study with respect to the Escobal Project.

The use of the term “ore” in the following discussion is to differentiate between mineralized material (including dilution) above an economic cutoff grade and waste rock; there is no inference of mineral reserves.

24.1.1         Cut-Off Grade

The use of cut-off grade or cut-off value is basically a defensive tactic to exclude unprofitable material from the production stream. The cut-off value calculation used to determine the minable portion of the resource at Escobal is predicated on the assumption that mine production will feed the mill at capacity throughout the mine life. Production of a discretionary increment of material will extend the life of the operation and therefore increase the total amount of fixed costs generated over the life of the operation. Production of the discretionary increment defers the realization of production from other increments. All costs that are incremental with production must therefore be covered in the cut-off value calculation. Costs in the cut-off value calculation include the variable and fixed costs directly related to ore production, expensed stope access development, smelting, refining, and concentrate transportation, general and administrative costs directly related to production, royalties, and project costs related to production and the plant facilities that do not have a measurable pay-back. Costs excluded from the basis include exploration, capitalized development costs, capital infrastructure costs, in mine projects having a measurable economic benefit, and non-cash charges.

Sustaining capital costs scheduled after the mine commences commercial production are excluded from the cut-off value cost basis as these costs are not incremental to a specific unit of production but rather common to large portions of the mineral deposit. Once the mine plan was completed, the net present value at a zero discount rate was calculated for each major area of the mine to insure the cut-off value is appropriate, allowing sustaining capital investments to reach pay-back. Table 24-1 lists the costs and other parameters utilized to calculate the Escobal cut off-value.

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Table 24-1: Cut-Off Value

Mining Cost per tonne ore $29.03
Processing Cost per tonne ore $19.54
G&A Cost per tonne ore $ 6.67
Smelting and Refining $20. 42
Concentrate Freight $ 3.54
Royalties $ 13.02
Total Cash Operating Cost per tonne ore $92.22
Mill Recovery 87%
Smelter Payable 94%
Mining Recovery 95%
Silver Equivalent Cut-Off Grade 148 g/t

24.1.2        Mineral Resources for Mine Planning

The summary of Escobal resources shown in Table 24-2 is the basis for developing the portion of the resources available for production during the life of the mine. Indicated and Inferred resource blocks were plotted on long section and bench plans and used to evaluate mining method options. The primary goals in selecting the appropriate mining method were safe, complete extraction of the resource in the most productive possible way. Long-hole stoping was selected as the optimum mining method based on vein geometry, geomechanical properties, and productivity considerations. Design criteria were established for opening sizes for production and development excavations, excavation productivities, ground support including paste backfill, ventilation, pumping, equipment and other mine systems. Data available to provide the basis for the design criteria were collected during the exploration programs at Escobal since 2007, including data provided by Entre Mares based on experiences at its Marlin Mine in Guatemala, and the experience and databases of the M3 and Tahoe technical teams.

Table 24-2: Escobal Mineral Resources

Resource
Classification
Tonnes
(M)
Silver
(g/t)
Gold
(g/t)
Lead
(%)
Zinc
(%)
Silver
(Moz)
Gold
(koz)
Lead
(kt)
Zinc
(kt)
Indicated 27.1 422 0.43 0.71 1.28 367.5 373 192 347
Inferred 4.6 254 0.59 0.34 0.66 36.7 85 15 30

Individual production stopes and development headings were laid out on long section and plan. Primary development and stope access heading sizes were determined by the size of the production equipment selected, the ventilation requirements during development, and ground conditions. Stope sizes and maximum spans open prior to backfilling were determined by the geo-mechanical aspects in each stope. Stope and development productivities were determined based on geo-mechanical properties and unit operation estimated for each type of excavation and each specific stope. Costs were developed utilizing comparative analysis and adjusting data collected from similar mines and unit operations. Costs were also developed using first principal estimation techniques and compared to the experience based estimates. The final detailed cost estimates are a combination of experienced based and first principal based estimates.

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Stope limits were located inside resource blocks having an estimated silver equivalent grade below the cut-off value and immediately adjacent to blocks of estimated gold grade equal to or greater than the cut-off value. The volume of material in the resource blocks having grades lower than the cut-off grade but included in the production plan represent the dilution which will be mined in the plan. This technique allows dilution to be modeled directly in the mine plan. The estimate of mineable resources is therefore based on an actual engineered stope design and practical mining experience rather than utilizing the traditional method of assigning an arbitrary numerical estimate of tonnes and grade for dilution which is then added to the resource estimate to determine the final production tonnes and grade.

Tons and grade, including dilution, were calculated for each stope throughout the entire ore body and used to complete a production schedule. The production schedule was detailed by month for the first two years of ore development and production and annually for the remainder of the mine life. The sequence of production from the individual stopes is designed to mine the highest grade stopes as early as possible in the mine life but is constrained by the development schedule. Development and stoping rates were scheduled to produce a sequence that maintains a minimum of six active ore development headings, three active long-hole fronts, and a duplicate set of workplaces developed and available at all times. Maintaining this number of available work places allows for on-going ore and waste development and backfill cycles and insures the ability of the mine to produce at the mill capacity of 1.28 million tonnes per year for the 3,500 MTPD case, 1.63 million metric tons per year for the 4,500 MTPD case, and 2.0 million tonner per year for the 5,500 MTPD case.

Once the initial mine plan was completed the cost estimate utilized to calculate the initial cut-off value was reviewed and adjusted to reflect a more detailed mine plan and design. The mine plan that is the basis for this PEA is the result of this iterative planning process and while optimization will continue throughout the final design and the mine life, the current mine plan has been shown to be both feasible and realistic. The 3,500 tonne per day mine plan extracts 22,651,000 metric tons at a silver grade of 415 g/t, gold grade of 0.47 g/t, 0.72% lead and 1.23% zinc. This total includes dilution of 1.422 MM tonnes at an average grade of 56 g/t silver, 0.15 g/t gold, 0.11% lead, and 0.24% zinc. The 4,500 and 5,500 MTPD mine plans extract 29.9 million metric tons at a silver grade of 383 g/t, gold grade of 0.38 g/t, 0.62% lead and 1.10% zinc. This total includes dilution of 4.7 million tonnes at an average grade of 71 g/t silver, 0.12 g/t gold, 0.10% lead, and 0.22% zinc.

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24.1.3         Underground Mining

The deposit will be accessed through two main portals, called the East and West portals. These primary declines will access the Central Zone. A third primary ramp will be driven into the East Zone from the Central Zone. The three primary ramps will connect to a system of secondary access spirals and attack ramps to access stoping areas in the East Zone and the East Extension area. Footwall laterals will be driven parallel to the vein on 25 meter vertical centers and will be accessed from the primary ramps. Stopes in the Central Zone and East Extension area will be accessed from the footwall laterals. The access ramps are located nominally 75 and 150 m from the vein. There are also accesses leading to ventilation ingress and exhaust raises. Internal ventilation raises will be driven between the various ramps and accesses. The mining methods selected are transverse and longitudinal long-hole stoping. Development on vein to establish over-cut and undercut drifts for stoping will be excavated 5 meters wide by 5 meters high. Stopes located where the vein width exceeds 15 meters will be excavated utilizing the transverse stoping method. The longitudinal stoping method will be utilized where vein widths are less than 15 meters. Filtered tails from the process plant will be combined with cement and water to make a structural fill for use underground. A paste backfill plant located on the surface will produce backfill for delivery via a system of steel and HDPE pipe, installed in bore holes, into the mine for placement in the mined out stopes. Backfill will be required for all stopes for stability reasons and as a preferred place to store tailings. Resources will be hauled from the stopes and ore passes to the process plant by truck and development waste will be placed in mined stopes where possible, or trucked to a surface waste dump facility.

190


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NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT


Figure 24-1: Escobal Main Ramp and Raise Layout

191


ESCOBAL GUATEMALA PROJECT
NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

25              INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

 

Exploration work since 2010 has resulted in significant increase in the mineral resources of the Escobal site, leading to a new Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) to analyze increased mine and plant throughput associated with extraction of the additional resources.

   

 

The previous Preliminary Economic Assessment (November 2010) indicated that a 3,500 MTPD underground mine producing lead and zinc concentrates over a production life of 18 years is economically viable. The new Preliminary Economic Assessment demonstrates that increasing the throughput to 4,500 MTPD and/or 5,500 MTPD will enhance the economic results over the previous plan.

   

 

The contemplated operations would provide direct employment of approximately 650 employees in Guatemala and provide a long-term revenue source to the local municipality.

   

 

Permitting has progressed as anticipated in the previous PEA. The project has all necessary permits to develop the facilities necessary for exploitation of the mineral resources. Community support has been critical in obtaining the permits necessary to develop the project. The exploitation permit required for the extraction of the mineral resources is expected to be issued by MEM in the first half of 2012.

   

 

The Escobal deposit holds considerable promise for successful exploitation given its size, grade, metallurgical characteristics, developed infrastructure, and the knowledge and experience of the individuals engaged in the project.

   

 

The process plant estimate is very detailed for a PEA and estimated costs are considered to be an upper bound for the process facilities as now envisioned.

   

 

The underground mine estimate is very detailed for a PEA and estimated costs are considered to be upper bound for the mine as envisioned in this study.

   

 

If mining operating costs were to increase 50% from those currently estimated, the overall operating cost would increase approximately 19.6% and the project would still remain viable by interpolation of the sensitivity Table 1.20-23.

   

 

If power costs were to double from $0.14 kWH to $.28 kWH (grid power to site generated power), operating costs would increase approximately 12.4% and the project would still remain viable by interpolation of the sensitivity Table 1.20-23.

   

 

Escobal as defined at this point would be a relatively low environmental risk project.

   

 

An independent verification program including a complete audit of the drill hole assay database, drill location and survey data, sample verification, sample handling and logging procedures, and QA/QC analysis support the estimation of the Escobal resource and the assignment of an Indicated classification to much of the stated resource.


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NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

 

The following conclusions were drawn from the testwork conducted by McClelland Laboratories:

       
 

o

The Escobal sulfide and mixed oxide/sulfide composites did not respond particularly well to gravity concentration treatment, at an 80%-106μm feed size.

       
 

o

The Escobal sulfide ore composites responded well to conventional bulk sulfide flotation treatment for recovery of gold and silver, at an 80%-75μm feed size

       
 

o

The Escobal sulfide ore composites showed good potential for selective flotation of contained lead and zinc.

       
 

o

The Escobal mixed oxide/sulfide ore composite did not respond as well to conventional bulk sulfide flotation treatment.

       
 

o

The Escobal composites were moderately amenable to whole ore milling/cyanidation treatment, at an 80%-75μm feed size.

     
 

o

The EC08-127 composite may have displayed a moderate preg-robbing tendency during whole ore cyanidation.

       
 

o

Adding activated carbon during whole ore cyanidation (CIL) leaching generally was effective in significantly improving gold and silver recoveries.

       
 

o

Cyanidation of flotation products, including regrind/intensive cyanidation of flotation rougher concentrates, was not particularly effective in increasing overall leach recoveries, when compared to whole ore CIL/cyanidation leaching.

       
 

The following conclusions are drawn from the testwork conducted so far by Dawson’s Metallurgical:

       
 

o

The Escobal sulfide ore is amenable to selective flotation producing a clean lead concentrate with most of the silver and gold in the lead concentrate and a clean zinc concentrate with some precious metals.

       
 

o

Grinding the ore to 80 percent passing 105 microns produced enough mineral liberation suitable for the flotation process.

       
 

o

Ore floated well with normal flotation reagents such as; potassium amyl xanthate (PAX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), copper sulfate (CuSO4 ), zinc sulfate, Aerofloat 208 and Aerofroth X-133.

       
 

o

Very selective collectors and co- collectors can be used in the zinc circuit at lower pH to eliminate the use of lime.


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NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

 

The Escobal resource estimate is considered reasonable, honors the geology, and is supported by the geologic model.

   

 

The Escobal resource estimate is based on sufficient drill sample analytical and density measurements, detailed drill- hole lithology and alteration data, and preliminary metallurgical results, to support a classification of Indicated for much of the sulfide mineralization. The lack of metallurgical testing and some spatial uncertainty in the model has resulted in an Inferred classification for all of the oxide portions of the deposit .


194


ESCOBAL GUATEMALA PROJECT
NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

26              RECOMMENDATIONS

 

Based on financial and technical measures, exploration success and project advances to date it is recommended that Tahoe complete the detailed engineering and construction of the Escobal project and begin taking steps to increase mine and mill capacity to 4,500 metric tons per day.

   

 

Based on these same factors it is recognized that positive economic benefits may be realized from expansion above 4,500 MTPD. It is recommended that Tahoe continue to explore adjacent to the know Escobal mineral resources and advance detailed engineering to further define and optimize potential mine and plant capacity beyond 4,500 MTPD.

   

 

Presumably, the public utility company will continue with improvements to the national grid. However, this study is based on self-generation of incremental needs for power and this approach is prudent. As the grid gets refined, this additional ability to generate our power will serve as additional emergency backup.

   

 

Baseline pre-mining hydrologic conditions have been established at the Project. Further detailed hydrologic study is needed to better understand the fracture-controlled distribution of groundwater and its effect on the contemplated mining operation. The extent and depths of the groundwater should be verified in conjunction with establishing both surface and groundwater monitoring stations in preparation for mine dewatering programs. Additional well information would be beneficial in verifying that an anomalous geothermal gradient does not exist.

   

 

Rock mechanics investigations should be further detailed. Continued definition of the spatial distribution of rock quality will enable refinements to ground support estimates, and mine opening designs. This can be best accomplished by continuing the geotechnical mapping of ground conditions and rock quality in the East Central and West Central declines and subsequent geotechnical evaluations of the underground. RMR models of the Escobal deposit should be re-evaluated as additional information is obtained from underground definition drilling, Rock quality indices should continue to be compared to those of other mines using similar mining methods as a means to further evaluate confidence in the stope and extraction design.

   

 

As recent and future drilling data become available, the block model should be refined to create resource estimate updates. Additional in-fill drilling will lend further confidence to the block model. Tahoe expects to commence definition drilling from underground drill platforms in mid-2012.

   

 

The “mix design” for the paste fill to be placed underground needs final definition. Cement consumption and accompanying costs can be finalized based on the gradation of the tailings, percent fines and chemical make-up.

   

 

Underground drilling should be utilized to test for additional mineralization on the Escobal structure along strike and dip, as well testing for parallel structures to the Escobal vein. As nearly all of the surface exploration drilling has been oriented north - south, it is recommended that future drill campaigns include drill orientations subparallel to the Escobal vein to test for mineralized ‘cross-structures’ as are indicated by structural trends observed in the declines.


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Detailed design and exploitation permitting activities should continue and the project should be advanced to the feasibility study stage.

   

 

The future drilling at the Escobal project should include more types of quality control sampling and analyses, including:


   

o

The continued use of suitable standards for each of the important metals;

   

 

o

The collection and analysis of field duplicates, processed and analyzed at the primary lab; and

   

   

o

The use of coarse reject or preparation duplicates, analyzed at the primary lab.

     
 

Additional drilling to better characterize the gold mineralization within the upper levels of the East Zone is recommended in the areas where the economic viability is dominated by gold. Both the East and Central zones are open at depth and further extensional drilling is recommended.


196


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NI 43- 101 PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

27              REFERENCES

AMEC Americas Ltd., “Escobal Project Guatemala NI 43-101 Technical Report”, prepared by Mr. Greg Kulla, 30 April, 2010.

Davies, Michael P., and Rice, Stephen, “An Alternative to Conventional Tailings Management – “Dry-Stack” Filtered Tailings”, AMEC Earth and Environmental, 2004.

M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation, “Escobal Guatemala Project, NI 43-101 Technical Report Preliminary Economic Assessment”, prepared under the guidance of Mr. Conrad Huss, 29 November 2010.

McClelland Laboratories, Inc., “Report on Scoping Metallurgical Testing – Escobal Drill Core Composites, MLI Job No. 3324”, 20 May, 2009.

Kappes, Cassiday & Associates, “2,500 Tonne Per Day Flotation Plant and Cyanidation Plant Cost Comparisons”, 22 July, 2009.

197

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A

 

PEA Contributors and Professional Qualifications










1.0        CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR

PAUL TIETZ, C.P.G.

I, Paul Tietz,C.P.G., do hereby certify that I am currently employed as Senior Geologist for Mine Development Associates, Inc. located at 210 South Rock Blvd., Reno, Nevada 89502 and:

1.

I graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology/Geology from the University of Rochester in 1977, a Master of Science degree in Geology from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1981, and a Master of Science degree in Geological Engineering from the University of Nevada, Reno in 2004.

   
2.

I am a Certified Professional Geologist (#11004) with the American Institute of Professional Geologists.

   
3.

I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43- 101. I am independent of Tahoe Resources, Inc., applying all of the tests in section 1.5 of National Instrument 43-101.

   
4.

I take responsibility for Sections 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, and 14.0 of this report entitled Escobal Guatemala Project NI 43-101 Preliminary Economic Assessment prepared for Tahoe Resources, Inc., and dated May 7, 2012.

   
5.

I was a co-author of a previous Technical Report on this property entitled “Escobal Guatemala Project NI 43-101 Preliminary Economic Assessment” and dated 29 November 2010. I visited the Escobal project site on September 7th through the 10th, 2010 and again on February 6th through the 9 th, 2012.

   
6.

As of the date of the certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains the necessary technical information to make the Technical Report not misleading.

   
7.

I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.

   
8.

I consent to the filing of the Technical Report with any stock exchange and other regulatory authority and any publication by them, including electronic publication in the public company files on their websites accessible by the public, of the Technical Report.

Dated May 7, 2012.

“Paul G. Tietz"           
Paul G. Tietz, C.P.G.  






 

 

 

 

Appendix B

 

Escobal Project – Significant Drill Intercepts


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E07-04 104.0 114.0 10.0 7.9 502 0.30 0.20 0.06
         incl. 111.1 112.0 0.9 0.7 1061 0.95        0.77        0.11
E07-05 168.5 169.5 1.0 0.7 191 0.21 0.10 0.24
  176.0 178.0 2.0 1.3 388 0.87 0.19 0.45
E07-06 95.0 96.0 1.0 0.9 135 1.95 0.01 0.02
E07-07 124.0 125.0 1.0 0.7 188 0.16 0.05 0.12
  131.0 132.0 1.0 0.7 182 0.19 1.70 0.18
E07-10 88.0 91.0 3.0 2.9 238 6.14 0.03 0.06
         incl. 89.0 90.0 1.0 1.0 372 13.92        0.04        0.06
  97.0 106.0 9.0 8.6 111 1.96 0.02 0.03
E07-11 72.0 75.0 3.0 1.4 175 0.16 0.06 0.07
  100.0 114.0 14.0 6.4 222 0.34 0.06 0.14
  127.0 130.0 3.0 1.4 332 0.03 0.03 0.23
E07-13 148.5 154.5 6.0 5.9 129 0.14 0.18 0.39
  166.0 181.0 15.0 14.8 517 0.30 0.55 0.96
         incl. 166.0 167.5 1.5 1.5 1473 0.84        1.42        3.12
  169.0 170.5 1.5 1.5 1698 0.78        0.93        1.70
E07-14 58.0 59.0 1.0 0.9 258 0.31 0.17 0.16
  72.6 73.5 0.9 0.8 171 0.07 0.06 0.07
E07-15 81.0 84.0 3.0 1.6 182 0.20 0.74 1.76
  90.0 92.0 2.0 1.1 927 0.90 0.22 0.33
         incl. 91.0 92.0 1.0 0.5 1207 0.98        0.31        0.41
  130.5 133.0 2.5 1.5 308 0.34 0.05 0.16
  145.0 151.0 6.0 3.7 161 0.31 0.10 0.24
  161.0 162.0 1.0 0.6 171 0.33 0.18 0.45
  165.0 166.0 1.0 0.6 146 0.16 0.24 0.55
  169.0 170.0 1.0 0.6 175 0.17 0.20 0.57
  173.0 218.5 45.5 28.0 418 0.28 0.78 1.27
E07-16 54.5 56.0 1.5 1.3 1299 0.58 0.80 0.12
  76.0 79.0 3.0 2.6 563 0.30 0.60 0.32
         incl. 78.0 79.0 1.0 0.9 1034 0.63        1.10        0.63
  87.0 88.0 1.0 0.9 89 1.58 0.01 0.08
E07-17 10.0 11.0 1.0 0.7 162 0.11 0.39 0.16
  121.0 126.0 5.0 3.5 247 0.28 0.25 0.30
  135.0 158.0 23.0 16.0 576 0.41 0.72 0.87
         incl. 149.0 150.0 1.0 0.7 1164 0.76        0.78        0.85
  155.0 156.0 1.0 0.7 1654 1.58        1.30        1.56
E07-19 13.5 15.0 1.5 1.3 253 0.03 0.12 0.02
  101.8 103.3 1.6 1.3 1775 0.33 0.87 0.20
E07-20 130.5 132.0 1.5 0.8 196 0.22 0.07 0.17
  157.0 158.0 1.0 0.5 536 0.85 0.18 0.61
  173.0 176.0 3.0 1.5 172 0.33 0.12 0.39

Page 1 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

HoleID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E07-21 98.0 100.5 2.5 2.3 226 0.71 0.16 0.29
E07-25 144.5 147.5 3.0 2.6 506 0.15 1.09 1.74
  152.5 153.5 1.0 0.9 72 1.51 0.02 0.07
  155.5 157.5 2.0 1.8 75 4.82 0.01 0.04
         incl. 156.5 157.5 1.0 0.9 74 6.86        0.01        0.03
E07-31 207.0 208.5 1.5 1.1 172 - 0.00 0.01
E07-32 188.0 199.0 11.0 8.7 864 3.34 0.25 0.52
         incl. 190.0 191.0 1.0 0.8 462 24.75        0.47        0.26
  195.0 196.0 1.0 0.8 1811 0.73        0.34        0.82
  196.0 197.0 1.0 0.8 1183 1.09        0.48        0.65
  197.0 198.0 1.0 0.8 3823 2.01        0.43        1.41
  201.0 202.0 1.0 0.8 51 1.93 0.00 0.01
E07-33 164.0 165.2 1.2 0.9 101 4.05 0.01 0.02
E07-34 200.0 215.0 15.0 13.4 720 1.54 0.35 1.04
         incl. 203.0 204.0 1.0 0.9 1130 17.07        0.20        0.35
  205.0 206.0 1.0 0.9 1082 0.14        0.26        1.68
  207.0 208.0 1.0 0.9 2380 0.05        1.38        2.23
  208.0 209.0 1.0 0.9 1417 0.08        0.49        1.82
  212.0 213.0 1.0 0.9 1695 1.11        1.30        2.95
E07-35 26.0 28.0 2.0 1.9 174 0.30 0.10 0.20
  60.0 61.0 1.0 0.9 155 0.23 0.12 0.19
E08-36 484.5 486.0 1.5 1.3 167 0.06 0.17 0.23
E08-37 108.0 109.0 1.0 0.8 2608 167.65 0.16 0.33
E08-39 197.0 203.0 6.0 4.8 287 0.62 0.25 0.41
         incl. 200.0 201.0 1.0 0.8 1159 0.74        0.81        0.80
E08-40 140.0 147.0 7.0 5.4 109 3.17 0.04 0.04
         incl. 140.0 141.0 1.0 0.8 94 5.49        0.01        0.02
  141.0 142.0 1.0 0.8 195 6.51        0.09        0.01
  146.0 147.0 1.0 0.8 122 6.58        0.01        0.05
E08-43 143.0 147.0 4.0 3.4 177 4.21 0.06 0.31
         incl. 143.0 144.0 1.0 0.8 247 13.71        0.01        0.08
E08-44 153.8 154.8 1.0 0.7 179 0.03 0.11 0.48
  177.5 179.5 2.0 1.4 512 0.19 1.17 0.95
E08-45 146.0 147.5 1.5 1.3 205 0.02 0.30 0.23
E08-46 98.0 100.0 2.0 1.6 243 21.87 0.01 0.02
         incl. 98.0 99.0 1.0 0.8 369 34.97        0.01        0.02
  99.0 100.0 1.0 0.8 116 8.78        0.01        0.02
  102.0 103.5 1.5 1.2 161 0.51 0.22 0.25

Page 2 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-47 127.0 128.0 1.0 0.7 348 24.27 0.03 0.03
  136.0 137.0 1.0 0.7 166 0.26 0.02 0.05
  143.0 146.0 3.0 2.0 119 6.03 0.01 0.10
         incl. 143.0 144.0 1.0 0.7 61 5.35 0.01        0.09
  144.0 145.0 1.0 0.7 157 6.99 0.03        0.15
  145.0 146.0 1.0 0.7 139 5.76 0.01        0.05
E08-48 149.0 158.0 9.0 5.5 835 1.18 0.45 0.27
         incl. 152.0 153.0 1.0 0.6 2211 2.31 1.76        0.55
  156.0 157.0 1.0 0.6 3097 2.55 1.44        0.41
E08-49 125.0 133.0 8.0 5.6 115 2.03 0.15 0.17
         incl. 129.0 130.0 1.0 0.7 68 5.76 0.03        0.04
  130.0 131.0 1.0 0.7 78 5.07 0.35        0.21
E08-51 150.0 163.0 13.0 11.9 193 8.26 0.10 0.17
         incl. 150.0 151.0 1.0 0.9 164 8.71 0.02        0.16
  156.0 157.0 1.0 0.9 203 7.06 0.01        0.01
  157.0 158.0 1.0 0.9 388 26.61 0.01        0.04
  161.0 162.0 1.0 0.9 287 37.92 0.07        0.19
  162.0 163.0 1.0 0.9 193 18.51 0.10        0.25
E08-52 173.5 188.5 15.0 9.6 1086 2.55 1.06 0.52
         incl. 176.5 177.5 1.0 0.6 482 18.51 0.06        0.07
  177.5 178.5 1.0 0.6 8629 2.23 2.15        0.41
  178.5 179.5 1.0 0.6 3797 1.05 10.20        3.35
  181.5 182.5 1.0 0.6 1052 0.45 0.35        0.65
  196.5 197.5 1.0 0.6 186 0.32 0.34 0.46
E08-55 273.5 284.5 11.0 9.6 3642 3.92 1.12 1.49
           incl. 273.5 274.5 1.0 0.9 453 13.78 0.02        0.05
  274.5 275.5 1.0 0.9 888 19.20 0.07        0.06
  275.5 276.5 1.0 0.9 8862 0.73 2.15        2.62
  276.5 277.5 1.0 0.9 5272 0.81 1.58        1.60
  277.5 278.5 1.0 0.9 13961 1.13 2.23        4.06
  278.5 279.5 1.0 0.9 3777 0.47 0.68        2.97
  279.5 280.5 1.0 0.9 2122 1.81 1.10        1.58
  280.5 281.5 1.0 0.9 2284 0.18 2.38        2.10
  281.5 282.5 1.0 0.9 2375 0.23 2.13        1.30
E08-56 292.5 296.5 4.0 3.3 433 1.30 0.26 0.46
E08-57 230.0 231.5 1.5 1.1 145 - 0.09 0.10
  237.0 245.0 8.0 6.0 369 1.68 0.50 0.62
         incl. 241.0 242.0 1.0 0.8 132 5.90 0.01        0.02
  243.0 244.0 1.0 0.8 1550 0.48 1.87        1.97
  251.5 253.0 1.5 1.1 149 0.03 0.09 0.13

Page 3 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-58 268.5 269.5 1.0 0.8 199 0.05  0.18 0.18
  272.5 282.5 10.0 8.1 2614 1.14  1.50 1.22
         incl. 273.5 274.5 1.0 0.8 6923 0.54        4.75        4.31
  274.5 275.5 1.0 0.8 5774 0.67        1.29        2.28
  275.5 276.5 1.0 0.8 1016 0.30        0.19        0.40
  276.5 277.5 1.0 0.8 2195 0.24        0.53        0.33
  277.5 278.5 1.0 0.8 6820 1.72        5.94        2.33
  281.5 282.5 1.0 0.8 1499 1.51        0.78        0.90
E08-59 194.5 196.5 2.0 1.5 435 1.36  0.58 0.78
E08-60 267.0 268.0 1.0 0.9 142 -  0.15 0.16
  277.0 279.0 2.0 1.9 389 1.81  0.71 1.12
  288.0 289.5 1.5 1.4 157 0.19  0.05 0.09
E08-61 287.0 293.0 6.0 5.1 603 0.55  0.48 0.64
         incl. 290.0 291.0 1.0 0.8 2256 0.23        2.18        2.48
  328.0 331.0 3.0 2.5 189 0.01  0.00 0.01
E08-62 282.0 302.0 20.0 18.1 894 0.28  0.37 0.65
         incl. 291.0 292.0 1.0 0.9 1293 0.18        0.41        0.72
  294.0 295.0 1.0 0.9 2739 1.24        0.47        0.75
  296.0 297.0 1.0 0.9 2346 0.53        0.54        2.33
  297.0 298.0 1.0 0.9 5037 0.48        1.67        2.10
  298.0 299.0 1.0 0.9 2623 0.42        1.76        1.58
E08-63 246.0 249.0 3.0 2.1 180 0.03  0.10 0.14
  310.0 326.0 16.0 11.1 2581 0.66  1.71 1.89
         incl. 310.0 311.0 1.0 0.7 5106 0.53        4.41        3.32
  315.5 317.0 1.5 1.0 2575 0.12        1.66        0.56
  318.0 319.0 1.0 0.7 1307 0.14        0.59        0.46
  320.0 321.0 1.0 0.7 5232 0.64        3.61        5.10
  322.0 323.0 1.0 0.7 1968 3.70        1.72        3.47
  323.0 324.0 1.0 0.7 10551 1.94        8.07        9.11
  324.0 325.0 1.0 0.7 8088 0.60        2.52        4.11
  325.0 326.0 1.0 0.7 2566 0.32        1.37        1.68
E08-64 266.0 267.0 1.0 0.9 865 -  0.33 0.66
E08-66 51.0 59.0 8.0 3.8 36 5.03  0.01 0.00
         incl. 53.0 54.0 1.0 0.5 20 6.65        0.00        0.00
  54.0 55.0 1.0 0.5 81 8.30        0.00        0.00
  55.0 56.0 1.0 0.5 85 13.58        0.00        0.00
E08-68 96.0 97.0 1.0 0.8 73 3.84  0.00 0.01
  99.0 100.0 1.0 0.8 127 0.36  0.08 0.55

Page 4 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-69 249.0 255.0 6.0 4.4 2338 0.29 1.17 1.08
         incl. 251.0      252.0 1.0 0.7 2411          0.40        0.86 1.32
  252.0      253.0 1.0 0.7 5899          0.52        3.61 2.23
  253.0      254.0 1.0 0.7 3013          0.25        1.75 0.70
  254.0      255.0 1.0 0.7 1266          0.39        0.10 0.10
E08-70 253.0 254.0 1.0 0.7 259 0.15 0.24 0.47
E08-73 256.0 257.0 1.0 0.8 306 1.83 0.26 0.57
  338.0 341.0 3.0 2.3 133 0.03 0.09 1.37
  362.0 371.0 9.0 6.9 700 0.34 0.66 1.42
         incl. 367.0      368.0 1.0 0.8 1513          0.78        1.88 4.12
  368.0      369.0 1.0 0.8 1136          0.40        1.14 1.46
  369.0      370.0 1.0 0.8 1299          0.42        0.84 2.09
E08-74 46.0 47.0 1.0 0.7 77 2.53 0.00 0.01
  59.0 62.0 3.0 2.0 150 0.96 0.05 0.03
E08-75 87.0 90.0 3.0 1.7 249 0.10 0.04 0.04
E08-76 383.0 384.0 1.0 1.0 143 0.02 0.44 1.31
  396.0 398.0 2.0 1.9 1842 1.48 2.75 4.10
         incl. 396.0      397.0 1.0 1.0 1034          0.71        0.95 2.05
  397.0      398.0 1.0 1.0 2650          2.25        4.55 6.14
E08-79 133.0 134.0 1.0 0.9 308 0.30 0.15 0.30
  137.0 143.0 6.0 5.6 305 0.21 0.28 0.33
E08-80 148.0 187.0 39.0 37.5 371 0.20 0.79 1.90
         incl. 182.0      183.0 1.0 1.0 1626          0.57        5.45 14.20
  184.0      185.0 1.0 1.0 1767          0.77        2.60 9.10
  185.0      186.0 1.0 1.0 2724          1.12        4.40 8.25
E08-82 154.0 157.0 3.0 2.2 147 0.19 0.18 0.39
  168.0 196.0 28.0 20.2 993 0.47 1.72 3.20
         incl. 190.0      191.0 1.0 0.7 1873          0.69        3.35 8.75
  191.0      192.0 1.0 0.7 1810          0.60        7.40 8.90
  192.0      193.0 1.0 0.7 10062          3.02        6.85 14.20
  193.0      194.0 1.0 0.7 3151          2.27        7.14 17.20
  194.0      195.0 1.0 0.7 4131          2.67        7.98 13.80
  195.0      196.0 1.0 0.7 2462          1.30        7.73 10.50
E08-85 94.5 105.0 10.5 9.9 303 1.49 0.08 0.15
         incl. 101.0      102.0 1.0 0.9 443          9.12        0.04 0.07
E08-86 114.0 118.0 4.0 3.9 232 0.20 0.32 1.20
E08-87 127.0 131.0 4.0 3.3 146 0.11 0.07 0.13
  134.0 139.5 5.5 4.6 174 1.47 0.15 0.31

Page 5of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts (150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-90 90.5 96.0 5.5 3.8 539 0.23 1.03 1.82
  105.0 141.0 36.0 24.6 340 0.19 0.39 0.69
         incl. 112.0 113.0 1.0 0.7        3196          2.30        2.15        3.49
  113.0 114.0 1.0 0.7        1107          0.72        2.20        4.19
  165.0 168.0 3.0 2.1 119 0.74 0.07 0.11
E08-91 301.5 307.5 6.0 5.1 249 0.12 0.47 0.97
  318.0 331.0 13.0 11.0 718 0.36 0.64 0.97
         incl. 323.0 324.0 1.0 0.8        1322          0.55        2.87        2.43
  325.0 326.0 1.0 0.8        3508          1.22        1.90        3.05
  329.0 330.0 1.0 0.8        1448          1.18        0.33        0.46
  330.0 331.0 1.0 0.8        1267          0.52        0.17        0.13
E08-92 73.0 82.5 9.5 5.9 602 0.45 0.45 0.39
         incl. 73.0 74.0 1.0 0.6        1113          0.76        0.32        0.13
  79.0 80.0 1.0 0.6        1041          0.24        1.78        1.52
  99.0 102.0 3.0 1.4 292 0.19 0.26 0.59
  106.0 107.0 1.0 0.5 224 0.15 0.16 0.43
  110.0 111.0 1.0 0.5 182 0.20 0.31 1.10
  127.5 132.0 4.5 2.0 154 0.06 0.14 0.42
  135.0 136.0 1.0 0.5 271 0.17 0.31 0.69
  140.0 141.0 1.0 0.5 323 0.15 0.27 0.58
  144.0 189.0 45.0 20.3 427 0.10 0.36 0.74
         incl. 177.0 178.0 1.0 0.5        1940          0.37        0.21        0.78
  178.0 179.0 1.0 0.5        2486          0.44        0.53        2.05
  186.0 189.0 3.0 1.4        1267          0.14        0.51        1.12
  198.0 201.0 3.0 1.0 145 0.64 1.38 3.10
E08-93 184.5 186.0 1.5 1.5 443 0.19 0.47 0.47
  192.0 199.0 7.0 6.8 307 0.27 0.34 0.42
E08-94 313.5 315.0 1.5 1.2 134 - 0.33 0.41
  318.0 329.0 11.0 8.5 509 0.17 0.36 0.40
         incl. 328.0 329.0 1.0 0.8        1206          0.27        0.46        0.41
E08-95 299.0 303.0 4.0 3.1 455 0.30 0.35 0.73
E08-96 204.0 215.0 11.0 9.5 396 0.25 0.55 0.38
         incl. 213.0 214.0 1.0 0.9        1631          0.63        1.04        0.59
E08-97 343.0 346.0 3.0 2.0 560 0.20 0.71 0.68
         incl. 343.0 344.0 1.0 0.7        1474          0.18        2.05        1.93
  349.0 350.0 1.0 0.7 431 0.14 0.10 0.17
  353.0 354.5 1.5 1.0 242 0.19 0.29 1.78
E08-98 111.0 148.5 37.5 34.5 234 0.18 0.36 0.69
         incl. 146.0 147.0 1.0 0.9        1758          1.27        2.02        4.01

Page 6 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-99 124.5 178.5 54.0 40.3 610 0.66  0.76 1.53
         incl. 145.5 147.0 1.5 1.1 1224 0.32        0.56 1.35
  163.5 165.0 1.5 1.1 1185 0.62        1.74 3.82
  168.0 169.0 1.0 0.7 1687 0.63        1.73 4.21
  169.0 170.0 1.0 0.7 2139 0.11        9.56 14.30
  170.0 171.0 1.0 0.7 3998 0.44        7.23 12.90
  173.0 174.0 1.0 0.7 7527 21.87        0.71 1.86
  174.0 175.0 1.0 0.7 1722 1.65        0.59 1.01
E08-100 243.0 244.5 1.5 1.4 608 0.03  0.76 1.02
  253.5 267.0 13.5 13.0 278 0.02  0.60 0.66
  282.0 307.0 25.0 24.0 1102 0.14  0.74 0.73
         incl. 297.0 298.0 1.0 1.0 1280 0.12        1.02 1.04
  299.0 300.0 1.0 1.0 1977 0.18        2.13 1.50
  300.0 301.0 1.0 1.0 1405 0.15        1.49 1.29
  301.0 302.0 1.0 1.0 1003 0.24        0.57 1.30
  302.0 303.0 1.0 1.0 3531 0.27        0.38 1.10
  303.0 304.0 1.0 1.0 6504 0.35        0.49 1.16
  304.0 305.0 1.0 1.0 1603 0.35        0.17 0.37
  305.0 306.0 1.0 1.0 1830 0.53        0.23 0.86
  306.0 307.0 1.0 1.0 1513 0.58        0.09 0.16
E08-101 120.0 166.0 46.0 41.7 465 0.23  0.86 1.92
         incl. 156.0 157.0 1.0 0.9 1936 0.81        5.90 8.92
  157.0 158.0 1.0 0.9 1412 0.76        2.77 9.91
  158.0 159.0 1.0 0.9 2701 0.79        7.14 17.40
  159.0 160.0 1.0 0.9 1741 0.56        6.09 13.10
  162.0 163.0 1.0 0.9 4567 1.66        6.39 13.40
E08-102 276.0 279.0 3.0 2.7 150 0.05  0.06 0.08
  391.0 397.0 6.0 5.4 2220 0.36  2.24 1.99
         incl. 391.0 392.0 1.0 0.9 1546 0.21        2.14 1.88
  392.0 393.0 1.0 0.9 4322 1.11        4.80 3.70
  393.0 394.0 1.0 0.9 6833 0.68        5.50 5.20
  404.0 405.0 1.0 0.9 184 0.08  0.15 0.29

Page 7 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-103 177.0 215.0 38.0 27.1 1578 3.65  1.22 2.22
         incl. 179.0 180.0 1.0 0.7 4220 3.63        1.03 1.83
  180.0 181.0 1.0 0.7 10062 9.67        1.90 3.45
  181.0 182.0 1.0 0.7 14765 76.52        1.63 1.73
  182.0 183.0 1.0 0.7 2464 18.99        0.21 0.31
  183.0 184.0 1.0 0.7 1710 1.50        0.94 2.90
  184.0 185.0 1.0 0.7 3684 8.61        2.30 5.10
  186.0 187.0 1.0 0.7 3393 2.88        0.74 1.46
  190.0 191.0 1.0 0.7 2180 1.10        1.90 3.02
  191.0 192.0 1.0 0.7 1634 1.22        4.05 8.52
  192.0 193.0 1.0 0.7 1991 1.10        3.15 8.05
  193.0 194.0 1.0 0.7 1598 0.92        3.20 6.60
  194.0 195.0 1.0 0.7 1402 0.90        2.80 6.90
  195.0 196.0 1.0 0.7 2903 1.73        5.25 9.60
  196.0 197.0 1.0 0.7 1177 1.73        4.65 5.10
E08-104 219.0 220.0 1.0 0.7 227 0.25  0.29 0.65
  226.0 260.6 34.6 24.5 352 0.37  0.49 1.15
         incl. 229.0 230.0 1.0 0.7 1115 0.54        0.82 2.01
  265.0 266.5 1.5 1.1 336 0.25  0.27 0.56
  275.5 281.9 6.4 4.6 193 0.26  0.40 0.87
E08-105 205.0 206.0 1.0 0.8 355 0.07  0.89 1.62
E08-107 183.0 186.0 3.0 2.1 207 0.10  0.34 0.70
  200.0 210.0 10.0 7.0 238 0.21  0.18 0.36
  220.0 247.0 27.0 19.0 702 0.33  2.47 5.32
         incl. 227.0 228.0 1.0 0.7 1178 0.32        1.25 2.30
  228.0 229.0 1.0 0.7 1225 0.53        0.84 1.21
  230.0 231.0 1.0 0.7 2058 0.57        3.50 3.00
  231.0 232.0 1.0 0.7 2365 0.51        4.70 9.60
  235.0 236.0 1.0 0.7 3712 0.60        9.90 16.50
  239.0 240.0 1.0 0.7 1086 0.89        8.45 16.90
E08-109 252.0 254.0 2.0 1.3 228 0.05  0.10 0.15
  256.0 258.0 2.0 1.3 192 0.04  0.22 0.36
  260.0 262.0 2.0 1.3 206 0.14  0.19 0.30

Page 8 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-110 30.0 48.0 18.0 17.2 480 0.34  0.27 0.16
  141.0 142.5 1.5 1.4 617 0.26  0.47 0.68
  151.5 153.0 1.5 1.4 116 3.84  0.09 0.16
  163.0 172.0 9.0 8.6 168 0.10  0.20 0.36
  177.0 221.0 44.0 42.0 1161 0.94  0.98 1.20
         incl. 186.0 187.0 1.0 1.0 4668          6.45        2.00        0.84
  187.0 188.0 1.0 1.0 1481          1.16        0.80        2.00
  188.0 189.0 1.0 1.0 1646          1.48        1.21        1.59
  198.0 199.0 1.0 1.0 4476          3.57        0.51        0.46
  200.0 201.0 1.0 1.0 1220          1.46        0.46        0.45
  202.0 203.0 1.0 1.0 2070          1.45        2.75        1.60
  203.0 204.0 1.0 1.0 1022          0.43        0.66        1.58
  204.0 205.0 1.0 1.0 1053          0.45        2.65        1.60
  205.0 206.0 1.0 1.0 1831          0.57        2.20        2.35
  206.0 207.0 1.0 1.0 1733          1.28        2.80        1.85
  207.0 208.0 1.0 1.0 3198          1.43        0.36        0.11
  208.0 209.0 1.0 1.0 1118          0.49        1.62        1.20
  209.0 210.0 1.0 1.0 4166          2.32        2.50        3.10
  210.0 211.0 1.0 1.0 9819          5.62        6.00        7.45
  211.0 212.0 1.0 1.0 4296          7.82        3.00        3.55
E08-111 167.0 168.5 1.5 0.8 308 0.03  0.26 0.56
E08-113 270.0 312.0 42.0 19.7 374 0.32  1.57 3.09
         incl. 277.0 278.0 1.0 0.5 1274          0.60        0.26        0.48
  279.0 280.0 1.0 0.5 1224          0.81        2.90        8.26
  294.0 295.0 1.0 0.5 1285          0.71        2.65        4.10
  318.5 329.5 11.0 5.2 417 0.28  1.12 2.19
         incl. 327.5 328.5 1.0 0.5 1672          0.74        4.15        9.95
  328.5 329.5 1.0 0.5 1195          0.73        2.13        3.75
E08-117 309.0 316.0 7.0 4.4 244 0.23  1.90 3.70
  326.0 333.5 7.5 4.7 581 1.59  1.25 1.75
         incl. 326.0 327.0 1.0 0.6 1664          5.21        1.30        1.95
  329.0 330.0 1.0 0.6 1625          4.32        1.25        2.09
E08-119 330.0 336.0 6.0 5.1 219 0.10  0.15 0.22
E08-119 357.0 360.0 3.0 2.1 288 0.11  0.76 1.99
E08-119 454.0 455.5 1.5 1.1 262 0.11  0.23 0.50
E08-119 488.0 490.0 2.0 0.4 353 1.58  0.27 0.77
E08-121 183.0 187.0 4.0 3.1 263 0.12  0.32 0.57
  201.0 236.5 35.5 27.7 367 0.18  0.55 0.90
         incl. 202.0 203.0 1.0 0.8 1137          0.29        0.98        1.80
  217.0 218.5 1.5 1.2 1731          0.79        1.38        2.95

Page 9 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

HoleID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E08-122 180.9 197.5 16.6 14.6 734 0.76 - -
         incl. 181.8 182.6 0.8 0.7 1180 0.03 - -
  185.4 186.3 0.9 0.8 2700 3.43 - -
  186.3 187.3 1.0 0.9 2770 3.44 - -
  201.2 210.4 9.2 8.1 1598 1.45 - -
         incl. 202.1 203.0 0.9 0.8 4520 1.30 - -
  204.0 204.9 0.9 0.8 4080 5.00 - -
  206.7 207.6 1.0 0.8 1040 0.85 - -
  207.6 208.6 1.0 0.8 2330 4.67 - -
  208.6 209.6 1.0 0.8 1690 1.02 - -
  209.6 210.4 0.9 0.7 1340 0.59 - -
E08-123 435.0 441.0 6.0 4.2 313 0.12 0.29 0.49
E08-124 231.0 259.0 28.0 21.3 241 0.16 0.39 0.49
  263.0 289.0 26.0 19.7 575 0.71 2.08 3.01
         incl. 275.0 276.0 1.0 0.8 1613 1.13 3.60 4.35
  279.0 280.0 1.0 0.8 1772 1.06 5.75 5.05
  282.0 283.0 1.0 0.8 1287 2.48 7.95 11.90
  284.0 285.0 1.0 0.8 2576 2.40 4.15 6.45
  292.0 293.0 1.0 0.8 139 0.11 0.41 0.67
  296.0 297.0 1.0 0.8 367 0.18 0.14 0.32
E08-125 146.4 156.9 10.5 8.3 274 6.54 - -
         incl. 147.3 148.2 1.0 0.8 237 11.80 - -
  150.0 150.9 0.9 0.7 132 15.50 - -
  150.9 151.8 0.9 0.7 347 34.90 - -
E08-127 270.2 280.4 10.2 8.7 1832 1.14 - -
         incl. 272.0 272.9 0.9 0.8 5710 0.56 - -
  272.9 273.7 0.9 0.7 3150 0.45 - -
  273.7 274.7 1.0 0.8 3020 0.38 - -
  274.7 275.5 0.8 0.7 6570 0.20 - -
  275.5 276.4 0.9 0.8 1470 0.99 - -
E09-129 194.0 196.0 2.0 1.5 170 0.04 0.16 0.40
  200.0 242.0 42.0 31.5 349 0.30 0.50 1.10
         incl. 228.5 230.0 1.5 1.1 1217 2.81 1.60 2.40
E09-131 45.0 48.0 3.0 2.2 1322 1.29 0.86 0.85
         incl. 45.0 46.5 1.5 1.1 2539 0.64 1.70 1.66
  187.5 199.5 12.0 8.9 375 0.24 0.35 0.75
  208.5 223.5 15.0 11.2 841 0.37 1.35 1.80
         incl. 219.0 220.5 1.5 1.1 1372 0.73 2.90 1.04
  220.5 222.0 1.5 1.1 3970 1.95 2.05 4.45
E09-133 312.0 336.0 24.0 15.1 324 0.16 1.20 2.67
         incl. 333.0 334.5 1.5 0.9 1048 0.53 2.60 7.65

Page 10 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

HoleID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E09-134 212.0 213.5 1.5 0.5 366 0.58 1.63 3.20
  234.5 236.0 1.5 0.5 219 0.38 0.70 1.95
  410.0 413.0 3.0 1.1 285 0.22 0.66 2.38
E09-135 381.5 383.0 1.5 0.8 623 0.39 0.64 2.00
  393.2 394.7 1.5 0.8 291 0.21 0.75 1.95
E09-136 241.5 243.0 1.5 0.9 151 0.19 0.11 0.37
  247.5 267.0 19.5 11.3 344 0.31 0.24 0.77
         incl. 256.5      258.0 1.5 0.9        1629          0.62        1.20 4.00
E09-137 210.0 219.0 9.0 7.1 211 0.79 0.12 0.20
  225.0 235.5 10.5 8.3 206 0.38 0.15 0.38
E09-138 282.0 291.0 9.0 3.7 559 0.42 0.65 1.55
  297.0 303.0 6.0 2.5 167 0.28 0.28 0.95
E09-139 319.5 399.3 79.8 56.4 400 0.37 0.57 1.31
         incl. 336.0      337.5 1.5 1.1        1287          1.55        0.82 1.90
  354.0      355.5 1.5 1.1        1522          0.69        1.19 1.99
  355.5      357.0 1.5 1.1        1536          0.91        4.30 9.00
  357.0      358.5 1.5 1.1        1809          1.70        4.30 10.20
  358.5      360.0 1.5 1.1        3612          1.55        4.50 9.00
E09-140 279.0 297.0 18.0 17.5 291 0.14 0.16 0.40
  312.0 315.0 3.0 2.9 190 0.16 0.08 0.25
E09-142 426.0 429.0 3.0 2.2 158 0.10 0.45 1.30
  450.0 453.0 3.0 2.2 157 0.04 0.01 0.02
  457.5 462.0 4.5 3.3 302 0.17 0.71 1.47
E09-143 300.0 313.5 13.5 11.3 801 0.20 0.64 0.99
         incl. 300.0      301.5 1.5 1.3        2811          0.52        0.22 0.45
E09-145 499.5 507.0 7.5 5.1 294 0.28 0.18 0.35
  523.5 537.0 13.5 9.1 221 0.33 2.12 4.76
E09-146 481.5 483.0 1.5 1.1 271 0.67 0.75 1.24
  487.5 505.5 18.0 12.7 361 0.57 2.85 2.16
  510.0 513.0 3.0 2.1 235 0.63 0.21 0.46
E09-147 465.0 468.0 3.0 1.4 170 0.06 0.66 0.87
E09-148 225.0 228.0 3.0 2.4 368 0.31 0.26 0.75
E09-148 243.0 246.0 3.0 2.4 207 0.16 0.07 0.13
E09-148 262.5 264.0 1.5 1.2 245 0.33 0.35 0.94
E09-148 336.0 337.5 1.5 1.2 165 0.40 0.36 0.74
E09-148 340.5 342.0 1.5 1.2 334 0.78 1.97 3.05
E09-148 345.0 363.0 18.0 14.4 719 1.31 0.59 1.21
         incl. 345.0      346.5 1.5 1.2        5491          8.11        1.12 1.95
E09-148 367.5 372.0 4.5 3.6 248 0.67 1.14 1.40
E09-148 378.0 385.5 7.5 6.0 435 1.32 1.43 2.09
E09-148 438.0 441.0 3.0 2.4 193 0.52 0.73 0.66
E09-148 453.0 459.0 6.0 4.8 262 0.22 0.11 0.13

Page 11 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E09-150 210.0 229.5 19.5 14.2 258 0.20 0.61 1.36
E09-151 261.0 264.0 3.0 2.4 150 0.13 0.05 0.11
  321.0 324.0 3.0 2.4 155 0.22 0.36 0.70
  351.0 354.0 3.0 2.4 157 0.17 0.32 0.76
  385.5 390.0 4.5 3.7 275 0.60 0.44 1.03
  394.5 429.0 34.5 28.1 384 0.86 1.73 2.66
         incl. 402.0      403.5 1.5 1.2        1037          0.66 0.70 1.67
  436.5 438.0 1.5 1.2 77 0.17 1.73 2.55
E09-152 247.5 282.0 34.5 17.4 283 0.40 0.31 0.63
             incl.            273.0        274.5 1.5                  0.8          1305            1.47          1.14          2.05
  309.0 324.0 15.0 7.6 194 0.19 0.32 0.67
E09-154 469.5 522.0 52.5 12.3 1146 1.92 6.40 10.62
         incl. 477.0      478.5 1.5 0.4        1358          1.46 2.75 3.85
  480.0      481.5 1.5 0.4        1877          2.55 3.25 5.75
  481.5      483.0 1.5 0.4        2757          4.00 1.92 3.55
  483.0      484.5 1.5 0.4        1675          1.49 3.25 4.55
  484.5      486.0 1.5 0.4        1311          0.77 8.80 13.50
  486.0      487.5 1.5 0.4        5550          5.79 7.43 14.90
  487.5      489.0 1.5 0.4        1700          1.96 6.65 12.30
  489.0      490.5 1.5 0.4        1739          2.56 7.48 15.10
  490.5      492.0 1.5 0.4        2227          2.35 3.88 6.20
  492.0      493.5 1.5 0.4        1507          1.61 2.88 5.10
  493.5      495.0 1.5 0.4        4747          7.45 17.30 22.50
  495.0      496.5 1.5 0.4        1303          1.46 26.00 29.50
  498.0      499.5 1.5 0.4        1662          2.57 43.60 23.00
  499.5      501.0 1.5 0.4        1620          3.67 13.10 28.00
  501.0      502.5 1.5 0.4        1136          3.10 7.15 32.06
  528.0 529.5 1.5 0.4 189 0.24 0.16 0.26
  546.0 574.5 28.5 6.7 502 1.07 2.01 2.89
         incl. 568.5      570.0 1.5 0.4        1443          2.84 1.60 2.95
E09-155 237.0 240.0 3.0 2.5 229 - 0.09 0.16
  270.0 282.0 12.0 10.1 323 - 0.41 0.68
  294.0 306.0 12.0 7.6 417 - 0.20 0.33
  330.0 333.0 3.0 1.9 175 0.20 0.33 0.50
  336.0 337.5 1.5 1.0 167 0.10 0.24 0.58
  346.5 348.0 1.5 1.0 153 0.24 0.25 0.68
E09-156 294.0 308.0 14.0 12.5 610 0.16 0.26 0.64
E09-157 336.0 339.0 3.0 2.3 163 0.26 0.30 0.58
  345.0 384.0 39.0 30.1 412 0.66 1.38 2.86
         incl. 357.0      358.5 1.5 1.2        1986          1.58 3.15 5.05
  405.0 409.4 4.4 3.4 283 0.30 0.34 0.63

Page 12 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E09-159 366.0 397.5 31.5 27.0 639  1.01  2.21 4.00
         incl. 384.0 385.5 1.5 1.3 1168          0.66        2.01 4.15
  387.0 388.5 1.5 1.3 2983          2.55        4.03 7.45
  388.5 390.0 1.5 1.3 3411          4.19        5.85 10.10
  393.0 394.5 1.5 1.3 1931          5.91        4.33 6.95
  394.5 396.0 1.5 1.3 1258          3.38        2.85 5.15
  400.5 402.0 1.5 1.3 280  0.42  0.06 0.13
  417.0 426.0 9.0 7.4 259  0.22  0.36 0.79
E09-160 219.0 225.0 6.0 4.1 199  0.03  0.11 0.12
  289.5 291.0 1.5 1.0 288  0.24  0.28 0.64
E09-161 289.5 291.0 1.5 1.2 558  1.82  2.23 4.67
  297.0 306.0 9.0 6.9 436  1.24  1.92 3.52
         incl. 301.5 303.0 1.5 1.2 1414          3.68        1.65 4.25
E09-162 258.0 259.5 1.5 1.2 278  0.11  0.14 0.35
  363.0 370.5 7.5 6.0 3109  1.52  2.58 3.63
  373.5 375.0 1.5 1.2 145  0.13  0.12 0.43
E09-163 357.0 358.5 1.5 1.1 153  0.23  0.79 1.09
E09-164 384.0 393.0 9.0 8.0 1420  0.86  1.17 1.84
         incl. 385.5 387.0 1.5 1.3 1255          0.47        1.35 2.70
  387.0 388.5 1.5 1.3 1330          1.39        0.74 1.25
  390.0 391.5 1.5 1.3 2632          1.53        2.32 3.65
  391.5 393.0 1.5 1.3 2950          0.90        1.94 2.75
E09-165 190.5 226.5 36.0 23.3 1320  0.81  2.09 3.37
         incl. 195.0 196.5 1.5 1.0 2875          1.52        2.45 4.30
  196.5 198.0 1.5 1.0 1606          1.40        1.48 2.55
  198.0 199.5 1.5 1.0 4241          1.74        6.80 5.65
  199.5 201.0 1.5 1.0 3092          1.49        2.40 4.65
  208.5 210.0 1.5 1.0 1127          1.27        3.00 2.20
  210.0 211.5 1.5 1.0 1132          0.31        2.90 2.15
  219.0 220.5 1.5 1.0 2691          0.89        5.45 7.05
  220.5 222.0 1.5 1.0 2558          0.87        7.35 10.50
  222.0 223.5 1.5 1.0 3598          1.13        5.20 9.80
  223.5 225.0 1.5 1.0 1440          0.44        4.10 12.90
  225.0 226.5 1.5 1.0 1258          1.40        3.60 9.60
E09-166 277.5 285.0 7.5 3.8 187  0.23  1.65 2.69
  294.0 295.5 1.5 0.8 383  0.40  0.09 0.13
  357.0 364.5 7.5 2.5 210  0.40  0.41 0.69
  390.0 399.0 9.0 1.2 688  1.20  0.58 1.17
         incl. 393.0 394.5 1.5 0.2 2864          3.72        2.20 4.50

Page 13 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E09-167 276.0 279.0 3.0 2.4 343 0.13 1.12 0.50
  379.5 388.5 9.0 7.1 1028 0.41 0.94 1.17
         incl. 382.5 384.0 1.5 1.2 1294 0.17 0.76 1.28
  384.0 385.5 1.5 1.2 1835 0.58 2.20 1.51
  385.5 387.0 1.5 1.2 1282 0.81 1.19 0.75
E09-168 147.0 153.0 6.0 3.6 188 0.10 0.16 0.37
  162.0 202.0 40.0 24.2 1407 0.45 4.84 5.99
         incl. 172.5 174.0 1.5 0.9 4413 0.16 3.70 6.00
  174.0 175.5 1.5 0.9 4668 - 5.45 6.60
  175.5 177.0 1.5 0.9 3840 - 3.85 9.20
  177.0 178.5 1.5 0.9 1463 0.06 1.91 2.85
  180.0 181.5 1.5 0.9 1467 - 7.45 10.90
  181.5 183.0 1.5 0.9 4455 0.33 10.60 15.60
  183.0 184.5 1.5 0.9 1536 0.27 19.50 25.80
  187.5 189.0 1.5 0.9 3237 3.13 10.90 9.25
  189.0 190.5 1.5 0.9 2132 1.91 14.90 8.20
  190.5 192.0 1.5 0.9 1306 1.06 10.20 10.40
  193.0 194.5 1.5 0.9 1826 0.58 2.35 2.90
  214.0 217.0 3.0 1.8 814 0.27 0.84 2.05
  232.0 233.5 1.5 0.9 207 0.67 0.60 1.56
  241.0 244.0 3.0 1.8 314 0.10 0.23 0.38
E09-169 160.5 198.0 37.5 31.9 584 0.48 0.83 0.92
         incl. 160.5 162.0 1.5 1.3 1177 0.13 0.52 1.48
  163.5 165.0 1.5 1.3 1101 0.37 1.08 1.90
  165.0 166.5 1.5 1.3 1291 0.42 1.53 2.15
  187.5 189.0 1.5 1.3 2778 0.47 3.05 4.45
  196.5 198.0 1.5 1.3 3506 4.28 2.05 0.87
E09-170 195.0 196.5 1.5 1.0 656 0.13 0.88 2.30
  423.0 426.0 3.0 2.1 296 0.19 0.16 0.34
  442.5 444.0 1.5 1.0 202 - 0.23 0.53
E09-172 192.0 219.0 27.0 16.9 1078 0.48 2.95 3.55
         incl. 196.5 198.0 1.5 0.9 1816 0.92 1.79 2.60
  205.5 207.0 1.5 0.9 2048 0.49 1.62 2.20
  207.0 208.5 1.5 0.9 6407 1.03 4.45 4.95
  210.0 211.5 1.5 0.9 1413 0.80 1.77 1.88
  214.5 216.0 1.5 0.9 1056 0.58 27.50 21.50
  216.0 217.5 1.5 0.9 1364 1.55 9.75 17.80
  237.0 240.0 3.0 1.9 193 0.21 0.48 0.65
  249.0 255.0 6.0 3.8 207 0.22 0.32 0.60
E09-173 271.5 282.0 10.5 4.4 566 0.31 3.20 2.01
         incl. 277.5 279.0 1.5 0.6 1265 0.69 8.15 3.80
  279.0 280.5 1.5 0.6 1461 0.70 11.20 5.20

Page 14 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

HoleID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E09-174 327.0 330.0 3.0 2.4 1330 1.24 0.77 0.98
         incl. 328.5      330.0 1.5 1.2 2438 1.31        1.47        1.80
E09-175 201.0 204.0 3.0 2.0 462 - 0.11 0.22
  210.0 232.5 22.5 15.3 256 0.27 0.44 0.55
E09-176 250.5 255.0 4.5 3.7 470 1.30 0.19 0.49
E10-178 165.0 169.5 4.5 3.4 309 0.19 0.28 0.78
  175.5 180.0 4.5 3.4 152 0.22 0.20 0.40
  184.5 195.0 10.5 8.0 2507 0.99 1.08 1.25
         incl. 189.0      190.5 1.5 1.1 13028 5.04        2.90        2.05
  190.5      192.0 1.5 1.1 1786 0.67        1.12        1.44
E10-179 367.5 370.5 3.0 2.6 170 - 0.13 0.34
  376.5 388.5 12.0 10.4 266 0.14 0.16 0.30
  396.0 409.5 13.5 11.7 317 0.21 0.11 0.12
  415.5 417.0 1.5 1.3 832 0.61 0.15 0.25
  441.0 445.6 4.6 4.0 305 0.15 0.21 0.48
E10-180 240.0 243.0 3.0 2.7 216 - 0.14 0.23
  253.5 273.0 19.5 17.5 544 0.12 0.35 0.61
         incl. 258.0      259.5 1.5 1.3 2625 -        0.30        0.61
E10-181 135.0 160.5 25.5 22.5 688 0.43 0.38 0.74
         incl. 154.5      156.0 1.5 1.3 7168 3.52        1.23        2.00
E10-182 190.5 193.5 3.0 1.6 146 1.26 0.13 0.18
  129.0 132.0 3.0 1.6 376 0.19 0.29 0.52
  138.0 142.5 4.5 2.5 200 0.22 0.45 0.60
  150.0 183.0 33.0 18.0 421 0.59 0.56 0.90
         incl. 166.5      168.0 1.5 0.8 1291 1.14        1.47        1.55
  172.5      174.0 1.5 0.8 1605 4.63        1.53        2.25
  174.0      175.5 1.5 0.8 1218 0.78        2.45        4.15
E10-184 30.0 31.5 1.5 1.1 79 16.49 - 0.00
E10-185 178.5 186.0 7.5 6.0 284 1.05 0.19 0.40
E10-186 357.0 361.5 4.5 3.4 1090 0.46 2.86 3.14
         incl. 360.0      361.5 1.5 1.1 2548 0.79        3.45        2.50
  364.5 366.0 1.5 1.1 180 0.14 1.58 1.56
E10-187 283.5 294.0 10.5 9.8 722 0.52 0.82 1.58
         incl. 291.0      292.5 1.5 1.4 1908 1.47        1.57        0.86
E10-189 294.0 318.0 24.0 21.7 745 0.63 0.36 0.43
         incl. 309.0      310.5 1.5 1.4 1079 0.31        1.20        0.72
  310.5      312.0 1.5 1.4 1260 0.57        0.45        0.83
  312.0      313.5 1.5 1.4 1239 0.85        0.34        0.30
  313.5      315.0 1.5 1.4 6129 2.02        1.37        1.17

Page 15 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E10-191 96.0 99.0 3.0 1.8 188 0.17 0.43 1.31
  268.5 288.0 19.5 11.4 429 0.20 0.32 0.63
         incl. 271.5      273.0 1.5 0.9 1679          0.88        0.33        0.62
  291.0 294.0 3.0 1.8 203 0.17 0.06 0.12
E10-194 222.0 225.0 3.0 2.1 94 2.19 0.01 0.01
E10-195 283.5 318.0 34.5 31.4 429 0.22 0.35 0.73
         incl. 292.5      294.0 1.5 1.4 1033          0.34        0.34        0.65
  295.5      297.0 1.5 1.4 1294          0.30        0.54        1.81
  315.0      318.0 3.0 2.7 1233          0.15        1.22        1.75
E10-196 147.0 150.0 3.0 2.3 42 2.27 0.01 0.03
E10-197 204.0 211.5 7.5 4.6 670 1.00 0.71 0.80
         incl. 204.0      205.5 1.5 0.9 1779          0.30        2.05        2.50
  205.5      207.0 1.5 0.9 1291          0.25        1.39        1.24
E10-198 276.0 277.5 1.5 1.4 291 0.12 0.17 0.42
  282.0 301.5 19.5 17.7 310 0.17 0.64 0.95
E10-199 277.5 285.0 7.5 6.9 846 0.72 0.46 0.33
         incl. 277.5      279.0 1.5 1.4 3173          0.25        1.76        0.69
E10-200 253.5 259.5 6.0 5.5 1243 3.06 0.88 1.39
         incl. 253.5      255.0 1.5 1.4 1789          0.65        1.04        0.60
  255.0      256.5 1.5 1.4 805          9.53        0.55        0.97
  256.5      258.0 1.5 1.4 1372          0.38        1.15        2.80
  258.0      259.5 1.5 1.4 1005          1.67        0.79        1.19
E10-201 327.0 357.0 30.0 21.5 396 0.35 0.29 0.61
         incl. 333.0      334.5 1.5 1.1 1366          0.07        0.70        0.89
  349.5      351.0 1.5 1.1 1398          0.55        0.10        0.27
E10-203 265.5 267.0 1.5 1.2 138 0.10 0.12 0.33
  381.0 387.0 6.0 4.8 246 0.26 1.91 1.41
E10-204 309.0 312.0 3.0 2.2 160 0.05 0.08 0.16
  334.5 343.5 9.0 6.5 596 0.16 0.81 1.32
         incl. 337.5      339.0 1.5 1.1 1005          0.22        0.85        1.52
  360.0 363.0 3.0 2.2 512 - 0.13 0.35
E10-205 300.0 303.0 3.0 2.2 334 0.03 0.07 0.17
  318.0 321.0 3.0 2.2 500 0.14 0.59 0.86
E10-206 289.5 291.0 1.5 0.8 189 - 0.15 0.20
  294.0 295.5 1.5 0.8 288 0.03 0.08 0.15
E10-207 306.0 334.5 28.5 20.6 394 0.06 0.35 0.56
         incl. 313.5      315.0 1.5 1.1 1137          0.09        1.04        1.70
  327.0      328.5 1.5 1.1 1595          0.24        1.16        1.89
E10-208 313.5 334.5 21.0 17.5 278 0.08 0.40 0.59

Page 16 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E10-210 249.0 252.0 3.0 2.3 152 0.05 0.12 0.21
  274.5 280.5 6.0 4.5 2821 0.23 0.38 0.38
         incl. 276.0      277.5 1.5 1.1        1354          0.12        0.15        0.19
  277.5      279.0 1.5 1.1        3172          0.15        0.54        0.59
  279.0      280.5 1.5 1.1        5962          0.59        0.58        0.48
E10-211 333.0 334.5 1.5 1.1 196 0.13 0.26 0.56
  337.5 340.5 3.0 2.3 186 0.12 0.19 0.36
  348.0 367.5 19.5 14.9 1780 0.20 1.13 1.96
         incl. 348.0      349.5 1.5 1.1        1440          0.23        0.70        1.10
  349.5      351.0 1.5 1.1        7454          0.15        3.73        4.50
  351.0      352.5 1.5 1.1        3563          0.45        2.28        3.21
  352.5      354.0 1.5 1.1        3128          0.36        1.00        3.07
  357.0      358.5 1.5 1.1        1468          0.44        1.44        2.05
  360.0      361.5 1.5 1.1        1126          0.11        0.43        0.95
  363.0      364.5 1.5 1.1        1376          0.22        0.91        2.69
  366.0      367.5 1.5 1.1        1006          0.20        0.26        0.80
E10-213 384.0 385.5 1.5 1.2 227 0.18 0.42 1.41
E10-214 222.0 225.0 3.0 2.2 192 0.05 0.15 0.20
  339.0 340.5 1.5 1.1 231 0.14 0.39 1.06
  357.0 366.0 9.0 6.7 150 0.07 0.76 0.76
E10-216 384.0 385.5 1.5 0.9 159 0.15 0.14 0.43
E10-217 342.0 345.0 3.0 2.9 284 0.14 0.25 0.65
  409.5 412.5 3.0 2.9 268 0.16 0.09 0.17
E10-219 396.0 406.5 10.5 8.4 453 0.10 0.32 0.65
  438.0 457.5 19.5 13.1 183 0.14 0.20 0.26
  481.5 483.0 1.5 1.0 321 0.10 1.36 1.80
E10-220 450.0 451.5 1.5 1.0 211 0.03 0.12 0.25
E10-221 327.0 330.0 3.0 1.7 59 0.30 1.03 2.56
  414.0 417.0 3.0 1.7 136 0.11 0.11 0.26
  513.0 517.5 4.5 2.6 291 1.31 0.79 1.55
  532.5 534.0 1.5 0.9 275 0.98 0.06 0.11
  538.5 540.0 1.5 0.9 175 0.59 0.46 0.94
  570.0 579.0 9.0 5.2 445 0.97 0.32 0.83
         incl. 576.0      577.5 1.5 0.9        1289          2.85        0.38        1.24
  583.5 585.0 1.5 0.9 308 0.50 0.26 0.64
E10-222 375.0 381.0 6.0 3.4 271 0.28 0.32 0.65
  387.0 393.0 6.0 3.4 466 0.18 0.30 0.61
         incl. 388.5      390.0 1.5 0.8        1076          0.26        0.53        1.07
E10-223 414.0 418.5 4.5 4.2 495 0.48 1.01 1.01
E10-224 420.0 423.0 3.0 2.0 234 0.19 1.33 1.94
  429.0 441.0 12.0 8.1 350 0.64 0.98 3.34

Page 17 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E10-225 297.0 303.0 6.0 3.2 711 0.24 0.12 0.20
incl. 300.0      303.0 3.0 1.6 1150          0.31        0.19        0.36
  465.0 466.5 1.5 0.8 188 0.19 0.67 1.18
  471.0 472.5 1.5 0.8 109 0.33 0.82 1.18
  522.0 525.0 3.0 1.6 161 0.15 0.16 0.26
E10-228 327.0 330.0 3.0 2.3 282 0.44 0.31 1.07
ME10-229 322.9 330.1 7.3 5.0 4145 0.76 2.32 2.84
incl    324.7  325.9 1.2          0.8 12650 0.86 7.51 5.78
     326.4  327.3 0.9          0.6    6690 1.27 2.71 4.36
     327.8  330.1 2.3          1.6    3200 0.94 2.21 3.20
E10-231 3.0 4.5 1.5 0.8 156 0.24 0.07 0.02
  93.0 100.5 7.5 3.8 150 0.33 0.02 0.15
E10-232 327.0 330.0 3.0 2.0 520 0.55 0.61 1.86
  369.0 372.0 3.0 2.0 154 0.10 0.04 0.06
  387.0 390.0 3.0 2.0 311 0.41 0.26 0.54
  393.0 394.5 1.5 1.0 453 0.60 0.74 1.69
  418.5 423.0 4.5 3.0 188 0.62 0.48 0.99
E10-233 213.0 276.0 63.0 25.9 322 0.26 0.48 1.17
incl. 261.0      262.5 1.5 0.6 1238        1.26        3.32        7.33
  285.0 297.0 12.0 4.9 576 0.81 0.97 1.98
incl. 286.5      288.0 1.5 0.6 1292        1.82        1.49        2.83
  301.5 322.5 21.0 8.6 181 0.37 0.87 2.22
E10-235 288.0 291.0 3.0 2.3 168 0.14 0.38 0.78
  385.5 387.0 1.5 1.2 162 0.14 0.54 0.63
  396.0 412.5 16.5 12.8 208 0.49 0.70 1.27
  417.0 418.5 1.5 1.2 112 0.37 0.34 0.50
E10-236 469.5 474.0 4.5 4.0 297 0.56 0.43 0.91
  520.5 534.5 14.0 9.0 591 2.38 0.75 1.68
incl. 520.5      522.0 1.5 1.0 1259        3.57        0.58        1.19
  523.5      525.0 1.5 1.0 1143          2.34        1.51        2.30
  526.5      528.0 1.5 1.0 706          5.25        1.84        2.74
  551.0 554.0 3.0 1.9 204 0.57 0.04 0.09
  560.0 563.0 3.0 1.9 293 1.12 0.29 0.52
E10-239 408.0 417.0 9.0 6.3 191 0.27 0.42 0.75
  430.5 432.0 1.5 1.0 150 0.30 0.20 0.37
  436.5 438.0 1.5 1.0 202 0.27 0.52 1.44
  444.0 451.5 7.5 5.0 277 0.59 0.43 0.89
ME10-241 258.3 264.8 6.6 4.6 135 0.07 0.10 0.12
ME10-242 349.8 351.9 2.1 1.7 419 0.23 0.49 0.47

Page 18 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
ME10-243 180.5 207.7 27.2 13.5 2936 5.73  2.17 3.45
incl. 180.5      182.5 2.0 1.0 11050 17.70        2.33 2.61
  182.5      184.5 2.0 1.0 11200 43.05        0.73 1.07
  184.5      185.6 1.1 0.5 3645 6.18        2.67 4.38
  190.8      192.8 2.0 1.0 2935 2.27        6.12 8.20
  192.8      194.8 2.0 1.0 3045 4.23        6.04 8.41
  194.8      196.8 2.0 1.0 2725 1.51        4.09 7.61
  196.8      198.6 1.8 0.9 3740 2.05        4.55 7.95
ME10-244 264.0 298.6 34.6 22.3 589 0.74  1.51 3.30
incl. 284.5      286.5 2.0 1.3 1230 1.12        4.01 8.86
  296.2      298.6 2.4 1.5 2520 3.98        2.98 5.88
  324.5 333.8 9.3 6.0 138 0.33  0.52 1.13
ME10-245 280.8 293.3 12.5 11.9 512 0.78  0.52 1.66
incl. 289.4      290.8 1.4 1.3 1375 0.64        0.47 1.76
ME10-247 121.6 123.6 2.0 1.9 173 0.09  0.13 0.30
  130.3 166.7 36.4 35.1 558 0.31  1.05 2.44
incl. 158.2      159.8 1.6 1.5 1515 0.41        6.82 11.90
  161.5      162.8 1.3 1.2 4160 1.17        7.94 21.30
  162.8      164.0 1.3 1.2 1350 0.71        2.44 8.19
  164.0      164.7 0.7 0.7 3710 1.12        5.49 15.50
E10-248 669.0 670.5 1.5 1.0 250 0.39  0.07 0.23
E10-252 24.0 25.5 1.5 1.0 74 2.15  0.00 0.01
E10-253 603.0 604.5 1.5 1.0 249 0.09  0.31 0.91
E10-256 559.5 565.5 6.0 4.3 288 0.18  0.15 0.30
ME10-257 143.0 158.4 15.4 14.5 200 0.09  0.35 0.51
  164.5 179.3 14.8 14.0 1325 0.50  1.76 3.24
incl. 170.5      172.5 2.0 1.9 2960 0.56        4.53 8.53
  174.8      176.4 1.7 1.6 1370 0.83        1.85 3.54
  178.0      179.3 1.3 1.2 3650 1.79        5.03 8.98
ME10-258 108.0 114.6 6.6 6.5 199 0.10  0.20 0.45
  122.9 146.6 23.7 23.3 803 0.24  0.81 1.07
incl. 134.4      136.4 2.0 2.0 1815 0.54        1.14 2.16
  140.4      142.4 2.0 2.0 1315 0.23        2.04 0.94
  144.2      146.6 2.4 2.3 3015 0.56        0.93 1.35
ME10-259 170.6 189.3 18.7 9.4 768 0.38  1.06 3.60
incl. 172.1      174.5 2.3 1.2 2085 1.03        2.62 10.20
  178.3      180.3 2.0 1.0 3205 0.93        4.58 13.30
ME10-260 245.0 259.0 14.0 10.5 311 0.67  0.22 0.53

Page 19 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
ME10-261 199.5 205.3 5.8 2.9 306 0.22 0.09 0.19
  213.3 214.5 1.3 0.6 175 0.10 0.17 0.22
  225.0 245.4 20.4 10.2 1672 0.64 5.02 6.71
incl. 225.0      227.0 2.0 1.0        3055        0.08 0.02 0.02
  228.3      229.8 1.5 0.8        2350          1.05 14.00 4.40
  232.2      234.0 1.8 0.9        5515          0.51 7.37 7.81
  234.0      236.2 2.2 1.1        3085          0.34 2.84 4.86
  244.2      245.4 1.2 0.6        1105          1.64 8.66 9.75
ME11-262 269.5 283.0 13.5 10.0 736 0.66 2.51 2.06
incl. 276.8      278.9 2.1 1.6        1595        0.44 9.46 3.93
  278.9      280.9 2.0 1.5        1145          1.76 0.42 0.42
  280.9      283.0 2.1 1.6        1195          1.26 0.84 1.70
ME11-263 309.3 328.9 19.6 3.3 788 0.61 1.12 2.50
incl. 309.3      311.6 2.3 0.4        1650        1.98 0.56 1.07
  321.3      323.3 2.0 0.3        1310          0.62 2.97 6.48
  323.3      324.9 1.6 0.3        2230          1.19 2.62 5.69
  338.5 443.5 105.0 18.0 396 1.26 2.73 6.98
incl. 437.0      439.0 2.0 0.3        1440        2.67 6.61 15.10
E11-264 303.0 306.0 3.0 2.6 151 0.01 0.10 0.24
  429.0 430.5 1.5 1.3 141 0.01 0.14 0.38
  451.5 453.0 1.5 1.3 207 0.02 0.22 0.26
  457.2 483.0 25.8 22.2 380 0.09 0.68 1.17
incl. 465.0      466.5 1.5 1.3        1167        0.27 2.39 3.41
  478.5      480.0 1.5 1.3        1027          0.11 1.44 2.30
ME11-265 253.0 276.0 23.0 11.0 1975 0.46 1.14 2.24
incl. 253.0      255.0 2.0 1.0        1335        0.31 0.88 2.76
  255.0      257.4 2.4 1.1        1205          1.12 0.37 0.81
  266.0      268.0 2.0 1.0        6230          0.37 5.27 5.66
  268.0      270.0 2.0 1.0        4870          0.20 1.42 3.91
  270.0      272.0 2.0 1.0        6275          0.33 3.34 7.91
  310.7 316.1 5.4 2.6 147 0.22 0.24 0.74
E11-267 702.5 704.0 1.5 1.0 332 0.25 0.12 0.27
  710.0 711.5 1.5 1.0 174 0.13 0.02 0.05
E11-268 359.0          360.7 1.6 1.2 575 0.24 2.26 6.01
E11-269 408.0 411.0 3.0 2.1 142 0.03 0.21 0.61
  427.5 438.0 10.5 7.4 255 0.32 1.37 2.76
  442.5 450.0 7.5 5.3 478 0.48 0.84 1.89
incl. 447.0      448.5 1.5 1.1        1279        1.35 1.79 3.50
  463.5 474.0 10.5 7.4 131 0.26 0.37 0.76
  478.5 481.5 3.0 2.1 984 1.54 0.81 1.58
incl. 478.5      480.0 1.5 1.1        1488        2.52 1.34 2.40
  487.5 496.5 9.0 6.4 81 0.33 1.16 2.67

Page 20 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-270 476.5 479.5 3.0 2.7 524 0.02 0.21 0.61
  488.5 493.0 4.5 4.1 601 0.04 0.12 0.33
E11-270A 54.0 57.0 3.0 2.7 305 0.02 0.14 0.27
  96.0 99.0 3.0 2.7 141 0.03 0.18 0.44
  127.5 129.0 1.5 1.4 995 0.24 0.14 0.25
  174.0 177.0 3.0 2.7 154 0.08 0.53 1.29
  183.0 184.5 1.5 1.4 308 0.22 0.86 1.41
  207.0 208.5 1.5 1.4 279 0.06 0.05 0.12
E11-271 360.0 372.0 12.0 10.0 151 0.11 0.15 0.39
  378.0 381.0 3.0 2.5 201 0.13 0.60 1.51
  475.5 480.0 4.5 4.1 470 0.27 0.18 0.52
incl. 475.5      477.0 1.5 1.4 1056        0.58        0.10 0.30
E11-273 330.0 385.5 55.5 35.0 229 0.92 1.10 2.30
incl. 354.0      355.5 1.5 0.9 1020        1.45        2.32 5.10
  355.5      357.0 1.5 0.9 1349          1.28        0.80 1.36
  376.5      378.0 1.5 0.9 238          6.92        4.85 11.81
E11-274 585.0 586.5 1.5 1.0 199 0.09 0.06 0.21
E11-277 315.0 316.5 1.5 1.3 256 0.04 1.32 4.22
  394.5 396.0 1.5 1.3 180 0.02 0.26 0.54
  411.0 412.5 1.5 1.3 323 - 0.22 0.52
  441.0 459.0 18.0 15.5 610 0.12 0.48 0.99
incl. 442.5      444.0 1.5 1.3 1437          0.18        0.58 0.95
  444.0      445.5 1.5 1.3 2405          0.33        1.05 1.66
  465.0 466.5 1.5 1.3 224 - 0.17 0.40
  478.5 486.0 7.5 6.5 199 0.05 0.45 1.02
E11-278 514.5 516.0 1.5 1.3 167 0.21 0.08 0.02
E11-280 432.0 435.0 3.0 1.7 157 0.08 0.35 0.86
  447.0 450.0 3.0 1.7 135 0.08 0.12 0.32
  459.0 463.5 4.5 2.6 304 0.12 0.53 0.96
  469.5 471.0 1.5 0.9 93 0.23 0.81 1.81
  496.5 510.0 13.5 7.8 136 2.62 0.26 0.52
incl. 499.5      501.0 1.5 0.9 55        8.14        0.24 0.49
  514.5 516.0 1.5 0.9 138 4.41 0.11 0.22
  543.0 546.0 3.0 1.8 120 0.67 0.58 1.07
  550.5 552.0 1.5 0.9 195 0.96 1.02 1.47
  579.0 580.5 1.5 0.9 216 1.18 0.31 0.62

Page 21 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
EstTrue
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-281 178.5 180.0 1.5 1.0 303 0.07 0.44 1.64
  241.5 243.0 1.5 1.0 273 0.03 0.24 0.66
  299.0 300.5 1.5 1.0 154 0.12 0.22 0.68
  303.5 309.5 6.0 3.8 579 0.10 1.24 3.04
  356.0 359.0 3.0 1.9 512 0.15 1.26 1.93
  396.5 398.0 1.5 0.9 151 0.02 0.09 0.24
  438.5 440.0 1.5 0.9 435 0.25 1.11 1.67
  468.5 476.0 7.5 4.6 184 0.09 0.54 0.75
  482.0 483.5 1.5 1.0 845 0.23 0.15 0.43
  497.0 510.5 13.5 8.7 232 0.06 0.37 0.74
  516.5 518.0 1.5 1.0 379 0.07 0.92 0.81
  531.5 534.5 3.0 2.0 2247 15.20 0.30 0.57
         incl. 533.0      534.5 1.5 1.0        4323      29.92        0.32        0.50
E11-282 312.0 313.5 1.5 1.0 153 0.06 0.16 0.29
  318.0 321.0 3.0 2.0 272 0.23 0.08 0.17
  330.0 333.0 3.0 2.0 160 0.21 0.00 0.01
  373.5 375.0 1.5 1.0 304 0.15 0.24 0.75
  387.0 396.0 9.0 6.0 416 0.48 0.52 1.17
  403.5 405.0 1.5 1.0 162 0.05 0.10 0.28
E11-283 303.0 304.5 1.5 1.3 737 0.11 0.41 0.54
  360.0 361.5 1.5 1.3 543 0.04 0.35 1.04
  454.5 456.0 1.5 1.3 405 0.14 0.64 2.61
  514.5 517.5 3.0 2.5 271 0.07 0.57 1.47
  535.5 537.0 1.5 1.3 761 0.13 0.40 0.66
  543.0 546.0 3.0 2.5 283 0.12 0.12 0.38
  556.5 567.0 10.5 8.5 375 0.18 0.30 0.88
E11-284 505.5 507.0 1.5 1.0 206 0.21 0.08 0.18
E11-285 391.5 411.0 19.5 16.0 401 1.66 0.80 1.00
         incl. 408.0      409.5 1.5 1.2        1662      10.22        1.04        1.04
  424.5 426.0 1.5 1.2 177 0.34 0.69 2.36
E11-286 366.0 367.5 1.5 1.0 165 0.29 0.11 0.29
E11-287 339.0 340.5 1.5 0.9 229 0.10 0.19 0.45
  426.0 441.0 15.0 9.2 289 0.33 0.70 1.27
E11-288 423.0 427.5 4.5 2.3 187 0.47 0.25 0.63
  432.0 435.0 3.0 1.5 213 1.46 0.14 0.33
  780.0 781.5 1.5 0.8 68 0.18 2.24 3.52
E11-289 327.0 330.0 3.0 1.6 163 0.04 0.05 0.02
  387.0 388.5 1.5 0.8 1664 0.80 0.92 2.71
E11-290 289.5 291.0 1.5 1.0 387 1.03 0.35 0.87

Page 22 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
Est True
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-291 286.5 288.0 1.5 0.8 445 0.08 0.48 1.42
  370.5 373.5 3.0 1.5 581 0.04 0.41 0.52
  378.0 379.5 1.5 0.8 178 0.01 0.13 0.10
  387.0 388.5 1.5 0.8 243 0.02 0.26 0.35
  391.5 393.0 1.5 0.8 229 0.03 0.16 0.34
  424.5 448.5 24.0 12.0 720 0.35 1.01 1.25
         incl. 436.5      438.0 1.5 0.8        1634        0.55        0.87        1.26
  438.0      439.5 1.5 0.8        2971          0.56        1.33        1.99
  439.5      441.0 1.5 0.8        1103          0.90        0.85        1.43
  447.0      448.5 1.5 0.8        1004          1.69        0.19        0.23
  457.5 463.5 6.0 3.0 283 0.53 0.33 0.48
  478.5 480.0 1.5 0.8 107 2.77 0.01 0.03
  514.5 516.0 1.5 0.8 252 0.14 0.24 1.17
E11-293 376.5 378.0 1.5 0.8 136 0.02 0.18 0.42
  444.0 445.5 1.5 0.8 139 0.03 0.15 0.37
  471.0 472.5 1.5 0.8 185 0.01 0.18 0.51
  631.5 646.5 15.0 9.0 450 0.15 0.25 0.73
         incl. 636.0      637.5 1.5 0.9        1299        0.25        0.28        0.75
E11-294 234.0 235.5 1.5 0.9 24 2.98 0.00 0.01
  324.0 328.5 4.5 2.6 487 3.84 0.01 0.03
         incl. 325.5      327.0 1.5 0.9        1105        7.48        0.01        0.02
E11-296 294.0 297.0 3.0 2.0 180 0.17 0.04 0.05
  313.5 316.5 3.0 2.0 326 0.38 0.14 0.31
  321.0 325.5 4.5 3.0 382 0.30 0.22 0.66
E11-297 417.0 420.0 3.0 1.5 150 0.31 2.31 4.08
  430.5 433.5 3.0 1.5 198 0.38 0.85 3.12
  514.5 516.0 1.5 1.0 145 0.10 0.01 0.02
  534.0 537.0 3.0 2.0 357 0.66 1.24 2.19
  541.5 543.0 1.5 1.0 113 0.33 0.79 1.69
  546.0 549.0 3.0 2.0 116 0.55 1.50 2.88
  556.5 558.0 1.5 1.0 176 0.49 0.14 0.36
  588.0 616.5 28.5 19.0 482 0.35 1.28 1.71
         incl. 588.0      589.5 1.5 1.0        1239        0.51        5.71        6.26
  606.0      607.5 1.5 1.0        1852          0.57        0.76        1.76
  607.5      609.0 1.5 1.0        1063          0.47        0.48        1.12
E11-298 240.0 240.8 0.8 0.6 127 0.11 0.40 1.92
E11-300 382.5 384.0 1.5 0.9 189 0.04 0.36 0.89
  475.5 477.0 1.5 0.9 313 0.75 0.09 0.23
  502.5 505.5 3.0 1.8 457 0.28 1.05 1.81
  508.5 510.0 1.5 0.9 361 0.50 0.15 0.33

Page 23 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
Est True
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-301 433.5 436.5 3.0 2.0 222 0.03 0.27 0.40
  466.5 469.5 3.0 2.0 265 0.11 0.40 0.82
  516.0 517.5 1.5 1.0 495 0.10 0.06 0.10
E11-302 147.0 148.5 1.5 0.9 146 0.19 0.17 0.35
  264.0 265.5 1.5 0.9 343 0.11 0.55 1.49
  268.5 270.0 1.5 0.9 103 0.06 0.54 1.32
  651.0 652.5 1.5 0.9 233 0.11 0.12 0.37
  688.5 696.0 7.5 4.5 576 0.12 0.50 1.83
  700.5 703.5 3.0 1.8 225 0.19 0.42 0.94
  715.5 720.0 4.5 2.8 281 0.14 0.12 0.30
E11-304 646.5 649.5 3.0 1.4 227 0.12 0.13 0.27
  660.0 663.0 3.0 1.3 198 0.33 0.15 0.29
E11-305 354.0 357.0 3.0 1.7 271 0.17 0.05 0.08
  384.0 387.0 3.0 1.7 248 0.34 0.15 0.32
  417.0 420.0 3.0 1.7 425 0.56 0.54 1.53
  426.0 427.5 1.5 0.9 362 0.24 0.47 1.02
  436.5 447.0 10.5 6.0 321 0.71 0.19 0.37
  463.5 469.5 6.0 3.4 835 1.18 1.02 2.45
         incl. 463.5      465.0 1.5 0.9        1131        0.95        0.62        1.92
  466.5      468.0 1.5 0.9        1215          1.94        1.47        3.17
  499.5 501.0 1.5 0.9 130 0.12 0.70 0.69
  532.5 534.0 1.5 1.0 317 0.61 1.42 2.76
  567.0 568.5 1.5 1.0 183 1.76 0.08 0.19
  625.5 627.0 1.5 0.9 201 0.26 0.74 1.45
  637.5 645.0 7.5 4.3 176 0.16 1.26 2.56
  655.5 657.0 1.5 0.9 109 0.41 0.64 1.53
  661.5 664.5 3.0 1.8 236 1.14 0.14 0.36
E11-306 597.0 598.5 1.5 0.8 196 0.49 0.07 0.16
E11-307 466.5 477.0 10.5 6.8 712 0.28 0.92 1.47
         incl. 468.0      469.5 1.5 1.0        2262        0.56        0.74        1.70
  469.5      471.0 1.5 1.0        1912          0.54        0.59        1.56
  484.5 487.5 3.0 1.9 126 0.18 0.35 0.83

Page 24 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts(150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
Est True
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-309 184.5 186.0 1.5 1.0 205 0.12 0.53 0.96
  394.5 396.0 1.5 1.0 276 0.06 0.26 0.93
  450.0 451.5 1.5 1.0 722 0.12 0.12 0.34
  459.0 460.5 1.5 1.0 150 0.05 0.12 0.08
  474.0 477.0 3.0 2.0 289 0.14 0.18 0.43
  520.5 546.0 25.5 17.0 776 0.41 0.20 0.43
         incl. 526.5      528.0 1.5 1.0        2290        0.08        0.83        1.74
  528.0      529.5 1.5 1.0        1407          0.14        0.00        0.00
  541.5      543.0 1.5 1.0        2948          1.39        0.42        0.73
  543.0      544.5 1.5 1.0        3301          3.98        0.21        0.35
  562.5 564.0 1.5 1.0 172 0.08 0.12 0.17
E11-311 198.0 199.5 1.5 0.5 136 0.03 0.30 0.82
  507.0 523.5 16.5 5.5 251 0.51 0.29 0.63
  543.0 588.0 45.0 15.0 329 0.11 0.35 0.86
         incl. 570.0      571.5 1.5 0.5        1810        0.17        0.47        1.14
  580.5      582.0 1.5 0.5        1119          0.49        0.30        0.52
  597.0 598.5 1.5 0.5 411 0.24 0.16 0.22
  613.5 618.0 4.5 1.5 154 0.12 0.09 0.26
E11-312 798.0 799.5 1.5 1.0 208 0.05 0.05 0.16
E11-315 226.5 228.0 1.5 0.7 151 0.10 0.30 0.68
  442.5 451.5 9.0 3.9 277 0.11 0.45 0.61
  465.0 475.5 10.5 4.6 284 0.11 0.34 0.36
  483.0 495.0 12.0 5.2 356 0.10 0.84 1.10
  502.5 504.0 1.5 0.7 466 0.20 0.39 0.80
  529.5 531.0 1.5 0.7 376 0.20 0.35 0.44
  558.0 561.0 3.0 1.3 892 0.30 0.16 0.25
         incl. 558.0      559.5 1.5 0.7        1541        0.55        0.24        0.31
  577.5 580.5 3.0 1.3 477 0.07 0.20 0.29
  594.0 595.5 1.5 0.7 356 0.12 0.23 0.58
  601.5 603.0 1.5 0.7 261 0.02 0.09 0.21
  613.5 619.5 6.0 2.6 387 0.05 0.14 0.21
         incl. 613.5      615.0 1.5 0.7        1130        0.08        0.09        0.24
  628.5 637.5 9.0 22.6 170 0.01 0.12 0.29
E11-316 334.5 343.5 9.0 4.6 146 0.21 0.27 0.55
  355.5 357.0 1.5 0.8 138 - 0.29 1.84
  361.5 363.0 1.5 0.8 171 - 0.06 0.13
  376.5 378.0 1.5 0.8 349 0.19 0.56 1.43
  424.5 439.5 15.0 7.7 361 0.88 2.29 2.49
         incl. 430.5      432.0 1.5 0.8        1207          4.55        2.00        2.90

Page 25 o f27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts (150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
Est True
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-317 258.0 261.0 3.0 2.0 316 0.41 0.59 1.45
  273.0 276.0 3.0 2.0 317 0.19 0.01 0.02
  391.5 393.0 1.5 1.1 367 0.79 0.07 0.12
  408.0 411.0 3.0 2.1 219 0.35 0.50 1.11
  430.5 432.0 1.5 1.1 147 0.49 0.07 0.12
  438.0 439.5 1.5 1.1 340 0.24 1.03 1.43
E11-318 660.0 661.5 1.5 0.8 183 0.12 0.15 0.57
E11-319 292.5 295.5 3.0 0.7 1700 1.25 1.42 3.99
incl. 292.5      294.0 1.5 0.3        3041        1.25        2.41        6.66
  558.0 559.5 1.5 0.8 376 0.01 0.37 0.42
E11-321A 370.5 372.0 1.5 1.1 254 0.15 0.04 0.02
  381.0 382.5 1.5 1.1 451 0.10 0.09 0.19
  387.0 388.5 1.5 1.1 323 0.18 0.04 0.05
E11-322 574.5 589.5 15.0 8.6 306 0.68 1.83 3.27
  609.0 643.5 34.5 11.9 362 0.41 0.52 1.20
incl. 609.0      610.5 1.5 0.5        1222        0.17        0.87        1.91
  615.0      616.5 1.5 0.5        1023          0.38        0.58        2.19
  616.5      618.0 1.5 0.5        1334          0.79        0.83        2.09
  648.0 649.5 1.5 0.5 167 0.29 0.10 0.22
  652.5 654.0 1.5 0.5 310 0.59 0.29 1.18
  658.5 660.0 1.5 0.5 539 0.48 0.20 0.69
  667.5 673.5 6.0 2.1 218 0.20 0.18 0.63
  682.5 690.0 7.5 2.6 561 0.91 0.39 1.47
incl. 687.0      688.5 1.5 0.5        1624        3.35        1.21        4.83
E11-323 342.0 349.5 7.5 2.5 198 0.12 0.10 0.30
  441.0 442.5 1.5 0.5 285 0.31 0.01 0.02
  478.5 480.0 1.5 0.5 147 0.19 0.01 0.01
  496.5 498.0 1.5 0.5 147 0.10 0.07 0.19
  522.0 523.5 1.5 0.5 496 0.18 0.11 0.40
E11-324 175.5 177.0 1.5 0.8 223 0.23 0.12 0.43
  184.5 186.0 1.5 0.8 175 0.06 0.10 0.15
  526.5 528.0 1.5 0.8 541 0.32 0.60 1.63
  555.0 558.0 3.0 1.5 220 0.33 0.03 0.06
  642.0 645.0 3.0 1.5 136 0.05 0.15 0.57
E11-329 309.0 310.5 1.5 0.9 130 0.01 0.31 0.74
  382.5 397.5 15.0 9.0 325 0.17 0.54 0.66
  414.0 418.5 4.5 2.7 200 0.12 0.21 0.45
  427.5 438.0 10.5 6.3 379 0.66 0.49 0.43
  457.5 459.0 1.5 0.9 125 1.78 0.12 0.33
E11-330 342.0 357.0 15.0 7.5 171 0.06 0.28 0.62
  369.0 370.5 1.5 0.8 305 0.22 0.18 0.40

Page 26 of 27


Escobal-Significant Drill Intercepts (150 AgEq g/t cutoff)

Hole ID From(m) To(m) Drilled
Length(m)
Est True
Width(m)
Ag(g/t) Au(g/t) Pb(%) Zn(%)
E11-333 273.0 274.5 1.5 1.0 152 0.13 0.24 0.87
  334.5 339.0 4.5 3.1 522 0.22 0.38 0.99
  468.0 474.0 6.0 4.1 376 0.13 0.86 0.87
  513.0 514.5 1.5 1.0 213 - 0.19 0.50
  523.5 525.0 1.5 1.0 204 0.05 0.20 0.51
E11-335 507.0 511.5 4.5 2.2 231 0.41 1.14 1.62
E11-337 487.5 493.5 6.0 3.2 227 0.57 1.49 3.34
  501.0 519.0 18.0 9.5 199 0.32 1.95 1.64
E11-338 354.0 355.5 1.5 0.9 258 0.11 0.28 0.64
  565.5 567.0 1.5 0.9 154 0.15 0.24 0.38
E11-339 649.5 651.0 1.5 1.5 248 0.33 0.07 0.24
E11-340 441.0 481.5 40.5 23.8 222 0.68 1.80 3.15
  492.0 493.5 1.5 0.9 162 0.18 1.32 2.24
  498.0 543.0 45.0 26.5 204 0.31 0.37 0.81
E11-341 400.5 403.5 3.0 1.8 605 0.45 0.28 0.43
  420.0 423.0 3.0 1.8 340 0.12 0.06 0.11
  444.0 447.0 3.0 1.8 371 0.22 0.07 0.18
  564.0 565.5 1.5 0.9 410 0.50 0.75 1.49
  760.5 762.0 1.5 0.8 121 0.17 1.12 1.85
  772.5 774.0 1.5 0.8 234 0.50 3.89 11.55
  796.5 801.0 4.5 2.4 62 0.27 4.22 6.91
E11-344 243.0 244.5 1.5 0.8 154 0.06 0.14 0.39
  423.0 426.0 3.0 1.3 273 0.11 0.11 0.21
  438.0 439.5 1.5 0.6 139 0.06 0.68 1.34
  472.5 474.0 1.5 0.6 546 0.22 0.53 1.37
  481.5 493.5 12.0 5.1 460 0.14 0.66 1.02
         incl. 492.0      493.5 1.5 0.6        1240        0.39        0.72        0.91
E11-345 375.0 378.0 3.0 2.4 223 0.08 0.30 1.33
  454.5 456.0 1.5 1.2 189 0.07 0.30 0.63
  487.5 493.5 6.0 4.7 352 0.08 1.02 2.29
  504.0 505.5 1.5 1.2 291 0.20 0.28 0.62
PZ11-01 36.0 40.5 4.5 3.0 239 0.32 0.24 0.19
  78.0 79.5 1.5 1.0 185 0.22 0.27 0.58
  82.5 87.0 4.5 3.0 419 0.23 0.31 0.39
  96.0 103.5 7.5 5.0 288 0.19 0.29 0.75
  114.0 123.0 9.0 6.0 816 1.02 0.87 1.23
         incl. 114.0      115.5 1.5 1.0        3526        0.59        3.81        4.14
PZ11-02 245.5 247.0 1.5 1.0 186 0.14 0.05 0.12
  260.5 262.0 1.5 1.0 311 0.08 0.05 0.36

Page 27 of 27


 

 

 

Appendix C

 

Escobal Project – Descriptive Statistics – Drill Samples


Silver Assays



Gold Assays



Lead Assays



Zinc Assays



 

 

 

Appendix D

 

Escobal Project – Geotechnical Assessment
















 

 

 

APPENDIX I: ESCOBAL PROJECT - ANALYSIS








































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