S-11 1 d296771ds11.htm S-11 S-11
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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 28, 2016

Registration No. 333-

 

 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM S-11

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Under

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Maryland   6798   26-3842535

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

 

(I.R.S. employer

identification number)

 

 

800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700

Newport Beach, California 92660

(949) 417-6500

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of the registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Keith D. Hall

Chief Executive Officer

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700

Newport Beach, California 92660

(949) 417-6500

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

Robert H. Bergdolt, Esq.

Christopher R. Stambaugh, Esq.

DLA Piper LLP (US)

4141 Parklake Avenue, Suite 300

Raleigh, North Carolina 27612-2350

(919) 786-2000

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public:    As soon as practicable after the effectiveness of the registration statement.

If any of the securities on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  x

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following box.  ¨

        Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check One):

 

Large accelerated filer  ¨        Accelerated filer  ¨  
Non-accelerated filer  x        Smaller Reporting Company  ¨  

(Do not check if smaller reporting company)

 

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

 

Title of each class of

securities to be registered

  

Proposed

maximum

aggregate

offering price (1)    

  

Amount of

registration fee (2)

Primary Offering, Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share

   $750,000,000    $86,925

Distribution Reinvestment Plan, Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share

   $250,000,000    $28,975

Total, Class A, Class T and Class I Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share

   $1,000,000,000    $115,900

 

(1)   The Registrant reserves the right to reallocate the shares of common stock being offered between the primary offering and the distribution reinvestment plan. Estimated solely for the purpose of determining the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
(2)   Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.


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LOGO    KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.   
   $1,000,000,000 Maximum Offering of Class T, T-I, W and I Shares of  Common Stock   

 

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. is an externally managed real estate investment trust, or REIT, that intends to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related securities and other real estate-related investments. As of September 30, 2016, we owned 11 office properties, one office campus consisting of nine office buildings, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 25 acres of undeveloped land, one office portfolio consisting of three office properties, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings, one retail property, two apartment properties, two investments in undeveloped land encompassing an aggregate of 1,670 acres and two investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.

Pursuant to this prospectus, we are offering up to $1,000,000,000 of shares of our common stock, consisting of up to $750,000,000 of shares in our primary offering and up to $250,000,000 of shares pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. We are offering to sell any combination of Class T, T-I, W and I shares with a dollar value up to the maximum offering amount. The per share purchase price varies from day to day and equals, for each class of common stock, our net asset value or “NAV” for such class, divided by the number of shares of that class outstanding as of the end of business each day, plus any applicable selling commissions. The share classes have different selling commissions and ongoing fees and expenses. The dealer manager, KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, our affiliate, is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares but will use its best efforts to sell the shares offered. The minimum initial purchase is $4,000 for Class T and W shares, $500,000 for Class T-I shares and $1,000,000 for Class I shares, with certain exceptions. We intend to offer shares of our common stock on a continuous basis and for an indefinite period of time, by filing a new registration statement before the end of each prior offering, subject to regulatory approval.

We do not intend to list our shares of common stock for trading on an exchange or other trading market. In an effort to provide our stockholders with liquidity in respect of their investment in our shares, we have adopted a limited share redemption program whereby stockholders may request that we redeem all or any portion of their shares. The redemption price per share for each class of common stock equals the NAV per share for such class on the date of redemption. Subject to limited exceptions, shares redeemed within 365 days of the date of purchase are subject to a short-term trading discount equal to 2% of the gross proceeds otherwise payable with respect to the redemption.

Investing in shares of our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should purchase shares only if you can afford a complete loss of your investment. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 26. These risks include, among others:

   

There is no public trading market for shares of our common stock, and we do not anticipate that there will be a public trading market for our shares, so redemption of shares by us will likely be the only way to dispose of your shares.

   

Our share redemption program generally imposes a quarterly cap on aggregate net redemptions of our shares equal to the amount of shares with a value of up to 5% of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the previous quarter. We may also amend, suspend or terminate our share redemption program at any time. As a result, our shares have only limited liquidity and may become illiquid.

   

The purchase and redemption price for shares of our common stock will be based on the NAV of each class of common stock and will not be based on any public trading market. Our NAV does not currently represent our enterprise value and may not accurately reflect the actual prices at which our assets could be liquidated on any given day, the value a third party would pay for all or substantially all of our shares, or the price that our shares would trade at on a national stock exchange. Furthermore, our board of directors may amend our NAV procedures from time to time.

   

All of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other affiliated KBS entities. As a result, they face conflicts of interest, including but not limited to conflicts arising from time constraints, allocation of investment opportunities and the fact that the fees our advisor will receive for services rendered to us are based on our NAV, the procedures for which our advisor assists our board of directors in developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating.

   

We pay substantial fees and expenses to our advisor, its affiliates and participating broker-dealers. These fees increase our stockholders’ risk of loss.

   

The amount of distributions we may make is uncertain. We may pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings or offering proceeds. The use of these sources for distributions would decrease the amount of cash we have available for new investments, share redemptions and other corporate purposes, and could reduce your overall return.

   

Our use of leverage increases the risk of your investment.

   

If we fail to maintain our status as a REIT, it would adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Neither the SEC, the Attorney General of the State of New York nor any other state securities regulator has approved or disapproved of our common stock, determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete or passed on or endorsed the merits of this offering. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. This investment involves a high degree of risk. You should purchase these securities only if you can afford a complete loss of your investment. The use of projections or forecasts in this offering is prohibited. No one is permitted to make any predictions about the cash benefits or tax consequences you will receive from your investment.

 

      Per Share (1)     Total Maximum Primary
Offering (2)
     Total Maximum
Dividend
Reinvestment Plan (2)
     Total Maximum  

Gross offering proceeds(3)

     $ 750,000,000       $ 250,000,000       $ 1,000,000,000   

Public offering price, Class T shares

   $ [                              

Public offering price, Class T-I shares

   $ [                              

Public offering price, Class W shares

   $ [                              

Public offering price, Class I shares

   $ [                              

Selling commissions(3) (4)

   $ [       $ 9,375,000       $ -       $ 9,375,000   

Proceeds to us, before expenses(4)

   $ [       $ 740,625,000       $ 250,000,000       $ 990,625,000   

 

(1) 

The price per share presented is based on the NAV as of [    ], 2017. The actual per share offering price for each class will equal the daily NAV per share for such class plus any applicable selling commissions. On each business day, our NAV per share for each class is (1) posted on our website, www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, and (2) made available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [    ].

(2) 

We reserve the right to reallocate the offering amount between the primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.

(3) 

Table assumes that 1/4 of primary offering gross proceeds come from sales of each class of shares. We pay selling commissions on Class T and Class T-I shares sold in the primary offering of up to 3.5% and 1.5%, respectively, of the public offering price per share, which may be higher or lower due to rounding. Selling commissions may be reduced or eliminated to or for the account of certain categories of purchasers. Subject to Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager (1) a dealer manager fee equal to 1/365th of 0.60%, 0.30%, 0.60% and 0.10% of our NAV per share for each day for Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, and (2) a distribution fee equal to 1/365th of 0.50% and 0.25% of our NAV per share for each day for Class T and T-I shares, respectively. We will continue paying such dealer manager fee and distribution fee until the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding. See “Plan of Distribution.”

(4) 

The per share amount represents an average of all shares under the primary offering and dividend reinvestment plan based on the foregoing assumptions and the sale of the total maximum offering. There will be additional items of value paid by us in connection with this offering, which are viewed by FINRA as underwriting compensation. Payment of this additional underwriting compensation will reduce the proceeds to us, before expenses. See “Plan of Distribution.”

The date of this prospectus is [    ], 2017


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SUITABILITY STANDARDS

The shares we are offering through this prospectus are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means and who have no need for liquidity in this investment. Because there is no public market for our shares, you will have difficulty selling your shares.

In consideration of these factors, we have established suitability standards for investors in this offering and subsequent purchasers of our shares. These suitability standards require that a purchaser of shares have either:

 

   

a net worth of at least $250,000; or

 

   

gross annual income of at least $70,000 and a net worth of at least $70,000.

In addition to the suitability standards referenced above, the states listed below have established additional suitability requirements that are more stringent than ours and investors in these states are directed to the following special suitability standards:

 

   

Alabama, Michigan and Oregon – Investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us and our affiliates.

 

   

California – Investors must have either (i) a net worth of at least $350,000 or (ii) a gross annual income of at least $70,000 and a net worth of at least $150,000. In addition, California investors must have a net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.

 

   

Idaho – Investors must have either (i) a liquid net worth of at least $300,000 or (ii) a gross annual income of at least $85,000 and a liquid net worth of at least $85,000. In addition, Idaho investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.

 

   

Iowa - Investors must have either (a) an annual gross income of at least $100,000 and a net worth of at least $100,000, or (b) a net worth of at least $350,000. In addition, Iowa investors must limit their aggregate investment in this offering and in the securities of other non-publicly traded real estate investment trusts to 10% of such investor’s net worth. Investors who are accredited investors as defined in Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are not subject to the foregoing concentration limit.

 

   

Kansas – The Office of the Kansas Securities Commissioner recommends that Kansas investors have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their aggregate investment in us and other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

   

Kentucky – Investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us and other KBS-sponsored publicly registered non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

   

Maine – The Maine Office of Securities recommends that an investor’s aggregate investment in this offering and similar direct participation investments not exceed 10% of the investor’s liquid net worth.

 

   

Massachusetts – Investors must have either (a) a net worth of at least $300,000 or (b) a gross annual income of at least $90,000 and a net worth of at least $90,000. In addition, investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us and other illiquid direct participation programs.

 

   

Nebraska – Investors must have either (i) a net worth of at least $350,000 or (ii) a gross annual income of at least $100,000 and a net worth of at least $100,000. In addition, Nebraska investors must have a net worth of at least ten times their aggregate investment in us and in the securities of other non-publicly traded real estate investment trusts. Investors who are accredited investors as defined in Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are not subject to the foregoing investment concentration restriction.

 

   

New Jersey – Investors must have either (i) a liquid net worth of at least $100,000 and an annual gross income of at least $85,000 or (ii) a liquid net worth of at least $350,000. In addition, a New Jersey investor’s investment in us, our affiliates, and other non-publicly traded direct investment programs (including real estate investment trusts, business development companies, oil and gas programs, equipment leasing programs and commodity pools, but excluding unregistered, federally and state exempt private offerings) may not exceed ten percent (10%) of his or her liquid net worth.

 

   

New Mexico – A New Mexico investor may not invest, and we may not accept from an investor more than ten percent (10%) of that investor’s liquid net worth in shares of us, our affiliates, and in other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

   

North Dakota – Investors must have a net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.

 

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Ohio – Investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us, our affiliates and other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

   

Pennsylvania – Investors must have a net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.

 

   

Tennessee – Investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us. In addition, the Tennessee Securities Division recommends that investors have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us and in similar direct participation program investments.

 

   

Vermont – Accredited investors, as defined in 17 C.F.R. § 230.501, may invest freely in this offering. Non-accredited investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.

For purposes of determining the suitability of an investor, net worth in all cases should be calculated excluding the value of an investor’s home, home furnishings and automobiles. In the case of sales to fiduciary accounts, these suitability standards must be met by the fiduciary account, by the person who directly or indirectly supplied the funds for the purchase of the shares if such person is the fiduciary or by the beneficiary of the account.

Our sponsor, those selling shares on our behalf and participating broker-dealers and registered investment advisors recommending the purchase of shares in this offering must make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of shares in this offering is a suitable and appropriate investment for each stockholder based on information provided by the stockholder regarding the stockholder’s financial situation and investment objectives. See “Plan of Distribution — Suitability Standards” for a detailed discussion of the determinations regarding suitability that we require.

 

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Please carefully read the information in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplements, which we refer to collectively as the prospectus. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and incorporated herein by reference. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. This prospectus may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date later than the date hereof or such other dates as are stated herein or as of the respective dates of any documents or other information incorporated herein by reference.

In addition to this prospectus, we may utilize certain sales material in connection with the offering of shares of our common stock, although only when accompanied by or preceded by the delivery of this prospectus. In certain jurisdictions, some or all of such sales material may not be available. This material may include information relating to this offering, the past performance of our advisor and its affiliates, property brochures and articles and publications concerning real estate. In addition, the sales material may contain certain quotes from various publications without obtaining the consent of the author or the publication for use of the quoted material in the sales material.

The offering of shares of our common stock is made only by means of this prospectus. Although the information contained in such sales material will not conflict with any of the information contained in this prospectus, such material does not purport to be complete, and should not be considered a part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or as incorporated by reference in this prospectus or said registration statement or as forming the basis of the offering of the shares of our common stock.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the “SEC,” using a continuous offering process. Periodically, as we make material investments or have other material developments, we will provide a prospectus supplement that may add, update or change information contained in this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference. Any statement that we make in this prospectus, including statements made in the information incorporated by reference, will be modified or superseded by any inconsistent statement made by us in a subsequent prospectus supplement. The registration statement we filed with the SEC includes exhibits that provide more detailed descriptions of the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference, and the related exhibits filed with the SEC and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.” In this prospectus, we use the term “day” to refer to a calendar day, and we use the term “business day” to refer to each day that the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading.

On each business day, our NAV per share for each class of common stock is (1) posted on our website, www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, and (2) made available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [    ]. In addition, on at least a monthly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC our NAV per share for each share class for each business day during the prior month. On at least a quarterly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC the principal valuation components of our NAV. In order to avoid interruptions in the continuous offering of our shares of common stock, we will file an amendment to the registration statement with the SEC on or before such time as the most recent offering price per share for any of the classes of our shares being offered by this prospectus represents a 20% change from the per share price set forth in the registration statement filed with the SEC, as amended from time to time. There can be no assurance, however, that our continuous offering will not be suspended while the SEC reviews any such amendment, until it is declared effective, if at all.

 

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements about our business, including, in particular, statements about our plans, strategies and objectives. You can generally identify forward-looking statements by our use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue” or other similar words.You should not rely on these forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control.Our actual results, performance and achievements may be materially different from that expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

You should carefully review the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition. Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we do not undertake to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Prior to commencing this offering, will adopt new valuation procedures to calculate a daily net asset value, or “NAV”, per share. We will rename our unclassified shares of common stock as “Class A” shares and classify four new classes of common stock: Class T, T-I, W and I shares. We will amend our dividend reinvestment plan and our share redemption program. We will also enter into a new advisory agreement with our advisor and a new dealer manager agreement with our dealer manager. We also intend to ask our stockholders to approve an amendment to remove Section 5.11 our charter, which requires that if we do not list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by July 31, 2019, we either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) if a majority of the conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. In this draft prospectus, we generally assume that all of these events have occurred.

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

SUITABILITY STANDARDS

       i

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

     iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

     iv

EXPLANATORY NOTE

     iv

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

       1

RISK FACTORS

     26

 Risks Related to an Investment in Us

     26

 Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

     36

 Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

     40

 General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

     43

 Risks Related to Real Estate-Related Investments

     49

 Risks Related to Our Financing Strategy

     57

 Federal Income Tax Risks

     59

 Retirement Plan Risks

     65

ESTIMATED USE OF PROCEEDS

     67

MANAGEMENT

     69

 Board of Directors

     69

 Committees of the Board of Directors

     69

 Executive Officers and Directors

     70

 Compensation of Directors

     74

 Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents

     75

 The Advisor

     75

 The Advisory Agreement

     78

 Incentive Fees

     79

 Initial Investment by Our Advisor

     80

 Other Affiliates

     81

 Management Decisions

     84

MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION

     85

STOCK OWNERSHIP

     91

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

     92

 Our Affiliates’ Interests in Other KBS Real Estate Programs

     92

 Receipt of Fees and Other Compensation by KBS Capital Advisors and its Affiliates

     94

  Our Board of Directors’ Loyalties to KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income and Possibly to Future KBS-Sponsored Programs

     94

 Fiduciary Duties Owed by Some of Our Affiliates to Our Advisor and Our Advisor’s Affiliates

     95

 Affiliated Dealer Manager

     95

 Certain Conflict Resolution Measures

     95

INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA

   101

 General

   101

 Investment Policies

   101

 Investment Decisions and Asset Management:  The KBS Approach

   108

 Joint Venture Investments

   109

 Borrowing Policies

   110

 Operating Policies

   112

 Disposition Policies

   112

 Charter-imposed Investment Limitations

   112

 Investment Limitations to Avoid Registration as an Investment Company

   113

INVESTMENTS IN REAL PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE-RELATED ASSETS

   115

SELECTED INFORMATION REGARDING OUR OPERATIONS

   119

 Selected Financial Data

   119

 Share Redemptions

   120

 Distribution Information

   120

  Funds from Operations, Modified Funds from Operations and Adjusted Modified Funds from Operations

   121

 Related Party Transactions

   124

NET ASSET VALUE CALCULATION AND VALUATION PROCEDURES

   125

 

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 Valuation Procedures

     125   

 Independent Valuation Firm

     125   

 Real Property Portfolio Valuation

     125   

 Valuation of Real Estate-Related Assets

     128   

 Valuation of Real Estate-Related Liabilities

     129   

 NAV and NAV per Share Calculation

     129   

 Probability-Weighted Adjustments

     130   

 Oversight by our Board of Directors

     130   

 Review of and Changes to Our Valuation Procedures

     130   

 Limitations on the Calculation of NAV

     130   

 Our Current and Historical NAV Calculations

     131   

FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

     133   

 General

     133   

 Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT

     134   

 Tax Aspects of Investments in Partnerships

     148   

 Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock

     149   

ERISA CONSIDERATIONS

     156   

 Prohibited Transactions

     156   

 Plan Asset Considerations

     157   

 Other Prohibited Transactions

     158   

 Annual Valuation

     159   

DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

     160   

 Common Stock

     160   

 Preferred Stock

     161   

 Meetings and Special Voting Requirements

     162   

 Advance Notice for Stockholder Nominations for Directors and Proposals of New Business

     162   

 Restriction on Ownership of Shares

     162   

 Distributions

     164   

 Inspection of Books and Records

     165   

 Business Combinations

     165   

 Control Share Acquisitions

     165   

 Subtitle 8

     166   

 Tender Offers by Stockholders

     166   

 Dividend Reinvestment Plan

     167   

 Share Redemption Program

     169   

 Registrar and Transfer Agent

     174   

 Restrictions on Roll-Up Transactions

     174   

THE OPERATING PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

     176   

 General

     176   

 Capital Contributions

     176   

 Operations

     176   

 Distributions and Allocations of Profits and Losses

     176   

 Rights, Obligations and Powers of the General Partner

     177   

 Exchange Rights

     177   

 Change in General Partner

     178   

 Transferability of Interests

     178   

 Amendment of Limited Partnership Agreement

     178   

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

     179   

 General

     179   

 Purchase of Shares

     179   

 Frequent Trading Policies

     181   

 Underwriting Compensation

     181   

 Suitability Standards

     186   

 Minimum Purchase Requirements

     186   

 Investments by Qualified Accounts

     187   

 Initial Investment Reimbursement

     187   

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

     188   

 

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SUPPLEMENTAL SALES MATERIAL

   190

LEGAL MATTERS

   190

EXPERTS

   190

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

   191

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

   192

Appendix A – Form of Subscription Agreement with Instructions

   A-1

Appendix B – Form of Sixth Amended and Restated Dividend Reinvestment Plan

   B-1

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This prospectus summary highlights material information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Because it is a summary, it may not contain all of the information that is important to you. To understand this offering fully, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” section and the financial statements, before making a decision to invest in our common stock.

 

 

What is KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.?

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. is a Maryland corporation that intends to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related securities and other real estate-related investments. In particular, we are currently focused on acquiring properties with significant possibilities for short-term capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment or repositioning or those located in markets with higher volatility, lower barriers to entry and high growth potential. We may acquire office, industrial, retail, hospitality, multi-family and other real properties, including existing or newly constructed properties or properties under development or construction. We also may invest in real estate-related loans, including but not limited to mortgage, bridge or mezzanine loans. Further, we may invest in real estate-related securities, including securities issued by other real estate companies, either for investment or in change of control transactions completed on a negotiated basis or otherwise. We may make our investments through the acquisition or origination of individual assets, through joint ventures, or by acquiring portfolios of assets or other companies. We anticipate that the majority of our investments will be made in the United States, although we may also invest outside the United States to the extent that opportunities exist that may help us meet our investment objectives.

We were incorporated in the State of Maryland on October 8, 2008. We believe we have operated in such a manner as to qualify as a real estate investment trust, or “REIT,” for federal income tax purposes, beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2010. We commenced a “best efforts” initial public offering on November 20, 2009 for up to 140,000,000 unclassified shares of common stock, 100,000,000 shares of which were registered in our primary offering and 40,000,000 shares were registered under our dividend reinvestment plan. We ceased offering shares of common stock in the primary portion of our initial public offering on November 14, 2012. We sold 56,584,976 unclassified shares of common stock in the primary offering for gross offering proceeds of $561.7 million.

Prior to the commencement of this offering, we intend to rename our unclassified shares of common stock as “Class A” shares and classify four new classes of common stock: Class T, T-I, W and I shares. We also will begin reporting a daily NAV for each class of our shares. We intend to operate as a perpetual-life REIT, which means that we intend to offer our shares continuously through ongoing primary offerings. We also offer our shares through our dividend reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, we had 57,050,299 shares outstanding, held by 14,821 stockholders.

As of September 30, 2016, we owned 11 office properties, one office campus consisting of nine office buildings, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 25 acres of undeveloped land, one office portfolio consisting of three office properties, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings, one retail property, two apartment properties, two investments in undeveloped land encompassing an aggregate of 1,670 acres and two investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.

We own substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership, which we refer to as our Operating Partnership in this prospectus. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and, as of the date of this prospectus, our wholly owned subsidiary, KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings LLC, is the sole limited partner of the Operating Partnership. Except where the context suggests otherwise, the terms “we,” “us,” “our” and “our company” refer to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, and all assets held through such subsidiaries.

Our external advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, conducts our operations and manages our portfolio of investments. We have no paid employees.

Our office is located at 800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700, Newport Beach, California 92660. Our telephone number is (949) 417-6500. Our fax number is (949) 417-6501, and our web site address is www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com.

 

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What is a REIT?

In general, a REIT is an entity that:

 

   

combines the capital of many investors to acquire or provide financing for real estate and real estate-related investments;

 

   

allows individual investors to invest in a professionally managed, large-scale, diversified portfolio of real estate-related investments;

 

   

pays distributions to investors of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain); and

 

   

avoids the “double taxation” treatment of income that normally results from investments in a corporation because a REIT is not generally subject to federal corporate income taxes on that portion of its income distributed to its stockholders, provided certain income tax requirements are satisfied.

However, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), REITs are subject to numerous organizational and operational requirements. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any year after electing REIT status, our income will be taxed at regular corporate rates, and we may be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT for the four-year period following our failure to qualify. Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may still be subject to state and local taxes on our income and property and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income.

 

 

What are your investment objectives and strategies?

Our primary investment objectives are:

 

   

to provide our stockholders with attractive and stable returns; and

 

   

to preserve and return our stockholders’ capital contribution.

We seek to achieve these objectives by investing in and managing a portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related securities and other real estate-related investments. In particular, we are currently focused on acquiring properties with significant possibilities for short-term capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment or repositioning or those located in markets with higher volatility, lower barriers to entry and high growth potential. We may acquire office, industrial, retail, hospitality, multi-family and other real properties, including existing or newly constructed properties or properties under development or construction. We also may invest in real estate-related loans, including but not limited to mortgage, bridge or mezzanine loans. Further, we may invest in real estate-related securities, including securities issued by other real estate companies, either for investment or in change of control transactions completed on a negotiated basis or otherwise. We may make our investments through the acquisition or origination of individual assets, through joint ventures, or by acquiring portfolios of assets or other companies. We anticipate that the majority of our investments will be made in the United States, although we may also invest outside the United States to the extent that opportunities exist that may help us meet our investment objectives.

We plan to lease-up and stabilize existing assets. We plan to explore value-add opportunities for existing assets and seek to realize growth in the value of our investments by timing asset sales to maximize their value. We also intend to actively pursue additional lending and investment opportunities that we believe will provide an attractive risk-adjusted return to our stockholders.

Real Estate Investments

As of September 30, 2016, we owned 11 office properties, one office campus consisting of nine office buildings, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 25 acres of undeveloped land, one office portfolio consisting of three office properties, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and one retail property encompassing, in the aggregate, approximately 5.5 million rentable square feet. As of September 30, 2016, these properties were 87% occupied. In addition, we owned two apartment properties, containing 383 units and encompassing approximately 0.3 million rentable square feet, which were 90% occupied. We also owned two investments in undeveloped land encompassing an aggregate of 1,670 acres. In addition, we owned two investments in unconsolidated

 

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joint ventures.

We have attempted to diversify our tenant base in order to limit exposure to any one tenant or industry. As of September 30, 2016, we had no tenants that represented more than 10% of our total annualized base rent and our top ten tenants represented approximately 13% of our total annualized base rent. The total cost of our real estate portfolio as of September 30, 2016 was $1,223.0 million.

Financing Objectives

We have financed the majority of our real estate and real estate-related investments with a combination of the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and debt. We used debt financing to increase the amount available for investment and to potentially increase overall investment yields to us and our stockholders. As of September 30, 2016, the weighted-average interest rate on our debt was 3.2%.

We borrow funds at both fixed and variable rates. As of September 30, 2016, we had $290.6 million and $657.4 million of fixed and variable rate debt outstanding, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates of our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt as of September 30, 2016 were 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate represents the actual interest rate in effect as of September 30, 2016, using interest rate indices as of September 30, 2016, where applicable.

Additionally, in March 2016, we, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $259.0 million as of September 30, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to investors in Israel pursuant to a public offering registered in Israel. The bonds have a seven year term and require principal installment payments equal to 20% of the face value of the bonds payable on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023. We have used, and expect to continue to use, the proceeds from the issuance of these bonds to make additional investments.

We have tried to spread the maturity dates of our debt to minimize maturity and refinance risk in our portfolio. In addition, a majority of our debt allows us to extend the maturity dates, subject to certain conditions. Although we believe we will satisfy the conditions to extend the maturity of our debt obligations, we can give no assurance in this regard.

There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for any single investment. Our charter limits our total liabilities to 75% of the cost of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our common stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of September 30, 2016, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 70% of the cost (before depreciation or other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets.

We do not intend to exceed the leverage limit in our charter. High levels of debt could cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments, which would decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to our investors, and could also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. High levels of debt could also increase the risk of being unable to refinance when loans become due, or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms, and the risk of loss with respect to assets pledged as collateral for loans.

Except with respect to the borrowing limits contained in our charter, we may reevaluate and change our debt policy in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we would consider when reevaluating or changing our debt policy include: then-current economic conditions, the relative cost and availability of debt and equity capital, any investment opportunities, the ability of our investments to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to book value in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.

Disposition Policies

The period that we will hold our investments will vary depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. Our advisor has developed a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we have made. KBS Capital Advisors will continually perform a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to hold the asset and generate a strong return for our stockholders. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we disposed of two office properties and 38 acres of undeveloped land resulting in gross sale proceeds of $40.4 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we had no dispositions.

 

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What are the terms of this offering?

Pursuant to this prospectus, we are offering up to $1,000,000,000 of shares of our common stock, consisting of up to $750,000,000 of shares in our primary offering and up to $250,000,000 of shares pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. We are offering to sell any combination of Class T, T-I, W and I shares with a dollar value up to the maximum offering amount. The per share purchase price varies from day to day and equals, for each class of common stock, our NAV for such class, divided by the number of shares of that class outstanding as of the end of business each day, plus any applicable selling commissions. The share classes have different selling commissions and ongoing fees and expenses. Our dealer manager is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares but will use its best efforts to sell the shares offered. The minimum initial purchase is $4,000 for Class T and W shares, $500,000 for Class T-I shares and $1,000,000 for Class I shares, provided that the minimum initial investment amount for Class T-I and Class I shares may be reduced in the discretion of our board of directors and by our advisor with respect to investments by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members and officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates. We intend to offer shares of our common stock on a continuous basis and for an indefinite period of time, by filing a new registration statement before the end of each prior offering, subject to regulatory approval.

The table below summarizes the fees generally payable to our dealer manager with respect to shares and does not include the other fees and expenses payable to our advisor and its affiliates, which are allocable based on the respective NAV of our classes. The selling commission is a percentage of the public offering price per share. Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation and certain other limitations, the dealer manager and distribution fee accrue daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of the percentage of our NAV per such share for such day set forth below on a continuous basis.

 

     Class T      Class T-I      Class W    Class I    

Selling Commission

     3.50%           1.50%         None     None   

Dealer Manager Fee

     0.60%           0.30%         0.60%     0.10%   

Distribution Fee

     0.50%           0.25%         None     None   

        The fees listed above are allocated on a class-specific basis and differ for each class, even when the NAV of each class is the same. The payment of class-specific expenses results in different amounts of distributions being paid with respect to each class of shares. In addition, as a result of the different ongoing fees and expenses allocable to each share class, including the Class A shares, each share class could have a different NAV per share. If the NAV of our classes are different, then changes to our assets and liabilities that are allocable based on NAV may also be different for each class. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures” and “Description of Shares—Distributions” for more information.

Because the dealer manager fee and distribution fee are allocated on a class-specific basis and are borne by all holders of the applicable class, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Even if the FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation are reached with respect to this offering, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Accordingly, with respect to the shares that you own, you should expect to be allocated the maximum dealer manager fee and distribution fee described above, for as long as you own your shares.

Our five classes of common stock also have different rights upon liquidation to the extent that their NAV per share differs. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of us, or any liquidating distribution of our assets, then such assets, or the proceeds therefrom, will be distributed among the holders of each class of our shares ratably in proportion to the respective NAV for each class until the NAV for each class has been paid. Each holder of shares of a particular class of common stock will be entitled to receive, ratably with each other holder of shares of such class, that portion of such aggregate assets available for distribution as the number of outstanding shares of such class held by such holder bears to the total number of outstanding shares of such class then outstanding. If there are remaining assets available for distribution to our common stockholders after each class has received its NAV (which is not likely because NAV would be adjusted upward prior to the liquidating distribution), then any such excess will be distributed to holders of our Class A, T, T-I, W and I shares ratably in proportion to the respective NAV for each class.

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liquidation rights described above, our classes of shares have identical rights and privileges, such as identical voting rights. See “Description of Capital Stock—Common Stock” for more details regarding our classes of common of common stock.

 

 

Who can buy shares?

An investment in our shares is suitable only for persons who have adequate financial means and who will not need immediate liquidity from their investment. Residents of most states may buy shares in this offering provided that they have either (i) a net worth of at least $70,000 and an annual gross income of at least $70,000 or (ii) a net worth of at least $250,000. For the purpose of determining suitability, net worth does not include an investor’s home, home furnishings or personal automobiles. The minimum suitability standards are more stringent for investors in Alabama, California, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Vermont.

 

 

How should you determine which class of common stock to invest in?

When deciding which class of shares to buy, you should consider, among other things, whether you are eligible to purchase one or more classes of shares, the amount of your investment, the length of time you intend to hold the shares, the selling commission and fees attributable to each class of shares and whether you qualify for any selling commission discounts.

Class T and Class T-I shares are available through brokerage and transactional-based accounts. Class W and Class I shares are available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, (2) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients, (3) through certain registered investment advisers, (4) through bank trust departments who charge fiduciary fees on the shares or any other organization or person authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity for its clients or customers for a fee, (5) by endowments, foundations, pension funds and other institutional investors or (6) by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates and their immediate family members, and, if approved by our board of directors or our advisor, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers. The classes have different minimum purchase requirements, as described further below.

 

 

Is there any minimum investment required?

Yes. The minimum initial purchase is $4,000 for Class T and W shares, $500,000 for Class T-I shares and $1,000,000 for Class I shares, provided that the minimum initial investment amount for Class T-I and Class I shares may be reduced in the discretion of our board of directors and by our advisor with respect to investments by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members and officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates. If you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement, any additional purchase must be in amounts of at least $100. The investment minimum for subsequent purchases does not apply to shares purchased pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan.

With respect to purchases of our Class T and W shares only, if you own 400 shares in any other KBS-sponsored public program, you may invest less than the minimum amount set forth above, but in no event less than $100, unless you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program. If you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program and you own the minimum investment in shares from a KBS-sponsored public program, then there is no minimum investment in our Class T and W shares.

In order to satisfy this minimum purchase requirement, unless otherwise prohibited by state law, a husband and wife may jointly contribute funds from their separate IRAs, provided that each such contribution is made in increments of $100. You should note that an investment in our shares will not, in itself, create a retirement plan and that, in order to create a retirement plan, you must comply with all applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

 

 

What are your Valuation Procedures?

 

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Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has adopted valuation procedures, as amended from time to time, that contain a comprehensive set of methodologies to be used in connection with the calculation of our NAV. One fundamental element of the valuation process, the valuation of our real property portfolio, is performed for us on a quarterly basis by [    ], an independent valuation firm (“the Independent Valuation Firm”) approved by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors. [    ] is engaged in the business of valuing commercial real estate properties and is not affiliated with us or our advisor.

The real property portfolio valuation, which is the largest component of our NAV calculation, is provided to us by the Independent Valuation Firm on the last business day of each quarter. The foundation for this valuation is periodic appraisals. The overarching principle of these appraisals is to produce valuations that represent fair and accurate estimates of the unencumbered values of our real estate or the prices that would be received for our real properties in arm’s-length transactions between market participants before considering underlying debt. The valuation of our real properties determined by the Independent Valuation Firm may not always reflect the value at which we would agree to buy or sell such assets and the value at which we would buy or sell such assets could materially differ from the Independent Valuation Firm’s estimate of fair value. We obtain ongoing appraisals pursuant to schedules prepared by the Independent Valuation Firm and our advisor that are designed to conduct appraisals on each of our properties throughout any given calendar year. In order to provide a smooth and orderly appraisal process, we seek to have approximately 1/4th of the portfolio appraised each quarter, although we may have more or less appraised in a quarter. In no event will a calendar year pass without having each and every property valued by appraisal unless such asset is bought or sold in such calendar year. In addtion, on each business day between our quarterly portfolio valuations received from the Independent Valuation Firm, our advisor may, in consulation with the Independent Valuation Firm, adjust a real property’s valuation, as necessary, based on known events that have a material impact on the most recent value (adjustments for non-material events may also be made).

Each calendar year our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, reviews the appropriateness of our valuation procedures. With respect to the valuation of our properties, the Independent Valuation Firm provides the board of directors with periodic valuation reports. From time to time our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may adopt changes to the valuation procedures if it (1) determines that such changes are likely to result in a more accurate reflection of NAV or a more efficient or less costly procedure for the determination of NAV without having a material adverse effect on the accuracy of such determination or (2) otherwise reasonably believes a change is appropriate for the determination of NAV. We will publicly announce material changes to our valuation procedures or the identity or role of the Independent Valuation Firm.

While the methodologies contained in the valuation procedures are designed to operate reliably within a wide variety of circumstances, it is possible that in certain unanticipated situations or after the occurrence of certain extraordinary events (such as a terrorist attack or an act of nature), our ability to implement and coordinate our NAV procedures may be impaired or delayed, including in circumstances where there is a delay in accessing or receiving information from vendors or other reporting agents. Further, the NAV per share should not be viewed as being determinative of the value of our common stock that may be received in a sale to a third party or the value at which our stock would trade on a national exchange. We may suspend this offering and the share redemption program if our board of directors determines that the calculation of NAV may be materially incorrect or there is a condition that restricts the valuation of a material portion of our assets.

Our NAV is calculated for each of our share classes after the end of each business day that the New York Stock Exchange is open for unrestricted trading by our advisor. At the end of each such trading day, before taking into consideration accrued dividends or class-specific expense accruals, any change in the our aggregate company NAV (whether an increase or decrease) is allocated among each class of shares based on each class’s relative percentage of the previous aggregate company NAV. Changes in the aggregate company NAV reflect factors including, but not limited to, unrealized/realized gains (losses) on the value of our real property portfolio, real estate-related assets and liabilities, and daily accruals for income and expenses (including accruals for performance based fees, if any, asset management, dealer manager and distribution fees) and distributions to investors.

 

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Our most significant source of net income is property income. We accrue estimated income and expenses on a daily basis based on annual budgets as adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in the business throughout the year. For the first month following a property acquisition, we calculate and accrue portfolio income with respect to such property based on the performance of the property before the acquisition and the contractual arrangements in place at the time of the acquisition, as identified and reviewed through our due diligence and underwriting process in connection with the acquisition. For the purpose of calculating our NAV, all organization and offering costs reduce NAV as part of our estimated income and expense accrual. On a periodic basis, our income and expense accruals are adjusted based on information derived from actual operating results.

Our liabilities are included as part of our NAV calculation generally based on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). Our liabilities include, without limitation, property-level mortgages, accrued distributions, the fees payable to our advisor and our dealer manager, accounts payable, accrued company-level operating expenses, any company or portfolio-level financing arrangements and other liabilities.

Following the calculation and allocation of changes in the aggregate company NAV as described above, the NAV for each class is adjusted for accrued dividends, the distribution fee and the dealer manager fee, to determine the current day’s NAV. Selling commissions, which are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, have no effect on the NAV of any class.

NAV per share for each class is calculated by dividing such class’s NAV at the end of each trading day by the number of shares outstanding for that class on such day. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures” for more details regarding our valuation procedures.

 

 

How do you communicate the daily NAV per share?

As promptly as practicable following the close of business on each business day, we (i) post our NAV per share for such day for each share class on our website, www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, and (ii) make our NAV per share for each share class available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [    ]. In addition, on at least a monthly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC our NAV per share for each share class for each business day during the prior month. On at least a quarterly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC the principal valuation components of our NAV.

 

 

Are there any risks involved in an investment in your shares?

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus beginning on page 26, which contains a detailed discussion of the material risks that you should consider before you invest in our common stock. Some of the more significant risks relating to an investment in our shares include:

 

   

There is no public trading market for shares of our common stock, and we do not anticipate that there will be a public trading market for our shares, so redemption of shares by us will likely be the only way to dispose of your shares.

 

   

Our share redemption program generally imposes a quarterly cap on aggregate net redemptions of our shares equal to the amount of shares with a value of up to 5% of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the previous quarter. We may also amend, suspend or terminate our share redemption program at any time. As a result, our shares have only limited liquidity and may become illiquid.

 

   

The purchase and redemption price for shares of our common stock will be determined at the end of each business day based upon the NAV of each class and will not be based on any established trading price. Each accepted purchase order and redemption request will be executed at a price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased or redeemed, next determined after the purchase order or redemption request is received in good order (subject to commissions for the purchase of shares in our primary offering and, subject to limited exceptions, a 2% discount for the redemption of shares held less than 365 days). In addition, there may be a delay between your purchase or redemption decision and the execution date caused by time necessary for you and your participating broker-dealer to put a purchase

 

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order or redemption request in “good order,” which means, for these purposes, that all required information has been completed, all proper signatures have been provided, and, for purchase orders, funds for payment have been provided. As a result, you will not know the purchase or redemption price at the time you submit your purchase order or redemption request. The price at which your purchase is executed could be higher than our NAV per share at the time you submit your purchase order, and the price at which your redemption is executed could be lower than our NAV per share at the time you submit your redemption request.

 

   

In connection with this offering, we incur fees and expenses. Excluding selling commissions, dealer manager fees and distribution fees (which we expect to be paid by or allocated to investors on a class-specific basis and have no effect on our NAV), we expect to incur approximately $[    ] million in organization and offering expenses, which will decrease the amount of cash we have available for operations and new investments. In the future we may conduct other offerings of common stock (whether existing or new classes), preferred stock, debt securities or of interests in our operating partnership. We may also amend the terms of this offering. We may structure or amend such offerings to attract institutional investors or other sources of capital. The terms of this offering will negatively affect the NAV of your shares over time in accordance with our valuation procedures and the terms of this offering and future offerings (such as the offering price and the distribution fees and expenses) may negatively impact our ability to pay distributions and your overall return.

 

   

Our NAV does not currently represent our enterprise value and may not accurately reflect the actual prices at which our assets could be liquidated on any given day, the value a third party would pay for all or substantially all of our shares, or the price that our shares would trade at on a national stock exchange. Our management’s assessment of the market values of our properties may also differ from the appraised values of our properties. Further, it is possible that the annual appraisals of our properties may not be spread evenly throughout the year, and rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be fully reflected in our daily NAV. The resulting potential disparity in our NAV may inure to the benefit of redeeming stockholders or non-redeeming stockholders and new purchasers of our common stock, depending on whether our published NAV per share for such class is overstated or understated.

 

   

All of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other affiliated KBS entities. As a result, they face conflicts of interest, including but not limited to conflicts arising from time constraints, allocation of investment opportunities and the fact that the fees our advisor will receive for services rendered to us are based on our NAV, the procedures for which our advisor assists our board of directors in developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating. Furthermore, these individuals may become employees of another KBS-sponsored program in an internalization transaction or, if we internalize our advisor, may not become our employees as a result of their relationship with other KBS-sponsored programs. These conflicts could result in action or inaction that is not in the best interests of our stockholders.

 

   

We pay substantial fees and expenses to our advisor, its affiliates and participating broker-dealers. These fees increase our stockholders’ risk of loss.

 

   

We depend on our advisor to select investments and conduct our operations.

 

   

If we are unable to find suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions. Because we have not identified any future investments to make with proceeds from this offering, you will not have an opportunity to evaluate our investments before we make them, making an investment in us more speculative.

 

   

Because investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised investors, our advisor and its affiliates face conflicts of interest relating to the purchase of properties and other investments. In particular, until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II,” has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of both us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. Any such conflicts in directing investment opportunities may not be resolved in our favor, meaning that we could invest in less attractive assets, which could reduce the investment return to our stockholders.

 

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KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has disclosed that unless it files a registration statement with the SEC to conduct a follow-on public offering, it expects its current offering to terminate in August 2017.

 

   

The amount of distributions we may make is uncertain. We may pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, including, without limitation, the sale of assets, borrowings or offering proceeds. The use of these sources for distributions would decrease the amount of cash we have available for new investments, share redemptions and other corporate purposes, and could reduce your overall return.

 

   

Our distribution policy is not to use the proceeds of this offering to make distributions. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including offering proceeds. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital.

 

   

Our opportunistic property-acquisition strategy involves a higher risk of loss than would a strategy of investing in some other properties.

 

   

We depend on tenants for our revenue and, accordingly, our revenue is dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants. Revenues from our property investments could decrease due to a reduction in tenants (caused by factors including, but not limited to, tenant defaults, tenant insolvency, early termination of tenant leases and non-renewal of existing tenant leases) and/or lower rental rates, limiting our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

 

   

Our use of leverage increases the risk of your investment.

 

   

If we fail to maintain our status as a REIT, it would adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 

 

What is the role of the board of directors?

We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. There are five members of our board of directors, three of which are independent of KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. Our charter requires that a majority of our directors be independent of KBS Capital Advisors and creates a committee of our board consisting solely of all of our independent directors. This committee, which we call the conflicts committee, is responsible for reviewing the performance of KBS Capital Advisors and must approve other matters set forth in our charter. Our directors are elected annually by the stockholders.

 

 

Who is your advisor and what does the advisor do?

KBS Capital Advisors LLC is our advisor. As our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors manages our day-to-day operations and our portfolio of real estate-related investments on our behalf, all subject to the supervision of our board of directors. Our advisor is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. These individuals and their team of real estate and debt finance professionals acting through KBS Capital Advisors make most of the decisions regarding the selection, negotiation, financing and disposition of investments. KBS Capital Advisors also has the authority to make all of the decisions regarding our investments, subject to the limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors. KBS Capital Advisors also provides asset-management, marketing, investor-relations and other administrative services on our behalf with the goal of maximizing our operating cash flow.

 

 

What is the experience of your sponsors and the real estate and debt finance professionals of your advisor?

Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. control and indirectly own our advisor and the dealer manager of this offering. We refer to these individuals as our sponsors. All four of our sponsors actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor, and our advisor has three managers: an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Bren; an entity owned and controlled by Messrs. Hall and McMillan; and an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Schreiber.

 

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Our sponsors work together at KBS Capital Advisors with their team of key real estate and debt finance professionals. These senior real estate and debt finance professionals have been through multiple real estate cycles in their careers and have the expertise gained through hands-on experience in acquisitions, originations, asset management, dispositions, development, leasing and property and portfolio management. Together with our four sponsors, Geoffrey Hawkins, Brian Ragsdale, Jeffrey Waldvogel and Jim Chiboucas comprise the investment committee of KBS Capital Advisors that is responsible for our investment decisions. Subject to any limitations in our charter and the oversight of our board of directors, the investment committee of KBS Capital Advisors evaluates and approves our investments and financings. Mr. Chiboucas is a member of the investment committee for the limited purpose of approving potential investments from a legal and regulatory compliance standpoint.

On January 27, 2006, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS REIT I.” KBS REIT I accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.7 billion in its primary initial public offering and accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of $233.7 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT I ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on May 30, 2008 and terminated its dividend reinvestment plan effective April 10, 2012. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT I had used $96.5 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On April 22, 2008, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS REIT II.” KBS REIT II accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.8 billion in its primary initial public offering and accepted $298.2 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT II ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on December 31, 2010 and terminated its dividend reinvestment plan effective May 29, 2014. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT II had used $239.2 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On March 12, 2010, together with Legacy Partners Residential Realty LLC and certain of its affiliates, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT.” KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT ceased offering shares of common stock in its primary initial public offering on March 12, 2013. On March 13, 2013, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT commenced a follow-on public offering. KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT ceased offering shares of common stock in its primary follow-on public offering, effective as of March 31, 2014. KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $191.5 million in its primary public offerings and, as of September 30, 2016, had accepted $23.0 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT had used $7.9 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On October 26, 2010, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust III, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS REIT III.” KBS REIT III accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.7 billion in its primary initial public offering and, as of September 30, 2016, had accepted approximately $149.6 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT III ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on May 29, 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT III had used $43.9 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On August 12, 2014, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II.” Prior to commencement of its initial public offering, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II conducted a private offering to accredited investors, which commenced on July 3, 2013. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $32.2 million in its private offering and raised an additional $2.0 million in proceeds from an affiliate of its sponsor. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II ceased offering shares in its private offering on August 11, 2014. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II broke escrow in its initial public offering in January 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II had accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds in its initial public offering of $119.4 million, including $1.3 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II had used $40,000 to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On April 28, 2016, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Growth & Income REIT, Inc., which we refer to as “KBS Growth & Income REIT.” Prior to commencement of its initial public offering, KBS Growth & Income REIT conducted a private offering to accredited investors, which commenced on June 11, 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $76.8 million in its private offering, including $0.7 million from shares issued pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan. KBS Growth & Income REIT ceased offering shares in the primary portion of its private offering on April 27, 2016. As of

 

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September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of $0.9 million in its initial public offering, including $0.6 million from shares issued pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had not redeemed any shares pursuant to its share redemption program.

Our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, is the external advisor of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT and some or all of the individuals who own and control our sponsor are directors and/or executive officers of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT. Through their affiliations with KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT and KBS Capital Advisors, as of December 31, 2015, our sponsor had overseen the investment in and management of approximately $13.2 billion of real estate and real estate-related investments on behalf of the investors in us, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT.

Since 1992, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have teamed to invest in, manage, develop and sell high-quality U.S. commercial real estate and real estate-related investments on behalf of institutional investors. Together, they founded KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a registered investment adviser with the SEC, and a nationally recognized real estate investment advisor. When we refer to a “KBS-sponsored program,” we are referring to the private entities sponsored by an investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and to the non-traded REITs, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT and our company, that are currently being sponsored by Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber. As noted above, our sponsor is sponsoring KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT together with Legacy Partners Residential Realty LLC and certain of its affiliates. When we refer to a “KBS-advised investor,” we are referring to institutional investors that have engaged an investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber to provide real estate investment advice. These investment advisors are also affiliated with our advisor.

Messrs. Bren and Schreiber each has been involved in real estate development, management, acquisition, disposition and financing for more than 40 years. Over that time, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have developed extensive experience investing in and managing a broad range of real estate asset classes. Since 1992, the experience of the investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber includes (as of December 31, 2015) sponsoring 14 private real estate programs that had invested over $4.4 billion (including equity, debt and investment of income and sales proceeds) in 303 real estate assets. In addition to their experience with these 14 private KBS-sponsored programs, investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have also been engaged by four other KBS-advised investors to recommend real estate acquisitions and manage some of their investments. The investment proceeds of these KBS-advised investors were not commingled. The investments made on behalf of these four KBS-advised investors were made pursuant to management agreements or partnership agreements that permitted the KBS-advised investors to reject acquisitions recommended by the KBS-affiliated investment advisor. Because the KBS-advised investors were not as passive as those in the 14 private KBS-sponsored programs described above or as those who invest in this offering, we have not described the real estate assets acquired or managed for these four KBS-advised investors. The amounts paid for the assets acquired and/or managed and for subsequent capital expenditures for these four KBS-advised investors totaled over $4.1 billion.

Each of Messrs. Hall and McMillan has over 20 years of experience in real estate-related investments. Mr. McMillan is a Partner and co-owner of Temescal Canyon Partners LP, an investment advisor formed in 2013 to manage a multi-strategy hedge fund on behalf of investors. Mr. McMillan is also a co-founder and the Managing Partner of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC which, from August 2003 until December 2012, was an asset management company. Before forming Willowbrook with Mr. Hall, Mr. McMillan served as Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of SunAmerica Investments, Inc., which was later acquired by AIG. As Chief Investment Officer, he was responsible for over $75 billion in assets, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade corporate bonds and commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments.

Prior to forming Willowbrook, Mr. Hall was a Managing Director at CS First Boston, where he managed the distribution strategy and business development for the Principal Transaction Group’s $18 billion real estate securities portfolio. Before joining CS First Boston in 1996, he served as a Director in the Real Estate Products Group at Nomura Securities, with responsibility for the company’s $6 billion annual pipeline of fixed-income commercial mortgage-backed securities. During the 1980s, Mr. Hall was a Senior Vice President in the High Yield Department of Drexel

 

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Burnham Lambert’s Beverly Hills office, where he was responsible for distribution of the group’s high-yield real estate securities.

 

 

What is the liquidity history of KBS-sponsored public programs?

As described above, our sponsor has sponsored six other public programs, each of which included a date in its prospectus by which the program might be liquidated. Five of those programs have not yet reached their disclosed dates. As a result, no action regarding liquidation has occurred with respect to such programs. One of the programs, KBS REIT I, has reached its disclosed date.

KBS REIT I’s charter requires that it seek stockholder approval of its liquidation if its shares of common stock are not listed on a national securities exchange by November 2012, unless a majority of its independent directors determines that liquidation is not then in the best interest of its stockholders. Each year beginning in November 2012 and through November 2015, the conflicts committee unanimously determined that liquidation was not then in the best interests of KBS REIT I’s stockholders.

On October 5, 2016, in connection with a review of potential strategic alternatives available to KBS REIT I, KBS REIT I’s board of directors unanimously approved the sale of all of KBS REIT I’s assets and the dissolution of KBS REIT I pursuant to the terms of a plan of complete liquidation and dissolution of KBS REIT I (the “Plan of Liquidation”). The principal purpose of the Plan of Liquidation is to maximize stockholder value by selling KBS REIT I’s assets, paying its debts and distributing the net proceeds from liquidation to KBS REIT I’s stockholders. Pursuant to KBS REIT I’s charter, the affirmative vote of a majority of all of the shares of KBS REIT I’s common stock entitled to vote on the Plan of Liquidation is required for approval of the Plan of Liquidation. KBS REIT I can provide no assurance that the Plan of Liquidation will be approved by KBS REIT I’s stockholders.

The KBS REIT II prospectus disclosed that KBS REIT II may seek to list its shares of common stock if its independent directors believe listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, the independent directors have not made such a determination. If KBS REIT II does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by March 2018, its charter requires that KBS REIT II either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. As we have not reached March 2018, none of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.

If a majority of its conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of KBS REIT II’s stockholders, its charter requires that the conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of the stockholders. If KBS REIT II sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, the KBS REIT II charter would not require KBS REIT II to list or liquidate and would not require the conflicts committee to revisit the issue of liquidation, and KBS REIT II could continue to operate as before. If KBS REIT II sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, KBS REIT II would begin an orderly sale of its properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take into account the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where its properties are located and the federal income tax consequences to the stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS REIT II’s directors will try to determine whether listing its shares or liquidating its assets will result in greater value for stockholders.

The KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT prospectus disclosed that the program may seek to publicly list its shares of common stock if its independent directors believe a public listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, such a determination has not been made. If KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by January 31, 2020, its charter requires that KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. As we have not reached January 31, 2020, none of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.

If a majority of the conflicts committee of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT were to determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of its stockholders, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT’s charter requires that its conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or

 

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stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of the stockholders. If KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, the KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT charter would not require KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT to list or liquidate, and the company could continue to operate as before. If KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, it would begin an orderly sale of its properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate financial markets and the federal income tax consequences to its stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT’s directors will try to determine whether listing its shares or liquidating its assets will result in greater value for stockholders.

The KBS REIT III prospectus discloses that KBS REIT III may seek to list its shares of common stock if its independent directors believe listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, the independent directors have not made such a determination. If KBS REIT III does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by September 2020, its charter requires that KBS REIT III either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. As we have not reached September 2020, neither of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.

If a majority of the conflicts committee of KBS REIT III were to determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of its stockholders, KBS REIT III’s charter requires that its conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of the stockholders. If KBS REIT III sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, the KBS REIT III charter would not require KBS REIT III to list or liquidate and would not require the conflicts committee to revisit the issue of liquidation, and KBS REIT III could continue to operate as before. If KBS REIT III sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, KBS REIT III would begin an orderly sale of its real estate investments and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take into account the prevailing real estate and finance markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where its properties are located and the debt markets generally and the federal income tax consequences to its stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS REIT III’s directors will try to determine whether listing its shares or liquidating its assets will result in greater value for stockholders.

The KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II prospectus discloses that the program may seek to publicly list its shares of common stock if its independent directors believe a public listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, such a determination has not been made. If KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by August 2024, its charter requires that KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company, if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders. As we have not reached August 2024, neither of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.

If a majority of the conflicts committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II were to determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of its stockholders, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II’s charter requires that its conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of the stockholders. If KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, the KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II charter would not require KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II to list or liquidate, and the company could continue to operate as before. If KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, it would begin an orderly sale of its assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate finance markets and the debt markets generally as well as the federal income tax consequences to its stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II’s directors will try to determine whether listing its shares or liquidating its assets will result in greater value for stockholders.

The KBS Growth & Income REIT prospectus discloses that the program may seek to list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange if its independent directors believes listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, such a determination has not been made. If KBS Growth & Income REIT does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange within ten years from commencement of an initial public offering, its

 

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charter requires that it either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company, if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders. As the potential initial public offering has not yet commenced, neither of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.

If a majority of KBS Growth & Income REIT’s conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of its stockholders, KBS Growth & Income REIT’s charter requires that its conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of KBS Growth & Income REIT’s conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of its stockholders. If KBS Growth & Income REIT sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, KBS Growth & Income REIT’s charter would not require it to list or liquidate and would not require its conflicts committee to revisit the issue of liquidation, and KBS Growth & Income REIT could continue to operate as before. If KBS Growth & Income REIT sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, KBS Growth & Income REIT would begin an orderly sale of its assets. The precise timing of such sales would take into account the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where KBS Growth & Income REIT’s properties are located and the debt markets generally, as well as the federal income tax consequences to its stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS Growth & Income REIT’s directors would try to determine whether listing KBS Growth & Income REIT’s shares or liquidating its assets would be more likely to result in greater benefit its stockholders.

 

 

What conflicts of interest does your advisor face?

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates experience conflicts of interest in connection with the management of our business. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, four of our executive officers, own and control our sponsor and indirectly own and control KBS Capital Advisors. KBS Capital Advisors is also the external advisor to other public KBS-sponsored programs. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber are executive officers and/or directors of other public KBS-sponsored programs. In addition, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and their team of real estate professionals are also key real estate professionals at KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to KBS-advised investors. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, and their teams of real estate and debt finance professionals may also sponsor or advise future programs or accounts in the future. Some of the material conflicts that KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates face include the following:

 

   

The team of real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor must determine which investment opportunities to recommend to us and the other KBS-sponsored programs that are raising funds for investment as of the date of this prospectus for whom KBS serves as an advisor as well as any programs KBS affiliates may sponsor in the future. In particular, until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of both us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has disclosed that unless it files a registration statement with the SEC to conduct a follow-on public offering, it expects its current offering to terminate in August 2017;

 

   

Our sponsors and their team of professionals at KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates (including our dealer manager, KBS Capital Markets Group) have to allocate their time between us and other programs and activities in which they are involved;

 

   

The compensation payable by us to our advisor and its affiliates may not be on terms that would result from arm’s-length negotiations, is payable whether or not our stockholders receive distributions, and is based on our NAV, the procedures for which our advisor assists our board of directors in developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating;

 

   

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including our dealer manager, receive fees in connection with our offerings of equity securities;

 

   

KBS Management Group, an affiliate of our advisor, may receive fees in connection with the management of our properties regardless of the quality of the services provided to us;

 

   

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates may be entitled to disposition fees based on a percentage of the sales price, not the quality of the services rendered;

 

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KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates may structure the terms of joint ventures between us and other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised entities;

 

   

Key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor may become employees of another KBS-sponsored program in an internalization transaction or, if we internalize our advisor, may not become our employees as a result of their relationship with other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

 

Who owns and controls the advisor?

The following chart shows the ownership structure of KBS Capital Advisors and entities affiliated with KBS Capital Advisors that perform services for us:

 

 

LOGO

 

 

 

(1) Peter McMillan III is our President and the chairman of our board of directors.

(2) Keith D. Hall is our Chief Executive Officer and a director.

 

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(3) Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Bren indirectly owns and controls PBren Investments, L.P.

(4) Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or trusts, Mr. Schreiber indirectly owns and controls Schreiber Real Estate Investments, L.P.

(5) We are the sole member and manager of KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings LLC. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. is the sole general partner of, and owns a 0.1% partnership interest in, KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership. KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings LLC is the sole limited partner of, and owns the remaining 99.9% partnership interest in, KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership. KBS Capital Advisors owns 20,000 of our shares. In addition, Willowbrook Capital Group LLC, which is directly owned and controlled by Messrs. McMillan and Hall, owns 322,308 of our shares.

As of the date of this prospectus, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber have not received any compensation from us for services provided in their capacity as principals or executive officers of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates. In connection with this offering, we pay or reimburse our advisor and its affiliates for the services described below.

 

 

What are the fees that you pay to the advisor and its affiliates?

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive fees and reimbursements for services related to this offering and for the investment and management of our assets, subject to the review and approval of our independent directors. Set forth below is a summary of the fees and expenses we expect to pay these entities in connection with this offering or the our operations. The maximum amount that we may pay with respect to such fees and expenses is also set forth below, assuming the maximum gross proceeds from the primary offering and dividend reinvestment plan. See “Management – The Advisory Agreement” and “Management Compensation” for additional information about fees and expenses payable to our advisor and its affiliates.

The selling commissions listed below are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, and such selling commissions therefore have no effect on our NAV. The dealer manager fee and the distribution fee listed below are allocated on a class-specific basis and differ for each class, even when the NAV of each class is the same. Such class-specific fees are generally expected to affect distributions of the applicable classes rather than the NAV per share of such classes. The other fees and expenses below are not class-specific. Accordingly, they are allocated among all holders of shares ratably according to the NAV of their shares.

Because the dealer manager fee and distribution fee are allocated on a class-specific basis and are borne by all holders of the applicable class, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Even if the FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation are reached with respect to this offering, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Accordingly, with respect to the shares that you own, you should expect to be allocated the maximum dealer manager fee and distribution fee described below, for as long as you own your shares.

 

Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
Selling Commissions—KBS Capital Markets Group    We pay our dealer manager selling commissions on Class T and T-I shares sold in the primary offering of up to 3.5% and 1.5%, respectively, of the public offering price per share. The actual selling commission expressed as a percentage of the public offering price per share may be higher or lower than those amounts due to rounding. Selling commissions will be waived in connection with certain categories of purchasers and may be reduced for certain volume purchases as described in this prospectus. All of the selling commissions are expected to be reallowed to third-party broker-dealers participating in this offering.    The actual amount will depend on the number of shares of each class sold, the NAV per share and the type of accounts that purchase shares. Aggregate selling commissions will equal $26,250,000 if we sell the maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T shares, the maximum selling commission is paid for each primary offering share and there is no reallocation of

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
      shares between our primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.
Dealer Manager Fee—KBS Capital Markets Group   

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60%, 0.30%, 0.60% and 0.10% of our NAV per share for Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, for such day on a continuous basis from year to year. We will cease paying the dealer manager fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding.

 

The dealer manager may reallow a portion of the dealer manager fee to participating broker-dealers and broker-dealers servicing investors’ accounts, referred to as servicing broker-dealers. The dealer manager fee is payable monthly in arrears. The dealer manager fee is payable with respect to all shares, including shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan.

   Actual amounts depend upon the number of shares of each class outstanding, our daily NAV and when shares are outstanding, and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time. The additional dealer manager fee with respect to shares sold in this offering will equal $6,000,000 per annum if we sell the maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T or W shares and that the NAV per T or W share remains the same throughout this offering.
Distribution Fee—KBS Capital Markets Group   

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager a distribution fee equal that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.50% and 0.25% of our NAV per share for Class T and T-I shares, respectively, for such day on a continuous basis from year to year. We will cease paying the distribution fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange, (ii) or such shares no longer being outstanding.

 

The dealer manager may reallow the distribution fee to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers. The distribution fee is payable monthly in arrears. The distribution fee is payable with respect to all Class T and T-I shares, including shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan.

 

We do not pay a distribution fee with respect to Class W or I shares.

   Actual amounts depend upon our daily NAV, the number of shares of each class outstanding and when shares are outstanding, and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time. The additional distribution fee with respect to shares sold in this offering will equal $5,000,000 per annum if we sell the maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T shares, that the NAV per Class T share remains the same throughout this offering and that there is no reallocation of shares between our primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.
Organization and Other Offering Expenses—KBS Capital Markets Group or KBS Capital Advisors    We reimburse our advisor and dealer manager for commercially reasonable organization and other offering expenses they incur on our behalf in connection with this offering; however, no reimbursements made by us to our advisor or our dealer manager may cause total organization and offering expenses incurred by us (including selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—    We estimate our organization and other offering expenses (which excludes selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
  

Underwriting Compensation”) to exceed 15% of the aggregate gross proceeds from this primary offering and the offering under our dividend reinvestment plan as of the date of reimbursement.

 

We also pay organization and other offering expenses directly. Prior to the termination of the primary offering, we will be responsible for the payment of all organization and other offering expenses we incur directly and the reimbursement of organization and other offering expenses our advisor and dealer manager incur on our behalf in connection with this offering subject to the 15% limit on reimbursements discussed above.

 

Organization and other offering expenses include all expenses to be paid or reimbursed by us in connection with this offering, excluding selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation”. Organization and other offering expenses include our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our transfer agent, charges of our advisor and/or transfer agent for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in this offering, reimbursement of bona fide due diligence expenses of broker-dealers, reimbursement of our advisor for costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of bona fide training and education meetings held by us (primarily the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers), attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting retail seminars and travel, meal and lodging costs for registered persons associated with our dealer manager and officers and employees of our affiliates to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers, legal fees of our dealer manager and promotional items.

 

We will not reimburse our dealer manager for wholesaling compensation expenses.

   Compensation”) to be approximately $[    ] if we sell the maximum offering amount.
Advisory Fees—KBS Capital Advisors    In consideration for the asset management services it provides on our behalf, we pay our advisor an advisory fee equal to (1) a fixed component, payable monthly in arrears, that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 1.25% of our aggregate company NAV for such day and (2) a performance component calculated on the basis of the overall non-compounded investment return provided to common stockholders of all classes in any calendar year such that our advisor will receive 15% of the overall return in excess of 7%; provided that in no event will the performance component exceed 10% of the overall return for such year. However, the performance component will not be earned on any increase in the weighted-average NAV per share up to the higher of (a) the weighted-average NAV per share as of the end of the business day on which this offering    Actual amounts depend upon our aggregate company NAV, the distributions we pay, the changes in NAV and future development and sales of assets and, therefore, cannot be calculated at this time.

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
  

commences or (b) the highest weighted-average NAV per share on the last business day of any prior calendar year following the commencement of this offering; provided that we may decrease this threshold if (i) there has been a fundamental and unexpected change in the overall real estate market and (ii) our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has determined that such change is necessary to appropriately motivate our advisor to perform in a manner that maximizes stockholder value and is in the best interests of our stockholders.

 

In addition, immediately prior to the commencement of this offering, we may compensate our advisor for past performance as part of a restructuring of the incentive fees we pay to our advisor. For more information, please see “Management—Incentive Fees.”

  
Disposition Fees—KBS Capital Advisors   

For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of our assets, which includes the sale of a single asset or the sale of all or a portion of our assets through a portfolio sale, merger or business combination transaction, we will pay our advisor or its affiliates 1.0% of the contract sales price of the assets sold (including residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by a subsidiary of ours as part of a securitization transaction).

 

If, in connection with such disposition, commissions are paid to third parties unaffiliated with our advisor, the fee paid to our advisor and its affiliates may not exceed the commissions paid to such unaffiliated third parties, and provided further that the disposition fees paid to our advisor, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties may not exceed 6.0% of the contract sales price. The conflicts committee will determine whether our advisor or its affiliates has provided substantial assistance to us in connection with the sale of our assets. We will not pay a disposition fee upon the maturity, prepayment or workout of a loan or other debt-related investment, provided that (i) if we negotiate a discounted payoff with the borrower, we will pay a disposition fee and (ii) if we take ownership of a property as a result of a workout or foreclosure of a loan, we will pay a disposition fee upon the sale of such property. We do not intend to sell assets to affiliates. However, if we do sell assets to an affiliate, our organizational documents would not prohibit us from paying our advisor a disposition fee. Before we sold assets to an affiliate, our charter requires that a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction conclude that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us.

   Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time.
Property Management    For certain properties, we may enter into a property    Actual amounts are dependent

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
Fee— KBS Management Group    management agreement with KBS Management Group and agree to pay a monthly fee equal to a percentage of the rent (to be determined on a property by property basis, consistent with current market rates), payable and actually collected for the month.    upon the fee negotiated and rents from specific properties subject to a property management agreement; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time.
Other Operating Expenses—KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Capital Markets Group   

We may reimburse the expenses incurred by our advisor in connection with its provision of services to us, including our allocable share of our advisor’s overhead, such as rent, employee costs, utilities and cybersecurity costs. Our advisor may seek reimbursement for employee costs under the advisory agreement. At this time we anticipate that we will only reimburse our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to us. In the future, if our advisor seeks reimbursement for additional employee costs, such costs may include our proportionate share of the salaries of persons involved in the preparation of documents to meet SEC reporting requirements. We do not reimburse our advisor or its affiliates for employee costs in connection with services for which our advisor earns a separate fee (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries or benefits our advisor or its affiliates may pay to our executive officers.

 

We reimburse our dealer manager for certain fees and expenses it incurs for administering our participation in the DTCC Alternative Investment Product Platform, or the AIP Platform, with respect to certain accounts of our investors serviced through the AIP Platform.

 

Additionally, we have entered, together with KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT, KBS Capital Markets Group, KBS Capital Advisors and other KBS-affiliated entities, an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by our advisor and its insurance broker among each of the various entities covered by the program and is billed directly to each entity. The allocation of these shared coverage costs is proportionate to the pricing by the insurance marketplace for the first tiers of directors and officers liability coverage purchased individually by each REIT. Our advisor’s and our dealer manager’s portion of the shared lower tiers’ cost is proportionate to the respective entities’ prior cost for the errors and omissions insurance.

   Actual amounts are dependent upon the total equity and debt capital we raise, the cost of our investments and the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time.

 

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If I buy shares, will I receive distributions and how often?

Prior to the commencement of this offering, we intend to modify our distribution policy to pay distributions monthly in arrears and have daily record dates. Therefore, new investors will be entitled to distributions immediately upon the purchase of their shares. However, we reserve the right to adjust the periods during which distributions accrue and are paid. Our distribution policy is not to pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including proceeds from this offering or the proceeds from the issuance of securities in the future, other third party borrowings, advances from our advisor or sponsors or from our advisor’s deferral of its fees under the advisory agreement. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our taxable income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. In these situations we may make distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement described below.

We expect that the board of directors will set the rate of distributions at a level that will be reasonably consistent and sustainable over time. However, we have not established a minimum distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our stockholders. In determining the appropriate level of a distribution, our board of directors considers a number of factors, including the current and anticipated market conditions, current and anticipated future performance and make-up of our investments, our overall financial projections and expected future cash needs. We can give no assurance that the board of directors will continue to set distributions at current levels and our distribution levels may change from time to time. Depending on the distribution level relative to cash flow generated from our portfolio, if our distributions exceed cash flow generated from our operations, it may cause a decrease in our NAV if not offset by other effects.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. See “Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. — Annual Distribution Requirements.” In general, we anticipate making distributions to our stockholders of at least 100% of our REIT taxable income so that none of our income is subject to federal income tax. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

We accrue the amount of declared distributions as our liability, and such liability is accounted for in determining the NAV. See “Selected Information Regarding Our Operations—Distribution Information” and “Description of Shares—Distributions.”

 

 

May I reinvest my distributions in shares of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.?

Yes. You may participate in our dividend reinvestment plan and elect to have the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that you own automatically reinvested in additional shares of the same class by checking the appropriate box on the subscription agreement or by filling out an enrollment form we will provide to you at your request. The cash distributions you receive will be reinvested in shares of our common stock at a price equal to our NAV per share applicable to the class of shares purchased, calculated as of the distribution date. We may amend or terminate the dividend reinvestment plan for any reason at any time upon 10 days’ notice to the participants. We may provide notice by including such information (a) in a Current Report on Form 8-K or in our annual or quarterly reports, all publicly filed with the SEC or (b) in a separate mailing to the participants.

 

 

Will the distributions I receive be taxable as ordinary income?

Yes and No. Generally, distributions that you receive, including distributions that are reinvested pursuant to our

 

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dividend reinvestment plan, will be taxed as ordinary income to the extent they are from current or accumulated earnings and profits. Participants in our dividend reinvestment plan will also be treated for tax purposes as having received an additional distribution to the extent that they purchase shares under the dividend reinvestment plan at a discount to fair market value, if any. As a result, participants in our dividend reinvestment plan may have tax liability with respect to their share of our taxable income, but they will not receive cash distributions to pay such liability.

To the extent any portion of your distribution is not from current or accumulated earnings and profits, it will not be subject to tax immediately; it will be considered a return of capital for tax purposes and will reduce the tax basis of your investment (and potentially result in taxable gain). Distributions that constitute a return of capital, in effect, defer a portion of your tax until your investment is sold or we are liquidated, at which time you will be taxed at capital gains rates. However, because each investor’s tax considerations are different, we suggest that you consult with your tax advisor.

 

 

Will you register as an investment company?

We intend to conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries will be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the Investment Company Act.

Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries intend to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act. If we or our subsidiaries were obligated to register as investment companies, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:

 

   

limitations on capital structure;

 

   

restrictions on specified investments;

 

   

prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and

 

   

compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.

Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:

 

   

pursuant to Section 3(a)(1)(A), is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or

 

   

pursuant to Section 3(a)(1)(C) is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).

We believe that neither we nor our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company based on the following analyses. With respect to the 40% test, most of the entities through which we and our Operating Partnership own our assets are majority-owned subsidiaries that will not themselves be investment companies and will not be relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7).

With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.

If any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership fail to meet the 40% test, we believe they will usually, if not always, be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company. (Otherwise, they should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.) As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(C) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying

 

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assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. If any subsidiary relies on Section 3(c)(5)(C), we expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.

To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act, our subsidiaries may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want them to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish them to retain. In addition, our subsidiaries may have to acquire additional assets that they might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to make investments that we would otherwise want them to make and would be important to our investment strategy. Moreover, the SEC or its staff may issue interpretations with respect to various types of assets that are contrary to our views and current SEC staff interpretations are subject to change, which increases the risk of non-compliance and the risk that we may be forced to make adverse changes to our portfolio. In this regard, we note that in 2011 the SEC issued a concept release indicating that the SEC and its staff were reviewing interpretive issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) and soliciting views on the application of Section 3(c)(5)(C) to companies engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage related instruments. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business and criminal and civil actions could be brought against us. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court required enforcement and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business. For more information related to compliance with the Investment Company Act, see “Investment Objectives and Criteria — Investment Limitations to Avoid Registration as an Investment Company.”

 

 

How will you use the proceeds raised in this offering?

After paying selling commissions and organization and offering expenses, and assuming that we sell the maximum offering, we estimate net proceeds from this offering in an amount equal to $[    ], or approximately [    ]% of the gross proceeds from this offering, to be available to us. Selling commissions are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, and such selling commissions therefore have no effect on our NAV. Accordingly, if we fund additional organization and offering expenses entirely out of cash flow from operations (which would not reduce the net offering proceeds), then as a percentage of the NAV of the shares sold (measured as of the date of sale), approximately [    ]% of the proceeds will be available to us. We expect to use the net proceeds of this offering to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, to provide liquidity to our stockholders and for general corporate purposes (which may include repayment of our debt or any other corporate purposes we deem appropriate). We may use the proceeds of this offering to fund stockholder distributions, although we do not currently intend to do so. The specific amounts of the net proceeds that are used for such purposes, and the priority of such uses, will depend on the amount of proceeds raised in this offering, the timing of our receipt of such proceeds and the best uses of the proceeds at such time. The foregoing figures are estimates derived at the beginning of this offering and are not updated throughout the offering. The actual percentage of net proceeds available to use will depend on a number of factors, including the amount of capital we raise and the actual offering costs. For example, if we raise less than the maximum offering amount, we would expect the percentage of net offering proceeds available to us to be less (and may be substantially less) than that set forth above because many offering costs are fixed and do not depend on the amount of capital raised in the offering.

 

 

Are there any special restrictions on the ownership or transfer of shares?

Yes. Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership of our shares that prevent any one person from owning more than 9.8% of our aggregate outstanding shares unless exempted by our board of directors. These restrictions are designed to enable us to comply with ownership restrictions imposed on REITs by the Internal Revenue Code.

Our charter also limits your ability to sell your shares. Subsequent purchasers, i.e., potential purchasers of your

 

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shares, must also meet the net worth or income standards, and unless you are transferring all of your shares, you may not transfer your shares in a manner that causes you or your transferee to own fewer than $4,000 in shares, except for the following transfers without consideration: transfers by gift, transfers by inheritance, intrafamily transfers, family dissolutions, transfers to affiliates and transfers by operation of law.

 

 

Are there any special considerations that apply to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA or other retirement plans that are investing in shares?

Yes. The section of this prospectus entitled “ERISA Considerations” describes the effect the purchase of shares will have on individual retirement accounts and retirement plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), and/or the Internal Revenue Code. ERISA is a federal law that regulates the operation of certain tax-advantaged retirement plans. Any retirement plan trustee or individual considering purchasing shares for a retirement plan or an individual retirement account should carefully read this section of the prospectus.

We may make some investments that generate “excess inclusion income” which, when passed through to our tax-exempt stockholders, can be taxed as unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) or, in certain circumstances, can result in a tax being imposed on us. Although we do not expect the amount of such income to be significant, there can be no assurance in this regard.

 

 

May I make an investment through my IRA, SEP or other tax-deferred account?

Yes. You may make an investment through your individual retirement account (IRA), a simplified employee pension (SEP) plan or other tax-deferred account. In making these investment decisions, you should consider, at a minimum, (i) whether the investment is in accordance with the documents and instruments governing your IRA, plan or other account, (ii) whether the investment satisfies the fiduciary requirements associated with your IRA, plan or other account, (iii) whether the investment will generate UBTI to your IRA, plan or other account, (iv) whether there is sufficient liquidity for such investment under your IRA, plan or other account, (v) the need to value the assets of your IRA, plan or other account annually or more frequently, and (vi) whether the investment would constitute a prohibited transaction under applicable law.

 

 

How do I subscribe for shares?

If you choose to purchase shares in this offering, you will need to complete and sign a subscription agreement (in the form attached to this prospectus as Appendix A) for a specific number of shares and pay for the shares at the time of your subscription.

 

 

If I buy shares in this offering, how may I sell them later?

We expect that there will be no regular secondary trading market for shares of our common stock. While you should view your investment as long term with limited liquidity, we have adopted a share redemption program, whereby stockholders may request that we redeem all or any portion of their shares. Generally, our share redemption program imposes a quarterly cap on the aggregate net redemptions of our shares equal to the amount of shares with a value (based on the redemption price per share on the day the redemption is effected) of up to 5% of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter. Because these volume limitations are based, in part, on the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the quarter preceding the redemption request, the availability of redemptions in any quarter is dependent upon, among other things, the success of this offering. Subject to limited exceptions, shares redeemed within 365 days of the date of purchase are subject to a short-term trading discount equal to 2% of the gross proceeds otherwise payable with respect to the redemption, which inures indirectly to the benefit of our remaining stockholders. See “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program” for more information.

Although the vast majority of our assets consist of properties that cannot generally be readily liquidated on short notice without impacting our ability to realize full value upon their disposition, we intend to maintain a number of sources of liquidity including (i) cash equivalents (e.g. money market funds), other short-term investments, U.S. government securities, agency securities and liquid real estate-related securities and (ii) one or more borrowing facilities.

 

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Despite these sources of liquidity, we may not always have sufficient liquid resources to satisfy redemption requests and you may not be able to redeem your shares under the program. If a redemption request is made and accepted, the redemption price per share will be equal to the NAV per share on the date of redemption of the class of shares being redeemed. Our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share redemption program if it deems such action to be in the best interest of our stockholders. Our board of directors will assess the overall level of liquidity available in our portfolio and the need for available funds prior to taking any action that will result in limiting our redemptions. See “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program—Redemption Limitations.”

 

 

What is a perpetual-life REIT?

We use the term “perpetual-life REIT” to describe an investment vehicle of indefinite duration focused on real estate properties and other real estate-related assets, the shares of common stock of which are generally intended to be sold and redeemed by the issuer on a continuous basis. Public and private pension plan sponsors, endowments, foundations and other institutional investors have historically availed themselves of similarly structured perpetual-life vehicles as one option for allocating a portion of their portfolio to direct investments in real estate.

 

 

Will I be notified of how my investment is doing?

Yes, we will provide you with periodic updates on the performance of your investment in us, including:

 

   

detailed quarterly dividend reports;

 

   

an annual report;

 

   

supplements to the prospectus, provided quarterly during the primary offering; and

 

   

three quarterly financial reports.

We will provide this information to you via one or more of the following methods, in our discretion and with your consent, if necessary:

 

   

U.S. mail or other courier;

 

   

facsimile;

 

   

electronic delivery; or

 

   

posting on our web site at www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com.

Within 30 days after any document described above is provided electronically or on our web site, Oregon investors may request that a paper copy of such document be sent by U.S. mail to such investor by contacting KBS Capital Markets Group at (866) KBS-4CMG or (866) 527-4264 or by contacting his or her registered representative.

 

 

When will I get my detailed tax information?

Your Form 1099-DIV tax information, if required, will be mailed by January 31 of each year.

 

 

Who can help answer my questions about the offering?

If you have more questions about the offering, or if you would like additional copies of this prospectus, you should contact your registered representative or contact:

KBS Capital Markets Group LLC

800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700

Newport Beach, California 92660

Telephone: (866) KBS-4CMG or (866) 527-4264

Fax: (949) 417-6501

www.kbs-cmg.com

 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves various risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this prospectus before purchasing our common stock. The risks discussed in this prospectus could adversely affect our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could cause the value of our common stock to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business.

Risks Related to an Investment in Us

There is no public trading market for the shares of our common stock and we do not anticipate that there will be a public trading market for our shares; therefore, your ability to dispose of your shares will likely be limited to redemption by us. If you do sell your shares to us, you may receive less than the price you paid.

There is no public market for the shares of our common stock and we currently have no obligation or plans to apply for listing on any public securities market. Therefore, redemption of shares by us will likely be the only way for you to dispose of your shares. We will redeem shares at a price equal to the NAV per share of the class of shares being redeemed on the date of redemption, and not based on the price at which you initially purchased your shares. We may redeem your shares if you fail to maintain a minimum balance of $4,000 in shares, even if your failure to meet the minimum balance is caused solely by a decline in our NAV. Subject to limited exceptions, shares redeemed within 365 days of the date of purchase will be subject to a short-term trading discount equal to 2% of the gross proceeds otherwise payable with respect to the redemption, which will inure indirectly to the benefit of our remaining stockholders. As a result of this and the fact that our NAV will fluctuate, you may receive less than the price you paid for your shares upon redemption by us pursuant to our share redemption program. See “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program.”

Our ability to redeem your shares may be limited, and our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share redemption program at any time.

Generally, our share redemption program imposes a quarterly cap on aggregate net redemptions of our share classes equal to the amount of shares with a value (based on the redemption price per share on the day the redemption is effected) of up to 5% of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter.

The vast majority of our assets will consist of properties which cannot generally be readily liquidated on short notice without impacting our ability to realize full value upon their disposition. Therefore, we may not always have a sufficient amount of cash to immediately satisfy redemption requests. Our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share redemption program. As a result, your ability to have your shares redeemed by us may be limited, and our shares should be considered as having only limited liquidity and at times may be illiquid. See “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program” for more information.

Disruptions in the financial markets and uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect market rental rates, commercial real estate values and our ability to secure debt financing, service debt obligations, or pay distributions to our stockholders.

Currently, both the investing and leasing environments are highly competitive. While there has been an increase in the amount of capital flowing into the U.S. real estate markets, which resulted in an increase in real estate values in certain markets, the uncertainty regarding the economic environment has made businesses reluctant to make long-term commitments or changes in their business plans. Possible future declines in rental rates, slower or potentially negative net absorption of leased space and expectations of future rental concessions, including free rent to renew tenants early, to retain tenants who are up for renewal or to attract new tenants, may result in decreases in cash flows. Historically low interest rates could help offset some of the impact of these potential decreases in operating cash flow for properties financed with variable rate mortgages; however, interest rates likely will not remain at these historically low levels for the remaining life of many of our investments. Recently, interest rates have become more volatile as the global capital markets react to increasing economic and geopolitical risks.

Current conditions in the global capital markets remain volatile. The slowdown in global economic growth, and the increase in oil production capacity, has had a ripple effect through the energy and commodity markets. Decreasing levels of demand for commodities have led to a weakening of global economic conditions, particularly in emerging market nations. Many nations in the developing world rely on metals, minerals and oil production as the basis of their

 

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economies. When demand for these resources drops, the economic environment deteriorates, and deflation becomes a very real risk. Over the past decade the United States has seen a resurgence of the domestic energy markets. The growth of domestic oil and natural gas production helped the U.S. economy rebound from the 2008-2009 recession. During the first quarter of 2016, supply pressures in the energy markets have driven down the price of oil to levels not seen in many years, and U.S. economic growth has slowed.

Central bank interventions and the use of monetary policy to combat the lingering effects of the 2008-2009 recession continue to affect the global economy. The FED pursued an accommodative monetary policy that included cutting interest rates and implementing a QE program. In 2015, the U.S. economy continued strengthening, and the FED ceased the QE program and raised the Target Funds rate by 25 basis points. In 2012, Japan embarked on a massive QE program designed to kick start the country’s economy. The Japanese economy remains weak, with little or no economic growth. In Europe, the ECB announced its own QE program in January 2015. The long awaited announcement led to lower European interest rates and a weakening of the Euro against other currencies. With much of the European economy still experiencing low economic growth, the ECB is now poised to increase its QE program. While the intent of these policies is to spur economic growth, the size of these programs is unprecedented, and the ultimate impact on the global financial system is unknown.

In the United States, recent economic data has been mixed. Slow and steady growth in the labor markets has driven unemployment to 4.9% as of January 2016. The labor force participation rate continues to be relatively low and personal income growth has been modest. Consumer spending in the United States has been increasing, and consumer confidence levels are starting to reach levels last seen in the mid-2000’s. U.S. gross domestic product (“U.S. GDP”) has continued to grow. On an annual basis, U.S. GDP growth in 2014 was 2.4%, which was an improvement over 2013’s growth rate of 1.5%. In 2015 U.S. GDP growth came in at 2.4%, with the trend moving towards slower growth in the first quarter of 2016.

With the backdrop of increasing levels of global political conflict, and weaker international economic conditions, the U.S. dollar has remained a safe haven currency. The U.S. commercial real estate market has benefited from strong inflows of foreign capital. In 2015 commercial real estate transaction volumes increased 23%, making 2015 the second highest level of investment volume, behind only 2007. Foreign capital flows represent 17% of the 2015 volume. Initially, gateway markets such as New York City and San Francisco benefited from a high demand for commercial properties. Now investors have branched into secondary and tertiary markets, and demand for investments is leading to price increases and an uptick in construction and development. Some fear the potential creation of an asset bubble, particularly in the gateway metropolitan markets.

We have relied on debt financing to finance our real estate properties and we may have difficulty refinancing some of our debt obligations prior to or at maturity or we may not be able to refinance these obligations at terms as favorable as the terms of our existing indebtedness and we also may be unable to obtain additional debt financing on attractive terms or at all. If we are not able to refinance our existing indebtedness on attractive terms at the various maturity dates, we may be forced to dispose of some of our assets. Recent financial market conditions have improved from the bottom of the economic cycle, but material risks are still present. Market conditions can change quickly, which could negatively impact the value of our assets.

Disruptions in the financial markets and continued uncertain economic conditions could adversely affect the values of our investments. Lending activity has increased; however, it remains uncertain whether the capital markets can sustain the current transaction levels. Any disruption to the debt and capital markets could result in fewer buyers seeking to acquire commercial properties and possible increases in capitalization rates and lower property values. Furthermore, declining economic conditions could negatively impact commercial real estate fundamentals and result in lower occupancy, lower rental rates and declining values in our real estate portfolio and in the collateral securing our loan investments, which could have the following negative effects on us:

 

   

the values of our investments in commercial properties could decrease below the amounts paid for such investments;

 

   

the value of collateral securing our loan investment could decrease below the outstanding principal amount of such loan; and/or

 

   

revenues from our properties could decrease due to fewer tenants and/or lower rental rates, making it more difficult for us to pay distributions or meet our debt service obligations on debt financing.

All of these factors could impair our ability to make distributions to our investors and decrease the value of an investment in us.

 

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Our stockholders will not have the opportunity to evaluate our future investments before we make them, which makes our stockholders’ investment more speculative.

We will seek to invest a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies. However, because you will be unable to evaluate the economic merit of assets before we invest in them, you will have to rely entirely on the ability of our advisor to select suitable and successful investment opportunities.

We may raise significantly less than the maximum offering amount in this public offering.

In this offering, we are offering on a continuous basis up to $1,000,000,000 of shares of our common stock. However, we may raise significantly less than this amount. The less capital we raise, the less capital we will have available to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies, to provide liquidity to our stockholders and for general corporate purposes (which may include repayment of our debt or any other corporate purposes we deem appropriate).

Furthermore, the figures presented in the section of this prospectus entitled “Estimated Use of Proceeds” are estimates derived at the beginning of this offering and are not updated throughout the offering. The actual percentage of net proceeds available to use will depend on a number of factors, including the amount of capital we raise and the actual offering costs. For example, if we raise less than the maximum offering amount, we would expect the percentage of net offering proceeds available to us to be less (and may be substantially less) than that set forth in the section of this prospectus entitled “Estimated Use of Proceeds” because many offering costs are fixed and do not depend on the amount of capital raised in the offering.

Even if we are able to raise substantial funds in this offering, investors in our common stock are subject to the risk that our offering, business and operating plans may change.

Although we intend to operate as a perpetual-life REIT with an ongoing offering and share redemption program, this is not a requirement of our charter. Even if we are able to raise substantial funds in this offering, if circumstances change such that our board of directors believes it is in the best interest of our stockholders to terminate this offering or to terminate our share redemption program, we may do so without stockholder approval. Our board of directors may also change our investment objectives, targeted investments, borrowing policies or other corporate policies without stockholder approval. In addition, we may change the way our fees and expenses are incurred and allocated to different classes of stockholders. Our board of directors may decide that certain significant transactions that require stockholder approval such as dissolution, merger into another entity, consolidation or the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, are in the best interests of our stockholders. Holders of all classes of our common stock have equal voting rights with respect to such matters and will vote as a single group rather than on a class-by-class basis. Accordingly, investors in our common stock are subject to the risk that our offering, business and operating plans may change.

Valuations and appraisals of our properties, real estate-related assets and real estate-related liabilities are estimates of value and may not necessarily correspond to realizable value.

The valuation methodologies used to value our properties and certain real estate-related assets involve subjective judgments regarding such factors as comparable sales, rental revenue and operating expense data, the capitalization or discount rate, and projections of future rent and expenses based on appropriate analysis. In addition, we generally do not undertake to mark to market our debt investments or real estate-related liabilities, but rather these assets and liabilities are usually included in our determination of NAV at an amount determined in accordance with GAAP. As a result, valuations and appraisals of our properties, real estate-related assets and real estate-related liabilities are only estimates of current market value. Ultimate realization of the value of an asset or liability depends to a great extent on economic and other conditions beyond our control and the control of the Independent Valuation Firm and other parties involved in the valuation of our assets and liabilities. Further, these valuations may not necessarily represent the price at which an asset or liability would sell, because market prices of assets and liabilities can only be determined by negotiation between a willing buyer and seller. Valuations used for determining our NAV also are generally made without consideration of the expenses that would be incurred in connection with disposing of assets and liabilities. Therefore, the valuations of our properties, our investments in real estate-related assets and our liabilities may not correspond to the timely realizable value upon a sale of those assets and liabilities. Our NAV does not currently represent enterprise value and may not accurately reflect the actual prices at which our assets could be liquidated on any given day, the value a third party would pay for all or substantially all of our shares, or the price that our shares would trade at on a national stock exchange. There will be no retroactive adjustment in the valuation of such assets or liabilities, the price of

 

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our shares of common stock, the price we paid to redeem shares of our common stock or NAV-based fees we paid to our advisor and dealer manager to the extent such valuations prove to not accurately reflect the true estimate of value and are not a precise measure of realizable value. Because the price you will pay for shares of our common stock in this offering, and the price at which your shares may be redeemed by us pursuant to our share redemption program, are based on our estimated NAV per share, you may pay more than realizable value or receive less than realizable value for your investment.

In order to disclose a daily NAV, we are reliant on the parties that we engage for that purpose, in particular the Independent Valuation Firm and the appraisers that we hire to value and appraise our real estate portfolio.

In order to disclose a daily NAV, our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has adopted valuation procedures and caused us to engage independent third parties such as the Independent Valuation Firm, to value our real estate portfolio on a quarterly basis, and other independent appraisal firms, to provide periodic appraisals with respect to our properties. We may also engage other independent third parties or our advisor to value other assets or liabilities. Although our board of directors, with the assistance of our advisor, oversees all of these parties and the reasonableness of their work product, we will not independently verify our NAV or the components thereof, such as the appraised values of our properties. Our management’s assessment of the market values of our properties may also differ from the appraised values of our properties as determined by the Independent Valuation Firm. If the parties engaged by us to determine our daily NAV are unable or unwilling to perform their obligations to us, our NAV could be inaccurate or unavailable, and we could decide to suspend this offering and our share redemption program.

Our NAV is not subject to GAAP, will not be independently audited and will involve subjective judgments by the Independent Valuation Firm and other parties involved in valuing our assets and liabilities.

Our valuation procedures and our NAV are not subject to GAAP and will not be subject to independent audit. Our NAV may differ from equity (net assets) reflected on our audited financial statements, even if we are required to adopt a fair value basis of accounting for GAAP financial statement purposes. Additionally, we are dependent on our advisor to be reasonably aware of material events specific to our properties (such as tenant disputes, damage, litigation and environmental issues) that may cause the value of a property to change materially and to promptly notify the Independent Valuation Firm so that the information may be reflected in our real estate portfolio valuation. In addition, the implementation and coordination of our valuation procedures include certain subjective judgments of our advisor, such as whether the Independent Valuation Firm should be notified of events specific to our properties that could affect their valuations, as well as of the Independent Valuation Firm and other parties we engage, as to whether adjustments to asset and liability valuations are appropriate. Accordingly, you must rely entirely on our board of directors to adopt appropriate valuation procedures and on the Independent Valuation Firm and other parties we engage in order to arrive at our NAV, which may not correspond to realizable value upon a sale of our assets.

No rule or regulation requires that we calculate our NAV in a certain way, and our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may adopt changes to the valuation procedures.

There are no existing rules or regulatory bodies that specifically govern the manner in which we calculate our NAV. As a result, it is important that you pay particular attention to the specific methodologies and assumptions we use to calculate our NAV. Other public REITs may use different methodologies or assumptions to determine their NAV. In addition, each year our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, will review the appropriateness of our valuation procedures and may, at any time, adopt changes to the valuation procedures. For example, we generally do not undertake to mark to market our debt investments or real estate-related liabilities, but rather these assets and liabilities are usually included in our determination of NAV at an amount determined in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the realizable value of specific debt investments and real property assets encumbered by debt that are used in the calculation of our NAV may be higher or lower than the value that would be derived if such debt investments or property-related liabilities were marked to market. In some cases such difference may be significant. We also do not currently include any enterprise value or real estate acquisition costs in our assets calculated for purposes of our NAV. If we acquire real property assets as a portfolio, we may pay a premium over the amount that we would pay for the assets individually. Our board of directors may change these or other aspects of our valuation procedures, which changes may have an adverse effect on our NAV and the price at which you may sell shares to us under our share redemption program. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures” for more details regarding our valuation methodologies, assumptions and procedures.

Our NAV per share may suddenly change if the valuations of our properties materially change from prior valuations or the actual operating results materially differ from what we originally budgeted.

 

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It is possible that the annual appraisals of our properties may not be spread evenly throughout the year and may differ from the most recent daily valuation. As such, when these appraisals are reflected in our Independent Valuation Firm’s valuation of our real estate portfolio, there may be a sudden change in our NAV per share for each class of our common stock. Property valuation changes can occur for a variety reasons, such as local real estate market conditions, the financial condition of our tenants, or lease expirations. For example, we regularly face lease expirations across our portfolio, and as we move further away from lease commencement toward the end of a lease term, the valuation of the underlying property will be expected to drop depending on the likelihood of a renewal or a new lease on similar terms. Such a valuation drop can be particularly significant when closer to a lease expiration, especially for single tenant buildings or where an individual tenant occupies a large portion of a building. We are at the greatest risk of these valuation changes during periods in which we have a large number of lease expirations as well as when the lease of a significant tenant is closer to expiration. Similarly, if a tenant will have an option in the future to purchase one of our properties from us at a price that is less than the current valuation of the property, then if the value of the property exceeds the option price, the valuation will be expected to decline and begin to approach the purchase price as the date of the option approaches. In addition, actual operating results may differ from what we originally budgeted, which may cause a sudden increase or decrease in the NAV per share amounts. We accrue estimated income and expenses on a daily basis based on annual budgets as adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in the business throughout the year. On a periodic basis, we adjust the income and expense accruals we estimated to reflect the income and expenses actually earned and incurred. We will not retroactively adjust the NAV per share of each class for any adjustments. Therefore, because actual results from operations may be better or worse than what we previously budgeted, the adjustment to reflect actual operating results may cause the NAV per share for each class of our common stock to increase or decrease.

New acquisitions may be valued for purposes of our NAV at less than what we pay for them, which would dilute our NAV.

Pursuant to our valuation procedures, the acquisition price of newly acquired properties will serve as our appraised value for the year of acquisition, and thereafter will be part of the rotating appraisal cycle such that they are appraised at least every calendar year. This is true whether the acquisition is funded with cash, equity or a combination thereof. However, the Independent Valuation Firm always has the ability to adjust property valuations for purposes of our NAV from the most recent appraised value. Similarly, if the Independent Valuation Firm believes that the purchase price for a recent acquisition does not reflect the current value of the property, the Independent Valuation Firm has the ability to adjust the valuation for purposes of our NAV downwards immediately after acquisition. Even if the Independent Valuation Firm does not adjust the valuation downwards immediately following the acquisition, when we obtain an appraisal on the property, it may not appraise at a value equal to the purchase price. Accordingly, the value of a new acquisition as established under our NAV procedures could be less than what we pay for it, which could negatively affect our NAV. Large portfolio acquisitions, in particular, may require a “portfolio premium” to be paid by us in order to be a competitive bidder, and this “portfolio premium” may not be taken into consideration in calculating our NAV. In addition, acquisition expenses we incur in connection with new acquisitions will negatively impact our NAV. We may make acquisitions (with cash or equity) of any size without stockholder approval, and such acquisitions may be dilutive to our NAV.

The NAV per share that we publish may not necessarily reflect changes in our NAV that are not immediately quantifiable.

From time to time, we may experience events with respect to our investments that may have a material impact on our NAV. For example, and not by way of limitation, changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, environmental legislation, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest, civil disturbances and major disturbances in financial markets may cause the value of a property to change materially. The NAV per share of each class of our common stock as published on any given day may not reflect such extraordinary events to the extent that their financial impact is not immediately quantifiable. As a result, the NAV per share that we publish may not necessarily reflect changes in our NAV that are not immediately quantifiable, and the NAV per share of each class published after the announcement of a material event may differ significantly from our actual NAV per share for such class until such time as the financial impact is quantified and our NAV is appropriately adjusted in accordance with our valuation procedures. The resulting potential disparity in our NAV may inure to the benefit of redeeming stockholders or non-redeeming stockholders and new purchasers of our common stock, depending on whether our published NAV per share for such class is overstated or understated.

 

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The realizable value of specific properties may change before the value is adjusted by the Independent Valuation Firm or our advisor and reflected in the calculation of our NAV.

Our valuation procedures generally provide that the Independent Valuation Firm will adjust a real property’s valuation, as necessary, based on known events that have a material impact on the most recent value (adjustments for non-material events may also be made). Any adjustment to the valuation of a property is performed on the next quarterly valuation date after a determination that a material change with respect to such property has occurred and the financial effects of such change are quantifiable by the Independent Valuation Firm. Accordingly, rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be immediately reflected in our real property valuation provided by the Independent Valuation Firm. For this reason, our advisor may adjust the valuation of a property for purposes of our daily NAV calculation in between quarterly valuation dates. Prior to doing so, our advisor will make every reasonable effort to coordinate with the Independent Valuation Firm to mitigate the possibility of differences of opinion with respect to the adjustment. Our advisor would seek to make any such adjustments usuing valuation methodologies and principles consistent with those used by the Independent Valuation Firm. However, it is possible that in the subsequent quarterly real property portfolio valuation provided by the Independent Valuation Firm, the Independent Valuation Firm does not include the same adjustment. Further, even with the possibility of adjustments by our advisor, rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be immediately reflected in our daily NAV.

We are dependent on our advisor to be reasonably aware of material events specific to our properties (such as tenant disputes, damage, litigation and environmental issues, as well as positive events such as new lease agreements) that may cause the value of a property to change materially and to promptly notify the Independent Valuation Firm so that the information may be reflected in our real estate portfolio valuation. Events may transpire that, for a period of time, are unknown to us or the Independent Valuation Firm that may affect the value of a property, and until such information becomes known and is processed, the value of such asset may differ from the value used to determine our NAV. In addition, although we may have information that suggests a change in value of a property may have occurred, there may be a delay in the resulting change in value being reflected in our NAV until such information is appropriately reviewed, verified and processed. For example, we may receive an unsolicited offer, from an unrelated third party, to sell one of our assets at a price that is materially different than the price included in our NAV. Or, we may be aware of a new lease, lease expiry, or entering into a contract for capital expenditure. Where possible, adjustments generally are made based on events evidenced by proper final documentation. It is possible that an adjustment to the valuation of a property may occur prior to final documentation if the Independent Valuation Firm (or advisor, between quarterly valuations by the Independent Valuation Firm) determines that events warrant adjustments to certain assumptions that materially affect value. However, to the extent that an event has not yet become final based on proper documentation, its impact on the value of the applicable property may not be reflected (or may be only partially reflected) in the calculation of our NAV.

Because we generally do not mark our debt investments or real estate-related liabilities to market, the realizable value of specific debt investments and real property assets that are encumbered by debt may be higher or lower than the value used in the calculation of our NAV.

We generally do not undertake to mark to market our debt investments or real estate-related liabilities, but rather these assets and liabilities are usually included in our determination of NAV at an amount determined in accordance with GAAP. As a result, the realizable value of specific debt investments and real property assets that are encumbered by debt used in the calculation of our NAV may be higher or lower than the value that would be derived if such debt investments or liabilities were marked to market. In some cases such difference may be significant. We record all derivative instruments at fair value, which we do not expect to be significantly different from the realizable value of our derivative instruments used in the calculation of our NAV.

Due to daily fluctuations in our NAV, the price at which your purchase is executed could be higher than our NAV per share at the time you submit your purchase order, and the price at which your redemption is executed could be lower than our NAV per share at the time you submit your redemption request.

The purchase and redemption price for shares of our common stock will be determined at the end of each business day based on our NAV and will not be based on any established trading price. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures.” Each accepted purchase order will be executed at a price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased next determined after the purchase order is received in good order, plus any applicable selling commissions. For example, if a purchase order is received in good order on a business day and before the close of business (4:00 p.m. Eastern time) on that day, the purchase order will be executed at a purchase price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased determined after the close of business on that day, plus any applicable selling commissions. If a purchase order is received in good order on a business day, but after the close of

 

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business on that day, the purchase order will be executed at a purchase price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased determined after the close of business on the next business day, plus any applicable selling commissions. See “Plan of Distribution—Purchase of Shares.” Similarly, redemption requests received in good order will be effected at a redemption price equal to the next-determined NAV per share for the class of shares being redeemed (subject to a 2% short-term trading discount in certain circumstances). See “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program.” In addition, there may be a delay between your purchase or redemption decision and the execution date caused by time necessary for you and your participating broker-dealer to put a purchase order or redemption request in “good order,” which means, for these purposes, that all required information has been completed, all proper signatures have been provided, and, for purchase orders, funds for payment have been provided. As a result of this process, you will not know the purchase or redemption price at the time you submit your purchase order or redemption request. The purchase price per share at which your purchase order is executed could be higher than the NAV per share on the date you submitted your purchase order, and the redemption price per share at which your redemption request is executed could be lower than the NAV per share on the date you submitted your redemption request.

Our NAV and the NAV of your shares may be diluted in connection with this and future securities offerings.

In connection with this offering, we incur fees and expenses. Excluding selling commissions, dealer manager fees and distribution fees (which we expect to be paid by or allocated to investors on a class-specific basis and have no effect on our NAV), we expect to incur approximately $[__] million in organization and offering expenses, which will decrease the amount of cash we have available for operations and new investments. In addition, because the prices of shares sold in this offering are based on our NAV, this offering may be dilutive if our NAV procedures do not fully capture the value of our shares and/or we do not utilize the proceeds accretively.

In the future we may conduct other offerings of common stock (whether existing or new classes), preferred stock, debt securities or of interests in our operating partnership. We may also amend the terms of this offering. We may structure or amend such offerings to attract institutional investors or other sources of capital in connection with efforts to provide additional liquidity or otherwise. The terms of this offering will negatively affect the NAV of your shares over time in accordance with our valuation procedures and the terms of this offering and future offerings (such as the offering price and the distribution fees and expenses) may negatively impact our ability to pay distributions and your overall return.

The availability and timing of cash distributions to you is uncertain.

We currently make and expect to continue to make regular distributions to our stockholders. However, the payment of class-specific expenses results in different amounts of distributions being paid with respect to each class of shares. In addition, we bear all expenses incurred in our operations, which reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Distributions may also be negatively impacted by the failure to deploy our net proceeds on an expeditious basis, the inability to find suitable investments that are not dilutive to our distributions, the poor performance of our investments, an increase in expenses for any reason (including expending funds for redemptions) and due to numerous other factors. In addition, our board of directors, in its discretion, may retain any portion of such funds for working capital. We cannot assure you that sufficient cash will be available to make distributions to our stockholders or that the amount of distributions will not either decrease or fail to increase over time. From time to time, we may adjust our distribution level and we may make such an adjustment at any time.

If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investments and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced.

Our distribution policy is not to pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including proceeds from the issuance of securities, borrowings, advances from our advisor or sponsors or from our advisor’s deferral of its fees under the advisory agreement. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our taxable income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. In these situations we may make distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. If we fund distributions from financings, the proceeds from issuances of securities or sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have less funds available for investment in real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments and the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced. Depending on the distribution level

 

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relative to cash flow generated from our portfolio, if our distributions exceed cash flow generated from our operations, it may cause a decrease in our NAV if not offset by other effects.

In addition, to the extent distributions exceed cash flow from operations and gains from asset sales, a stockholder’s basis in our stock will be reduced and, to the extent distributions exceed a stockholder’s basis, the stockholder may recognize capital gain. There is no limit on the amount of distributions we may fund from sources other than from cash flows from operations or gains from asset sales. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid aggregate distributions of $22.3 million (of which $13.6 million was reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan). Our net income attributable to stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $2.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we funded 100% of total distributions paid, which includes cash distributions and dividends reinvested by stockholders, with current cash provided by operations and prior period cash provided by operations. From our inception through December 31, 2015, we funded 22% of total distributions paid, which includes cash distributions and dividends reinvested by stockholders, with proceeds from debt financing, funded 17% of total distributions paid with the gains realized from the dispositions of properties and funded 61% of total distributions paid with cash provided by operations.

We face significant competition for real estate investment opportunities, which may limit our ability to acquire suitable investments. If we are unable to find suitable investments, we may not be able to achieve our investment objectives or pay distributions.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions will depend upon the performance of our advisor in the acquisition or origination of our investments, including the determination of any financing arrangements. We face competition from various entities for real estate investment opportunities, including other REITs, pension funds, banks and insurance companies, investment funds and companies, partnerships and developers. Many of these entities have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage, including risks with respect to the creditworthiness of a tenant or the geographic location of their investments. Competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. Additionally, disruptions and dislocations in the credit markets could impact the cost and availability of debt to finance real estate investments, which is a key component of our acquisition strategy. A downturn in the credit markets and a potential lack of available debt could result in a further reduction of suitable investment opportunities and create a competitive advantage for other entities that have greater financial resources than we do. In addition, the number of entities and the amount of funds competing for suitable investments may increase. If we acquire investments at higher prices and/or by using less-than-ideal capital structures, our returns will be lower and the value of our assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets.

We also depend upon the performance of our property managers, including our affiliated property manager, in the selection of tenants and negotiation of leasing arrangements. The highly competitive U.S. commercial real estate industry has created increased pressure on real estate investors and their property managers to find new tenants and keep existing tenants. In order to do so, we may have to offer inducements, such as free rent and tenant improvements, to compete for attractive tenants. We are also subject to competition in seeking to acquire real estate-related investments. The more shares we sell during our offering stage, the greater our challenge will be to invest the net offering proceeds on attractive terms. Our investors must rely entirely on the management abilities of our advisor, our affiliated property manager, the property managers our advisor selects and the oversight of our board of directors. We can give no assurance that our advisor will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or that, if our advisor makes investments on our behalf, our objectives will be achieved. If we, through our advisor, are unable to find suitable investments promptly, we will hold the proceeds from this offering in an interest-bearing account or invest the proceeds in short-term assets. If we would continue to be unsuccessful in locating suitable investments, we may ultimately decide to liquidate. In the event we are unable to timely locate suitable investments, we may be unable or limited in our ability to pay distributions, we may not be able to meet our investment objectives and our stockholders may experience a lower return on their investment.

 

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We may suffer from delays in locating suitable investments, which could limit our ability to make distributions and lower the overall return on your investment.

We could suffer from delays in locating suitable investments. The more shares we sell in this offering, the more difficult it will be to invest the net offering proceeds promptly and on attractive terms. Therefore, the large size of this offering increases the risk of delays in investing our net offering proceeds. Our reliance on our advisor, and the real estate and debt finance professionals that our advisor retains to identify suitable investments for us at times when such persons are simultaneously seeking to identify suitable investments for other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised investors could also delay the investment of the proceeds of this offering. Currently, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, as well as five private KBS-sponsored programs, are raising and/or investing capital. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II is focused on opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments that are similar to our targeted investments. Until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. Further, if we acquire properties prior to the start of construction or during the early stages of construction, it will typically take several months to complete construction and rent available space. Delays we encounter in the selection, acquisition and development of income-producing properties or the acquisition or origination of other real estate investments would likely limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders and reduce their overall returns.

The performance component of the advisory fee is calculated on the basis of the overall non-compounded investment return provided to common stockholders of all classes over a calendar year, so it may not be consistent with the return on your shares.

The performance component of the advisory fee is calculated on the basis of the overall non-compounded investment return provided to common stockholders of all classes over a calendar year such that the Advisor will receive 15% of the overall return in excess of 7%; provided that in no event will the performance component exceed 10% of the overall return for such year. The overall non-compounded investment return provided to common stockholders of all classes over any applicable period is a dollar amount defined as the product of (i) the amount, if any, by which (A) the sum of (1) the weighted-average distributions per share over the applicable period and (2) the ending weighted-average NAV per share, exceeds (B) the beginning weighted-average NAV per share and (ii) the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the applicable period. The weighted-average NAV per share calculated on the last trading day of a calendar year shall be the amount against which changes in weighted-average NAV per share are measured during the subsequent calendar year. However, the performance component will not be earned on any increase in the weighted-average NAV per share up to the higher of (a) the weighted-average NAV per share as of the end of the business day on which this offering commences or (b) the highest weighted-average NAV per share on the last business day of any prior calendar year following the commencement of this offering; provided that we may decrease this threshold if (i) there has been a fundamental and unexpected change in the overall real estate market and (ii) our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has determined that such change is necessary to appropriately motivate our advisor to perform in a manner that maximizes stockholder value and is in the best interests of our stockholders. The foregoing NAV thresholds are subject to adjustment by our board of directors. Therefore, payment of the performance component of the advisory fee (1) is contingent upon the overall return to the holders of shares exceeding the 7% return, (2) will vary in amount based on our actual performance, (3) cannot cause the overall return to the holders of shares for the year to be reduced below 7%, and (4) is payable to our advisor if the overall return to the holders of shares exceeds the 7% return in a particular calendar year, even if the overall return to the holders of shares on a cumulative basis over any longer or shorter period has been less than 7% per annum.

As a result, the performance component is not directly tied to the performance of the shares you purchase, the class of shares you purchase or the time period during which you own your shares. The performance component may be payable to our advisor even if the NAV of your shares at the end of the calendar year is below your purchase price, and the thresholds at which increases in NAV count towards the overall return to the holders of shares are not based on your purchase price. Because of the class-specific expenses consisting of the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee, which differ among classes, we do not expect the overall return of each class of shares to ever be the same. However, if and when the performance fee is payable, the expense will be allocated among all holders of shares ratably according to the NAV of their shares, regardless of the different returns achieved by different classes of shares during the year. Further, stockholders who redeem their shares during a given year may redeem their shares at a lower NAV per share as a result of an accrual for the estimated performance component of the advisory fee, even if no performance component is ultimately payable to our advisor at the end of such calendar year. In addition, so long as the weighted-average NAV per

 

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share remains above certain threshold levels, our advisor’s ability to earn the performance fee in any year will not be affected by our performance in prior years, and our advisor will not be obligated to return any portion of advisory fees paid for any year based on our subsequent performance.

Payment of fees and expenses to our advisor and its affiliates reduce the cash available for distribution and increases the risk that you will not be able to recover the amount of your investment in our shares.

Our advisor and its affiliates perform services for us, including, among other things, the selection and acquisition of our investments, the management of our assets, the disposition of our assets, the financing of our assets and certain administrative services. We pay the our advisor and its affiliates fees and expense reimbursements for these services, which will reduce the amount of cash available for further investments or distribution to our stockholders.

Because we depend upon our advisor and its affiliates to conduct our operations, adverse changes in the financial health of our advisor or its affiliates could cause our operations to suffer.

We depend on KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates and the key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors to manage our operations and our portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments. Our advisor depends upon the fees and other compensation that it receives from us and other public KBS-sponsored programs in connection with the origination, purchase, management and sale of assets to conduct its operations. Any adverse changes in the financial condition of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates or our relationship with KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates could hinder their ability to successfully manage our operations and our portfolio of investments. Furthermore, if some or all of the key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors are internalized by any other KBS-sponsored program, KBS Capital Advisors may need to replace such professionals, or we may need to find employees or an advisor to replace the management services KBS Capital Advisors provides to us. In such event our operating performance and the return on your investment could suffer.

Our ability to implement our investment strategy is dependent, in part, upon the ability of KBS Capital Markets Group, our dealer manager, to successfully conduct this offering, which makes an investment in us more speculative.

We have retained KBS Capital Markets Group, an affiliate of our advisor, to conduct this offering. The success of this offering, and our ability to implement our business strategy, is dependent upon the ability of KBS Capital Markets Group to build and maintain a network of broker-dealers to sell our shares to their clients. If KBS Capital Markets Group is not successful in establishing, operating and managing this network of broker-dealers, our ability to raise proceeds through this offering will be limited and we may not have adequate capital to implement our investment strategy. If we are unsuccessful in implementing our investment strategy, you could lose all or a part of your investment.

The loss of or the inability to retain key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor and key employees at our dealer manager could delay or hinder implementation of our investment strategies, which could limit our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of your investment.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., each of whom would be difficult to replace. Neither we nor our affiliates have employment agreements with Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan or Schreiber. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber may not remain associated with us. If any of these persons were to cease their association with us, our operating results could suffer. We do not intend to maintain key person life insurance on any person. We believe that our future success depends, in large part, upon our advisor’s and its affiliates’ ability to attract and retain highly skilled managerial, operational and marketing professionals. Competition for such professionals is intense, and our advisor and its affiliates may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining such skilled individuals. If we lose or are unable to obtain the services of highly skilled professionals our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and the value of your investment may decline.

We have broad authority to incur debt, and high debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and could decrease the value of your investment in shares of our common stock.

Under our charter, we have a limitation on borrowing which precludes us from borrowing in excess of 300% of the value of our net assets, provided that we may exceed this limit if a higher level of borrowing is approved by a majority of our independent directors. High debt levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges, would result in higher debt service payments, could be accompanied by restrictive covenants and would generally make us subject to the risks associated with leverage. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute and could result in a decline in our NAV and in the value of your investment in shares of our common stock.

 

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Your investment will be impacted by class-specific expenses of other offerings.

The dealer manager fee and distribution fee are allocated on a class-specific basis, which means that the expenses are borne by all holders of the applicable class. For example, an investor who acquires Class T shares in a private offering will be allocated a proportional share of the dealer manager fee and distribution fee we pay with respect to Class T shares sold in this public offering. Such Class T expenses are allocated among all Class T shares ratably, regardless of how each Class T stockholder acquired his or her shares. As a result, purchasers of Class T, T-I, W and I shares in this offering will be impacted by class-specific expenses that we pay with respect to any of our outstanding Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, regardless of how or when those shares were issued. Specifically, we intend to operate as a perpetual-life REIT, which means that we intend to offer shares continuously. In order to do so, from time to time we will be required to file a new registration statement to register additional shares of common stock with the Commission. The dealer manager fee and distribution fee that are payable to our dealer manager on an ongoing basis with respect to any offering (i.e., pursuant to the registration statement for such offering) will cease when total underwriting compensation in such offering equals the FINRA limitation of 10% of the gross proceeds from the primary portion of such offering. However, the dealer manager fee and distribution fee will be payable with respect to other public offerings, and investors in this offering will be allocated a proportional share of such class-specific expenses. Accordingly, with respect to the shares that you own, you should expect to be allocated the maximum dealer manager fee and distribution fee described in this prospectus, for as long as you own your shares.

We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.

We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk.

A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could:

 

   

disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and therefore our operations;

 

   

result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines;

 

   

result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT;

 

   

result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or which could expose us to damage claims by third-parties for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;

 

   

require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;

 

   

subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; or

 

   

damage our reputation among our stockholders.

Any or all of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

Our advisor faces a conflict of interest because the fees it receives for services performed are based on our NAV, the

 

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procedures for which our advisor will assist our board of directors in developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating.

Our advisor assists our board of directors in developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating our NAV procedures. Our advisor is responsible for calculating our NAV per share each day. It also assists our Independent Valuation Firm in valuing our real property portfolio on a quarterly basis by providing the firm with property-level information, including (i) historical and projected operating revenues and expenses of the property; (ii) lease agreements on the property; and (iii) the revenues and expenses of the property. Our Independent Valuation Firm assumes and relies upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information, does not undertake any duty or responsibility to verify independently any of such information and relies upon us and our advisor to advise if any material information previously provided becomes inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of its review. In addition, our advisor has some discretion with respect to valuations of our properties between quarterly valuations by the Independent Valuation Firm and valuations of other certain assets and liabilities, which could affect our NAV. Because our advisor is paid fees for its services based on our NAV, our advisor could be motivated to influence our NAV and NAV procedures such that they result in an NAV exceeding realizable value, due to the impact of higher valuations on the compensation to be received by our advisor. Our advisor may also benefit by us retaining ownership of our assets at times when our stockholders may be better served by the sale or disposition of our assets in order to avoid a possible reduction in our NAV that could result from a distribution of the proceeds. If our NAV is calculated in a way that is not reflective of our actual NAV, then the purchase price of shares of our common stock on a given date may not accurately reflect the value of our portfolio, and your shares may be worth less than the purchase price. See “Net Asset Valuation Calculation and Valuation Procedures.”

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including all of our executive officers and some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals, face conflicts of interest caused by their compensation arrangements with us, which could result in actions that are not in the long-term best interests of our stockholders.

All of our executive officers and our affiliated directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and/or other KBS-affiliated entities. KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive substantial fees from us. These fees could influence our advisor’s advice to us as well as the judgment of its affiliates. Among other matters, these compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to:

 

   

the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement and the dealer manager agreement;

 

   

recommendations to our board of directors with respect to developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating our NAV procedures, or the decision to adjust the value of certain of our assets or liabilities if our advisor is responsible for valuing them;

 

   

offerings of equity by us, including using our securities to acquire portfolios or other companies, which may entitle KBS Capital Markets Group to dealer-manager fees and will likely entitle KBS Capital Advisors to increased advisory fees;

 

   

whether to engage KBS Management Group, which may receive fees in connection with the management of our properties regardless of the quality of the services provided to us, to manage our properties;

 

   

sales of investments, which entitle KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees based on a percentage of the sales price, not the quality of the services rendered; and

 

   

whether we pursue a liquidity event such as a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, a sale of the company or a liquidation of our assets, which (i) may make it more likely for us to become self-managed or internalize our management, (ii) could positively or negatively affect the sales efforts for other KBS-sponsored programs, depending on the price at which our shares trade or the consideration received by our stockholders, and/or (iii) affect the advisory fees received by our advisor.

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates face conflicts of interest relating to the acquisition and origination of assets and leasing of properties due to their relationship with other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors, which could result in decisions that are not in our best interest or the best interests of our stockholders.

We rely on key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors, including Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., to identify suitable investment opportunities for us. KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and

 

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KBS Growth & Income REIT are also advised by KBS Capital Advisors and rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals as will future KBS-sponsored programs advised by our advisor. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber and several of the other key real estate professionals at KBS Capital Advisors are also the key real estate professionals at KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to KBS-advised investors. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, and their teams of real estate and debt finance professionals may also sponsor or advise future programs or accounts in the future. As such, we and the other KBS-sponsored programs that currently have funds available for investment and KBS-advised investors rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals, as will future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. Currently, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, as well as five private KBS-sponsored programs, are raising and/or investing capital. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II is focused on opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments that are similar to our targeted investments. Until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of both us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has disclosed that unless it files a registration statement with the SEC to conduct a follow-on public offering, it expects its current offering to terminate in August 2017.

When these real estate and debt finance professionals direct an investment opportunity to any KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor they, in their sole discretion, will offer the opportunity to the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor. For so long as we are externally advised, our charter provides that it shall not be a proper purpose of the corporation for us to make any significant investment unless KBS Capital Advisors has recommended the investment to us. Thus, the real estate and debt finance professionals of KBS Capital Advisors could direct attractive investment opportunities to other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised investors. Such events could result in us investing in properties that provide less attractive returns, which would reduce the level of distributions we may be able to pay our stockholders.

We and other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors also rely on these real estate professionals to supervise the property management and leasing of properties. If the KBS team of real estate professionals directs creditworthy prospective tenants to properties owned by another KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor when it could direct such tenants to our properties, our tenant base may have more inherent risk and our properties’ occupancy may be lower than might otherwise be the case.

Further, existing and future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors and Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber generally are not and will not be prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any business or from possessing interests in any other business venture or ventures, including businesses and ventures involved in the acquisition, origination, development, ownership, leasing or sale of real estate-related investments. For a detailed description of the conflicts of interest that our advisor will face, see “Conflicts of Interest.”

KBS Capital Advisors will face conflicts of interest relating to joint ventures that we may form with affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors, which conflicts could result in a disproportionate benefit to the other venture partners at our expense.

If approved by both a majority of our board of directors and a majority of our independent directors, we may enter into joint venture agreements with other KBS-sponsored programs or affiliated entities for the acquisition, development or improvement of properties or other investments. KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the other KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets, have some of the same executive officers, directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals; and these persons will face conflicts of interest in determining which KBS program or investor should enter into any particular joint venture agreement. These persons may also face a conflict in structuring the terms of the relationship between our interests and the interests of the KBS-affiliated co-venturer and in managing the joint venture. Any joint venture agreement or transaction between us and a KBS-affiliated co-venturer will not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiation of the type normally conducted between unrelated co-venturers. The KBS-affiliated co-venturer may have economic or business interests or goals that are or may become inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These co-venturers may thus benefit to our and your detriment.

KBS Capital Advisors, the real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor, their affiliates and our

 

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officers face competing demands on their time and this may cause our operations and your investment to suffer.

We rely on KBS Capital Advisors and the real estate, management, accounting and debt finance professionals our advisor has assembled, for the day-to-day operation of our business. KBS Capital Advisors is also the advisor to other KBS-sponsored programs. In addition, all of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor are also executive officers, directors, and key real estate and debt finance professionals for other KBS-sponsored programs. Many of these individuals are also executive officers of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors of the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As a result of their interests in other KBS programs, their obligations to other investors and the fact that they engage in and they will continue to engage in other business activities on behalf of themselves and others, all of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, other KBS-sponsored programs as well as other business activities in which they are involved. In addition, KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors and their affiliates share many of the same key real estate and debt finance professionals. Our executive officers and the key real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals affiliated with our sponsor who provide services to us are not obligated to devote a fixed amount of their time to us. During times of intense activity in other programs and ventures, these individuals may devote less time and fewer resources to our business than are necessary or appropriate to manage our business. Furthermore, some or all of these individuals may become employees of another KBS-sponsored program in an internalization transaction or, if we internalize our advisor, may not become our employees as a result of their relationship with other KBS-sponsored programs. If these events occur, the returns on our investments, and the value of our stockholders’ investments, may decline.

All of our executive officers and some of our directors and the key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor face conflicts of interest related to their positions and/or interests in KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including our dealer manager, which could hinder our ability to implement our business strategy and to generate returns to you.

All of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor are also executive officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other affiliated KBS entities. Through KBS-affiliated entities, some of these persons also serve as the investment advisors to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets and through KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates these persons serve as the advisor to other KBS-sponsored programs. As a result, they owe fiduciary duties to each of these entities, their members and limited partners and these investors, which fiduciary duties may from time to time conflict with the fiduciary duties that they owe to us and our stockholders. Their loyalties to these other entities and investors could result in action or inaction that is detrimental to our business, which could harm the implementation of our business strategy and our investment and leasing opportunities. Further, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber and existing and future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors generally are not and will not be prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any business or from possessing interests in any other business venture or ventures, including businesses and ventures involved in the acquisition, development, ownership, leasing or sale of real estate investments. If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, we may be unable to generate the cash needed to make distributions to our stockholders and to maintain or increase the value of our assets.

Because other real estate programs offered through our dealer manager are conducting offerings concurrently with our offering, our dealer manager may face potential conflicts of interest arising from competition among us and these other programs for investors and investment capital, and such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor.

Our dealer manager also acts as the dealer manager for KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT are currently raising capital in their public offerings. In addition, from time to time KBS Capital Markets Group serves as the dealer manager for private programs. Future programs may also seek to raise capital through our dealer manager through offerings conducted concurrently with this offering. As a result, our dealer manager may face conflicts of interest arising from potential competition with these other programs for investors and investment capital. Our sponsor generally seeks to avoid simultaneous offerings by programs that have a substantially similar mix of investment characteristics, including key investment objectives. Nevertheless, there may be periods during which one or more programs will be raising capital and may compete with us for investment capital. Such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor and our stockholders will not have the opportunity to evaluate the manner in which these conflicts of interest are resolved before or after making

 

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an investment in our shares.

Our board of directors’ loyalties to KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income and possibly to future KBS-sponsored programs could influence its judgment, resulting in actions that may not be in our stockholders’ best interest or that result in a disproportionate benefit to another KBS-sponsored program at our expense.

Four of our directors, including two of our independent directors, Messrs. Meyer and Petak, are also directors of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. Mr. Meyer is also a director of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. One of our affiliated directors is also a director of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT. The loyalties of our directors serving on the boards of directors of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Growth and Income REIT, or possibly on the board of directors of future KBS-sponsored programs, may influence the judgment of our board when considering issues for us that also may affect other KBS-sponsored programs, such as the following:

 

   

The conflicts committee of our board must evaluate the performance of KBS Capital Advisors with respect to whether KBS Capital Advisors is presenting to us our fair share of investment opportunities. If our advisor is not presenting a sufficient number of investment opportunities to us because it is presenting many opportunities to other KBS-sponsored programs or if our advisor is giving preferential treatment to other KBS-sponsored programs in this regard, our conflicts committee may not be well suited to enforce our rights under the terms of the advisory agreement or to seek a new advisor.

 

   

We could enter into transactions with other KBS-sponsored programs, such as property sales, acquisitions or financing arrangements. Such transactions might entitle our advisor or its affiliates to fees and other compensation from both parties to the transaction. Decisions of our board regarding the terms of those transactions may be influenced by our board’s loyalties to such other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

   

A decision of our board regarding the timing of a debt or equity offering could be influenced by concerns that the offering would compete with offerings of other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

   

A decision of our board regarding the timing of property sales could be influenced by concerns that the sales would compete with those of other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

   

A decision of our board regarding whether we pursue a liquidity event such as a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, a sale of the company or a liquidation of our assets, which could positively or negatively affect the sales efforts for other KBS-sponsored programs.

Because the dealer manager is one of our affiliates, you do not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review of us, which is customarily performed in underwritten offerings; the absence of an independent due diligence review increases the risks and uncertainty you face as a stockholder.

Our dealer manager, KBS Capital Markets Group, is one of our affiliates. Because KBS Capital Markets Group is an affiliate, its due diligence review and investigation of us and the prospectus cannot be considered to be an independent review. Therefore, you do not have the benefit of an independent review and investigation of this offering of the type normally performed by an unaffiliated, independent underwriter in a public securities offering.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price to our stockholders.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% of our outstanding shares, unless exempted by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock.

Our charter permits our board of directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of our common stockholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that could result in a premium price to our stockholders.

Our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions,

 

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qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of any such stock. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of preferred stock with priority as to distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation over the rights of the holders of our common stock. Such preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might provide a premium price to holders of our common stock.

Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act; if we or our subsidiaries become an unregistered investment company, we could not continue our business.

Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries intend to register as investment companies under the Investment Company Act. If we or our subsidiaries were obligated to register as investment companies, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:

 

   

limitations on capital structure;

 

   

restrictions on specified investments;

 

   

prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and

 

   

compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.

Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:

 

   

pursuant to section 3(a)(1)(A) is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or

 

   

pursuant to section 3(a)(1)(C) is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).

We believe that neither we nor our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company based on the following analyses. With respect to the 40% test, most of the entities through which we and our Operating Partnership own our assets are majority-owned subsidiaries that will not themselves be investment companies and will not be relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7).

With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.

If any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership fail to meet the 40% test, we believe they will usually, if not always, be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company. (Otherwise, they should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.) As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(C) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. If any subsidiary relies on Section 3(c)(5)(C), we expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.

 

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To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act, our subsidiaries may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want them to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish them to retain. In addition, our subsidiaries may have to acquire additional assets that they might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to make investments that we would otherwise want them to make and would be important to our investment strategy. Moreover, the SEC or its staff may issue interpretations with respect to various types of assets that are contrary to our views and current SEC staff interpretations are subject to change, which increases the risk of non-compliance and the risk that we may be forced to make adverse changes to our portfolio. In this regard, we note that in 2011 the SEC issued a concept release indicating that the SEC and its staff were reviewing interpretive issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) and soliciting views on the application of Section 3(c)(5)(C) to companies engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage related instruments. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business and criminal and civil actions could be brought against us. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court required enforcement and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business. For more information related to compliance with the Investment Company Act, see “Investment Objectives and Criteria — Investment Limitations to Avoid Registration as an Investment Company.”

Rapid changes in the values of our assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exception from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

If the market value or income potential of our qualifying real estate assets changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our non-qualifying assets, or if the market value or income potential of our assets that are considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests changes as compared to the market value or income potential of our assets that are not considered “real estate-related assets” under the Investment Company Act or REIT qualification tests, whether as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to modify our investment portfolio in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exception from the definition of an investment company. If the decline in asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of many of the assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent REIT and Investment Company Act considerations.

You will have limited control over changes in our policies and operations, which increases the uncertainty and risks you face as a stockholder.

Our board of directors determines our major policies, including our policies regarding financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under Maryland General Corporation Law and our charter, our stockholders have a right to vote only on limited matters. Our board’s broad discretion in setting policies and our stockholders’ inability to exert control over those policies increases the uncertainty and risks you face as a stockholder.

Your interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional shares, which could reduce the overall value of your investment.

Potential investors in this offering do not have preemptive rights to any shares we issue in the future. Our charter authorizes us to issue 1,010,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are designated as common stock and 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will classify 200,000,000 shares each of Class T, T-I, W and I shares of common stock, and rename our remaining 200,000,000 shares of common stock as Class A shares. Our board of directors may increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock without stockholder approval. After your purchase in this offering, our board may elect to (i) sell additional shares in this or future public offerings, including through the dividend reinvestment plan, (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings, (iii) issue shares to our advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation or (iv) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after your purchase in this offering, whether in a primary offering, the dividend reinvestment plan or otherwise, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings, the use of the proceeds and the value of our investments, you may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of your shares and in the earnings and distributions per share.

Failure to procure adequate capital and funding would negatively impact our results and may, in turn, negatively affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 

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We will depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital for our operations. The failure to secure acceptable financing could reduce our taxable income, as our investments would no longer generate the same level of net interest income due to the lack of funding or increase in funding costs. A reduction in our net income could reduce our liquidity and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We cannot assure our stockholders that any, or sufficient, funding or capital will be available to us in the future on terms that are acceptable to us. Therefore, in the event that we cannot obtain sufficient funding on acceptable terms, there may be a negative impact on our ability to make distributions.

Although we are not currently afforded the protection of the Maryland General Corporation Law relating to deterring or defending hostile takeovers, our board of directors could opt into these provisions of Maryland law in the future, which may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and may prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium price for their stock in connection with a business combination.

Under Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and certain interested stockholders or affiliates of interested stockholders are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Also under Maryland law, control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquirer, an officer of the corporation or an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation are excluded from the vote on whether to accord voting rights to the control shares. Should our board of directors opt into these provisions of Maryland law, it may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer. Similarly, provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the Maryland General Corporation Law could provide similar anti-takeover protection. For more information about the business combination, control share acquisition and Subtitle 8 provisions of Maryland law, see “Description of Shares – Business Combinations,” “Description of Shares – Control Share Acquisitions” and “Description of Shares – Subtitle 8.”

Our charter includes an anti-takeover provision that may discourage a stockholder from launching a tender offer for our shares.

Our charter provides that any tender offer made by a stockholder, including any “mini-tender” offer, must comply with most provisions of Regulation 14D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The offering stockholder must provide our company notice of such tender offer at least 10 business days before initiating the tender offer. If the offering stockholder does not comply with these requirements, our company will have the right to redeem that stockholder’s shares and any shares acquired in such tender offer. In addition, the noncomplying stockholder shall be responsible for all of our company’s expenses in connection with that stockholder’s noncompliance. This provision of our charter may discourage a stockholder from initiating a tender offer for our shares and prevent you from receiving a premium price for your shares in such a transaction.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover claims against our independent directors are limited, which could reduce your and our recovery against our independent directors if they negligently cause us to incur losses.

Maryland law provides that a director has no liability in that capacity if he performs his duties in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. Our charter provides that no independent director shall be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages and that we will generally indemnify them for losses unless they are grossly negligent or engage in willful misconduct. As a result, you and we may have more limited rights against our independent directors than might otherwise exist under common law, which could reduce your and our recovery from these persons if they act in a negligent manner. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our independent directors (as well as by our other directors, officers, employees (if we ever have employees) and agents) in some cases, which would decrease the cash otherwise available for distribution to you.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

Economic, market and regulatory changes that impact the real estate market generally may decrease the value of our real estate properties and weaken our operating results.

The performance of the real estate properties we acquire will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, any of which could decrease the value of our real estate properties and could weaken our operating results, including:

 

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downturns in national, regional and local economic conditions;

 

   

competition from other office and industrial buildings;

 

   

adverse local conditions, such as oversupply or reduction in demand for office and industrial buildings and changes in real estate zoning laws that may reduce the desirability of real estate in an area;

 

   

vacancies, changes in market rental rates and the need to periodically repair, renovate and re-let space;

 

   

changes in interest rates and the availability of permanent mortgage financing, which may render the sale of a property or loan difficult or unattractive;

 

   

changes in tax (including real and personal property tax), real estate, environmental and zoning laws;

 

   

natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and floods;

 

   

acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks, such as those that occurred on September 11, 2001;

 

   

the potential for uninsured or underinsured property losses; and

 

   

periods of high interest rates and tight money supply.

A concentration of our real estate investments in any one property class may leave our profitability vulnerable to a downturn in such sector.

At any one time, a significant portion of our investments could be in one property class. As a result, we will be subject to risks inherent in investments in a single type of property. If our investments are substantially in one property class, then the potential effects on our revenues, and as a result, on cash available for distribution to our stockholders, resulting from a downturn in the businesses conducted in those types of properties could be more pronounced than if we had more fully diversified our investments. As of September 30, 2016, our investments in office properties, including our office unconsolidated joint venture, represented 78.8% of our total assets.

If the properties related to our investments are concentrated by type or geographic area, then we will be exposed to increased risk with respect to those property types or that geographic area.

Our investments may at times be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to a higher risk of foreclosure. In addition, our investments may be secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. Adverse conditions in the areas where the properties securing or otherwise underlying our investments are located (including business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors) and local real estate conditions (such as oversupply or reduced demand) may have an adverse effect on the value of the properties underlying our investments. A material decline in demand or the ability of tenants to pay rent or of a buyer to consummate a purchase in these geographic areas may result in a material decline in our cash available for distribution.

As of September 30, 2016, our real estate investments in Washington, California and Texas represented 31.7%, 15.6% and 15.5% of our total assets, respectively. As a result, the geographic concentration of our portfolio makes it particularly susceptible to adverse economic developments in the Washington, California and Texas real estate markets.

Our opportunistic property-acquisition strategy involves a higher risk of loss than would a strategy of investing in other properties.

We are currently focused on acquiring properties with significant possibilities for short-term capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment or repositioning or those located in markets with higher volatility, lower barriers to entry and high growth potential. We may acquire office, industrial, retail, hospitality, multi-family and other real properties, including existing or newly constructed properties or properties under development or construction.

Traditional performance metrics of real estate assets may not be meaningful for opportunistic real estate. Non-stabilized properties, for example, do not have stabilized occupancy rates to provide a useful measure of revenue. Appraisals may provide a sense of the value of the investment, but any appraisal of the property will be based on numerous estimates, judgments and assumptions that significantly affect the appraised value of the underlying property. Further, an appraisal of a non-stabilized property, in particular, involves a high degree of subjectivity due to high vacancy levels and uncertainties with respect to future market rental rates and timing of lease-up and stabilization. Accordingly, different assumptions may materially change the appraised value of the property. In addition, the value of the property will change over time.

 

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In addition, we may pursue more than one strategy to create value in an opportunistic real estate investment. These strategies may include development, redevelopment, or lease-up of such property. Our ability to generate a return on these investments will depend on numerous factors, some or all of which may be out of our control, such as (i) our ability to correctly price an asset that is not generating an optimal level of revenue or otherwise performing under its potential, (ii) our ability to choose and execute on a successful value-creating strategy, (iii) our ability to avoid delays, regulatory hurdles, and other potential impediments, (iv) local market conditions, and (v) competition for similar properties in the same market. The factors described above make it challenging to evaluate opportunistic real estate investments and make investments in such properties riskier than investments in other properties.

Properties that have significant vacancies could be difficult to sell, which could diminish the return on these properties and adversely affect our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

A property may incur vacancies either by the expiration and non-renewal of tenant leases or the continued default of tenants under their leases. If vacancies continue for a long period of time, we may suffer reduced revenues resulting in less cash available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, the resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value of the core real estate properties, which we intend to target depends principally upon the value of the cash flow generated by the leases associated with that property. Such a reduction in the resale value of a property could also reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment.

Potential development and construction delays and resultant increased costs and risks may hinder our operating results and decrease our net income.

From time to time we may acquire unimproved real property or properties that are under development or construction. Investments in such properties will be subject to the uncertainties associated with the development and construction of real property, including those related to re-zoning land for development, environmental concerns of governmental entities and/or community groups and our builders’ ability to build in conformity with plans, specifications, budgeted costs and timetables. If a builder fails to perform, we may resort to legal action to rescind the purchase or the construction contract or to compel performance. A builder’s performance may also be affected or delayed by conditions beyond the builder’s control. Delays in completing construction could also give tenants the right to terminate preconstruction leases. We may incur additional risks when we make periodic progress payments or other advances to builders before they complete construction. These and other factors can result in increased costs of a project or loss of our investment. In addition, we will be subject to normal lease-up risks relating to newly constructed projects. We also must rely on rental income and expense projections and estimates of the fair market value of property upon completion of construction when agreeing upon a purchase price at the time we acquire the property. If our projections are inaccurate, we may pay too much for a property, and the return on our investment could suffer.

We may enter into long-term leases with tenants in certain properties, which may not result in fair market rental rates over time.

We may enter into long-term leases with tenants of certain of our properties, or include renewal options that specify a maximum rate increase. These leases would provide for rent to increase over time; however, if we do not accurately judge the potential for increases in market rental rates, we may set the terms of these long-term leases at levels such that, even after contractual rent increases, the rent under our long-term leases is less than then-current market rates. Further, we may have no ability to terminate those leases or to adjust the rent to then-prevailing market rates. As a result, our cash available for distribution could be lower than if we did not enter into long-term leases.

Certain property types that we may acquire, such as industrial properties, may not have efficient alternative uses and we may have difficulty leasing them to new tenants and/or have to make significant capital expenditures to them to do so.

Certain property types, particularly industrial properties, can be difficult to lease to new tenants, should the current tenant terminate or choose not to renew its lease. These properties generally have received significant tenant-specific improvements and only very specific tenants may be able to use such improvements, making the properties very difficult to re-lease in their current condition. Additionally, an interested tenant may demand that, as a condition of executing a lease for the property, we finance and construct significant improvements so that the tenant could use the property. This expense may decrease cash available for distribution, as we likely would have to (i) pay for the improvements up-front or (ii) finance the improvements at potentially unattractive terms.

Any retail tenants we may have will face competition from numerous retail channels, and retail tenants may be disproportionately affected by current economic conditions. These events could reduce our profitability at any retail

 

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properties we acquire and affect our ability to pay distributions.

Retailers will face continued competition from discount or value retailers, factory outlet centers, wholesale clubs, mail order catalogues and operators, television shopping networks and shopping via the Internet. The retail industry is facing reductions in sales revenues and increased bankruptcies throughout the United States. Such conditions could adversely affect any retail tenants we may have and, consequently, our funds available for distribution.

To the extent we acquire retail properties, our revenue will be significantly impacted by the success and economic viability of our retail anchor tenants. Our reliance on a single tenant or significant tenants in certain buildings may decrease our ability to lease vacated space and adversely affect the returns on our stockholders’ investment.

In the retail sector, a tenant occupying all or a large portion of the gross leasable area of a retail center, commonly referred to as an anchor tenant, may become insolvent, may suffer a downturn in business and default on or terminate its lease, or may decide not to renew its lease. Any of these events would result in a reduction or cessation in rental payments to us from that tenant and would adversely affect our financial condition. A lease termination by an anchor tenant could result in lease terminations or reductions in rent by other tenants whose leases may permit cancellation or rent reduction if an anchor tenant’s lease is terminated. In such event, we may be unable to re-lease the vacated space. Similarly, the leases of some anchor tenants may permit those anchor tenants to transfer their leases to other retailers. The transfer to a new anchor tenant could cause customer traffic in the retail center to decrease and thereby reduce the income generated by that retail center. A lease transfer to a new anchor tenant could also allow other tenants, under the terms of their respective leases, to make reduced rental payments or to terminate their leases. In the event that we are unable to re-lease the vacated space to a new anchor tenant, we may incur additional expenses in order to renovate and subdivide the space to be able to re-lease the space to more than one tenant.

We depend on tenants for our revenue generated by our real estate properties and, accordingly, our revenue generated by our real estate properties and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders are partially dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants and our ability to retain and attract tenants. Non-renewals, terminations or lease defaults could reduce our net income and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

The success of our real estate properties materially depends upon the financial stability of the tenants leasing the properties we own. The inability of a single major tenant or a significant number of smaller tenants to meet their rental obligations would significantly lower our net income. A non-renewal after the expiration of a lease term, termination or default by a tenant on its lease payments to us would cause us to lose the revenue associated with such lease and require us to find an alternative source of revenue to meet mortgage payments and prevent a foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a tenant default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord of a property and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing the property. Tenants may have the right to terminate their leases upon the occurrence of certain customary events of default and, in other circumstances, may not renew their leases or, because of market conditions, may only be able to renew their leases on terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of their initial leases. Further, some of our properties may be outfitted to suit the particular needs of the tenants. We may have difficulty replacing the tenants of these properties if the outfitted space limits the types of businesses that could lease that space without major renovation. If a tenant does not renew, terminates or defaults on a lease, we may be unable to lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss. Because the market value of a particular property generally depends upon the value of the cash flow generated by the leases associated with such property, we may incur a loss upon the sale of a property with significant vacant space. These events could cause us to reduce distributions to stockholders.

The bankruptcy or insolvency of our tenants or delays by our tenants in making rental payments could seriously harm our operating results and financial condition.

Any bankruptcy filings by or relating to any of our tenants could bar us from collecting pre-bankruptcy debts from that tenant, unless we receive an order permitting us to do so from the bankruptcy court. A tenant bankruptcy could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages. Any unsecured claim we hold against a bankrupt entity may be paid only to the extent that funds are available and only in the same percentage as is paid to all other holders of unsecured claims. We may recover substantially less than the full value of any unsecured claims, which would harm our financial condition.

 

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Our inability to sell a property at the time and on the terms we want could limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

Many factors that are beyond our control affect the real estate market and could affect our ability to sell properties for the price, on the terms or within the time frame that we desire. These factors include general economic conditions, the availability of financing, interest rates and other factors, including supply and demand. Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, we have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Further, before we can sell a property on the terms we want, it may be necessary to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements. However, we can give no assurance that we will have the funds available to correct such defects or to make such improvements. We may be unable to sell our properties at a profit. Our inability to sell properties at the time and on the terms we want could reduce our cash flow, limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment.

We may incur higher costs for capital expenditures and tenant improvement costs to lease up properties, which increases the risk of loss associated with these properties compared to other properties.

Because of our opportunistic investment strategy, we may make investments in properties that have a low occupancies, high near term lease rollover, or other characteristics that could provide an opportunity for us to achieve appreciation by increasing occupancy, negotiating new leases with higher rental rates and/or executing enhancement projects. We likely will need to fund reserves or maintain capacity under credit facilities to fund capital expenditures, tenant improvements and other improvements in order to attract new tenants to these properties. To the extent we do not maintain adequate reserves to fund these costs, we may use our cash flow from operations, which will reduce the amount of cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders. If we are unable to execute our business plan for these investments, the overall return on these investments will decrease.

If we sell a property by providing financing to the purchaser, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser, which could delay or reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

If we decide to sell any of our properties, we intend to use our best efforts to sell them for cash; however, in some instances, we may sell our properties by providing financing to purchasers. When we provide financing to a purchaser, we will bear the risk that the purchaser may default, which could reduce our cash distributions to our stockholders. Even in the absence of a purchaser default, the distribution of the proceeds of the sale to our stockholders, or the reinvestment of the proceeds in other assets, will be delayed until the promissory note or other property we may accept upon a sale is actually paid, sold, refinanced or otherwise disposed.

Actions of our potential future joint venture partners could reduce the returns on joint venture investments and decrease our stockholders’ overall return.

We may enter into joint ventures with third parties or affiliates to acquire assets. We may also purchase and develop properties in joint ventures or in partnerships, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment, including, for example, the following risks:

 

   

that our co-venturer, co-tenant or partner in an investment could become insolvent or bankrupt;

 

   

that such co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are or that become inconsistent with our business interests or goals;

 

   

that such co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our instructions or requests or contrary to our policies or objectives; or

 

   

that disputes between us and our co-venturer, co-tenant or partner may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our operations.

Any of the above might subject a property to liabilities in excess of those contemplated and thus reduce our returns on that investment and the value of our stockholders’ investment in us. In addition, see the risks discussed under the heading “KBS Capital Advisors will face conflicts of interest relating to joint ventures that we may form with affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors, which conflicts could result in a disproportionate benefit to other venture partners at our expense” with respect to joint ventures with affiliates.

 

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Costs imposed pursuant to laws and governmental regulations may reduce our net income and our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment and human health. We could be subject to liability in the form of fines, penalties or damages for noncompliance with these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the remediation of contamination associated with the release or disposal of solid and hazardous materials, the presence of toxic building materials and other health and safety-related concerns.

Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on the tenants, owners or operators of real property for the costs to investigate or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault, whether the contamination occurred prior to purchase, or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Activities of our tenants, the condition of properties at the time we buy them, operations in the vicinity of our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect our properties.

The presence of hazardous substances, or the failure to properly manage or remediate these substances, may hinder our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Any material expenditures, fines, penalties or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders and may reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment.

The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property or of paying personal injury or other damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous real property owner or operator may be liable for the cost of removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. These costs could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Environmental laws also may impose liens on property or restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures or prevent us from entering into leases with prospective tenants that may be impacted by such laws. Environmental laws provide for sanctions for noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for the release of and exposure to hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials and lead-based paint. Third parties may seek recovery from real property owners or operators for personal injury or property damage associated with exposure to released hazardous substances and governments may seek recovery for natural resource damage. The costs of defending against claims of environmental liability, of complying with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury, property damage or natural resource damage claims could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

All of our real estate acquisitions will be subject to Phase I environmental assessments prior to the time they are acquired; however, such assessments may not provide complete environmental histories due, for example, to limited available information about prior operations at the properties or other gaps in information at the time we acquire the property. A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial environmental investigation to identify potential environmental liabilities associated with the current and past uses of a given property. If any of our properties were found to contain hazardous or toxic substances after our acquisition, the value of our investment could decrease below the amount paid for such investment. In addition, real estate-related investments in which we invest may be secured by properties with recognized environmental conditions. Where we are secured creditors, we will attempt to acquire contractual agreements, including environmental indemnities, that protect us from losses arising out of environmental problems in the event the property is transferred by foreclosure or bankruptcy; however, no assurances can be given that such indemnities would fully protect us from responsibility for costs associated with addressing any environmental problems related to such properties.

Costs associated with complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act may decrease our cash available for distribution.

Our properties may be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, or the Disabilities Act. Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements

 

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related to access and use by disabled persons. The Disabilities Act has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The Disabilities Act’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties or, in some cases, an award of damages. Any funds used for Disabilities Act compliance will reduce our net income and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Uninsured losses relating to real property or excessively expensive premiums for insurance coverage could reduce our cash flow from operations and the return on our stockholders’ investment.

There are types of losses, generally catastrophic in nature, such as losses due to wars, acts of terrorism, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, pollution or environmental matters, that are uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Insurance risks associated with potential acts of terrorism could sharply increase the premiums we pay for coverage against property and casualty claims. Additionally, mortgage lenders in some cases may insist that commercial property owners purchase coverage against terrorism as a condition to providing mortgage loans. Such insurance policies may not be available at reasonable costs, if at all, which could inhibit our ability to finance or refinance our properties. In such instances, we may be required to provide other financial support, either through financial assurances or self-insurance, to cover potential losses. We may not have adequate coverage for such losses. If any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully insured, the value of our assets will be reduced by any such uninsured loss, which will reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment. In addition, other than any working capital reserve or other reserves we may establish, we have no source of funding to repair or reconstruct any uninsured property. Also, to the extent we must pay unexpectedly large amounts for insurance, we could suffer reduced earnings that would result in lower distributions to our stockholders.

Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may affect the markets in which we plan to operate, which could delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and reduce our stockholders’ overall return.

Terrorist attacks or armed conflicts may directly impact the value of our properties through damage, destruction, loss or increased security costs. We may not be able to obtain insurance against the risk of terrorism because it may not be available or may not be available on terms that are economically feasible. The terrorism insurance that we obtain may not be sufficient to cover loss for damages to our properties as a result of terrorist attacks. The inability to obtain sufficient terrorism insurance or any terrorism insurance at all could limit our investment options as some mortgage lenders have begun to insist that specific coverage against terrorism be purchased by commercial owners as a condition to providing loans.

Risks Related to Real Estate-Related Investments

Our real estate-related investments will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate.

Any real estate-related investments we make generally will be directly or indirectly secured by a lien on real property (or the equity interests in an entity that owns real property) that, upon the occurrence of a default on the loan, could result in our taking ownership of the property. The values of these properties may change after the dates of acquisition or origination of the loans. If the values of the underlying properties drop, our risk will increase because of the lower value of the security associated with such loans. In this manner, real estate values could impact the values of our loan investments. Any investments we make in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and other real estate-related investments may be similarly affected by real estate property values. Therefore, our real estate-related investments will be subject to the risks typically associated with real estate, which are described above under the heading “—General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate.”

Any real estate-related investments we make will be subject to interest rate fluctuations that will affect our returns as compared to market interest rates; accordingly, the value of our stockholders’ investment in us would be subject to fluctuations in interest rates.

With respect to any fixed rate, long-term loans receivable we acquire or originate, if interest rates rise, the loans could yield a return that is lower than then-current market rates. If interest rates decrease, we will be adversely affected to the extent that loans are prepaid because we may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at as high of an interest rate. If we invest in variable-rate loans receivable and interest rates decrease, our revenues will also decrease. For these reasons, any real estate-related loans we acquire or originate and the value of our stockholders’ investment in us will be subject to fluctuations in interest rates.

Any mortgage loans we acquire or originate and the mortgage loans underlying any mortgage securities we may

 

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invest in are subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.

Commercial real estate loans generally are secured by commercial real estate properties and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by, among other things: tenant mix, success of tenant businesses, occupancy rates, property management decisions, property location and condition, competition from comparable types of properties, changes in laws that increase operating expenses or limit rents that may be charged, any need to address environmental contamination at the property, the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments, declines in regional or local real estate values, declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates, increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses, changes in governmental rules, fiscal policies and regulations (including environmental legislation), natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances. We intend to invest in commercial mortgage loans directly and through commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”).

Residential mortgage loans are secured by single-family residential property and are subject to risks of delinquency, foreclosure and loss. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by a residential property is dependent upon the income or assets of the borrower. A number of factors, including a general economic downturn, natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, may impair borrowers’ abilities to repay their loans. Though we do not intend to invest directly in residential mortgage loans, we may invest in pools of residential mortgage loans or residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”).

In the event of any default under any mortgage loan held by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal and accrued interest to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations. Foreclosure on a property securing a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process that could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed investment. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law.

CMBS evidence interests in or are secured by a single commercial mortgage loan or a pool of commercial real estate loans and RMBS evidence interests in or are secured by pools of residential mortgage loans. Accordingly, the residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities we invest in are subject to all of the risks of the underlying mortgage loans.

The residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities in which we may invest are subject to the risks of the mortgage securities market as a whole and risks of the securitization process.

The value of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities may change due to shifts in the market’s perception of issuers and regulatory or tax changes adversely affecting the mortgage securities market as a whole. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities are also subject to several risks created through the securitization process. Subordinate residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities are paid interest only to the extent that there are funds available to make payments. To the extent the collateral pool includes delinquent loans, there is a risk that the interest payment on subordinate residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities will not be fully paid. Subordinate residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities are also subject to greater credit risk than those residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities that are more highly rated.

We will not have the right to foreclose on mortgage loans underlying CMBS or RMBS in which we invest since we will not directly own such underlying loans. Accordingly, we must rely on third parties to initiate and execute any foreclosure proceedings upon a default of such mortgage loans.

Delays in liquidating defaulted mortgage loans could reduce our investment returns.

If there are defaults under any mortgage loan we acquire or originate, we may not be able to repossess and sell the underlying properties quickly. The resulting time delay could reduce the value of our investment in the defaulted mortgage loans. An action to foreclose on a property securing a mortgage loan is regulated by state statutes and

 

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regulations and is subject to many of the delays and expenses of other lawsuits if the borrower raises defenses or counterclaims. In the event of default by a borrower, these restrictions, among other factors, may impede our ability to foreclose on or sell the mortgaged property or to obtain proceeds sufficient to repay all amounts due to us on the mortgage loan.

The mezzanine loans that we may acquire or originate would involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by the same properties.

We may acquire or originate mezzanine loans that take the form of subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity owning (directly or indirectly) the real property. These types of investments may involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the real property and increasing the risk of loss of principal.

The B-Notes in which we may invest may be subject to additional risks relating to the privately negotiated structure and terms of the transaction, which may result in losses to us.

We may invest in B-Notes. A B-Note is a mortgage loan typically (i) secured by a first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of related properties and (ii) subordinated to an A-Note secured by the same first mortgage on the same collateral. As a result, if a borrower defaults, there may not be sufficient funds remaining for B-Note holders after payment to the A-Note holders. Since each transaction is privately negotiated, B-Notes can vary in their structural characteristics and risks. For example, the rights of holders of B-Notes to control the process following a borrower default may be limited in certain investments. We cannot predict the terms of each B-Note investment. Further, B-Notes typically are secured by a single property, and so reflect the increased risks associated with a single property compared to a pool of properties.

Bridge loans may involve a greater risk of loss than conventional mortgage loans.

We may provide bridge loans secured by first-lien mortgages on properties to borrowers who are typically seeking short-term capital to be used in an acquisition, development or refinancing of real estate. The borrower may have identified an undervalued asset that has been undermanaged or is located in a recovering market. If the market in which the asset is located fails to recover according to the borrower’s projections, or if the borrower fails to improve the quality of the asset’s management or the value of the asset, the borrower may not receive a sufficient return on the asset to repay the bridge loan, and we may not recover some or all of our investment.

In addition, owners usually borrow funds under a conventional mortgage loan to repay a bridge loan. Therefore, we may be dependent on a borrower’s ability to obtain permanent financing to repay our bridge loan, which could depend on market conditions and other factors. Bridge loans are also subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud, losses and special hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance. In the event of any default under bridge loans held by us, we bear the risk of loss of principal and nonpayment of interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral and the principal amount of the bridge loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to our investments in bridge loans, the value of our company and of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Investment in non-conforming and non-investment grade loans may involve increased risk of loss.

Loans we may acquire or originate may not conform to conventional loan criteria applied by traditional lenders and may not be rated or may be rated as non-investment grade. Non-investment grade ratings for these loans typically result from the overall leverage of the loans, the lack of a strong operating history for the properties underlying the loans, the borrowers’ credit history, the properties’ underlying cash flow or other factors. As a result, any non-conforming or non-investment grade loans we acquire or originate may have a higher risk of default and loss than conventional loans. Any loss we incur may reduce distributions to stockholders and adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Subordinated loans and subordinated mortgage-backed securities may be subject to losses.

We may acquire or originate subordinated loans and invest in subordinated mortgage-backed securities. In the

 

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event a borrower defaults on a subordinated loan and lacks sufficient assets to repay our loan, we may suffer a loss of principal or interest. In the event a borrower declares bankruptcy, we may not have full recourse to the assets of the borrower, or the assets of the borrower may not be sufficient to repay the loan. If a borrower defaults on our loan or on debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our loan will be repaid only after the senior debt is paid in full. Where debt senior to our loan exists, the presence of intercreditor arrangements may limit our ability to amend our loan documents, assign our loans, accept prepayments, exercise our remedies (through “standstill periods”) and control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings relating to borrowers.

In general, losses on a mortgage loan included in a securitization will be borne first by the owner of the property securing the loan, then by a cash reserve fund or letter of credit, if any, and then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder. In the event of default and the exhaustion of any equity support, reserve fund, letter of credit and any classes of securities junior to those in which we invest, we may not be able to recover all of our investment in securities we purchase. In addition, if the underlying mortgage portfolio has been overvalued by the originator, or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral is available to satisfy interest and principal payments due on the related mortgage-backed securities, securities in which we invest may effectively become the “first loss” position behind the more senior securities, which may result in significant losses to us.

Construction loans involve a high risk of loss if we are unsuccessful in raising the unfunded portion of the loan or if a borrower otherwise fails to complete the construction of a project. Land loans and pre-development loans involve similarly high risks of loss if construction financing cannot be obtained.

We may invest in construction loans. If we are unsuccessful in raising the unfunded portion of a construction loan, there could be adverse consequences associated with the loan, including a loss of the value of the property securing the loan if the construction is not completed and the borrower is unable to raise funds to complete it from other sources; a borrower claim against us for failure to perform under the loan documents; increased costs to the borrower that the borrower is unable to pay; a bankruptcy filing by the borrower; and abandonment by the borrower of the collateral for the loan. Further, other non-cash flowing assets such as land loans and pre-development loans may fail to qualify for construction financing and may need to be liquidated based on the “as-is” value as opposed to a valuation based on the ability to construct certain real property improvements. The occurrence of such events may have a negative impact on our results of operations. Other loan types may also include unfunded future obligations that could present similar risks.

Risks of cost overruns and non-completion of the construction or renovation of the properties underlying loans we make or acquire may materially adversely affect our investments.

The renovation, refurbishment or expansion by a borrower under a mortgaged or leveraged property involves risks of cost overruns and non-completion. Costs of construction or improvements to bring a property up to standards established for the market position intended for that property may exceed original estimates, possibly making a project uneconomical. Other risks may include environmental risks and the possibility of construction, rehabilitation and subsequent leasing of the property not being completed on schedule. If such construction or renovation is not completed in a timely manner, or if it costs more than expected, the borrower may experience a prolonged impairment of net operating income and may not be able to make payments on our investment, and we may not recover some or all of our investment.

Our due diligence may not reveal all of a borrower’s liabilities and may not reveal other weaknesses in its business.

Before making a loan to a borrower or acquiring debt or equity securities of a company, we will assess the strength and skills of such entity’s management and other factors that we believe are material to the performance of the investment. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will rely on the resources available to us and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This process is particularly important and subjective with respect to newly organized or private entities because there may be little or no information publicly available about the entities. There can be no assurance that our due diligence processes will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful.

If we foreclose on the collateral that will secure our investments in loans receivable, we may incur significant liabilities for deferred repairs and maintenance, property taxes and other expenses, which would reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders.

Some of the properties we may acquire in foreclosure proceedings may face competition from newer, more updated properties. In addition, the overall condition of these properties may have been neglected prior to the time we would foreclose on them. In order to remain competitive, increase occupancy at these properties and/or make them more

 

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attractive to potential tenants and purchasers, we may have to make significant capital improvements and/or incur deferred maintenance costs with respect to these properties. Also, if we acquire properties through foreclosure, we will be responsible for property taxes and other expenses which will require more capital resources than if we held a secured interest in these properties. To the extent we have to make significant capital expenditures with respect to these properties, we will have less cash available to fund distributions and investor returns may be reduced.

To close loan transactions within a time frame that meets the needs of borrowers of loans we may originate, we may perform underwriting analyses in a very short period of time, which may result in credit decisions based on limited information.

We may gain a competitive advantage by, from time to time, being able to analyze and close loan transactions within a very short period of time. Our underwriting guidelines require a thorough analysis of many factors, including the underlying property’s financial performance and condition, geographic market assessment, experience and financial strength of the borrower and future prospects of the property within the market. If we make the decision to extend credit to a borrower prior to the completion of one or more of these analyses, we may fail to identify certain credit risks that we would otherwise have identified.

To the extent that we make investments in real estate-related securities and loans, a portion of those investments may be illiquid and we may not be able to adjust our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions.

Certain of the real estate-related securities that we may purchase in connection with privately negotiated transactions will not be registered under the relevant securities laws, resulting in a prohibition against their transfer, sale, pledge or other disposition except in a transaction that is exempt from the registration requirements of, or is otherwise in accordance with, those laws. The mezzanine and bridge loans we may purchase or originate will be particularly illiquid investments due to their short life, their unsuitability for securitization and the greater difficulty of recoupment in the event of a borrower’s default. This illiquidity may limit our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions, which could increase the likelihood that the value of our stockholders’ investment will decrease as a result of such changes in economic and other conditions.

Delays in restructuring or liquidating non-performing real estate securities could reduce the return on our stockholders’ investment.

Real estate securities may become non-performing after acquisition for a wide variety of reasons. Such non-performing real estate investments may require a substantial amount of workout negotiations and/or restructuring, which may entail, among other things, a substantial reduction in the interest rate and a substantial write-down of such loan or asset. However, even if a restructuring is successfully accomplished, upon maturity of such real estate security, replacement “takeout” financing may not be available. We may find it necessary or desirable to foreclose on some of the collateral securing one or more of our investments. Intercreditor provisions may substantially interfere with our ability to do so. Even if foreclosure is an option, the foreclosure process can be lengthy and expensive. Borrowers often resist foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses including, without limitation, lender liability claims and defenses, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action. In some states, foreclosure actions can take up to several years or more to litigate. At any time during the foreclosure proceedings, the borrower may file for bankruptcy, which would have the effect of staying the foreclosure action and further delaying the foreclosure process. Foreclosure litigation tends to create a negative public image of the collateral property and may result in disrupting ongoing leasing and management of the property. Foreclosure actions by senior lenders may substantially affect the amount that we may earn or recover from an investment.

We will depend on borrowers for the revenue generated by our real estate-related investments and, accordingly, our revenue and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders will be dependent upon the success and economic viability of such borrowers.

The success of any real estate-related investments we acquire or originate will materially depend on the financial stability of the borrowers under such investments. The inability of a single major borrower or a number of smaller borrowers to meet their payment obligations could result in reduced revenue or losses for us. In the event of a borrower default or bankruptcy, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as a creditor, and such rights may be subordinated to the rights of other creditors. These events could negatively affect the cash available for distribution to our stockholders and the value of their investment in us.

Our dependence on the management of other entities in which we invest may adversely affect our business.

We will not control the management, investment decisions or operations of the companies in which we may

 

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invest. Management of those enterprises may decide to change the nature of their assets, or management may otherwise change in a manner that is not satisfactory to us. We will have no ability to affect these management decisions and we may have only limited ability to dispose of our investments.

Prepayments can adversely affect the yields on our real estate-related investments.

In the case of residential mortgage loans, there are seldom any restrictions on borrowers’ abilities to prepay their loans. Homeowners tend to prepay mortgage loans faster when interest rates decline. Consequently, owners of the loans may reinvest the money received from the prepayments at the lower prevailing interest rates. Conversely, homeowners tend not to prepay mortgage loans when interest rates increase. Consequently, owners of the loans are unable to reinvest money that would have otherwise been received from prepayments at the higher prevailing interest rates. This volatility in prepayment rates may result in reduced earnings or losses for us and negatively affect the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

The yields on any real estate-related investments we acquire or originate may be affected by the rate of prepayments differing from our projections. Prepayments on real estate-related investments, where permitted under the applicable documents, are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control, and consequently, such prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty. If we are unable to invest the proceeds of any prepayments we receive in assets with at least an equivalent yield, the yield on our portfolio will decline. In addition, we may acquire real estate-related investments at a discount or premium and if the investment is not repaid when expected, our anticipated yield may be impacted. Under certain interest rate and prepayment scenarios we may fail to recoup fully our cost of acquisition of certain investments.

If credit spreads widen before we obtain long-term financing for our investments, the value of our investments may suffer.

We will price our investments based on our assumptions about future credit spreads for financing of those investments. We may obtain longer-term financing for our investments using structured financing techniques in the future. In such financings, interest rates are typically set at a spread over a certain benchmark, such as the yield on United States Treasury obligations, swaps, or LIBOR. If the spread that borrowers will pay over the benchmark widens and the rates we charge on our investments to be securitized are not increased accordingly our income may be reduced or we may suffer losses.

Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings, limit our gains or result in losses, which could adversely affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

We may enter into interest rate swap agreements or pursue other interest rate hedging strategies. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level of interest rates, the type of investments we hold, and other changing market conditions. Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:

 

   

interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates;

 

   

available interest rate hedging products may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;

 

   

the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability or asset;

 

   

the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions to offset losses due to fluctuations in interest rates is limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs;

 

   

the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction;

 

   

the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay; and

 

   

we may purchase a hedge that turns out not to be necessary, i.e. a hedge that is out of the money.

Any hedging activity we engage in may adversely affect our earnings, which could adversely affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Therefore, while we may enter into such transactions to seek to reduce interest rate risks, unanticipated changes in interest rates may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in any such hedging transactions. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the investments being hedged or liabilities being hedged may vary materially. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the interest rate risk sought to be hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended accounting treatment and may expose us to risk of loss.

 

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We will assume the credit risk of our counterparties with respect to derivative transactions.

We may enter into derivative contracts for risk management purposes to hedge our exposure to cash flow variability caused by changing interest rates on our future variable rate real estate loans receivable and variable rate notes payable. These derivative contracts generally are entered into with bank counterparties and are not traded on an organized exchange or guaranteed by a central clearing organization. We would therefore assume the credit risk that our counterparties will fail to make periodic payments when due under these contracts or become insolvent. If a counterparty fails to make a required payment, becomes the subject of a bankruptcy case, or otherwise defaults under the applicable contract, we would have the right to terminate all outstanding derivative transactions with that counterparty and settle them based on their net market value or replacement cost. In such an event, we may be required to make a termination payment to the counterparty, or we may have the right to collect a termination payment from such counterparty. We assume the credit risk that the counterparty will not be able to make any termination payment owing to us. We may not receive any collateral from a counterparty, or we may receive collateral that is insufficient to satisfy the counterparty’s obligation to make a termination payment. If a counterparty is the subject of a bankruptcy case, we will be an unsecured creditor in such case unless the counterparty has pledged sufficient collateral to us to satisfy the counterparty’s obligations to us.

We will assume the risk that our derivative counterparty may terminate transactions early.

If we fail to make a required payment or otherwise default under the terms of a derivative contract, the counterparty would have the right to terminate all outstanding derivative transactions between us and that counterparty and settle them based on their net market value or replacement cost. In certain circumstances, the counterparty may have the right to terminate derivative transactions early even if we are not defaulting. If our derivative transactions are terminated early, it may not be possible for us to replace those transactions with another counterparty, on as favorable terms or at all.

We may be required to collateralize our derivative transactions.

We may be required to secure our obligations to our counterparties under our derivative contracts by pledging collateral to our counterparties. That collateral may be in the form of cash, securities or other assets. If we default under a derivative contract with a counterparty, or if a counterparty otherwise terminates one or more derivative contracts early, that counterparty may apply such collateral toward our obligation to make a termination payment to the counterparty. If we have pledged securities or other assets, the counterparty may liquidate those assets in order to satisfy our obligations. If we are required to post cash or securities as collateral, such cash or securities will not be available for use in our business. Cash or securities pledged to counterparties may be repledged by counterparties and may not be held in segregated accounts. Therefore, in the event of a counterparty insolvency, we may not be entitled to recover some or all collateral pledged to that counterparty, which could result in losses and have an adverse effect on our operations.

There can be no assurance that the direct or indirect effects of the Dodd-Frank Act and other applicable non-U.S. regulations will not have an adverse effect on our interest rate hedging activities.

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) imposed additional regulations on derivatives markets and transactions. Such regulations and, to the extent we trade with counterparties organized in non-US jurisdictions, any applicable regulations in those jurisdictions, are still being implemented, and will affect our interest rate hedging activities. While the full impact of the regulation on our interest rate hedging activities cannot be fully assessed until all final rules and regulations are implemented, such regulation may affect our ability to enter into hedging or other risk management transactions, may increase our costs in entering into such transactions, and/or may result in us entering into such transactions on less favorable terms than prior to implementation of such regulation. For example, subject to an exception under the Dodd-Frank Act for end-users of swaps upon which we may seek to rely, we may be required to clear certain interest rate hedging transactions by submitting them to a derivatives clearing organization. In addition, to the extent we are required to clear any such transactions, we will be required to, among other things, post margin in connection with such transactions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events may have an adverse effect on our business and our stockholders’ return.

Our investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities will be subject to the specific risks relating to the particular issuer of the securities and may involve greater risk of loss than secured debt financings.

We may make equity investments in funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate, such as REITs, hotels and gaming companies. We may purchase the common or preferred stock of these entities or purchase or write options with respect

 

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to their stock. We may eventually seek to acquire or gain a controlling interest in the companies that we target. We do not expect our non-controlling equity investments in other public companies to represent a substantial portion of our assets at any one time. We may also invest in debt securities and preferred equity securities issued by funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate. Our investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities will involve special risks relating to the particular issuer of the securities, including the financial condition and business outlook of the issuer. Issuers that are REITs and other real estate companies are subject to the inherent risks associated with real estate investments. Furthermore, debt securities and preferred and common equity securities may involve greater risk of loss than secured debt financings due to a variety of factors, including that such investments are generally unsecured and may also be subordinated to other obligations of the issuer. As a result, investments in debt securities and preferred and common equity securities are subject to risks of (i) limited liquidity in the secondary trading market, (ii) substantial market price volatility resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, (iii) subordination to the claims of banks and senior lenders to the issuer, (iv) the operation of mandatory sinking fund or call/redemption provisions during periods of declining interest rates that could cause the issuer to reinvest redemption proceeds in lower yielding assets, (v) the possibility that earnings of the issuer may be insufficient to meet its debt service and distribution obligations, and (vi) the declining creditworthiness and potential for insolvency of the issuer during periods of rising interest rates and economic downturn. These risks may adversely affect the value of outstanding debt securities and preferred and common equity securities and the ability of the issuers thereof to make principal, interest and/or distribution payments to us.

Declines in the market values of our investments may adversely affect periodic reported results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

A portion of our assets may be classified for accounting purposes as “available-for-sale.” These investments are carried at estimated fair value, and temporary changes in the market values of those assets will be directly charged or credited to stockholders’ equity without impacting net income on the income statement. Moreover, if we determine that a decline in the estimated fair value of an available-for-sale security below its amortized value is other-than-temporary, we will recognize a loss on that security on our income statement, which will reduce our earnings in the period recognized.

A decline in the market value of our assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. As a result, if the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional collateral, we may have to sell assets at a time when we might not have otherwise chosen to do so. A reduction in available credit may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.

Further, credit facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unleveraged assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position, which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. If the market value of our investments declines, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on equity. In the event that we are unable to meet these contractual obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.

Market values of our real estate-related investments may decline for a number of reasons, such as changes in prevailing market rates, increases in defaults related to the underlying collateral, increases in voluntary prepayments for our investments that are subject to prepayment risk, widening of credit spreads and downgrades of ratings of the securities by ratings agencies.

Some of our real estate-related investments may be carried at estimated fair value as determined by us and, as a result, there may be uncertainty as to the value of these investments.

Some of our investments may be in the form of securities that are recorded at fair value but that have limited liquidity or are not publicly traded. The fair value of securities and other investments that have limited liquidity or are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We will estimate the fair value of these investments on a quarterly basis. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on numerous estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our common stock could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these real estate-related investments are materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.

 

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Our investments in derivatives will be carried at estimated fair value as determined by us and, as a result, there may be uncertainty as to the value of these instruments.

Our investments in derivatives will be recorded at fair value but have limited liquidity and are not publicly traded. The fair value of our derivatives may not be readily determinable. We will estimate the fair value of any such investments on a quarterly basis. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on numerous estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these investments existed. The value of our common stock could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments are materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal or maturity.

Risks Related to Our Financing Strategy

We use leverage in connection with our investments, which increases the risk of loss associated with our investments.

We plan to obtain lines of credit and long-term financing that may be secured by our real estate investments. In some instances, we may acquire real properties by financing a portion of the price of the properties and mortgaging or pledging some or all of the properties purchased as security for that debt. We may also incur mortgage debt on properties that we already own in order to obtain funds to acquire additional properties, to fund property improvements and other capital expenditures, to pay distributions and for other purposes. In addition, we may borrow as necessary or advisable to ensure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, including borrowings to satisfy the REIT requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding net capital gain). However, we can give our stockholders no assurance that we will be able to obtain such borrowings on satisfactory terms or at all.

If we do mortgage a property and there is a shortfall between the cash flow generated by that property and the cash flow needed to service mortgage debt on that property, then the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced. In addition, incurring mortgage debt increases the risk of loss of a property since defaults on indebtedness secured by a property may result in lenders initiating foreclosure actions. In that case, we could lose the property securing the loan that is in default, reducing the value of our stockholders’ investment. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure even though we would not necessarily receive any cash proceeds. We may give full or partial guaranties to lenders of mortgage or other debt on behalf of the entities that own our properties. When we give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one of our properties, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of all or a part of the debt or other amounts related to the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, a default on a mortgage secured by a single property could affect mortgages secured by other properties.

We may utilize repurchase agreements as a component of our financing strategy. Repurchase agreements economically resemble short-term, variable-rate financing and usually require the maintenance of specific loan-to-collateral value ratios. If the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the required loan-to-collateral value ratios. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets.

We may also obtain recourse debt to finance our acquisitions and meet our REIT distribution requirements. If we have insufficient income to service our recourse debt obligations, our lenders could institute proceedings against us to foreclose upon our assets. If a lender successfully forecloses upon any of our assets, our ability to pay cash distributions to our stockholders will be limited and our stockholders could lose all or part of their investment.

High mortgage rates or changes in underwriting standards may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce our cash flows from operations and the amount of cash distributions we can make.

If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance our properties. If we place mortgage debt on a property, we run the risk of being unable to refinance part or all of the property subject to the mortgage debt when it becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance properties subject to mortgage debt, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance or may only be able to partly refinance properties if underwriting standards, including loan to value ratios and yield requirements, among other requirements, are more strict than when we originally financed the properties. If any of these events occur, our cash flow could be reduced and/or we might have to pay down existing mortgages. This, in turn, would

 

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reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, could cause us to require additional capital and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money.

We may use leverage in connection with any real estate investments we make, which increases the risk of loss associated with this type of investment.

We may finance the acquisition and origination of certain real estate-related investments with warehouse lines of credit and repurchase agreements. In addition, we may engage in various types of securitizations in order to finance our loan originations. Although the use of leverage may enhance returns and increase the number of investments that we can make, it may also substantially increase the risk of loss. There can be no assurance that leveraged financing will be available to us on favorable terms or that, among other factors, the terms of such financing will parallel the maturities of the underlying assets acquired. If alternative financing is not available, we may have to liquidate assets at unfavorable prices to pay off such financing. The return on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that we can derive from the assets we acquire.

Our debt service payments will reduce our cash available for distribution. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure or sale to satisfy our debt obligations. If we utilize repurchase agreement financing and if the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the loan to collateral value ratio. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets. Further, credit facility providers and warehouse facility providers may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash reserves or to set aside unleveraged assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position that would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on investment. In the event that we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.

We may not be able to access financing sources on attractive terms, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.

We may finance our assets over the long-term through a variety of means, including repurchase agreements, credit facilities, issuances of commercial mortgage-backed securities and other structured financings. Our ability to execute this strategy will depend on various conditions in the markets for financing in this manner that are beyond our control, including lack of liquidity and greater credit spreads. We cannot be certain that these markets will remain an efficient source of long-term financing for our assets. If our strategy is not viable, we will have to find alternative forms of long-term financing for our assets, as secured revolving credit facilities and repurchase agreements may not accommodate long-term financing. This could subject us to more recourse indebtedness and the risk that debt service on less efficient forms of financing would require a larger portion of our cash flow, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders and funds available for operations as well as for future business opportunities.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

When providing financing, a lender may impose restrictions on us that affect our distribution and operating policies and our ability to incur additional debt. Loan agreements into which we enter may contain covenants that limit our ability to further mortgage a property or that prohibit us from discontinuing insurance coverage or replacing KBS Capital Advisors as our advisor. These or other limitations would decrease our operating flexibility and our ability to achieve our operating objectives.

Increases in interest rates would increase the amount of our debt payments and limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

We have incurred significant amounts of variable rate debt. Increases in interest rates will increase the cost of that debt, which could reduce our cash flows from operations and the cash we have available to pay distributions to our stockholders. In addition, if we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments at times that may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments.

We have broad authority to incur debt and high debt levels could hinder our ability to make distributions and decrease the value of our stockholders’ investment.

 

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Our charter limits our total liabilities to 75% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other noncash reserves) of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if the majority of the conflicts committee of our board of directors approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowings to our stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2015, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 54% of the cost (before depreciation or other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets, respectively. High debt levels would cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments and may also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. These factors could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute and could result in a decline in the value of our stockholders’ investment.

The deed of trust that governs the bonds issued to Israeli investors includes restrictive covenants that may adversely affect our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

In March 2016, we, through a wholly-owned subsidiary named KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. (the “BVI”), issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $259.0 million as of September 30, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to investors in Israel pursuant to a public offering registered in Israel. The bonds have a seven year term and require principal installment payments equal to 20% of the face value of the bonds payable on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023. We have used, and expect to continue to use, the proceeds from the issuance of these bonds to make additional investments.

The deed of trust that governs the terms of the bonds issued to Israeli investors contains various restrictive covenants. Such restrictive covenants may prohibit us from making certain investments, selling properties or taking certain other actions that our board of directors otherwise believes to be in our best interests. Such restrictions may adversely affect our operations and limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. For example, we may not make investments through the BVI outside the U.S. and are restricted in our land and development investments made through the BVI. In addition, the BVI must maintain at least $475 million in consolidated equity and, except as necessary for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, may not make distributions to us that would cause the consolidated equity capital of the BVI to drop below $600 million. In addition, certain significant transactions involving the BVI and our company, another KBS-sponsored company, or a KBS affiliate, or a sale of 60% of BVI assets, may require the consent of the bondholders. Finally, for as long the debentures are outstanding, we may not conduct our investment strategy through an entity other than the BVI without the consent of the noteholders (unless those investments would be prohibited by the deed of trust, in which case we must conduct them outside of the BVI). A violation of any of the foregoing could constitute an event of default, result in an increase of the interest rate of the bonds in up to 1% (as of the date of this prospectus the interest rate is 4.25%) and cause the bonds to become immediately due and payable.

The change in the value of Israeli currency may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In March 2016, we issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $259.0 million as of September 30, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to Israeli investors through a public offering, which bonds are denominated in Israeli new Shekels. As a result, we are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between Israeli new Shekels and U.S. dollars. More specifically, a significant change in the value of the Israeli new Shekels may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may try to mitigate this foreign currency risk by using derivative contracts. However, if we engage in such mitigation strategies, there can be no assurance that those attempts to mitigate foreign currency risk would be successful.

Federal Income Tax Risks

Our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT would subject us to federal income tax and reduce cash available for distribution to you.

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Moreover, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to

 

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continue to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal and applicable state and local income tax on our taxable income at corporate rates, in which case we might be required to borrow or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net income available for investment or distribution to you because of the additional tax liability. In addition, distributions to you would no longer qualify for the dividends-paid deduction and we would no longer be required to make distributions. Furthermore, if we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year for which we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we would generally be unable to elect REIT status for the four taxable years following the year in which our REIT status is lost. For a discussion of the REIT qualifications tests and other considerations relating to our election to be taxed as a REIT, see “Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow funds to make distributions to you or otherwise depend on external sources of capital to fund such distributions.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, if we so elect, a stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term gain and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. A stockholder, including a tax-exempt or foreign stockholder, would have to file a federal income tax return to claim that credit or refund. Furthermore, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.

From time-to-time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income (loss) for U.S. GAAP. In addition, our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to you as a result of, among other things, investments in assets that generate taxable income in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets (for instance, if a borrower defers the payment of interest in cash pursuant to a contractual right or otherwise).

If we do not have other funds available in the situations described in the preceding paragraphs, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make distributions sufficient to enable us to distribute enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.

Because of the distribution requirement, it is unlikely that we will be able to fund all future capital needs, including capital needs in connection with investments, from cash retained from operations. As a result, to fund future capital needs, we likely will have to rely on third-party sources of capital, including both debt and equity financing, which may or may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital will depend upon a number of factors, including our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions.

We could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT if the IRS successfully challenges our treatment of our mezzanine loans and repurchase agreements.

We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. If the IRS disagrees with the application of these provisions to our assets or transactions, including assets we have owned and past transactions, our REIT qualification could be jeopardized. For instance, IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained therein, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests and interest derived from it will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% income test. Although Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. While mezzanine loans in which we may invest may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor, we expect that any of our investments in mezzanine loans will be made in a manner that we believe will enable us to continue to satisfy the REIT gross income and asset tests.

In addition, we may enter into sale and repurchase agreements under which we nominally sell certain of our mortgage assets to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the sold assets. We believe that we will be treated for federal income tax purposes as the owner of the mortgage assets that are the subject of any such sale and repurchase agreement notwithstanding that we transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty

 

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during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could assert that we did not own the mortgage assets during the term of the sale and repurchase agreement, in which case our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT could be adversely affected.

Even if the IRS were to disagree with one or more of our interpretations and we were treated as having failed to satisfy one of the REIT qualification requirements, we could maintain our REIT qualification if our failure was excused under certain statutory “savings” provisions. However, there can be no guarantee that we would be entitled to benefit from those statutory savings provisions if we failed to satisfy one of the REIT qualification requirements, and even if we were entitled to benefit from those statutory savings provisions, we could be required to pay a penalty tax.

Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to you.

Despite our qualification for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income or property. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to you. For instance:

 

   

In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose) to you.

 

   

To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on the undistributed income.

 

   

We will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions we pay in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years.

 

   

If we have net income from the sale of foreclosure property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we must pay a tax on that income at the highest corporate income tax rate.

 

   

If we sell an asset, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and do not qualify for a safe harbor in the Internal Revenue Code, our gain would be subject to the 100% “prohibited transaction” tax.

 

   

Any domestic taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, of ours will be subject to federal corporate income tax on its income, and on any non-arm’s-length transactions between us and any TRS, for instance, excessive rents charged to a TRS could be subject to a 100% tax.

 

   

We may be subject to tax on income from certain activities conducted as a result of taking title to collateral.

 

   

We may be subject to state or local income, property and transfer taxes, such as mortgage recording taxes.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to stockholders and the ownership of our stock. As discussed above, we may be required to make distributions to you at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Additionally, we may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise attractive to us in order to satisfy the requirements for qualifying as a REIT.

We must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer (other than government securities and qualified real

 

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estate assets) and no more than 25% of the value of our gross assets (20% for tax years after 2017) may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Finally, for the taxable years after 2015, no more than 25% of our assets may consist of debt investments that are issued by “publicly offered REITs” and would not otherwise be treated as qualifying real estate assets. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax consequences, unless certain relief provisions apply. As a result, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of profit maximization and may require us to liquidate investments from our portfolio, or refrain from making, otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to stockholders.

Our acquisition of debt or securities investments may cause us to recognize income for federal income tax purposes even though no cash payments have been received on the debt investments.

We may acquire debt or securities investments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The amount of such discount will generally be treated as a “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. If these debt or securities investments provide for “payment-in-kind” interest, we may recognize “original issue discount,” or OID, for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, we may acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt constitute “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, if the debt is considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, the modified debt in our hands may be considered to have been issued with OID to the extent the fair market value of the modified debt is less than the principal amount of the outstanding debt. In the event the debt is not considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it. Also, certain loans that we originate and later modify and certain previously modified debt we acquire in the secondary market may be considered to have been issued with the OID at the time it was modified.

In general, we will be required to accrue OID on a debt instrument as taxable income in accordance with applicable federal income tax rules even though no cash payments may be received on such debt instrument on a current basis.

In the event a borrower with respect to a particular debt instrument encounters financial difficulty rendering it unable to pay stated interest as due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate mortgage-backed securities at the stated rate regardless of when their corresponding cash payments are received.

In order to meet the REIT distribution requirements, it might be necessary for us to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term borrowings, or to pay distributions in the form of our shares or other taxable in-kind distributions of property. We may need to borrow funds at times when the market conditions are unfavorable. Such borrowings could increase our costs and reduce the value of your investment. In the event in-kind distributions are made, your tax liabilities associated with an investment in our common stock for a given year may exceed the amount of cash we distribute to you during such year.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.

The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge our operations effectively. Our aggregate gross income from non-qualifying hedges, fees and certain other non-qualifying sources cannot exceed 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. Any hedging income earned by a TRS would be subject to federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.

If the IRS were to successfully recast our Israeli bond offering as an equity issuance rather than a borrowing, our REIT qualification could be threatened.

We have structured our Israeli bond offering to be viewed for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a borrowing by us via disregarded entities. If the IRS were to successfully recast our Israeli bond offering as an equity issuance rather than a borrowing, our REIT qualification could be threatened.

 

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Liquidation of assets may jeopardize our REIT qualification.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to satisfy our obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT, or we may be subject to a 100% prohibited transaction tax on any resulting gain if we sell assets that are treated as dealer property or inventory.

The prohibited transactions tax may limit our ability to engage in transactions, including disposition of assets and certain methods of securitizing loans, which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of dealer property, other than foreclosure property, but including loans held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to the prohibited transaction tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that is treated as a sale of the loans, for federal income tax purposes. In order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans and may limit the structures we use for any securitization financing transactions, even though such sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us. Additionally, we may be subject to the prohibited transaction tax upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe-harbor exception to prohibited transaction treatment is available, we cannot assure you that we can comply with such safe harbor or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business. Consequently, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of real property or may conduct such sales through a TRS.

It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax by conducting certain activities through a TRS. However, to the extent that we engage in such activities through a TRS, the income associated with such activities will be subject to a corporate income tax. In addition, the IRS may attempt to ignore or otherwise recast such activities in order to impose a prohibited transaction tax on us, and there can be no assurance that such recast will not be successful.

Specifically, in 2016, we contributed certain undeveloped land in Las Vegas to a TRS, which was structured as a taxable sale. We have taken the position that such sale is not a dealer sale and, thus, not a prohibited transaction. There can be no assurances that the IRS will agree with our characterization of the transactions and such sale may be subject to recast and a 100% tax on the gain may be imposed.

We also may not be able to use secured financing structures that would create taxable mortgage pools, other than in a TRS or through a subsidiary REIT.

We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income, which we would be required to distribute to you, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP principles or other economic measures.

We may recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income in years in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures as a result of the differences between U.S. GAAP and tax accounting methods. For instance, certain of our assets will be marked-to-market for U.S. GAAP purposes but not for tax purposes, which could result in losses for U.S. GAAP purposes that are not recognized in computing our REIT taxable income. Additionally, we may deduct our capital losses only to the extent of our capital gains in computing our REIT taxable income for a given taxable year. Consequently, we could recognize substantial amounts of REIT taxable income and would be required to distribute such income to you, in a year in which we are not profitable under U.S. GAAP or other economic measures.

We may distribute our common stock in a taxable distribution, in which case you may sell shares of our common stock to pay tax on such distributions, and you may receive less in cash than the amount of the dividend that is taxable.

We may make taxable distributions that are payable in cash and common stock. The IRS has issued private letter rulings to other REITs treating certain distributions that are paid partly in cash and partly in stock as taxable distributions that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for federal income tax purposes. Those rulings may be relied upon only by taxpayers to whom they were issued, but we could request a similar ruling from the IRS. Accordingly, it is unclear whether and to what extent we will be able to make taxable distributions payable in cash and common stock. If we made a taxable dividend payable in cash and common stock, taxable stockholders receiving such distributions will be required to include the dividend as taxable income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for federal income tax purposes. As a result, you may be required to pay income tax with respect to such distributions in excess of the cash distributions received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the common stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales

 

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proceeds may be less than the amount recorded in earnings with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our common stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in common stock.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.

We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain for this purpose) in order to continue to qualify as a REIT. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.

Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of an interest in joint ventures or investment funds.

We may hold certain limited partner or non-managing member interests in partnerships or limited liability companies that are joint ventures or investment funds. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our qualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT gross income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to continue to qualify as a REIT unless we are able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which may require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification.

Distributions paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates that apply to other corporate distributions.

The maximum tax rate for “qualified dividends” paid by corporations to non-corporate stockholders is currently 20%. Distributions paid by REITs, however, generally are taxed at ordinary income rates (subject to a maximum rate of 39.6% for non-corporate stockholders), rather than the preferential rate applicable to qualified dividends.

Our qualification as a REIT may depend upon the accuracy of legal opinions or advice rendered or given or statements by the issuers of assets we acquire.

When purchasing securities, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining, among other things, whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of such securities, and also to what extent those securities constitute qualified real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce qualified income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. The inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT and result in significant corporate-level tax.

Our charter limits the number of shares a person may own, which may discourage a takeover that could otherwise result in a premium price paid to you.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. To help us comply with the REIT ownership requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, among other purposes, our charter prohibits a person from directly or constructively owning more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our stock of any class or series or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of our common stock, unless exempted (prospectively or retroactively) by our board of directors. This restriction may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction (such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets) that might otherwise provide a premium price for holders of our shares of common stock.

Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect us or stockholders.

At any time, the federal income tax laws can change. Laws and rules governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect us or stockholders.

 

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Retirement Plan Risks

If the fiduciary of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA (such as a profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plan) or an owner of a retirement arrangement subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA) fails to meet the fiduciary and other standards under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code as a result of an investment in our stock, the fiduciary could be subject to penalties and other sanctions.

There are special considerations that apply to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA (such as profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plans) and other retirement plans or accounts subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as an IRA) that are investing in our shares. Fiduciaries and IRA owners investing the assets of such a plan or account in our common stock should satisfy themselves that:

 

   

the investment is consistent with their fiduciary and other obligations under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

 

   

the investment is made in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan or IRA, including the plan’s or account’s investment policy;

 

   

the investment satisfies the prudence and diversification requirements of Sections 404(a)(1)(B) and 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and other applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

 

   

the investment in our shares, for which no public market currently exists, is consistent with the liquidity needs of the plan or IRA;

 

   

the investment will not produce an unacceptable amount of “unrelated business taxable income” for the plan or IRA;

 

   

our stockholders will be able to comply with the requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code to value the assets of the plan or IRA annually; and

 

   

the investment will not constitute a prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code.

With respect to the annual valuation requirements described above, we will provide an estimated value for our stock annually. Although this estimate will be based upon determinations of the NAV of our shares in accordance with our valuation procedures, no assurance can be given that such estimated value will satisfy the applicable annual valuation requirements under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code. The Department of Labor or the Internal Revenue Service may determine that a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian is required to take further steps to determine the value of our common stock. In the absence of an appropriate determination of value, a plan fiduciary or an IRA custodian may be subject to damages, penalties or other sanctions.

Failure to satisfy the fiduciary standards of conduct and other applicable requirements of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code may result in the imposition of civil and criminal penalties and could subject the fiduciary to claims for damages or for equitable remedies, including liability for investment losses. In addition, if an investment in our shares constitutes a prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, the fiduciary or IRA owner who authorized or directed the investment may be subject to the imposition of excise taxes with respect to the amount invested. In addition, the investment transaction must be undone. In the case of a prohibited transaction involving an IRA owner, the IRA may be disqualified as a tax-exempt account and all of the assets of the IRA may be deemed distributed and subjected to tax. ERISA plan fiduciaries and IRA owners should consult with counsel before making an investment in our common stock.

If our assets are deemed to be plan assets, the Advisor and we may be exposed to liabilities under Title I of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code.

In some circumstances where an ERISA plan holds an interest in an entity, the assets of the entity are deemed to be ERISA plan assets unless an exception applies. This is known as the “look-through rule.” Under those circumstances, the obligations and other responsibilities of plan sponsors, plan fiduciaries and plan administrators, and of parties in interest and disqualified persons, under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, may be applicable, and there may be liability under these and other provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code. We believe that our assets should not be treated as plan assets because the shares should qualify as “publicly-offered securities” that are exempt from the look-through rules under applicable Treasury Regulations. We note, however, that because certain limitations are imposed upon the transferability of shares so that we may qualify as a REIT, and perhaps for other reasons, it is possible that this exemption may not apply. If that is the case, and if the Advisor or we are exposed to liability under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code, our performance and results of operations could be

 

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adversely affected. Prior to making an investment in us, you should consult with your legal and other advisors concerning the impact of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code on your investment and our performance.

See “ERISA Considerations” for a more complete discussion of the foregoing issues and other risks associated with an investment in shares of our common stock by retirement plans.

The U.S. Department of Labor has issued a final regulation revising the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, which may affect the marketing of investments in our shares.

On April 8, 2016, the Department of Labor issued a final regulation relating to the definition of a fiduciary under ERISA and Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code. The final regulation broadens the definition of fiduciary and is accompanied by new and revised prohibited transaction exemptions relating to investments by IRAs and Benefit Plans. The final regulation and the related exemptions will become applicable for investment transactions on and after April 10, 2017, but generally should not apply to purchases of our shares before that date. The final regulation and the accompanying exemptions are complex, and Plan fiduciaries and the beneficial owners of IRAs are urged to consult with their own advisors regarding this development.

 

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ESTIMATED USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table presents information about how we intend to use the proceeds raised in this offering assuming that we sell the maximum primary offering amount of $750,000,000 and the maximum dividend reinvestment plan offering amount of $250,000,000. The table assumes that 1/4 of primary offering gross proceeds come from sales of each of our Class T, T-I, W and I shares. Because no sales commissions are paid on shares sold in the dividend reinvestment plan, it is not necessary to make any assumptions regarding the number of shares of each class sold in the dividend reinvestment plan. We are offering up to $750,000,000 in shares of our common stock in our primary offering, and up to $250,000,000 in shares of our common stock in our dividend reinvestment plan, in any combination of Class T, T-I, W and I shares. We may reallocate the shares of our common stock we are offering between the primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.

The actual amount of selling commissions will vary from the estimated amounts shown because (1) the number of shares of each class that we will sell is uncertain, (2) our shares will be sold at a price that varies day by day based on our daily NAV per share for that class of shares and actual selling commissions per share will be a percentage of the total price per share in our primary offering and (3) the selling commission may be reduced or eliminated in connection with certain categories of sales, such as sales for which a volume discount applies. Any reduction in selling commissions will be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the per share purchase price, but will not affect the net proceeds available to us. Because amounts in this table are estimates, they may not accurately reflect the actual receipt or use of the offering proceeds.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, which are not used to pay the fees and other expenses attributable to our operations: (1) to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies; (2) to provide liquidity to our stockholders and (3) for other general corporate purposes (which may include repayment of our debt or any other corporate purposes we deem appropriate). We may use the proceeds of this offering to fund stockholder distributions, although we do not currently intend to do so. The specific amounts of the net proceeds that are used for such purposes, and the priority of such uses, will depend on the amount of proceeds raised in this offering, the timing of our receipt of such proceeds and the best uses of the proceeds at such time. The figures presented below are estimates derived at the beginning of this offering and are not updated throughout the offering. The actual percentage of net proceeds available to use will depend on a number of factors, including the amount of capital we raise, the actual offering costs and the portion of capital raised with respect to which we pay a primary dealer fee. For example, if we raise less than the maximum offering amount, we would expect the percentage of net offering proceeds available to us to be less (and may be substantially less) than that set forth below because many offering costs are fixed and do not depend on the amount of capital raised in the offering.

 

             Maximum Offering of $1,000,000,000           
    

 

        Amounts        

    

 

        Percent        

 

Gross Offering Proceeds

     $         1,000,000,000                       100.00%     

Less:

     

Selling Commissions(1)

     $ 9,375,000           1.25%     

Organization and Other Offering Expenses(2)

     $ [    ]           [    ]%     
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net Offering Proceeds(3)

     $ [    ]           [    ]%     
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1) 

The table assumes that 1/4 of primary offering gross proceeds come from sales of each of our Class T, T-I, W and I shares. Because no sales commissions are paid on shares sold in the dividend reinvestment plan, it is not necessary to make any assumptions regarding the number of shares of each class sold in the dividend reinvestment plan. The actual selling commissions that will be paid on shares may be higher or lower due to rounding. For each purchase, the total per share purchase price will be calculated by adding the applicable selling commission to the NAV per share and rounding to four decimal places; the actual selling commission per share that we pay will be the total per share purchase price less the NAV per share. Selling commissions presented in the table reflect that no selling commissions are paid with respect to Class W shares, Class I shares or on dividend reinvestment plan shares. This table excludes the dealer manager fee and distribution fee, which will be paid over time and will not be paid from offering proceeds. Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager (1) a dealer manager fee equal to 1/365th of 0.60%, 0.30%, 0.60% and 0.10% of our NAV per share for each day for Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, and (2) a distribution fee equal to 1/365th of 0.50% and 0.25% of our NAV per share for each day for Class T and T-I shares, respectively. We will continue paying such dealer manager fee and distribution fee until the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding. See “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation.”

(2) 

Organization and other offering expenses include all expenses to be paid or reimbursed by us in connection with this primary offering, excluding selling commissions, the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee. Organization and other offering expenses include our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our transfer agent, charges of our advisor and/or transfer agent for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in this offering, reimbursement of bona fide due diligence expenses of broker-dealers, reimbursement

 

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  of our advisor for costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of bona fide training and education meetings held by us (primarily the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers), attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting retail seminars and travel, meal and lodging costs for registered persons associated with our dealer manager and officers and employees of our affiliates to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers, legal fees of our dealer manager and promotional items. We will not reimburse our dealer manager for wholesaling compensation expenses.
(3) 

Generally, the net offering proceeds will be available (1) to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies; (2) to fund redemptions under our share redemption program; and (3) for other general corporate purposes (which may include repayment of our debt). Selling commissions are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, and such selling commissions therefore have no effect on our NAV. Accordingly, if we fund additional organization and offering expenses entirely out of cash flow from operations (which would not reduce the net offering proceeds), then as a percentage of the NAV of the shares sold (measured as of the date of sale), approximately [    ]% of the proceeds will be available to us.

 

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MANAGEMENT

Board of Directors

We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. The board is responsible for the management and control of our affairs. The board has retained KBS Capital Advisors to manage our day-to-day operations and our portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments, subject to the board’s supervision. Because of the conflicts of interest created by the relationships among us, KBS Capital Advisors and various affiliates, many of the responsibilities of the board have been delegated to a committee that consists solely of independent directors. This committee is the conflicts committee and is discussed below and under “Conflicts of Interest.”

We have three independent directors. An “independent director” is a person who is not one of our officers or employees or an officer or employee of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates, has not been so for the previous two years and meets the other requirements set forth in our charter. Our independent directors also meet the director independence standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

Each director will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his successor has been duly elected and qualified. The presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at any stockholder meeting constitutes a quorum. With respect to the election of directors, each candidate nominated for election to the board of directors must receive a majority of the votes present, in person or by proxy, in order to be elected. Therefore, if a nominee receives fewer “for” votes than “withhold” votes in an election, then the nominee will not be elected.

Although our board of directors may increase or decrease the number of directors, a decrease may not have the effect of shortening the term of any incumbent director. Any director may resign at any time or may be removed with or without cause by the stockholders upon the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at a meeting called for the purpose of the proposed removal. The notice of the meeting will indicate that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the director shall be removed.

Unless otherwise provided by Maryland law, the board of directors is responsible for selecting its own nominees and recommending them for election by the stockholders, provided that the conflicts committee nominates replacements for any vacancies among the independent director positions. Unless filled by a vote of the stockholders as permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law, a vacancy that results from the removal of a director will be filled by a vote of a majority of the remaining directors. Any vacancy on the board of directors for any other cause will be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, even if such majority is less than a quorum.

Our directors are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. This means that our directors must perform their duties in good faith and in a manner each director believes to be in our and our stockholders’ best interests. Further, our directors must act with such care as a prudent person in a similar position would use under similar circumstances, including exercising reasonable inquiry when taking actions. However, our directors and executive officers are not required to devote all of their time to our business and must only devote such time to our affairs as their duties may require. We do not expect that our directors will be required to devote a substantial portion of their time to us in discharging their duties.

In addition to meetings of the various committees of the board, which committees we describe below, we expect our directors to hold at least four regular board meetings each year. Our board has the authority to fix the compensation of all officers that it selects and may pay compensation to directors for services rendered to us in any other capacity, although we expect our conflicts committee would act on these matters.

Our general investment and borrowing policies are set forth in this prospectus. Our directors may establish further written policies on investments and borrowings and monitor our administrative procedures, investment operations and performance to ensure that our executive officers and advisor follow these policies and that these policies continue to be in the best interests of our stockholders. Unless modified by our directors, we will follow the policies on investments and borrowings set forth in this prospectus.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors may delegate many of its powers to one or more committees. Our charter requires that each committee consist of at least a majority of independent directors, and our board has two committees, the audit committee and the conflicts committee, that consist solely of independent directors.

 

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Audit Committee

Our board of directors has established an audit committee that consists solely of independent directors. The audit committee assists the board in overseeing:

 

   

our accounting and financial reporting processes;

 

   

the integrity and audits of our financial statements;

 

   

our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;

 

   

the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors; and

 

   

the performance of our internal and independent auditors.

The audit committee selects the independent public accountants to audit our annual financial statements, reviews with the independent public accountants the plans and results of the audit engagement and considers and approves the audit and non-audit services and fees provided by the independent public accountants. The members of the audit committee are Michael L. Meyer, William M. Petak and Eric J. Smith.

Conflicts Committee

In order to reduce or eliminate certain potential conflicts of interest, our charter creates a conflicts committee of our board of directors consisting solely of all of our independent directors, that is, all of our directors who are not affiliated with our advisor. Our charter authorizes the conflicts committee to act on any matter permitted under Maryland law. Both the board of directors and the conflicts committee must act upon those conflict-of-interest matters that cannot be delegated to a committee under Maryland law. Our charter also empowers the conflicts committee to retain its own legal and financial advisors. See “Conflicts of Interest — Certain Conflict Resolution Measures.”

Our charter requires that the conflicts committee discharge the board’s responsibilities relating to the nomination of independent directors and the compensation of our independent directors. Our conflicts committee also discharges the board’s responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executives. Subject to the limitations in our charter and with stockholder approval, the conflicts committee may also create stock-award plans.

Executive Officers and Directors

We have provided below certain information about our executive officers and directors.

 

  Name*

 

     Age**

 

  

Positions

 

  Keith D. Hall

     58      Chief Executive Officer and Director

  Peter McMillan III

     59      Chairman of the Board, President and Director

  Jeffrey K. Waldvogel

     39      Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

  Stacie K. Yamane

     52      Chief Accounting Officer

  Michael L. Meyer

     77      Independent Director

  William M. Petak

     55      Independent Director

  Eric J. Smith

 

     59

 

  

  Independent Director

 

 

 

* The address of each executive officer and director listed is 800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700, Newport Beach, California 92660.

** As of September 30, 2016.

 

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Keith D. Hall is our Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors, positions he has held since December 2008 and October 2008, respectively. He is also an Executive Vice President of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions he has held for these entities since June 2005, August 2007, January 2010 and January 2015, respectively, and is the Chief Executive Officer and a director of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since February 2013. In addition, Mr. Hall is a sponsor of our company, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2008, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Mr. Hall owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and our dealer manager. All four of our sponsors, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor. Mr. Hall is also a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities for us.

Mr. Hall is a co-founder of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC which, from August 2003 until December 2012, was an asset management company. Prior to forming Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. Hall was a Managing Director at CS First Boston, where he managed the distribution strategy and business development for the Principal Transaction Group’s $18.0 billion real estate securities portfolio. Mr. Hall’s two primary business unit responsibilities were Mezzanine Lending and Commercial Real Estate Development. Before joining CS First Boston in 1996, he served as a Director in the Real Estate Products Group at Nomura Securities, with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion annual pipeline of fixed-income, commercial mortgage-backed securities. During the 1980s, Mr. Hall was a Senior Vice President in the High Yield Department of Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Beverly Hills office, where he was responsible for distribution of the group’s high-yield real estate securities. Mr. Hall received a Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Finance from California State University, Sacramento.

The board of directors has concluded that Mr. Hall is qualified to serve as one of our directors for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets and his expertise with real estate-related investments. With over 30 years of experience investing in and managing real estate-related investments, Mr. Hall has the depth and breadth of experience to implement our business strategy. As an executive officer and principal of our advisor, Mr. Hall is able to direct the board of directors to the critical issues facing our company.

Peter McMillan III is our President, the Chairman of the Board and one of our directors, positions he has held since December 2008. He is also an Executive Vice President, the Treasurer and Secretary and a director of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT, an Executive Vice President of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, and the President, Chairman of the Board and a director of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held for these entities since June 2005, August 2007, January 2010, January 2015, August 2009 and February 2013, respectively. In addition, Mr. McMillan is a sponsor of our company, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2008, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Mr. McMillan owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and the owner of our dealer manager. All four of our sponsors, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor. Mr. McMillan is also a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities for us.

Mr. McMillan is a Partner and co-owner of Temescal Canyon Partners LP, an investment advisor formed in 2013 to manage a multi-strategy hedge fund on behalf of investors. Mr. McMillan is also a co-founder and the Managing Partner of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC which, from August 2003 until December 2012, was an asset management company. Prior to forming Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. McMillan served as an Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of SunAmerica Investments, Inc., which was later acquired by AIG. As Chief Investment Officer, he was responsible for over $75.0 billion in assets, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade corporate bonds and commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments. Before joining SunAmerica in 1989, he served as Assistant Vice President for Aetna Life Insurance and Annuity Company with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion fixed income portfolios. Mr. McMillan received his Master of Business Administration in Finance from the Wharton Graduate School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and his Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Economics from Clark University. Mr. McMillan is a member of the Board of Trustees of Metropolitan West Funds and TCW Mutual Funds and is a former director of Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc.

 

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The board of directors has concluded that Mr. McMillan is qualified to serve as one of our directors and the Chairman of the Board for reasons including his expertise in real estate finance and with real estate-related investments. With over 30 years of experience investing in and managing real estate-related debt investments, Mr. McMillan offers insights and perspective with respect to our real estate-related investment portfolio as well as our real estate portfolio. As one of our executive officers and a principal of our advisor, Mr. McMillan is also able to direct the board of directors to the critical issues facing our company. Further, his experiences as a director of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT, Metropolitan West Funds and TCW Mutual Funds, and as a former director of Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc., provide him with an understanding of the requirements of serving on a public company board and qualify him to serve as the chairman of the board of directors.

Jeffrey K. Waldvogel is our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, positions he has held since June 2015. He is the Chief Financial Officer of our advisor, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions he has held for these entities since June 2015. He is also the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held for these entities since June 2015. Mr. Waldvogel is a member of the investment committee formed by our advisor to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us.

Mr. Waldvogel has been employed by an affiliate of our advisor since November 2010. With respect to the KBS-sponsored REITs advised by our advisor, he served as the Director of Finance and Reporting from July 2012 to June 2015 and as the VP Controller Technical Accounting from November 2010 to July 2012. In these roles, Mr. Waldvogel was responsible for overseeing internal and external financial reporting, valuation analysis, financial analysis, REIT compliance, debt compliance and reporting, and technical accounting.

Prior to joining an affiliate of our advisor in 2010, Mr. Waldvogel was an audit senior manager at Ernst & Young LLP. During his eight years at Ernst & Young LLP, where he worked from October 2002 to October 2010, Mr. Waldvogel performed or supervised various auditing engagements, including the audit of financial statements presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), as well as financial statements prepared on a tax basis. These auditing engagements were for clients in a variety of industries, with a significant focus on clients in the real estate industry.

In April 2002, Mr. Waldvogel received a Master of Accountancy Degree and Bachelor of Science from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Mr. Waldvogel is a Certified Public Accountant (California).

Stacie K. Yamane is our Chief Accounting Officer, a position she has held since August 2009. Ms. Yamane is also the Chief Accounting Officer, Portfolio Accounting of our advisor and Chief Accounting Officer of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions she has held for these entities since October 2008, October 2008, October 2008, January 2010, August 2009, February 2013 and January 2015, respectively. From July 2007 until December 2008, Ms. Yamane served as the Chief Financial Officer of KBS REIT II and from July 2007 to October 2008 she served as Controller of KBS REIT II; from October 2004 to October 2008, Ms. Yamane served as Fund Controller of our advisor; from June 2005 to December 2008, she served as Chief Financial Officer of KBS REIT I; and from June 2005 to October 2008, she served as Controller of KBS REIT I.

Ms. Yamane also serves as Senior Vice President/Controller, Portfolio Accounting for KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a position she has held since 2004. She served as a Vice President/Portfolio Accounting with KBS-affiliated investment advisors from 1995 to 2004. At KBS Realty Advisors, from 2004 through 2015, Ms. Yamane was responsible for client accounting/reporting for two real estate portfolios. These portfolios consisted of industrial, office and retail properties as well as land parcels. Ms. Yamane worked closely with portfolio managers, asset managers, property managers and clients to ensure the completion of timely and accurate accounting, budgeting and financial reporting. In addition, she assisted in the supervision and management of KBS Realty Advisors’ accounting department.

Prior to joining an affiliate of KBS Realty Advisors in 1995, Ms. Yamane was an audit manager at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, a CPA firm specializing in real estate. During her eight years at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, Ms. Yamane performed or supervised a variety of auditing, accounting and consulting engagements including the audit of financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, as well as financial statements presented on a cash and tax basis, the valuation of asset portfolios and the review and analysis of internal control systems. Her experiences with various KBS-affiliated entities and Kenneth Leventhal & Company give her over 25 years of real estate experience.

 

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Ms. Yamane received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Business Administration with a dual concentration in Accounting and Management Information Systems from California State University, Fullerton. She is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive California).

Michael L. Meyer is one of our independent directors and is the chairman of the audit committee, positions he has held since October 2009. He is also an independent director and the chairman of the audit committee of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held for these entities since January 2010 and April 2014, respectively. Mr. Meyer is a private real estate investor and since 1999 has been the Chief Executive Officer of the Michael L. Meyer Company. The Michael L. Meyer Company is a principal and/or manager of real estate entities and provides those entities with property acquisition, financing and management services and advice. Since June 2006, Mr. Meyer also has been a principal of TwinRock Partners, LLC (formerly known as AMG Realty Investors, LLC), a commercial and residential real estate investment company. From 2000 to 2003, Mr. Meyer was a principal in Advantage 4 LLC, a provider of telecommunications systems for real estate projects. From 1999 to 2003, Mr. Meyer was also a principal of Pacific Capital Investors, which acquired non-performing loans secured by real estate in Japan. From 1974 to 1998, Mr. Meyer was Managing Partner-Orange County and Audit Partner of the E&Y Kenneth Leventhal Real Estate Group of Ernst & Young LLP and its predecessor. Mr. Meyer is a director and member of the audit committee of Opus Bank, positions he has held since September 2010. Additionally, Mr. Meyer previously served as a director and member of the audit committee of City National Bank and City National Corporation, as a director and member of the audit committee of William Lyon Homes, Inc. and as a director and chair of the audit committee of Paladin Realty Income Properties, Inc. from 2004 to 2014.

Mr. Meyer was inducted into the California Building Industry Foundation Hall of Fame in June of 1999 for outstanding achievements in the real estate industry and community. Mr. Meyer was also the recipient of the University of California Irvine Graduate School of Management Real Estate Program Lifetime Achievement Award. Mr. Meyer received a Bachelors of Business Administration from the University of Iowa. He is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive California).

The board of directors has concluded that Mr. Meyer is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors and the chairman of the audit committee for reasons including his expertise with respect to residential and commercial real estate investments and accounting and financial reporting matters. With over 13 years of experience investing in residential and commercial real estate and providing residential and commercial real estate acquisition, financing and management services and advice, Mr. Meyer is well-positioned to advise the board with respect to potential investment opportunities and investment management. In addition, with over 35 years of experience as an independent Certified Public Accountant or auditor for real estate companies, Mr. Meyer provides the board of directors with substantial expertise regarding real estate accounting and financial reporting matters. Further, Mr. Meyer’s experience as a director and chairman of the audit committee of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and as a director and member of the Audit Committee of Opus Bank, and his prior experience as a director and member of the audit committee of City National Bank and City National Corporation, as a director and member of the audit committee of William Lyon Homes, Inc. and as a director and chair of the audit committee of Paladin Realty Income Properties, Inc. provide him with an understanding of the requirements of serving on a public company board.

William M. Petak is one of our independent directors, a position he has held since October 2009. He is also an independent director and chair of the conflicts committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, positions he has held since April 2014. Since April 2009, Mr. Petak has served as the Managing Principal of CorAmerica Capital, LLC, a commercial real estate loan investment manager. CorAmerica Capital was established to acquire discounted performing mortgage and real estate-related assets as well as originate new real estate investments. Mr. Petak has over 30 years of experience in the real estate industry and 20 years of experience investing in real estate-related debt investments. From January 2005 to April 2009, Mr. Petak served as Senior Vice President and Director for AIG Mortgage Capital, LLC, a subsidiary of American International Group, Inc. (AIG). Mr. Petak also served as National Head of Mortgage Lending and Real Estate for the retirement services company, SunAmerica, Inc., from January 1999 to August 2001, and served as Managing Director for AIG Investments, Inc. as well as National Head of Mortgage Lending and Real Estate for both SunAmerica and the life insurance company American General from August 2001 to April 2009.

Both SunAmerica and American General were acquired by AIG in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and were managed on a mutually exclusive basis. Mr. Petak joined AIG with the merger of SunAmerica with AIG in 1999. Ultimately, Mr. Petak was responsible for AIG Mortgage Capital’s regulated insurance portfolios’ fixed income real estate investments nationwide. He served on both the Securitized Products Group Committee and Global Asset Allocation Committee for the regulated insurance companies of AIG.

 

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Prior to joining AIG in 1999, Mr. Petak was SunAmerica Investments’ Senior Vice President. Mr. Petak was responsible for SunAmerica’s national mortgage lending and real estate investments as well as its leveraged lease real estate acquisitions. From 1996 to 2007, Mr. Petak served as a Loan Committee member and as a member of the board of directors for GreenPark Financial, one of the nation’s largest Fannie Mae DUS lenders. From 1983 to 1989, he worked with Pacific Financial Group, a privately held Beverly Hills real estate investment company, as Vice President of Acquisitions.

Mr. Petak is a graduate of the University of Southern California with a Bachelor of Science in Finance and Business Economics. He is a member of the Mortgage Bankers Association, the Commercial Mortgage Securities Association, the CRE Financial Council, Life Mortgage and Real Estate Officer Council and the President’s Council of the Real Estate Roundtable. Mr. Petak is a founding member of the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. He currently is Chairman Emeritus of the Center and previously served as its Chairman.

The board of directors has concluded that Mr. Petak is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets. With over 30 years of experience in the real estate industry and over 20 years of experience investing in real estate-related debt, Mr. Petak offers insights and perspective with respect to our investment portfolio. Further, as a director and chair of the conflicts committee of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and as a member of the Mortgage Bankers Association, the Commercial Mortgage Securities Association, the CRE Financial Council, the Life Mortgage and Real Estate Officer Council, the President’s Council of the Real Estate Roundtable and a founding member, current Chairman Emeritus and past Chairman of the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, Mr. Petak is regularly and actively engaged in both the professional and academic community.

Eric J. Smith is one of our independent directors and is the chairman of the conflicts committee, positions he has held since October 2009. Mr. Smith has over 30 years of experience in the real estate finance industry. Mr. Smith currently serves as Managing Director for Situs Group, LLC, a firm that provides commercial real estate advisory services and solutions. From March 2012 to January 2013, Mr. Smith served as Managing Director—Sales for Loan Value Group, a firm that works with holders of residential mortgage risk to reduce their exposure to borrower strategic default. From 1985 to 2009, Mr. Smith was employed by the Credit Suisse Group and its predecessor firms. From September 2004 to February 2009, he was the Managing Director, Fixed Income Sales for the Securitized Products unit. From 2002 to September 2004, he was Managing Director and San Francisco Branch Manager, Fixed Income Sales. From 1998 to 2002, he was Director, Fixed Income Sales. From 1985 to 1998, he was Vice President, Fixed Income Sales. While at Credit Suisse and its predecessor firms, he was responsible for the acquisition and disposition of residential and commercial whole loans, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs. He also executed trades in U.S. government securities, asset-backed securities, corporate bonds and repurchase lending. Prior to working for Credit Suisse and its predecessor firms, Mr. Smith was with Farmer’s Savings as a regional director for real estate mortgage acquisitions and with Wells Fargo Mortgage as a Vice President in their Secondary Mortgage Division. Mr. Smith received a Bachelor of Science in Finance from California State University Sacramento. Mr. Smith holds FINRA Series 7 and 63 licenses.

The board of directors has concluded that Mr. Smith is qualified to serve as one of our independent directors and the chairman of the conflicts committee for reasons including his expertise in the real estate finance markets. Mr. Smith has experience with a broad range of debt-related investments, including residential and commercial whole loans, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. government securities, asset-backed securities and repurchase lending. With over 30 years of experience in the real estate finance industry, Mr. Smith’s knowledge and expertise of the real estate finance market complement that of the other board members.

Compensation of Directors

We compensate each of our independent directors with an annual retainer of $40,000. In addition, we pay independent directors for attending board and committee meetings as follows:

 

   

$2,500 in cash for each board meeting attended.

 

   

$2,500 in cash for each committee meeting attended, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each meeting attended.

 

   

$2,000 in cash for each teleconference meeting of the board.

 

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$2,000 in cash for each teleconference meeting of any committee, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each teleconference meeting of the committee.

All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors. If a director is also one of our officers, we do not pay any compensation for services rendered as a director.

Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents

Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for monetary damages and requires us to indemnify our directors, officers, KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for losses they may incur by reason of their service in that capacity if all of the following conditions are met:

 

   

the party seeking exculpation or indemnification has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in our best interests;

 

   

the party seeking exculpation or indemnification was acting on our behalf or performing services for us;

 

   

in the case of an independent director, the liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct by the independent director;

 

   

in the case of a non-independent director, KBS Capital Advisors or one of its affiliates, the liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by the party seeking exculpation or indemnification; and

 

   

the indemnification is recoverable only out of our net assets and not from the common stockholders.

The SEC takes the position that indemnification against liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 is against public policy and unenforceable. Furthermore, our charter prohibits the indemnification of our directors, KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates or any person acting as a broker-dealer for liabilities arising from or out of a violation of state or federal securities laws, unless one or more of the following conditions are met:

 

   

there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations;

 

   

such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; or

 

   

a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the SEC and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which the securities were offered as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

Our charter further provides that the advancement of funds to our directors and to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for reasonable legal expenses and other costs incurred in advance of the final disposition of a proceeding for which indemnification is being sought is permissible only if all of the following conditions are satisfied: the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on our behalf; the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a common stockholder or, if by a common stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement; and the person seeking the advancement undertakes to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by us, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification.

We have also purchased and maintain insurance on behalf of all of our directors and officers against liability asserted against or incurred by them in their official capacities with us, whether or not we are required or have the power to indemnify them against the same liability.

The Advisor

Our advisor is KBS Capital Advisors LLC, a limited liability company formed in the State of Delaware on October 18, 2004. KBS Capital Advisors is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC. As our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors has contractual and fiduciary responsibilities to us and our stockholders.

 

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Peter M. Bren and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. indirectly own a controlling interest in and are two of the managers of KBS Capital Advisors. Keith D. Hall and Peter McMillan III also indirectly own an ownership interest in KBS Capital Advisors and together, through GKP Holding LLC, act as the third manager of KBS Capital Advisors. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber all actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor. For more information regarding the background and experience of Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, see “Management—Executive Officers and Directors” and “—Other Affiliates—Our Sponsors.”

Below is a brief description of the background and experience of the key real estate professionals at KBS Capital Advisors who are not also one of our executive officers.

Peter M. Bren is the Chairman of the Board and President of our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and President of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions he has held for these entities since October 2004, June 2005, August 2007, January 2010 and January 2015, respectively. Mr. Bren is President and a director of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, positions he has held since August 2009 and July 2009, respectively. In addition, Mr. Bren is a sponsor of our company, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2013, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2008 and 2015, respectively. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Bren indirectly owns and controls a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and our dealer manager. All four of our sponsors, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor.

Mr. Bren is Chairman of the Board and President of KBS Realty Advisors LLC and is a principal of Koll Bren Schreiber Realty Advisors, Inc., each an active and nationally recognized real estate investment advisor. These entities are registered as investment advisers with the SEC. The first investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber was formed in 1992. As of December 31, 2015, KBS Realty Advisors, together with KBS affiliates, including KBS Capital Advisors, had been involved in the investment in or management of approximately $21.0 billion of real estate investments on behalf of institutional investors, including public and private pension plans, endowments and foundations, institutional and sovereign wealth funds, and the investors in us, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT.

Mr. Bren oversees all aspects of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ operations, including the acquisition, management and disposition of individual investments and portfolios of investments for KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. He also directs all facets of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ business activities and is responsible for investor relationships. Mr. Bren is a member of the investment committee formed by KBS Capital Advisors to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us.

Mr. Bren has been involved in real estate development, management, acquisition, disposition and financing for more than 40 years and with the acquisition, origination, management, disposition and financing of real estate-related debt investments for more than 30 years. Prior to taking his current positions as Chairman of the Board and President of KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors, he served as the President of The Bren Company, was a Senior Partner of Lincoln Property Company and was President of Lincoln Property Company, Europe. Mr. Bren is also a founding member of the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. He is also a member of the Real Estate Roundtable in Washington, D.C.

Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. is the Chief Executive Officer of our advisor, a position he has held since October 2004. He is also the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and a director of KBS REIT I and KBS Growth & Income REIT, positions he has held for these entities since June 2005 and January 2015, respectively. He is also the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and a director of KBS REIT II, positions he has held since August 2007, August 2007 and July 2007, respectively. He is also the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and a director of KBS REIT III, positions he has held since January 2010, January 2010 and December 2009, respectively. In addition, Mr. Schreiber is a sponsor of our company, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which were formed in 2008, 2005, 2009, 2008, 2013 and 2015, respectively. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Schreiber indirectly owns and controls a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which is the sole owner of our advisor and our dealer manager. All four of our sponsors, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor.

Mr. Schreiber is the Chief Executive Officer of KBS Realty Advisors LLC and is a principal of Koll Bren Schreiber Realty Advisors, Inc., each an active and nationally recognized real estate investment advisor. These entities

 

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are registered as investment advisers with the SEC. The first investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber was formed in 1992. As of December 31, 2015, KBS Realty Advisors, together with KBS affiliates, including KBS Capital Advisors, had been involved in the investment in or management of approximately $21.0 billion of real estate investments on behalf of institutional investors, including public and private pension plans, endowments and foundations, institutional and sovereign wealth funds, and the investors in us, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT.

Mr. Schreiber oversees all aspects of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ operations, including the acquisition and management of individual investments and portfolios of investments for KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. He also directs all facets of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ business activities and is responsible for investor relationships. Mr. Schreiber is a member of the investment committee formed by KBS Capital Advisors to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us.

Mr. Schreiber has been involved in real estate development, management, acquisition, disposition and financing for more than 40 years and with the acquisition, origination, management, disposition and financing of real estate-related debt investments for more than 30 years. Prior to teaming with Mr. Bren in 1992, he served as the Executive Vice President of Koll Investment Management Services and Executive Vice President of Acquisitions/Dispositions for The Koll Company. During the mid-1970s through the 1980s, he was Founder and President of Pacific Development Company and was previously Senior Vice President/Southern California Regional Manager of Ashwill-Burke Commercial Brokerage.

Mr. Schreiber graduated from the University of Southern California with a Bachelor’s Degree in Finance with an emphasis in Real Estate. During his four years at USC, he did graduate work in the then newly-formed Real Estate Department in the USC Graduate School of Business. He is currently an Executive Board Member for the USC Lusk Center for Real Estate at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business/School of Policy, Planning and Development. Mr. Schreiber also serves as a member of the Executive Committee for the Public Non-Listed REIT Council for the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. Since August 2016, Mr. Schreiber has served as a member of the board of directors and executive committee of The Irvine Company.

James Chiboucas is Vice Chairman and Chief Legal Officer of KBS Capital Advisors. Mr. Chiboucas has served as the Chief Legal Officer of KBS Realty Advisors since its formation and the Chief Legal Officer of the other KBS-affiliated investment advisors since 1996. He became Vice Chairman of KBS Realty Advisors in 2006. He has represented KBS-affiliated entities since the first investment advisor was formed in 1992. As Vice Chairman and Chief Legal Officer, Mr. Chiboucas is responsible for the negotiation and documentation of real estate investments across the United States, including management of local counsel in each of the jurisdictions involved with acquisitions and dispositions. He is also a member of the investment committee formed by KBS Capital Advisors to evaluate and recommend new investment opportunities for us. Mr. Chiboucas is a member of the investment committee for the limited purpose of approving potential investments from a legal and regulatory compliance standpoint. He also manages legal counsel retained to provide services for KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors.

Mr. Chiboucas has over 30 years of legal experience in the real estate industry, including real estate investment, finance, acquisitions, dispositions, development and management. Before joining KBS, Mr. Chiboucas was a partner of Paone, Callahan, McHolm & Winton, L.L.P. and Vice-President of Signal Landmark, a national real estate development company, where he was responsible for all of Signal Landmark’s legal real estate transactional matters across the United States. Mr. Chiboucas received a Bachelor’s Degree in Business and a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Southern California.

Geoffrey Hawkins has served as Managing Director of KBS Capital Advisors since he joined KBS Capital Advisors in 2006. As Managing Director, Mr. Hawkins oversees acquisition, asset management and disposition activities with respect to commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations. Mr. Hawkins is the regional manager for mortgage debt originations and distressed opportunities in the Midwest region of the U.S. Mr. Hawkins is also a member of the investment committee formed by KBS Capital Advisors to evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities for us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. From 2002 to 2006, Mr. Hawkins was an Executive Director and Senior Portfolio Manager for Forum Partners, an international commercial real estate private equity group with $1.5 billion in assets as of 2006. At Forum, Mr. Hawkins managed real estate-related investments in the United States, Europe and Asia. He was in charge of the fixed income group, which invested in residential and commercial mortgage backed securities, asset-backed securities and whole loans for its family of funds, which included a mutual fund, an ETF, and several different opportunity funds. From 1992 to 2002, Mr. Hawkins was a Portfolio Manager at the Capital Group Companies. At Capital Group, he was in charge of managing fixed income portfolios in excess of $2

 

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billion, with assets in the structured finance (residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset backed securities and collateralized debt obligations), REIT and specialty finance company sectors in the United States, Europe, Latin American and Asia. Mr. Hawkins managed bond portfolios for subsidiaries of the Capital Group, which included the American Funds, Capital Guardian & Trust Company, and Capital International. From 1991 to 1992, Mr. Hawkins worked for FHLMC (Freddie Mac) as a Senior Financial Analyst in the Structured Finance Group. His responsibilities included the structuring and modeling of collateralized mortgage obligations. From 1988 to 1991, Mr. Hawkins worked as an accountant and then the controller of Highland Management and Development Company, a regional commercial real estate company. Mr. Hawkins has over 24 years’ experience investing in the global commercial real estate and structured finance markets, with more than 20 years of experience specifically related to real estate-related debt investments. Mr. Hawkins holds a BBA in Finance from the University of Iowa and a MBA from DePaul University.

Brian Ragsdale has served as Executive Vice President, Head of Credit for KBS Capital Advisors since he joined KBS Capital Advisors in 2007. As Executive Vice President, Head of Credit, Brian Ragsdale oversees underwriting, origination, acquisition, asset management and disposition activities with respect to loan investments. Mr. Ragsdale is also a member of the investment committee formed by KBS Capital Advisors to evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities for us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. From 2002 to 2007, Mr. Ragsdale was Vice President, Mortgage Lending and Real Estate at AIG Global Investment Corp. where he was responsible for the supervision of refinance transactions in AIG’s real estate-related loan portfolio consisting of approximately 1500 loans valued at approximately $13 billion. From 2000 to 2002, Mr. Ragsdale was Senior Vice President, Client Portfolio Management for Trammell Crow Company, where he was responsible for the development, brokerage and management of portfolios of commercial real estate consisting of approximately 26 locations and totaling more than 7.2 million square feet of office and industrial space. From 1999 to 2000, Mr. Ragsdale was Vice President, Asset and Portfolio Management for PM Realty Advisors where he oversaw a 30-asset, $450 million commercial real estate portfolio owned by a state employee retirement fund. From 1989 to 1999, Mr. Ragsdale worked for Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. At MetLife, Mr. Ragsdale analyzed and negotiated real estate-related debt and equity investment opportunities as an Investment Analyst and then subsequently managed and supervised such investment opportunities as an Investment Manager. From 1995 to 1998, Mr. Ragsdale served as a Senior Committee member of the investment committee responsible for the review and approval of all transactions associated with MetLife’s $20 billion debt and equity real estate portfolio. Mr. Ragsdale has over 21 years’ experience identifying, supervising and managing real estate-related investment opportunities, with 12 years of experience specifically related to real estate-related debt investments. Mr. Ragsdale graduated from the University of Arizona with a BS degree and later received his MBA from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. He is also the recipient of a Costa School of Real Estate Certificate, Southern Methodist University.

James Rodgers is the head of acquisitions for us and for KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. As head of acquisitions he is responsible for originating, underwriting and structuring investments in both debt and equity, and managing the investment team. Prior to joining KBS Capital Advisors, Mr. Rodgers was an investment banker with Merrill Lynch in New York from 2004 to 2007. He began his career in the Asset Backed Securities group, where he structured and originated public securities offerings for Merrill’s large corporate clients. He later transitioned into the Global Structured Finance and Investments division, where he focused on investing the group’s $20 billion balance sheet in structured debt, including secured warehouse loans, portfolio investments, and joint venture partnerships. Mr. Rodgers holds an MBA from UCLA Anderson School of Management, where he focused in real estate and finance. He earned his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley.

The Advisory Agreement

Under the terms of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors must use its best efforts to present to us investment opportunities that provide a continuing and suitable investment program for us consistent with our investment policies and objectives as adopted by our board of directors. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors manages our day-to-day operations, retains the loan servicers for our loan investments (subject to the authority of our board of directors and officers) and performs other duties, including, but not limited to, the following:

 

   

finding, presenting and recommending investment opportunities to us consistent with our investment policies and objectives;

 

   

making investment decisions for us, subject to the limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors;

 

   

structuring the terms and conditions of our investments, sales and joint ventures;

 

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acquiring investments on our behalf in compliance with our investment objectives and policies;

 

   

sourcing and structuring our loan originations;

 

   

arranging for financing and refinancing of investments;

 

   

entering into service contracts for our loans;

 

   

supervising and evaluating each loan servicer’s and property manager’s performance;

 

   

reviewing and analyzing the operating and capital budgets of properties underlying our investments and properties we may acquire;

 

   

entering into leases and service contracts for our real properties;

 

   

assisting us in obtaining insurance;

 

   

generating an annual budget for us;

 

   

reviewing and analyzing financial information for each of our assets and the overall portfolio;

 

   

formulating and overseeing the implementation of strategies for the administration, promotion, management, financing and refinancing, marketing, servicing and disposition of our investments;

 

   

performing investor-relations services;

 

   

maintaining our accounting and other records and assisting us in filing all reports required to be filed with the SEC, the Internal Revenue Service and other regulatory agencies;

 

   

engaging and supervising the performance of our agents, including our registrar and transfer agent; and

 

   

performing any other services reasonably requested by us.

See “Management Compensation” for a detailed discussion of the fees payable to KBS Capital Advisors under the advisory agreement. We also describe in that section our obligation to reimburse KBS Capital Advisors for organization and offering expenses and the costs of providing services to us (other than for the employee costs in connection with services for which it earns separate fees, though we may reimburse the advisor for travel and communication expenses). KBS Capital Advisors in its sole discretion may defer any fee payable to it under the advisory agreement. All or any portion of such fees not taken may be deferred without interest and paid when our advisor determines.

The advisory agreement has a one-year term but may be renewed for an unlimited number of successive one year periods upon the mutual consent of KBS Capital Advisors and us. Additionally, either party may terminate the advisory agreement without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice and, in such event, KBS Capital Advisors must cooperate with us and our directors in making an orderly transition of the advisory function. For more information regarding the terms of the advisory agreement, see “Management Compensation.”

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates engage in other business ventures, and, as a result, they do not dedicate their resources exclusively to our business. However, pursuant to the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors must devote sufficient resources to our business to discharge its obligations to us. KBS Capital Advisors may assign the advisory agreement to an affiliate upon our approval. We may assign or transfer the advisory agreement to a successor entity.

Incentive Fees

Pursuant to the terms of our advisory agreement in effect prior to the commencement of this offering, KBS Capital Advisors is due a subordinated participation in our net cash flows (the “Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows”) if, after our stockholders have received, together as a collective group, aggregate distributions (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) sufficient to provide (i) a return of their net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to our share redemption program, and (ii) a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such net invested capital, KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to receive 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. Net sales proceeds means the net cash proceeds realized by us after deduction of all expenses incurred in connection with a sale, including disposition fees paid to KBS Capital Advisors. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except

 

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to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of our stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for KBS Capital Advisors to participate in our net cash flows. In fact, if KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to participate in our net cash flows, the returns of our stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange.

Alternatively, pursuant to the terms of our advisory agreement in effect prior to the commencement of this offering, KBS Capital Advisors is due a subordinated incentive listing fee (the “Subordinated Participation Listing Fee”) upon a listing of our common stock on a national securities exchange equal to 15.0% of the amount by which (i) the market value of our outstanding stock plus distributions paid by us (including distributions that may constitute a return of capital for federal income tax purposes) prior to listing exceeds (ii) the sum of our stockholders’ net invested capital, or the amount calculated by multiplying the total number of shares purchased by stockholders by the issue price, reduced by any amounts to repurchase shares pursuant to our share redemption plan, and the amount of cash flow necessary to generate a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on such amount. The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return on net invested capital is calculated on a daily basis. In making this calculation, the net invested capital is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 7.0% (invested capital is only reduced as described in this sentence; it is not reduced simply because a distribution constitutes a return of capital for federal income tax purposes). The 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return is not based on the return provided to any individual stockholder. Accordingly, it is not necessary for each of our stockholders to have received any minimum return in order for KBS Capital Advisors to receive the listing fee. In fact, if KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to the listing fee, the returns of our stockholders will differ, and some may be less than a 7.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return.

Our board of directors is currently considering whether, as part of the pursuit of a perpetual-life strategy, the incentive fees described above should be restructured with respect to performance prior to the commencement of this offering. If the incentive fees described above are restructured, we will describe the new incentive fee structure through an amendment to this draft prospectus. It is possible that immediately prior to the commencement of this offering, we may compensate our advisor for past performance as part of a restructuring of the incentive fees we pay to our advisor. We currently expect that going forward and with respect to future performance, the incentive fees described above will be replaced with a new annual performance component to our advisory fee. For more information regarding the terms of the advisory agreement, see “Management Compensation.”

Initial Investment by Our Advisor

Our sponsors have invested $200,000 in us through the purchase of 20,000 shares of our common stock at $10 per share, prior to the commencement of our initial public offering. KBS Capital Advisors is the owner of these 20,000 shares. KBS Capital Advisors may not sell any of these shares during the period it serves as our advisor. Although nothing prohibits KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates from acquiring additional shares of our common stock, KBS Capital Advisors currently has no options or warrants to acquire any shares. KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to abstain from voting any shares it acquires in any vote for the election of directors or any vote regarding the approval or termination of any contract with KBS Capital Advisors or any of its affiliates. KBS Capital Advisors is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., who are our sponsors.

In the event the advisory agreement is terminated, the shares owned by KBS Capital Advisors would not be automatically redeemed. KBS Capital Advisors would, however, be able to participate in the share redemption program, subject to all of the restrictions of the share redemption program applicable to all other common stockholders.

Subsequent to the initial investment in us by our sponsors, on December 29, 2011 and October 23, 2012, Willowbrook Capital Group LLC, an entity owned and controlled by Keith D. Hall, one of our sponsors, one of our directors and our Chief Executive Officer, and Peter McMillan III, also one of our sponsors and one of our directors and our President, purchased 220,994 shares and 55,249 shares of our common stock, respectively, for $9.05 per share. We issued these shares in a private transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933.

 

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Other Affiliates

Our Sponsors

Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. control and indirectly own our advisor and the dealer manager of this offering. We refer to these individuals as our sponsors. All four of our sponsors actively participate in the management and operations of our advisor, and our advisor has three managers: an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Bren; an entity owned and controlled by Messrs. Hall and McMillan; and an entity owned and controlled by Mr. Schreiber.

In 2004, Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber founded KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor. Our sponsors work together at KBS Capital Advisors with their team of real estate and debt finance professionals. These senior real estate and debt finance professionals have been through multiple financial cycles in their careers and have the expertise gained through hands-on experience in acquisitions, originations, loan workouts, asset management, dispositions, development, leasing and property and portfolio management. Together with our four sponsors, Jeffrey Waldvogel, Geoffrey Hawkins, Brian Ragsdale and Jim Chiboucas comprise the investment committee of KBS Capital Advisors that is responsible for our investment decisions related to our investments. Mr. Chiboucas is a member of the investment committees for the limited purpose of approving potential investments from a legal and regulatory compliance standpoint. Subject to any limitations in our charter and the oversight of our board of directors, the investment committees of KBS Capital Advisors evaluate and approve our investments and financings.

The business strategy of our sponsors is threefold: first, identify attractive investment opportunities that meet the investment objectives of their clients; second, aggressively manage each asset acquired; third, execute a well-defined exit strategy for each investment made.

We believe the experience and disciplined investment approach of our sponsors and the team of real estate and debt finance professionals they have assembled will allow us to successfully execute our business model. On January 27, 2006, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS REIT I. KBS REIT I accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.7 billion in its primary initial public offering and accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of $233.7 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT I ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on May 30, 2008 and terminated its dividend reinvestment plan effective April 10, 2012. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT I had used $96.5 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On April 22, 2008, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS REIT II. KBS REIT II accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.8 billion in its primary initial public offering and accepted $298.2 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT II ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on December 31, 2010 and terminated its dividend reinvestment plan effective May 29, 2014. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT II had used $239.2 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On March 12, 2010, together with Legacy Partners Residential Realty LLC and certain of its affiliates, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT ceased offering shares of common stock in its primary initial public offering on March 12, 2013. On March 13, 2013, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT commenced a follow-on public offering. KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT ceased offering shares of common stock in its primary follow-on public offering, effective as of March 31, 2014. KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $191.5 million in its primary public offerings, and, as of September 30, 2016, had accepted $23.0 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT had used $7.9 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On October 26, 2010, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS REIT III. KBS REIT III accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.7 billion in its primary initial public offering and, as of September 30, 2016, had accepted approximately $149.6 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. KBS REIT III ceased offering shares in its primary initial public offering on May 29, 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS REIT III had used $43.9 million to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

 

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On August 12, 2014, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. Prior to commencement of its initial public offering, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II conducted a private offering to accredited investors, which commenced on July 3, 2013. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $32.2 million in its private offering and raised an additional $2.0 million in proceeds from an affiliate of its sponsor. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II ceased offering shares in its private offering on August 11, 2014. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II broke escrow in its initial public offering in January 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II had accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds in its initial public offering of $119.4 million, including $1.3 million from shares issued pursuant to its dividend reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II had used $40,000 to fund share redemptions pursuant to its share redemption program.

On April 28, 2016, our sponsors launched the initial public offering of KBS Growth & Income REIT. Prior to commencement of its initial public offering, KBS Growth & Income REIT conducted a private offering to accredited investors, which commenced on June 11, 2015. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had accepted gross offering proceeds of approximately $76.8 million in its private offering, including $0.7 million from shares issued pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan. KBS Growth & Income REIT ceased offering shares in the primary portion of its private offering on April 27, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of $0.9 million in its initial public offering, including $0.6 million from shares issued pursuant to its distribution reinvestment plan. As of September 30, 2016, KBS Growth & Income REIT had not redeemed any shares pursuant to its share redemption program.

Our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, is the external advisor of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, and KBS Growth & Income REIT. Some or all of our sponsors are directors and/or executive officers of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, and KBS Growth & Income REIT. Through their affiliations with us, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, and KBS Capital Advisors, as of December 31, 2015, our sponsors had overseen the investment in and management of approximately $13.2 billion of real estate and real estate-related investments on behalf of the investors in us, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT.

Since 1992, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have teamed to invest in, manage, develop and sell high-quality U.S. commercial real estate and real estate-related investments on behalf of institutional investors. Together, they founded KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a registered investment adviser with the SEC and a nationally recognized real estate investment advisor. When we refer to a “KBS-sponsored program,” we are referring to the private entities sponsored by an investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and to the non-traded REITs, KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT and our company, that are currently being sponsored by Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber. As noted above, our sponsors are sponsoring KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT together with Legacy Partners Residential Realty LLC and certain of its affiliates. When we refer to a “KBS-advised investor,” we are referring to institutional investors that have engaged an investment advisor affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber to provide real estate investment advice. These investment advisors are also affiliated with our advisor.

Since 1992, the experience of the investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber includes (as of December 31, 2015):

 

   

Sponsoring 14 private real estate programs that have investment objectives similar to ours and that have invested over $4.4 billion (including equity, debt and investment of income and sales proceeds) in 303 real estate assets;

 

   

Through these 14 private KBS-sponsored programs, raising over $2.7 billion of equity from 38 institutional investors; and

 

   

Selling 267 of the 303 real estate assets acquired by these 14 private KBS-sponsored programs.

 

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In addition to their experience with the 14 private KBS-sponsored programs described above, investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have also been engaged by four other KBS-advised investors to recommend real estate acquisitions and manage some of their investments. The investment proceeds of these KBS-advised investors were not commingled. The investments made on behalf of these four KBS-advised investors were made pursuant to management agreements or partnership agreements that permitted the KBS-advised investors to reject acquisitions recommended by the KBS-affiliated investment advisor. Because the KBS-advised investors were not as passive as those in the 14 private KBS-sponsored programs described above or as those who invest in this offering, we have not described the real estate assets acquired or managed for these four KBS-advised investors. The amounts paid for the assets acquired and/or managed and for subsequent capital expenditures for these four KBS-advised investors totaled over $4.1 billion. On behalf of these four KBS-advised investors, investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have sold 228 real estate assets.

Each of Messrs. Hall and McMillan has over 20 years of experience in real estate-related investments. Mr. McMillan is a Partner and co-owner of Temescal Canyon Partners LP, an investment advisor formed in 2013 to manage a multi-strategy hedge fund on behalf of investors. Mr. McMillan is also a co-founder and the Managing Partner of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC which, from August 2003 until December 2012, was an asset management company. Before forming Willowbrook with Mr. Hall, Mr. McMillan served as Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of SunAmerica Investments, Inc., which was later acquired by AIG. As Chief Investment Officer, he was responsible for over $75 billion in assets, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade corporate bonds and commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments.

Prior to forming Willowbrook, Mr. Hall was a Managing Director at CS First Boston, where he managed the distribution strategy and business development for the Principal Transaction Group’s $18 billion real estate securities portfolio. Before joining CS First Boston in 1996, he served as a Director in the Real Estate Products Group at Nomura Securities, with responsibility for the company’s $6 billion annual pipeline of fixed-income commercial mortgage-backed securities. During the 1980s, Mr. Hall was a Senior Vice President in the High Yield Department of Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Beverly Hills office, where he was responsible for distribution of the group’s high-yield real estate securities.

Dealer Manager

We have retained KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, an affiliate of our advisor, to conduct this offering. KBS Capital Markets Group will provide wholesaling, sales, promotional and marketing assistance services to us in connection with the distribution of the shares offered pursuant to this prospectus. It may also sell shares at the retail level. The principal business of KBS Capital Markets Group is participating in and facilitating the distribution of securities of KBS-sponsored programs. KBS Capital Markets Group served as the dealer manager for the initial public offerings of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and for the follow-on offering of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. KBS Capital Markets Group continues to serve as the dealer manager for the public offerings of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT and for the dividend reinvestment plan offerings of KBS REIT III and KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. In addition, from time to time KBS Capital Markets Group serves as the dealer manager for private programs. Our sponsor owns KBS Capital Markets Group. See “Management—Executive Officers and Directors” and “—The Advisor” for a discussion of the background and experience of Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, the four individuals who indirectly own and control our sponsor.

 

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Below is a brief description of the background and experience of the Chief Executive Officer of KBS Capital Markets Group:

Mick Manning was appointed Chief Executive Officer of KBS Capital Markets Group effective May 8, 2015. As Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Manning is responsible for overall firm strategy of KBS Capital Markets Group and provides strategic and tactical guidance to the organization, with particular focus on product development, distribution, sales management, business planning and oversight of the firm’s wholesaling operations and activities.

Mr. Manning joined KBS Capital Markets Group in January 2006 as one of its original wholesalers and was promoted to national sales manager in June 2009. In January 2015, Mr. Manning was appointed President of KBS Capital Markets Group. Mr. Manning has more than 28 years of experience in the financial services industry, with a diverse background in retail sales and operations, wholesaling and team building. His experience comes from previous leadership roles with MFS/Sun Life, MassMutual, Metlife and Northwestern Mutual Life. Mr. Manning graduated from the University of Colorado, Boulder and holds a Chartered Life Underwriter designation from the American College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

Management Decisions

The primary responsibility for the management decisions of our advisor and its affiliates resides with Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. and the primary responsibility for the selection of investments, the negotiation for these investments and asset-management decisions will reside in the investment committees of our advisor. KBS Capital Advisors also has the authority to make all of the decisions regarding our investments, subject to any limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors.

 

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MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive fees and reimbursements for services related to this offering and for the investment and management of our assets, subject to the review and approval of our independent directors. Set forth below is a summary of the fees and expenses we expect to pay these entities in connection with this offering or the our operations. The maximum amount that we may pay with respect to such fees and expenses is also set forth below, assuming the maximum gross proceeds from the primary offering and dividend reinvestment plan. See “Management – The Advisory Agreement” for additional information about fees and expenses payable to our advisor and its affiliates.

The selling commissions listed below are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, and such selling commissions therefore have no effect on our NAV. The dealer manager fee and the distribution fee listed below are allocated on a class-specific basis and differ for each class, even when the NAV of each class is the same. Such class-specific fees are generally expected to affect distributions of the applicable classes rather than the NAV per share of such classes. The other fees and expenses below are not class-specific. Accordingly, they are allocated among all holders of shares ratably according to the NAV of their shares.

Because the dealer manager fee and distribution fee are allocated on a class-specific basis and are borne by all holders of the applicable class, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Even if the FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation are reached with respect to this offering, you will be allocated a share of class-specific expenses of future offerings of your class of shares. Accordingly, with respect to the shares that you own, you should expect to be allocated the maximum dealer manager fee and distribution fee described below, for as long as you own your shares.

 

Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
Selling Commissions—KBS Capital Markets Group (1)    We pay our dealer manager selling commissions on Class T and T-I shares sold in the primary offering of up to 3.5% and 1.5%, respectively, of the public offering price per share. The actual selling commission expressed as a percentage of the public offering price per share may be higher or lower than those amounts due to rounding. Selling commissions will be waived in connection with certain categories of purchasers and may be reduced for certain volume purchases as described in this prospectus. All of the selling commissions are expected to be reallowed to third-party broker-dealers participating in this offering.    The actual amount will depend on the number of shares of each class sold, the NAV per share and the type of accounts that purchase shares. Aggregate selling commissions will equal $26,250,000 if we sell the maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T shares, the maximum selling commission is paid for each primary offering share and there is no reallocation of shares between our primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.
Dealer Manager Fee—KBS Capital Markets Group    Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60%, 0.30%, 0.60% and 0.10% of our NAV per share for Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, for such day on a continuous basis from year to year. We will cease paying the dealer manager fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding.    Actual amounts depend upon the number of shares of each class outstanding, our daily NAV and when shares are outstanding, and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time. The additional dealer manager fee with respect to shares sold in this offering will equal $6,000,000 per annum if we sell the

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
   The dealer manager may reallow a portion of the dealer manager fee to participating broker-dealers and broker-dealers servicing investors’ accounts, referred to as servicing broker-dealers. The dealer manager fee is payable monthly in arrears. The dealer manager fee is payable with respect to all shares, including shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan.    maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T or W shares and that the NAV per T or W share remains the same throughout this offering.
Distribution Fee—KBS Capital Markets Group   

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay our dealer manager a distribution fee equal that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.50% and 0.25% of our NAV per share for Class T and T-I shares, respectively, for such day on a continuous basis from year to year. We will cease paying the distribution fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange, (ii) or such shares no longer being outstanding.

 

The dealer manager may reallow the distribution fee to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers. The distribution fee is payable monthly in arrears. The distribution fee is payable with respect to all Class T and T-I shares, including shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan.

 

We do not pay a distribution fee with respect to Class W or I shares.

   Actual amounts depend upon our daily NAV, the number of shares of each class outstanding and when shares are outstanding, and, therefore, cannot be determined at this time. The additional distribution fee with respect to shares sold in this offering will equal $5,000,000 per annum if we sell the maximum offering, assuming that all shares sold are Class T shares, that the NAV per Class T share remains the same throughout this offering and that there is no reallocation of shares between our primary offering and our dividend reinvestment plan.

Organization and Other Offering Expenses

—KBS Capital Markets Group or KBS Capital Advisors (2)

  

We reimburse our advisor and dealer manager for commercially reasonable organization and other offering expenses they incur on our behalf in connection with this offering; however, no reimbursements made by us to our advisor or our dealer manager may cause total organization and offering expenses incurred by us (including selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation”) to exceed 15% of the aggregate gross proceeds from this primary offering and the offering under our dividend reinvestment plan as of the date of reimbursement.

 

We also pay organization and other offering expenses directly. Prior to the termination of the primary offering, we will be responsible for the payment of all organization and other offering expenses we incur directly and the reimbursement of organization and other offering expenses our advisor and dealer manager incur on our behalf in connection with this offering subject to the 15% limit on reimbursements discussed above.

 

Organization and other offering expenses include all expenses to be paid or reimbursed by us in connection with

   We estimate our organization and other offering expenses (which excludes selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation”) to be approximately $[    ] if we sell the maximum offering amount.

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
  

this offering, excluding selling commissions, the dealer manager fee, distribution fee, and certain other amounts described in “Plan of Distribution—Underwriting Compensation”. Organization and other offering expenses include our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our transfer agent, charges of our advisor and/or transfer agent for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in this offering, reimbursement of bona fide due diligence expenses of broker-dealers, reimbursement of our advisor for costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of bona fide training and education meetings held by us (primarily the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers), attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting retail seminars and travel, meal and lodging costs for registered persons associated with our dealer manager and officers and employees of our affiliates to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers, legal fees of our dealer manager and promotional items.

 

We will not reimburse our dealer manager for wholesaling compensation expenses.

  

Advisory Fees

—KBS Capital Advisors (3)

  

In consideration for the asset management services it provides on our behalf, we pay our advisor an advisory fee equal to (1) a fixed component, payable monthly in arrears, that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 1.25% of our aggregate company NAV for such day and (2) a performance component calculated on the basis of the overall non-compounded investment return provided to common stockholders of all classes in any calendar year such that our advisor will receive 15% of the overall return in excess of 7%; provided that in no event will the performance component exceed 10% of the overall return for such year. However, the performance component will not be earned on any increase in the weighted-average NAV per share up to the higher of (a) the weighted-average NAV per share as of the end of the business day on which this offering commences or (b) the highest weighted-average NAV per share on the last business day of any prior calendar year following the commencement of this offering; provided that we may decrease this threshold if (i) there has been a fundamental and unexpected change in the overall real estate market and (ii) our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, has determined that such change is necessary to appropriately motivate our advisor to perform in a manner that maximizes stockholder value and is in the best interests of our stockholders.

 

In addition, immediately prior to the commencement of this offering, we may compensate our advisor for past performance as part of a restructuring of the incentive fees we pay to our advisor. For more information, please see

   Actual amounts depend upon our aggregate company NAV, the distributions we pay, the changes in NAV and future development and sales of assets and, therefore, cannot be calculated at this time.

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
   “Management—Incentive Fees.”   

Disposition Fees—

KBS Capital Advisors (4)

  

For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of our assets, which includes the sale of a single asset or the sale of all or a portion of our assets through a portfolio sale, merger or business combination transaction, we will pay our advisor or its affiliates 1.0% of the contract sales price of the assets sold (including residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by a subsidiary of ours as part of a securitization transaction).

 

If, in connection with such disposition, commissions are paid to third parties unaffiliated with our advisor, the fee paid to our advisor and its affiliates may not exceed the commissions paid to such unaffiliated third parties, and provided further that the disposition fees paid to our advisor, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties may not exceed 6.0% of the contract sales price. The conflicts committee will determine whether our advisor or its affiliates has provided substantial assistance to us in connection with the sale of our assets. We will not pay a disposition fee upon the maturity, prepayment or workout of a loan or other debt-related investment, provided that (i) if we negotiate a discounted payoff with the borrower, we will pay a disposition fee and (ii) if we take ownership of a property as a result of a workout or foreclosure of a loan, we will pay a disposition fee upon the sale of such property. We do not intend to sell assets to affiliates. However, if we do sell assets to an affiliate, our organizational documents would not prohibit us from paying our advisor a disposition fee. Before we sold assets to an affiliate, our charter requires that a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction conclude that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us.

   Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time.
Property Management Fee— KBS Management Group    For certain properties, we may enter into a property management agreement with KBS Management Group and agree to pay a monthly fee equal to a percentage of the rent (to be determined on a property by property basis, consistent with current market rates), payable and actually collected for the month.    Actual amounts are dependent upon the fee negotiated and rents from specific properties subject to a property management agreement; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time.
Other Operating Expenses—KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Capital Markets Group (5)    We may reimburse the expenses incurred by our advisor in connection with its provision of services to us, including our allocable share of our advisor’s overhead, such as rent, employee costs, utilities and cybersecurity costs. Our advisor may seek reimbursement for employee costs under the advisory agreement. At this time we anticipate that we will only reimburse our advisor for our allocable portion of    Actual amounts are dependent upon the total equity and debt capital we raise, the cost of our investments and the results of our operations; we cannot determine these

 

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Type of Compensation
and
Recipient
   Description and Method of Computation    Maximum Amount
  

the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to us. In the future, if our advisor seeks reimbursement for additional employee costs, such costs may include our proportionate share of the salaries of persons involved in the preparation of documents to meet SEC reporting requirements. We do not reimburse our advisor or its affiliates for employee costs in connection with services for which our advisor earns a separate fee (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries or benefits our advisor or its affiliates may pay to our executive officers.

 

We reimburse our dealer manager for certain fees and expenses it incurs for administering our participation in the DTCC Alternative Investment Product Platform, or the AIP Platform, with respect to certain accounts of our investors serviced through the AIP Platform.

 

Additionally, we have entered, together with KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income REIT, KBS Capital Markets Group, KBS Capital Advisors and other KBS-affiliated entities, an errors and omissions and directors and officers liability insurance program where the lower tiers of such insurance coverage are shared. The cost of these lower tiers is allocated by our advisor and its insurance broker among each of the various entities covered by the program and is billed directly to each entity. The allocation of these shared coverage costs is proportionate to the pricing by the insurance marketplace for the first tiers of directors and officers liability coverage purchased individually by each REIT. Our advisor’s and our dealer manager’s portion of the shared lower tiers’ cost is proportionate to the respective entities’ prior cost for the errors and omissions insurance.

   amounts at the present time.

 

 

(1) Selling commissions may be reduced or waived in connection with volume or other discounts, other fee arrangements or for sales to certain categories of purchasers. See “Plan of Distribution.”

(2) In addition to the selling commissions, dealer manager fees and distribution fees, some of the amounts described under “Organization and Other Offering Expenses” are also underwriting compensation in connection with this offering under the rules of FINRA. These amounts include (i) the attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting a retail seminar; (ii) the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered persons associated with our dealer manager and officers and employees of our affiliates to attend retail seminars; and (iii) the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered persons associated with our dealer manager and registered representatives of the participating broker-dealers to attend bona fide training and education meetings held by us. See “Plan of Distribution” for a discussion of underwriting compensation paid in connection with this offering.

(3) The fixed and performance components of the advisory fee will count against the limit on total operating expenses described in note 5 below.

(4) Under our charter, a majority of the independent directors would have to approve any increase in the disposition fees payable to our advisor and its affiliates above 1% of the contract sales price. Our charter also limits the maximum amount of the disposition fees payable to the advisor and its affiliates to 3% of the contract sales price. To the extent this disposition fee is paid upon the sale of any assets other than real property, it will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described in note 4 below.

 

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(5) KBS Capital Advisors must reimburse us the amount by which our aggregate total operating expenses for the four fiscal quarters then ended exceed the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income, unless the conflicts committee has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. “Average invested assets” means the average monthly book value of our assets during the 12-month period before deducting depreciation, bad debts or other non-cash reserves. “Total operating expenses” means all expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under GAAP, that are in any way related to our operation, including advisory fees, but excluding (a) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and stock exchange listing of our stock; (b) interest payments; (c) taxes; (d) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves; (e) reasonable incentive fees based on the gain in the sale of our assets; and (f) acquisition and origination fees, acquisition and origination expenses (including expenses relating to potential investments that we do not close), disposition fees on the sale of real property and other expenses connected with the acquisition, origination, disposition and ownership of real estate interests, loans or other property (other than disposition fees on the sale of assets other than real property), such as the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property.

 

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STOCK OWNERSHIP

The following table shows, as of September 30, 2016 the amount of our common stock beneficially owned (unless otherwise indicated) by (1) any person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, (2) our directors, (3) our executive officers, and (4) all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

 

        Name and Address of Beneficial Owner            

              Amount and Nature of             
Beneficial Ownership
              Percentage             

KBS Capital Advisors LLC(1)

  20,000 shares(2)   *

Keith D. Hall, Chief Executive Officer and
Director
(1)

  342,308 shares(2)  (3)   *

Peter McMillan III, Chairman of the Board, President and Director(1)

  342,308 shares(2)  (3)   *

Jeffrey K. Waldvogel, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

   

Stacie K. Yamane, Chief Accounting Officer

   

Michael L. Meyer, Independent Director

   

William M. Petak, Independent Director

   

Eric J. Smith, Independent Director

   

All directors and executive officers as a group

  342,308 shares(2)  (3)   *

 

* Less than 1% of the outstanding common stock.
(1)

The address of this beneficial owner is 800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700, Newport Beach, California 92660.

(2)

Includes 20,000 Class A shares owned by KBS Capital Advisors, which is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. None of the shares are pledged as security.

(3)

Includes 322,308 shares owned by Willowbrook Capital Group LLC, an entity owned and controlled by Keith D. Hall and Peter McMillan III. None of these shares are pledged as security.

 

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

We are subject to various conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and its affiliates, some of whom serve as our executive officers and directors. We discuss these conflicts below and conclude this section with a discussion of the corporate governance measures we have adopted to ameliorate some of the risks posed by these conflicts.

Our Affiliates’ Interests in Other KBS Real Estate Programs

General

All of our executive officers, our affiliated directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor are also: officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager, our affiliated property manager, and/or other KBS-affiliated investment advisors that are the sponsors of other KBS-sponsored programs or are the advisors of KBS-advised investors; and executive officers, affiliated directors and/or key professionals of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, which are also public, non-traded REITs advised by KBS Capital Advisors. Through affiliates of our advisor, key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor also serve as investment advisors to KBS-advised investors. These individuals have legal and financial obligations with respect to those KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors that are similar to their obligations to us. In the future, these individuals and other affiliates of our advisor may organize other KBS-sponsored programs, serve as the investment advisor to other KBS-advised investors and acquire for their own account real estate investments that may be suitable for us.

Since 1992, investment advisors affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber have sponsored 14 private KBS-sponsored programs. Six of these programs were still operating as of December 31, 2015. Our sponsor, through the indirect ownership of Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, is also the sponsor of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT and, together with Legacy Partners Residential Realty LLC and certain of its affiliates, our sponsor is also sponsoring another public real estate investment trust, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. All of these KBS-sponsored programs have investment objectives that are similar to ours. Conflicts of interest may arise between us and the programs that have not yet been liquidated, between us and future programs and between us and the KBS-advised investors.

Allocation of Investment Opportunities

We rely on key real estate and debt finance professionals at KBS Capital Advisors, including Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber, to identify suitable investment opportunities for us. KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT are also advised by KBS Capital Advisors and rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals as will future KBS-sponsored programs advised by our advisor. Messrs. Bren, Hall, McMillan and Schreiber and several of the other key real estate professionals at KBS Capital Advisors are also the key real estate professionals at KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to KBS-advised investors. As such, we and the other KBS-sponsored programs that currently have funds available for investment and KBS-advised investors rely on many of the same real estate and debt finance professionals, as will future KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors. Currently, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT, as well as five private KBS-sponsored programs, are raising and/or investing capital. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II is focused on opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments that are similar to our targeted investments. Until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of both us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has disclosed that unless it files a registration statement with the SEC to conduct a follow-on public offering, it expects its current offering to terminate in August 2017.

When these real estate and debt finance professionals direct an investment opportunity to any KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor they, in their sole discretion, will offer the opportunity to the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor. For so long as we are externally advised, our charter provides that it shall not be a proper purpose of the corporation for us to make any significant investment unless our advisor has recommended the investment to us. See

 

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“—Certain Conflict Resolution Measures.”

Joint Ventures with Affiliates

We may enter into joint ventures with KBS Capital Advisors, any of our officers or directors or any of their affiliates for the acquisition, development or improvement of properties or other investments if a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transactions concludes that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on substantially the same terms and conditions as those received by other joint venturers. KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the other KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to KBS-advised investors in real estate and real estate-related assets, have some of the same executive officers, directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals; and these persons will face conflicts of interest in determining which KBS program or investor should enter into any particular joint venture agreement. These persons may also face a conflict in structuring the terms of the relationship between our interests and the interests of the KBS-affiliated co-venturer and in managing the joint venture. Any joint venture agreement or transaction between us and a KBS-affiliated co-venturer will not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiation of the type normally conducted between unrelated co-venturers. The KBS-affiliated co-venturer may have economic or business interests or goals that are or may become inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These co-venturers may thus benefit to our and your detriment.

Competition for Tenants and Others

Conflicts of interest may exist to the extent that we acquire properties in the same geographic areas where other KBS-sponsored programs, KBS-advised investors or affiliated entities own properties. In such a case, a conflict could arise in the leasing of properties in the event that we and another KBS-sponsored program, KBS-advised investor or affiliated entity were to compete for the same tenants in negotiating leases, or a conflict could arise in connection with the resale of properties in the event that we and another KBS-sponsored program, KBS-advised investor or affiliated entity were to attempt to sell similar properties at the same time. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest.” Conflicts of interest may also exist at such time as we or KBS Capital Advisors seek to employ developers, contractors, building managers or other third parties. Our advisor and the advisors of other KBS-sponsored programs, KBS-advised investors and affiliated entities will seek to reduce conflicts that may arise with respect to properties available for sale or rent by making prospective purchasers or tenants aware of all such properties. Our advisor and the advisors of other KBS-sponsored programs, KBS-advised investors and affiliated entities will also seek to reduce conflicts relating to the employment of developers, contractors or building managers by making prospective service providers aware of all properties in need of their services. However, our advisor and the advisors of other KBS-sponsored programs, KBS-advised investors and affiliated entities cannot fully avoid these conflicts because they may establish differing terms for resales or leasing of the various properties or differing compensation arrangements for service providers at different properties.

Allocation of Our Affiliates’ Time

We rely on KBS Capital Advisors and the real estate, management, accounting and debt finance professionals our advisor has assembled, for the day-to-day operation of our business. KBS Capital Advisors is also the advisor to other KBS-sponsored programs. In addition, all of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor are also executive officers, directors, and key real estate and debt finance professionals for other KBS-sponsored programs. Many of these individuals are also executive officers of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors of the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisors to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As a result of their interests in other KBS programs, their obligations to other investors and the fact that they engage in and they will continue to engage in other business activities on behalf of themselves and others, all of our executive officers, some of our directors and other key real estate and debt finance professionals assembled by our advisor face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, other KBS-sponsored programs as well as other business activities in which they are involved.

In addition, KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors and their affiliates share many of the same key real estate and debt finance professionals. Our executive officers and the key real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals affiliated with our sponsor who provide services to us are not obligated to devote a fixed amount of their time to us.

Our sponsor believes that our executive officers and the other key professionals have sufficient time to fully discharge their responsibilities to us and to the other businesses in which they are involved. We believe that our affiliates and executive officers will devote the time required to manage our business and expect that the amount of time a particular executive officer or affiliate devotes to us will vary during the course of the year and depend on our business

 

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activities at the given time. Because many of the operational aspects of KBS-sponsored programs are very similar, there are significant efficiencies created by the same team of individuals at our advisor providing services to multiple programs. For example, our advisor has streamlined the structure for financial reporting, internal controls and investment approval processes for the programs.

Receipt of Fees and Other Compensation by KBS Capital Advisors and its Affiliates

KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive substantial fees from us, which fees were not negotiated at arm’s length. These fees could influence our advisor’s advice to us as well as the judgment of its affiliates, some of whom also serve as our executive officers and affiliated directors, and the key real estate, debt finance, management and accounting professionals at our advisor. Among other matters, these compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to:

 

   

the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement and the dealer manager agreement;

 

   

recommendations to our board of directors with respect to developing, overseeing, implementing and coordinating our NAV procedures, or the decision to adjust the value of certain of our assets or liabilities if our advisor is responsible for valuing them;

 

   

offerings of equity by us, including using our securities to acquire portfolios or other companies, which may entitle KBS Capital Markets Group to dealer-manager fees and will likely entitle KBS Capital Advisors to increased advisory fees;

 

   

whether to engage KBS Management Group, which may receive fees in connection with the management of our properties regardless of the quality of the services provided to us, to manage our properties,;

 

   

sales of investments, which entitle KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees based on a percentage of the sales price, not the quality of the services rendered; and

 

   

whether we pursue a liquidity event such as a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, a sale of the company or a liquidation of our assets, which (i) may make it more likely for us to become self-managed or internalize our management, (ii) could positively or negatively affect the sales efforts for other KBS-sponsored programs, depending on the price at which our shares trade or the consideration received by our stockholders, and/or (iii) affect the advisory fees received by our advisor.

Our Board of Directors’ Loyalties to KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Growth & Income and Possibly to Future KBS-Sponsored Programs

Four of our directors, including two of our independent directors, Messrs. Meyer and Petak, are also directors of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. Mr. Meyer is also a director of KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT. One of our affiliated directors is also a director of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III and KBS Growth & Income REIT. The loyalties of our directors serving on the boards of directors of KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT and KBS Growth and Income REIT, or possibly on the board of directors of future KBS-sponsored programs, may influence the judgment of our board when considering issues for us that also may affect other KBS-sponsored programs, such as the following:

 

   

The conflicts committee of our board must evaluate the performance of KBS Capital Advisors with respect to whether KBS Capital Advisors is presenting to us our fair share of investment opportunities. If our advisor is not presenting a sufficient number of investment opportunities to us because it is presenting many opportunities to other KBS-sponsored programs or if our advisor is giving preferential treatment to other KBS-sponsored programs in this regard, our conflicts committee may not be well suited to enforce our rights under the terms of the advisory agreement or to seek a new advisor.

 

   

We could enter into transactions with other KBS-sponsored programs, such as property sales, acquisitions or financing arrangements. Such transactions might entitle our advisor or its affiliates to fees and other compensation from both parties to the transaction. Decisions of our board regarding the terms of those transactions may be influenced by our board’s loyalties to such other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

   

A decision of our board regarding the timing of a debt or equity offering could be influenced by concerns that the offering would compete with offerings of other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

   

A decision of our board regarding the timing of property sales could be influenced by concerns that the sales would compete with those of other KBS-sponsored programs.

 

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A decision of our board regarding whether we pursue a liquidity event such as a listing of our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange, a sale of the company or a liquidation of our assets, which could positively or negatively affect the sales efforts for other KBS-sponsored programs.

Fiduciary Duties Owed by Some of Our Affiliates to Our Advisor and Our Advisor’s Affiliates

All of our executive officers, our affiliated directors and the key real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor are also officers, directors, managers, key professionals and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in or for:

 

   

KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor;

 

   

KBS Capital Markets Group, our dealer manager; and/ or

 

   

other KBS-sponsored programs.

Through KBS-affiliated entities, some of these persons also serve as the investment advisors to KBS-advised investors. As a result, they owe fiduciary duties to each of these KBS-sponsored programs, their stockholders, members and limited partners and the KBS-advised investors. These fiduciary duties may from time to time conflict with the fiduciary duties that they owe to us.

Affiliated Dealer Manager

Since our dealer manager is an affiliate of KBS Capital Advisors, our stockholders will not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review and investigation of the type normally performed by an independent underwriter in connection with the offering of securities. See “Plan of Distribution.”

Our dealer manager currently acts as the dealer manager for KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II and KBS Growth & Income REIT. In addition, from time to time KBS Capital Markets Group serves as the dealer manager for private programs. Future programs may also seek to raise capital through our dealer manager through offerings conducted concurrently with our offering. As a result, our sponsor and the dealer manager may face conflicts of interest arising from potential competition with these other programs for investors and investment capital. Our sponsor and KBS Capital Markets Group generally seeks to avoid simultaneous offerings by programs that have a substantially similar mix of investment characteristics, including key investment objectives. Nevertheless, there may be periods during which one or more programs for which KBS Capital Markets Groups acts as the dealer manager will be raising capital and may compete with us for investment capital.

Certain Conflict Resolution Measures

Conflicts Committee

In order to ameliorate the risks created by conflicts of interest, we have created a conflicts committee of our board of directors composed of all of our independent directors. An independent director is a person who is not one of our officers or employees or an officer or employee of KBS Capital Advisors, our sponsor or their affiliates and has not been so for the previous two years and meets the other requirements set forth in our charter.

Our charter authorizes the conflicts committee to act on any matter permitted under Maryland law. Both our board of directors and the conflicts committee must act upon those conflict-of-interest matters that cannot be delegated to a committee under Maryland law. Our charter also empowers the conflicts committee to retain its own legal and financial advisors at our expense. Among the matters we expect the conflicts committee to act upon are:

 

   

the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement and the dealer manager agreement;

 

   

offerings of securities;

 

   

the provision of direction and oversight to our advisor in connection with its authority to make the decisions regarding our investments;

 

   

sales of properties and other investments;

 

   

investments in assets;

 

   

originations of loans;

 

   

borrowings;

 

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transactions with affiliates;

 

   

compensation of our officers and affiliated directors should we ever employ and compensate our officers directly;

 

   

whether and when we seek to list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange;

 

   

whether and when we seek to become self-managed, which decision could lead to our acquisition of entities affiliated with our advisor; and

 

   

whether and when we seek to sell the company or substantially all of its assets.

Other Charter Provisions Relating to Conflicts of Interest

In addition to the creation of the conflicts committee, our charter contains many other restrictions relating to conflicts of interest including the following:

Advisor Compensation. The conflicts committee evaluates at least annually whether the compensation that we contract to pay to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates is reasonable in relation to the nature and quality of services performed and whether such compensation is within the limits prescribed by the charter. The conflicts committee supervises the performance of KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates and the compensation we pay to them to determine whether the provisions of our compensation arrangements are being carried out. This evaluation is be based on the following factors as well as any other factors deemed relevant by the conflicts committee:

 

   

the amount of the fees and any other compensation, including stock-based compensation, paid to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates in relation to the size, composition and performance of our investments;

 

   

whether the total fees and expenses incurred by us are reasonable in light of our investment performance, net assets, net income and the fees and expenses of other comparable unaffiliated REITs;

 

   

the success of KBS Capital Advisors in generating appropriate investment opportunities;

 

   

the rates charged to other companies, including other REITs, by advisors performing similar services;

 

   

additional revenues realized by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates through their relationship with us, including whether we pay them or they are paid by others with whom we do business;

 

   

the quality and extent of service and advice furnished by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates;

 

   

the performance of our investment portfolio; and

 

   

the quality of our portfolio relative to the investments generated by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for their own account and for their other clients.

Under our charter, we can only pay our advisor, a director, our sponsor or an affiliate thereof, a disposition fee in connection with the sale of an asset if that person provides a substantial amount of the services in the effort to sell the asset, the commission does not exceed 3% of the sales price of the asset, and, if in connection with a disposition commissions are paid to third parties unaffiliated with our sponsor, the commission paid to our advisor, a director, our sponsor or an affiliate thereof does not exceed the commissions paid to such unaffiliated third parties. Although our charter limits the disposition fee we may pay to our advisor, a director, our sponsor or an affiliate thereof to 3% of the sales price, our advisory agreement provides for a 1% fee to our advisor. Any increase in this fee would require the approval of a majority of the members of our conflicts committee. Moreover, our charter also provides that the commission paid to our advisor, a director, our sponsor or an affiliate thereof, when added to all other disposition fees paid to unaffiliated parties in connection with the sale, may not exceed the lesser of a competitive real estate commission or 6% of the sales price of the asset. To the extent this disposition fee is paid upon the sale of any assets other than real property, it will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described below. We do not intend to sell assets to affiliates. However, if we do sell an asset to an affiliate, our organizational documents would not prohibit us from paying our advisor a disposition fee. Before we sold an asset to an affiliate, our charter would require that a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction conclude that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us.

Our charter also requires that, in order to be excluded from the limit on “total operating expenses” described below, any gain from the sale of assets that we may pay our advisor or an entity affiliated with our advisor be reasonable. Such an interest in gain from the sale of assets is presumed reasonable if it does not exceed 15% of the balance of the net

 

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sale proceeds remaining after payment to common stockholders, in the aggregate, of an amount equal to 100% of the original issue price of the common stock, plus an amount equal to 6% of the original issue price of the common stock per year cumulative. Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will amend our advisory agreement to provide an annual-return-based incentive fee based on the change in NAV per share and distributions of that year, and it will be subject to the limit on “total operating expenses” described below.

If we ever decided to become self-managed by acquiring entities affiliated with our advisor, our charter would require that a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction conclude that such internalization transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions no less favorable to us than those available from third parties.

Our charter also limits the amount of acquisition and origination fees and expenses we can incur to a total of 6% of the contract purchase price for the asset or, in the case of a loan we originate, 6% of the funds advanced. This limit may only be exceeded if a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves the fees and expenses and finds the transaction to be commercially competitive, fair and reasonable to us. Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will amend our advisory agreement to eliminate any acquisition and origination fees. Any increase in the acquisition and origination fee stipulated in the advisory agreement would require the approval of a majority of the members of the conflicts committee.

Term of Advisory Agreement.  Each contract for the services of our advisor may not exceed one year, although there is no limit on the number of times that we may retain a particular advisor. The conflicts committee or our advisor may terminate our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors without cause or penalty on 60 days’ written notice. In such event, KBS Capital Advisors must cooperate with us and our directors in making an orderly transition of the advisory function.

Our Acquisitions.  We will not purchase or lease assets in which our advisor, our sponsor, any of our directors or any of their affiliates has an interest without a determination by a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction that such transaction is fair and reasonable to us and at a price to us no greater than the cost of the asset to the affiliated seller or lessor, unless there is substantial justification for the excess amount. In no event may we acquire any such real property at an amount in excess of its current appraised value.

Our charter provides that the consideration we pay for real property will ordinarily be based on the fair market value of the property as determined by a majority of the members of the board of directors, or the approval of a majority of a committee of the board, provided that the members of the committee approving the transaction would also constitute a majority of the board. In cases in which a majority of our independent directors so determine, and in all cases in which real property is acquired from our advisor, our sponsor, any of our directors or any of their affiliates, the fair market value shall be determined by an independent expert selected by our independent directors not otherwise interested in the transaction.

Mortgage Loans Involving Affiliates.  Our charter prohibits us from investing in or making mortgage loans in which the transaction is with our advisor, our sponsor, our directors or any of their affiliates, unless an independent expert appraises the underlying property. We must keep the appraisal for at least five years and make it available for inspection and duplication by any of our stockholders. In addition, a mortgagee’s or owner’s title insurance policy or commitment as to the priority of the mortgage or the condition of the title must be obtained. Our charter prohibits us from making or investing in any mortgage loans that are subordinate to any mortgage or equity interest of KBS Capital Advisors, our directors or officers or any of their affiliates.

Other Transactions Involving Affiliates.  A majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transactions must conclude that all other transactions, including joint ventures, between us and our advisor, our sponsor, any of our directors or any of their affiliates, are fair and reasonable to us and are either on terms and conditions not less favorable to us than those available from unaffiliated third parties or, in the case of joint ventures, on substantially the same terms and conditions as those received by the other joint venturers.

Limitation on Operating Expenses.  Our advisor must reimburse us the amount by which our aggregate total operating expenses for the four fiscal quarters then ended exceed the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income, unless the conflicts committee has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. “Average invested assets” means the average monthly book value of our assets during the 12-month period before deducting depreciation, bad debts or other non-cash reserves. “Total operating

 

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expenses” means all expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under GAAP, that are in any way related to our operation, including advisory fees, but excluding (a) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and stock exchange listing of our stock; (b) interest payments; (c) taxes; (d) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves; (e) reasonable incentive fees based on the gain from the sale of our assets; and (f) acquisition fees and origination fees, acquisition and origination expenses (including expenses relating to potential investments that we do not close), disposition fees on the sale of real property and other expenses connected with the acquisition, origination, disposition and ownership of real estate interests, loans or other property (other than disposition fees on the sale of assets other than real property), including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property.

Issuance of Options and Warrants to Certain Affiliates.  Until our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, we will not issue options or warrants to purchase our common stock to our advisor, our sponsor, our directors or any of their affiliates, except on the same terms as such options or warrants are sold to the general public. We may issue options or warrants to persons other than our advisor, our sponsor, our directors or any of their affiliates prior to listing our common stock on a national securities exchange, but not at exercise prices less than the fair market value of the underlying securities on the date of grant and not for consideration (which may include services) that in the judgment of the conflicts committee has a market value less than the value of such option or warrant on the date of grant. Any options or warrants we issue to our advisor, our sponsor, our directors or any of their affiliates shall not exceed an amount equal to 10% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on the date of grant.

Repurchase of Our Shares.  Our charter provides that we may not voluntarily repurchase shares of our common stock if such repurchase would impair our capital or operations. In addition, our charter prohibits us from paying a fee to KBS Capital Advisors or our directors or officers or any of their affiliates in connection with our repurchase of our common stock.

Loans.  We will not make any loans to our advisor, our sponsor, our directors or any of their affiliates. In addition, we will not borrow from these parties unless a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves the transaction as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable and no less favorable to us than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties. These restrictions on loans will only apply to advances of cash that are commonly viewed as loans, as determined by the board of directors. By way of example only, the prohibition on loans would not restrict advances of cash for legal expenses or other costs incurred as a result of any legal action for which indemnification is being sought nor would the prohibition limit our ability to advance reimbursable expenses incurred by directors or officers or KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates.

Reports to Stockholders.  Our charter requires that we prepare an annual report and deliver it to our common stockholders within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year. Our directors are required to take reasonable steps to ensure that the annual report complies with our charter provisions. Among the matters that must be included in the annual report or included in a proxy statement delivered with the annual report are:

 

   

financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP that are audited and reported on by independent certified public accountants;

 

   

the ratio of the costs of raising capital during the year to the capital raised;

 

   

the aggregate amount of advisory fees and the aggregate amount of other fees paid to KBS Capital Advisors and any affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors by us or third parties doing business with us during the year;

 

   

our total operating expenses for the year stated as a percentage of our average invested assets and as a percentage of our net income;

 

   

a report from the conflicts committee that our policies are in the best interests of our common stockholders and the basis for such determination; and

 

   

a separately stated, full disclosure of all material terms, factors and circumstances surrounding any and all transactions involving us and our advisor, a director or any affiliate thereof during the year, which disclosure has been examined and commented upon in the report by the conflicts committee with regard to the fairness of such transactions.

 

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Voting of Shares Owned by Affiliates. Before becoming a common stockholder, KBS Capital Advisors, our directors and officers and their affiliates must agree not to vote their shares of common stock regarding (i) the removal of any of these affiliates or (ii) any transaction between them and us.

Ratification of Charter Provisions. Our board of directors and the conflicts committee have approved and ratified our charter by the vote of a majority of their respective members, as required by our charter.

Internalization Fee Restriction

If we ever decided to become self-managed by acquiring entities affiliated with our advisor, our charter requires that a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction conclude that such internalization transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions no less favorable to us than those available from third parties. In the event our board of directors and conflicts committee determine that it is in our best interest to obtain the personnel needed to become self-managed by entering into a business combination with affiliates of our sponsor (an “Internalization Transaction”), then we will not enter into such an Internalization Transaction unless our advisor or one of its affiliates agrees to proceed with the Internalization Transaction without the payment of any internalization fee or other consideration by us, whether in the form of a cash payment or in the form of stock, warrants or options.

Allocation of Investment Opportunities

Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS-sponsored programs, as well as for the KBS-advised investors for whom our advisor, KBS Realty Advisors and their affiliates serve as investment advisors. KBS Capital Advisors, as our advisor and the advisor to KBS REIT I, KBS REIT II, KBS Legacy Partners Apartment REIT, KBS REIT III, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, and KBS Growth & Income REIT, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates share many of the same key real estate and debt finance professionals. When these real estate and debt finance professionals direct an investment opportunity to any KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investors they, in their sole discretion, will have to determine the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor. The factors that the real estate and debt finance professionals will consider when determining the KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor for which an investment opportunity would be the most suitable are the following:

 

   

the investment objectives and criteria of each program or investor;

 

   

the cash requirements of each program or investor;

 

   

the effect of the investment on the diversification of each program’s or investor’s portfolio by type of investment, risk of investment, type of commercial property, geographic location of properties, and tenants of properties;

 

   

the policy of each program or investor relating to leverage;

 

   

the anticipated cash flow of the property or asset to be acquired;

 

   

the income tax effects of the purchase on each program or investor;

 

   

the size of the investment; and

 

   

the amount of funds available to each program or investor and the length of time such funds have been available for investment.

While we believe it will be infrequent, if a subsequent event or development, such as a delay in the closing of a property or investment or a delay in the construction of a property, causes any investment, in the opinion of our advisor’s real estate and debt finance professionals, to be more appropriate for another KBS-sponsored program or a KBS-advised investor, they may offer the investment to such KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor.

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II is focused on opportunistic real estate and real estate-related investments that are similar to our targeted investments. Until KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has fully invested the proceeds from its offering stage, and to the extent that an investment opportunity meets the cash flow requirements, operating needs, diversification goals and overall portfolio mix of both us and KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II, we expect KBS Capital Advisors to direct the investment opportunity to KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II. However, while KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II is concluding its offering and acquisition phase, our advisor does not believe it is likely we will be competing directly with KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II for investment opportunities because our advisor believes the initial investment opportunities appropriate for our portfolio will likely be in a price range of $50 million or less, while KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II will likely be considering investments at a purchase price in excess of

 

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$50 million based on its current portfolio composition and available cash for investment. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II has disclosed that unless it files a registration statement with the SEC to conduct a follow-on public offering, it expects its current offering to terminate in August 2017. Based upon current market conditions, we expect that KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II will have fully committed the proceeds from its initial public offering by the end of the fourth quarter of 2017. However, even after this time, based upon asset sales and the maturity, prepayment or workout of debt-related investments or market conditions, KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT II may from time to time seek to make additional investments at the same time as us. It shall be the duty of our board of directors, including the independent directors, to ensure that the allocation method described above is applied fairly to us.

Our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors requires that KBS Capital Advisors inform the conflicts committee each quarter of the investments that have been purchased by other KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors for whom KBS Capital Advisors, KBS Realty Advisors or one of their affiliates serves as an investment advisor so that the conflicts committee can evaluate whether we are receiving our fair share of opportunities. KBS Capital Advisors’ success in generating investment opportunities for us and the fair allocation of opportunities among KBS-sponsored programs and KBS-advised investors are important factors in the conflicts committee’s determination to continue or renew our arrangements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. The conflicts committee has a duty to ensure that favorable investment opportunities are not disproportionately allocated to other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised investors. For so long as we are externally advised, our charter provides that it shall not be a proper purpose of the corporation for us to make any significant investment unless our advisor has recommended the investment to us.

 

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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA

General

We intend to invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of opportunistic real estate, real estate-related loans, real estate-related securities and other real estate-related investments. In particular, we are currently focused on acquiring properties with significant possibilities for short-term capital appreciation, such as those requiring development, redevelopment or repositioning or those located in markets with higher volatility, lower barriers to entry and high growth potential. We may acquire office, industrial, retail, hospitality, multi-family and other real properties, including existing or newly constructed properties or properties under development or construction. We also may invest in real estate-related loans, including but not limited to mortgage, bridge or mezzanine loans. Further, we may invest in real estate-related securities, including securities issued by other real estate companies, either for investment or in change of control transactions completed on a negotiated basis or otherwise. We anticipate that the majority of our investments will be made in the United States, although we may also invest outside the United States to the extent that opportunities exist that may help us meet our investment objectives.

Our primary investment objectives are:

 

   

to provide you with attractive and stable returns; and

 

   

to preserve and return your capital contribution.

We plan to lease-up and stabilize existing assets. We plan to explore value-add opportunities for existing assets and seek to realize growth in the value of our investments by timing asset sales to maximize their value. We also intend to actively pursue additional lending and investment opportunities that we believe will provide an attractive risk-adjusted return to our stockholders.

We believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection and underwriting of assets. When making an investment, we will emphasize the performance and risk characteristics of that investment, how that investment will fit with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and how the returns and risks of that investment compare to the returns and risks of available investment alternatives.

Although the foregoing represents our present investment focus and targets, we may adjust any of the foregoing based on real estate market conditions and investment opportunities. Our board may revise our investment policies, which we describe in more detail below, without the approval of our stockholders. Our conflicts committee will review our investment policies at least annually to determine whether our policies are in the best interests of our stockholders. Our charter requires that the conflicts committee include the basis for its determination in its minutes and in an annual report delivered to our stockholders. Our funds will be invested in accordance with our charter, which places numerous limitations on us with respect to the manner in which we may invest (see “—Charter-imposed Investment Limitations”).

Investment Policies

Opportunistic Real Estate

We intend to invest in commercial properties, including but not limited to office, office-tech, retail, apartment, industrial and hotel properties, as well as property for development or redevelopment into commercial properties, such as land or vacant buildings, in each case, that have been identified as being opportunistic investments with significant possibilities for near-term capital appreciation. These properties will be identified as such because of their property-specific characteristics or their market characteristics. For instance, properties that may benefit from unique repositioning opportunities or for development or redevelopment or which are located in markets with higher volatility, lower barriers to entry and high growth potential may present appropriate investments for us.

 

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We will use an opportunistic investment strategy in which we will seek to invest in real estate that we believe may be developed, redeveloped or repositioned so that it will reach an optimum value after our acquisition or investment. We may acquire properties with lower tenant quality or low occupancy rates and reposition them by seeking to improve the property, tenant quality and occupancy rates and thereby increase lease revenues and overall property value. Further, we may invest in properties that we believe are an attractive value because all or a portion of the tenant leases expire within a short period after the date of acquisition and we intend to renew leases or replace existing tenants at the properties for improved tenant quality. We may invest in a wide variety of commercial properties, including, without limitation, office buildings, shopping centers, business and industrial parks, manufacturing facilities, apartment buildings, warehouses and distribution facilities, and motel and hotel properties. We may purchase land or properties that have been constructed and have operating histories, are newly constructed, are under development or construction, or are not yet developed. We may also acquire properties in markets that are depressed or overbuilt with the anticipation that, within our anticipated holding period, the markets will recover and favorably impact the value of these properties. Many of the markets where we will acquire properties may have low barriers to entry and higher volatility in real estate lease rates and sale prices. As a result of our flexibility to invest in a variety of types of commercial properties rather than in specific limited property types, our intent to target properties with significant possibilities for near-term capital appreciation, and our use of a higher degree of leverage, we believe that our investments generally will provide a rate of return superior to real estate programs that invest in a limited range of property types, have a longer anticipated holding period, utilize leverage to a lesser degree and/or employ more conservative investment strategies.

One factor in considering an investment will be providing cash distributions to our stockholders. However, because a significant factor in the valuation of income-producing real properties is their potential for future appreciation in value, we anticipate that the majority of properties we acquire will have the potential for both capital appreciation and increased cash flow from operations in order to provide cash distributions to stockholders.

We will generally hold fee title or a long-term leasehold estate in the properties we acquire. We may also invest in or acquire operating companies or other entities that own and operate assets that meet our investment objectives. We will make investments in other entities when we consider it more efficient to acquire an entity that already owns assets meeting our investment objectives than to acquire such assets directly. We may also participate with other entities (including affiliated entities) in property ownership through joint ventures, limited liability companies, partnerships and other types of common ownership.

Our advisor intends to diversify our real estate property investments by investment type, geographic region, investment size and investment risk. We will focus on markets where KBS-affiliated entities or a partner to us or our advisor has an established market presence, market knowledge and access to potential investments, as well as an ability to direct property management and leasing operations efficiently. We will review and change our target markets periodically in response to changing market opportunities and to maintain a diverse portfolio. Economic and real estate market conditions vary widely both region to region and among different property types within each region and submarket, and we intend to spread our investments both across regions and among the submarkets within regions.

Conditions to Closing Real Property Investments. Our advisor will perform a diligence review on each property that we purchase. As part of this review, our advisor or a partner to us our our advisor will obtain an environmental site assessment for each proposed acquisition (which at a minimum includes a Phase I environmental assessment). We will not close the purchase of any property unless we are generally satisfied with the environmental status of the property. Our investment policy currently provides that the purchase price of each property will not exceed its fair market value at the time of our acquisition of the property. We will also generally seek to condition our obligation to close the purchase of any investment on the delivery of certain documents from the seller or developer. Such documents include, where available:

 

   

plans and specifications;

 

   

surveys;

 

   

evidence of readily transferable title to the proposed investment property, subject to such liens and encumbrances as are acceptable to KBS Capital Advisors;

 

   

title insurance policies; and

 

   

financial statements covering recent operations of properties that have operating histories.

 

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Tenant Improvements. We anticipate that tenant improvements required at the time of our acquisition of a property will be funded from our offering proceeds and financings or from operating cash flow. However, at such time as a tenant of one of our properties does not renew its lease or otherwise vacates its space in one of our buildings, it is likely that, in order to attract new tenants, we will be required to expend substantial funds for tenant improvements and tenant refurbishments to the vacated space, which may be funded from borrowings and offering proceeds, including proceeds from our dividend reinvestment plan.

Terms of Leases. We expect that the vast majority of the leases we enter will provide for tenant reimbursement of operating expenses. Operating expenses typically include real estate taxes, special assessments, insurance, utilities, common area maintenance and some building repairs. We also intend to include provisions in our leases that increase the amount of base rent payable at various points during the lease term and/or provide for the payment of additional rent calculated as a percentage of a tenant’s gross sales above predetermined thresholds. However, the terms and conditions of any leases we acquire as part of an acquisition of a property or into which we enter with respect to the properties we acquire may vary substantially from those described. We will describe the terms of leases on properties we acquire by means of a supplement to this prospectus where and to the extent we believe such terms are material to a decision to purchase shares in this offering.

Tenant Creditworthiness. We will execute new tenant leases and tenant lease renewals, expansions and extensions with terms dictated by the current submarket conditions and the verifiable creditworthiness of each particular tenant. We will use a number of industry credit rating services to determine the creditworthiness of potential tenants and any personal guarantor or corporate guarantor of each potential tenant. The reports produced by these services will be compared to the relevant financial data collected from these parties before consummating a lease transaction. Relevant financial data from potential tenants and guarantors includes income statements and balance sheets for the current year and for prior periods, net worth or cash flow statements of guarantors and other information we deem relevant. Third-party brokers will handle the lease-up of our properties with the supervision, support and assistance of the KBS Capital Advisors asset manager that is responsible for managing the lease-up and operation of the property through its sale.

Investments in Real Estate-Related Loans

We may invest in real estate-related loans, including distressed debt, first and second mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, B-Notes, bridge loans, convertible mortgages, wraparound mortgage loans, construction mortgage loans and participations in such loans. We may structure, underwrite and originate the debt products in which we invest. Our underwriting process will involve comprehensive financial, structural, operational and legal due diligence to assess the risks of investments so that we can optimize pricing and structuring. By originating loans directly, we will be able to efficiently structure a diverse range of products.

We may sell some of the loans (or portions of the loans after separating them into tranches) that we originate to third parties for a profit. We expect to hold other loans (or portions of loans) for investment.

Described below are some of the types of loans we may originate or acquire:

Distressed Debt.  Distressed debt may include sub- and non-performing real estate loans acquired from financial institutions and performing loans acquired from distressed sellers. We make these investments when we believe our underwriting, credit, financing and asset management experience will enable us to generate above-average risk-adjusted returns by resolving these distressed loans expeditiously through refinancings, negotiated repayments with borrowers or foreclosure and subsequent sale of the underlying property. A sub-performing loan is a loan with a very high loan-to-value ratio and a low debt service coverage ratio and that is likely to default at maturity because the property securing the loan cannot support a refinancing of the loan’s entire unpaid principal balance. A non-performing loan is a loan that is in default of its covenants, is past due in interest payments, or is past its final maturity date and has not been repaid. Sub- and non-performing loans are typically purchased at a discount to the note’s face amount.

In certain cases, we may invest in distressed debt in cases in which we do not expect the borrower to perform in accordance with the contractual terms, including the repayment of the principal amounts outstanding under the loans, the payment of interest at the stated amounts on the faces of the notes or the repayment of the loans upon their maturity dates. We may explore various strategies for these investments including the following: (i) negotiating with the borrowers for reduced payoffs, (ii) restructuring the terms of the loans, and (iii) enforcing our rights as lender under the loans and foreclosing on the collateral securing the loans. Ultimately, we may obtain title to properties securing our non-performing loan investments via foreclosure or deed-in-lieu proceedings, which are typically non-stabilized or otherwise not performing optimally.

Mortgage Loans.  We may originate or acquire mortgage loans structured to permit us to (i) retain the entire

 

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loan or (ii) sell or securitize the lower yielding senior portions of the loan and retain the higher yielding subordinate investment (or vice-versa). We expect these loans to be secured by commercial properties and generally range in size from $5 million to $50 million, with exceptions, such as high-quality loans with low loan-to-value ratios. We may also acquire seasoned mortgage loans in the secondary market secured by single assets as well as portfolios of performing and sub-performing loans that were originated by third-party lenders such as banks, life insurance companies and other owners.

Second Mortgages.  We may invest in second mortgages, which are loans secured by second deeds of trust on real property that is already subject to prior mortgage indebtedness, in an amount which, when added to the existing indebtedness, does not generally exceed 75% of the appraised value of the mortgage property.

B-Notes.  B-Notes are junior participations in a first mortgage loan on a single property or group of related properties. The senior participation is known as an A-Note. Although a B-Note may be evidenced by its own promissory note, it shares a single borrower and mortgage with the A-Note and is secured by the same collateral. Though B-Note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A-Note lender, in most instances B-Note lenders are contractually limited in rights and remedies in the event of a default. The B-Note is subordinate to the A-Note by virtue of a contractual or intercreditor arrangement between the A-Note lender and the B-Note lender. For the B-Note lender to actively pursue its available remedies (if any), it must, in most instances, purchase the A-Note or maintain its performing status in the event of a default on the B-Note. The B-Note lender may in some instances require a security interest in the stock or partnership interests of the borrower as part of the transaction. If the B-Note holder can obtain a security interest, it may be able to accelerate gaining control of the underlying property, subject to the rights of the A-Note holder. These debt instruments are senior to the mezzanine debt tranches described below, though they may be junior to another junior participation in the first mortgage loan. B-Notes may or may not be rated by a recognized rating agency.

B-Notes typically are secured by a single property, and the associated credit risk is concentrated in that single property. B-Notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to more credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or the A-Note. Our management believes that B-Notes are one of the safest subordinated debt instruments because B-Notes share a single mortgage with the A-Note and, as a result, its position survives an event of foreclosure. After the A-Note is satisfied, any remaining recoveries go next to the B-Note holder.

Mezzanine Loans.  The mezzanine loans we may originate or acquire will generally take the form of subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property. We may hold senior or junior positions in mezzanine loans, such senior or junior position denoting the particular leverage strip that may apply.

We may require other collateral to provide additional security for mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment.

These types of investments generally involve a lower degree of risk than an equity investment in an entity that owns real property because the mezzanine investment is generally secured by the ownership interests in the property-owning entity and, as a result, is senior to the equity. Upon a default by the borrower under the mezzanine loan, the mezzanine lender generally can take immediate control and ownership of the property-owning entity, subject to the senior mortgage on the property that stays in place in the event of a mezzanine default and change of control of the borrower.

These types of investments involve a higher degree of risk relative to the long-term senior mortgage secured by the underlying real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy the mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt.

Bridge Loans.  We may offer bridge financing products to borrowers who are typically seeking short-term capital to be used in an acquisition, development or refinancing of a given property. From the borrower’s perspective,

 

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shorter-term bridge financing is advantageous because it allows time to improve the property value through repositioning without encumbering it with restrictive long-term debt. The terms of these loans generally do not exceed three years.

Convertible Mortgages.  Convertible mortgages are similar to equity participations. We may invest in and/or originate convertible mortgages if our directors conclude that we may benefit from the cash flow or any appreciation in the value of the subject property.

Wraparound Mortgages.  A wraparound mortgage loan is secured by a wraparound deed of trust on a real property that is already subject to prior mortgage indebtedness, in an amount which, when added to the existing indebtedness, does not generally exceed 75% of the appraised value of the mortgage property. A wraparound loan is one or more junior mortgage loans having a principal amount equal to the outstanding balance under the existing mortgage loan, plus the amount actually to be advanced under the wraparound mortgage loan. Under a wraparound loan, we would generally make principal and interest payments on behalf of the borrower to the holders of the prior mortgage loans.

Construction Loans.  Construction loans are loans made for either original development or renovation of property. Construction loans in which we would generally consider an investment would be secured by first deeds of trust on real property for terms of six months to two years.

Pre-development Loans and Land Loans.  We may provide financing to fund the costs of property pre-development as well as land acquisitions. These loans are frequently done in conjunction with construction loans and are often structured as a component of the construction loan. Due to the complexity and underwriting requirements of a construction loan, borrowers often need to secure financing prior to being able to satisfy all of the requirements for the construction loan. Funds are used for acquisition of the land, pre-development and site work and to fund other costs until a guaranteed maximum construction price can be put into place. The terms of these loans generally do not exceed three years.

Loans on Leasehold Interests.  Loans on leasehold interests are secured by an assignment of the borrower’s leasehold interest in the particular real property. These loans are generally for terms of six months to 15 years. Leasehold interest loans are either amortized over a period that is shorter than the lease term or have a maturity date prior to the date the lease terminates. These loans would generally permit us to cure any default under the lease.

Loans on Equity Interests. Loans on equity interests are typically made to the general partner or managing member of a newly-formed joint venture acquiring real estate and are often secured by an assignment of the borrower’s equity interest in the particular joint venture and/or a guaranty of payment. These loans are generally for terms of six months to five years. The terms of equity interest loans vary; they can have fixed repayment intervals or be repaid based on cash flow from the property the particular joint venture owns, or both. These loans would generally permit us to become a direct or indirect member of the particular joint venture if a default occurs. We may also originate an equity interest loan where a direct equity investment through a joint venture is not feasible or economical.

Fund Level or Corporate Level Debt.  We may invest in various real estate or real estate-related ventures by providing financing to or purchasing the debt obligations of funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate, such as REITs, hotels and gaming companies.

Participations.  Participation investments are investments in partial interests of loans of the type described above that are made and administered by third-party lenders.

Underwriting Loans.  We will not make or invest in mortgage loans unless we obtain an appraisal of the underlying property, except for mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency. We will maintain each appraisal in our records for at least five years and will make it available during normal business hours for inspection and duplication by any stockholder at such stockholder’s expense. In addition to the appraisal, we will seek to obtain a customary lender’s title insurance policy or commitment as to the priority of the mortgage or condition of the title.

We will not make or invest in mortgage loans on any one property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans outstanding on the property, including our borrowings, would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised value of the property, unless we find substantial justification due to the presence of other underwriting criteria. We may find such justification in connection with the purchase of mortgage loans in cases in which we believe there is a high probability of our foreclosure upon the property in order to acquire the underlying assets and in which the cost of the mortgage loan investment does not exceed the appraised value of the underlying property. Such mortgages may not be insured or

 

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guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs or another third party.

In evaluating prospective acquisitions and originations of loans, our management and our advisor will consider factors such as the following:

 

   

the ratio of the amount of the investment to the value of the property by which it is secured;

 

   

the amount of existing debt on the property and the priority thereof relative to our prospective investment;

 

   

the property’s potential for capital appreciation;

 

   

expected levels of rental and occupancy rates;

 

   

current and projected cash flow of the property;

 

   

potential for rental increases;

 

   

the degree of liquidity of the investment;

 

   

the geographic location of the property;

 

   

the condition and use of the property;

 

   

the property’s income-producing capacity;

 

   

the quality, experience and creditworthiness of the borrower; and

 

   

general economic conditions in the area where the property is located.

Our advisor will evaluate all potential loan investments to determine if the security for the loan and the loan-to-value ratio meets our investment criteria and objectives. One of the real estate and debt finance professionals at our advisor or its subsidiary or their agent may inspect material properties during the loan approval process, if such an inspection is deemed necessary. Inspection of a property may be deemed necessary if that property is considered material to the transaction (such as a property representing a significant portion of the collateral underlying a pool of loans) or if there are unique circumstances related to such property such as recent capital improvements or possible functional obsolescence. We also may engage trusted third-party professionals to inspect properties on our behalf.

Most loans that we will consider for investment would provide for monthly payments of interest and some may also provide for principal amortization, although we expect that most of the loans in which we will invest will provide for payments of interest only during the loan term and a payment of principal in full at the end of the loan term.

Our loan investments may be subject to regulation by federal, state and local authorities and subject to laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, including, among other things, regulating credit granting activities, establishing maximum interest rates and finance charges, requiring disclosure to customers, governing secured transactions and setting collection, repossession and claims handling procedures and other trade practices. In addition, certain states have enacted legislation requiring the licensing of mortgage bankers or other lenders, and these requirements may affect our ability to effectuate our proposed investments in loans. Commencement of operations in these or other jurisdictions may be dependent upon a finding of our financial responsibility, character and fitness. We may determine not to make loans in any jurisdiction in which the regulatory authority believes that we have not complied in all material respects with applicable requirements.

Our charter does not limit the amount of gross offering proceeds that we may apply to loan investments. Our charter also does not place any limit or restriction on:

 

   

the percentage of our assets that may be invested in any type of loan or in any single loan; or

 

   

the types of properties subject to mortgages or other loans in which we may invest.

When determining whether to make investments in mortgage and other loans, we will consider such factors as: positioning the overall portfolio to achieve an optimal mix of real estate-related investments; the diversification benefits of the loans relative to the rest of the portfolio; the potential for the investment to deliver high current income and attractive risk-adjusted total returns; and other factors considered important to meeting our investment objectives. As discussed above, some of the loans we make will be sold shortly after origination.

Investments in Debt Securities

In addition to investments in properties, loans and equity securities (discussed below), we may also invest in real estate-related debt securities such as commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and debt securities

 

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issued by other companies. We may invest in any residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations or other real estate-related debt security that we believe will provide an attractive risk-adjusted return. While we may invest in any debt-related securities, we expect that the majority of these investments would be commercial mortgage-backed securities or CMBS. A brief description of CMBS follows.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities.  CMBS, are securities that evidence interests in, or are secured by, a single commercial mortgage loan or a pool of commercial mortgage loans. Accordingly, these securities are subject to all of the risks of the underlying mortgage loans.

CMBS are generally pass-through certificates that represent beneficial ownership interests in common law trusts whose assets consist of defined portfolios of one or more commercial mortgage loans. They are typically issued in multiple tranches whereby the more senior classes are entitled to priority distributions from the trust’s income. Losses and other shortfalls from expected amounts to be received on the mortgage pool are borne by the most subordinate classes, which receive payments only after the more senior classes have received all principal and/or interest to which they are entitled. The equity tranche, which is the “first loss” position, bears most of the risk associated with the collateral pool. It is possible for a relatively few number of defaults in the collateral pool to cause large losses for the equity tranche. However, if the collateral pool performs well, the equity tranche has a greater potential return than the more senior tranches, which typically have returns capped at the coupon rates of the notes created in the structure.

In addition to tranche seniority, the credit quality of CMBS depends on the credit quality of the underlying mortgage loans, the real estate finance market and the parties directly involved in the transaction, which is a function of factors such as:

 

   

the principal amount of the loans relative to the value of the related properties;

 

   

the mortgage loan terms (e.g. amortization);

 

   

market assessment and geographic location;

 

   

construction quality of the property;

 

   

the creditworthiness of the borrowers;

 

   

macroeconomic variables that affect the supply and demand for commercial real estate;

 

   

structural features of the transaction, such as subordination levels, advancing terms and other credit enhancements;

 

   

the originator of the loan and its motivation to sell it;

 

   

the underwriter and issuer of the transaction and their ability to trade and support it in the secondary markets; and

 

   

the servicers and trustees responsible for running and maintaining the transaction on a daily basis.

Ratings of Real Estate-Related Debt Securities.  For mortgage-backed securities, the securitization process is governed by one or more of the rating agencies, including Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s, who determine the respective bond class sizes, generally based on a sequential payment structure. Bonds that are rated from AAA to BBB by the rating agencies are considered “investment grade.” Bond classes that are subordinate to the BBB class are considered “non-investment grade.” The respective bond class sizes are determined based on the review of the underlying collateral by the rating agencies. The payments received from the underlying loans are used to make the payments on the securities. Based on the sequential payment priority, the risk of nonpayment for the AAA securities is lower than the risk of nonpayment for the non-investment grade bonds. Accordingly, the AAA class is typically sold at a lower yield compared to the non-investment grade classes that are sold at higher yields. We may invest in investment grade and non-investment grade classes.

We evaluate the risk of investment grade and non-investment grade mortgage-backed securities based on the credit risk of the underlying collateral and the risk of the transactional structure. The credit risk of the underlying collateral is crucial in evaluating the expected performance of an investment. Key variables in this assessment include rent levels, vacancy rates, supply and demand forecasts and tenant incentives (build-out incentives or other rent concessions) related to the underlying properties. We utilize third-party data providers to review loan level performance such as delinquencies and threats to credit performance. We also review monthly servicing reports of the master and special servicers as well as reports from rating agencies. We perform specific asset-level underwriting on all significant loans in the securities structure. We utilize sensitivity analysis and other statistical underwriting when evaluating the cash flows generated by a transaction. With respect to transactional structure, we assess the structure of a particular

 

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securities transaction as well as utilize third-party data providers for a structural sensitivity analysis. After assessing loan-level data and structural data, we combine this information to forecast expected cash flows, probability of default and loss given a default.

Investments in Equity Securities

We may make equity investments in funds or corporate entities with a primary focus on the commercial real estate and real estate finance industries or with significant exposure to real estate, such as REITs, hotels and gaming companies. We may purchase the common or preferred stock of these entities or purchase or write options with respect to their stock. We may eventually seek to acquire or gain a controlling interest in the companies that we target. We do not expect our non-controlling equity investments in other public companies to represent a substantial portion of our assets at any one time.

We may make investments in other entities when we consider it more efficient to acquire an entity that already owns assets meeting our investment objectives than to acquire such assets directly. We may also participate with other entities (including affiliated entities) in property ownership through joint ventures, limited liability companies, partnerships and other types of common ownership.

Other Possible Investments

Although we expect that most of our investments will be of the types described above, we may make other investments. In fact, we may invest in whatever types of assets that we believe are in our best interests. Although we can purchase any type of assets, our charter does limit certain types of investments. See “—Charter-Imposed Investment Limitations.” We do not intend to underwrite securities of other issuers.

Investment Decisions and Asset Management:  The KBS Approach

KBS Capital Advisors has the authority to make all of the decisions regarding our investments, subject to the limitations in our charter and the direction and oversight of our board of directors. Our conflicts committee will review our investment policies at least annually to determine whether our investment policies continue to be in the best interests of our common stockholders.

KBS Capital Advisors believes that successful real estate investment requires the implementation of strategies that permit favorable purchases and originations, effective asset management and timely disposition of those assets. As such, KBS Capital Advisors has developed a disciplined investment approach that combines the experience of its team of real estate and debt finance professionals with a structure that emphasizes thorough market research, stringent underwriting standards and an extensive down-side analysis of the risks of each investment. The KBS approach also includes active and aggressive management of each asset acquired. KBS Capital Advisors believes that active management is critical to creating value. Our advisor develops a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we make and periodically performs a hold-sell analysis on each asset. These periodic analyses focus on the remaining available value enhancement opportunities for the asset, the demand for the asset in the marketplace, market conditions and our overall portfolio objectives to determine if the sale of the asset, whether via an individual sale or as part of a portfolio sale or merger, would generate a favorable return to our stockholders. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our assets for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions and asset positioning have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Peter M. Bren, Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. work together at KBS Capital Advisors with their team of key real estate and debt finance professionals. These senior real estate and debt finance professionals have been through multiple real estate cycles in their careers and have the expertise gained through hands-on experience in acquisitions, originations, loan workouts, asset management, dispositions, development, leasing and property and portfolio management.

 

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In an effort to both find better investment opportunities and enhance the performance of those investments, KBS Capital Advisors will utilize a market-focused structure. KBS Capital Advisors has divided the country into three regions: the Eastern, Central and Western United States. Each region has a regional president who is responsible for executing our investment strategy. Asset managers are typically responsible for investments in only a few markets, which allows them to have in-depth knowledge of each market for which they are responsible. This focus also allows the asset managers to establish networks of relationships with each market’s leasing and investment brokers and owners. We believe this regionally-aligned organization that emphasizes local market knowledge provides better investment selection at acquisition, quicker lease-up of vacant space, better investment operating performance and more timely execution of a sale.

To execute our advisor’s disciplined investment approach, a team of its real estate and debt finance professionals takes responsibility for the business plan of each investment. The following practices summarize KBS Capital Advisors’ investment approach:

 

   

National Market Research - The investment team extensively researches the acquisition and/or origination and underwriting of each investment, utilizing both real time market data and the transactional knowledge and experience of KBS Capital Advisors’ network of professionals.

 

   

Underwriting Discipline - KBS Capital Advisors follows a tightly controlled and managed process to examine all elements of a potential investment including, with respect to real property, its location, income-producing capacity, prospects for long-range appreciation, income tax considerations and liquidity. Only those assets meeting our investment criteria will be accepted for inclusion in our portfolio. In an effort to keep an asset in compliance with those standards, the underwriting team remains involved through the investment life cycle of the asset and consults with our advisor’s other real estate and debt finance professionals responsible for the asset. This team of experts reviews and develops comprehensive reports for each asset throughout the holding period.

 

   

Risk Management - Risk management is a fundamental principle in our advisor’s construction of our portfolio and in the management of each investment. Diversification by investment type, geographic region, investment size and investment risk is critical to controlling portfolio-level risk. Operating or performance risks arise at the investment level and often require real estate operating experience to cure. KBS Capital Advisors’ real estate and debt finance professionals continuously review the operating performance of investments against projections and provide the oversight necessary to detect and resolve issues as they arise.

 

   

Asset Management - Prior to the purchase of an individual asset or portfolio, the asset managers work closely with the regional president and the acquisition and underwriting teams to develop an asset business strategy. This is a forecast of the action items to be taken and the capital needed to achieve the anticipated returns. KBS Capital Advisors reviews asset business strategies quarterly to anticipate changes or opportunities in the market during a given phase of a real estate cycle. KBS Capital Advisors designed this process to allow for realistic yet aggressive enhancement of value throughout the investment period.

Joint Venture Investments

We may enter into joint ventures, partnerships and other co-ownership arrangements (including preferred equity investments) or participations for the purpose of obtaining interests in real estate properties and other real estate investments. We may also enter into joint ventures for the development or improvement of properties. Joint venture investments permit us to own interests in large properties and other investments without unduly restricting the diversity of our portfolio. In determining whether to invest in a particular joint venture, KBS Capital Advisors will evaluate the real estate investments that such joint venture owns or is being formed to own under the same criteria described elsewhere in this prospectus for the selection of our investments.

 

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KBS Capital Advisors will also evaluate the potential joint venture partner as to its financial condition, operating capabilities and integrity. We may enter into joint ventures with third parties or other KBS-sponsored programs or affiliated entities; however, we may only enter into joint ventures with other KBS-sponsored programs or affiliated entities if a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction concludes that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on substantially the same terms and conditions as those received by other joint venturers. At such time during the term of this offering that KBS Capital Advisors believes that there is a reasonable probability that we will enter into a joint venture for the origination or acquisition of a significant investment, we will supplement this prospectus to disclose the terms of such proposed transaction. You should not rely upon such initial disclosure of any proposed transaction as an assurance that we will ultimately consummate the proposed transaction or that the information we provide in any supplement to this prospectus concerning any proposed transaction will not change after the date of the supplement.

We have not established the specific terms we will require in the joint venture agreements we may enter. Instead, we will establish the terms with respect to any particular joint venture agreement on a case-by-case basis after our board of directors considers all of the relevant facts, such as the nature and attributes of our other potential joint venture partners, the proposed structure of the joint venture, the nature of the operations, the liabilities and assets associated with the proposed joint venture and the size of our interest when compared to the interests owned by other partners in the venture. With respect to any joint venture we enter, we expect to consider the following types of concerns and safeguards:

 

   

Our ability to manage and control the joint venture. — We will consider whether we should obtain certain approval rights in joint ventures we do not control. For proposed joint ventures in which we are to share control with another entity, we will consider the procedures to address decisions in the event of an impasse.

 

   

Our ability to exit a joint venture. — We consider requiring buy/sell rights, redemption rights or forced liquidation rights.

 

   

Our ability to control transfers of interests held by other partners to the venture. — We will consider requiring consent provisions, a right of first refusal and/or forced redemption rights in connection with transfers.

Borrowing Policies

We have financed the majority of our real estate and real estate-related investments with a combination of the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and debt, including an Isreali bond issuance. We used debt financing to increase the amount available for investment and to potentially increase overall investment yields to us and our stockholders. We have tried to spread the maturity dates of our debt to minimize maturity and refinance risk in our portfolio. In addition, a majority of our debt allows us to extend the maturity dates, subject to certain conditions. Although we believe we will satisfy the conditions to extend the maturity of our debt obligations, we can give no assurance in this regard. For more information about our current borrowings, see “Investments in Real Properties and Real Estate-Related Assets—Borrowings.”

We may use borrowed funds to: finance acquisitions of new real estate investments; pay for capital improvements, repairs or tenant build-outs to properties; refinance existing indebtedness; pay distributions; or provide working capital. Careful use of debt will help us to achieve our diversification goals because we will have more funds available for investment. Our investment strategy is to utilize primarily secured and possibly unsecured debt to finance our investment portfolio. We may elect to secure financing subsequent to the acquisition date of real estate investments and initially acquire investments without debt financing. To the extent that we do not finance our properties and other investments, our ability to acquire additional real estate investments will be restricted.

There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for any single investment. Our charter limits our total liabilities to 75% of the cost of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our common stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of December 31, 2015, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 54% of the cost (before depreciation or other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets. As a result of the bond issuance referenced above, as of September 30, 2016, our borrowings and other liabilities were approximately 70% of the cost (before depreciation or other noncash reserves) and book value (before depreciation) of our tangible assets.

 

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We do not intend to exceed the leverage limit in our charter. High levels of debt could cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments, which would decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to our investors, and could also be accompanied by restrictive covenants. High levels of debt could also increase the risk of being unable to refinance when loans become due, or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms, and the risk of loss with respect to assets pledged as collateral for loans.

Except with respect to the borrowing limits contained in our charter, we may reevaluate and change our debt policy in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we would consider when reevaluating or changing our debt policy include: then-current economic conditions, the relative cost and availability of debt and equity capital, any investment opportunities, the ability of our investments to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to book value in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.

We may incur indebtedness in the form of bank borrowings, purchase money obligations to the sellers of properties we purchase, publicly and privately-placed debt instruments and/or financings from institutional investors or other lenders. This indebtedness may be unsecured or secured by mortgages or other interests in our assets, or may be limited to the particular property to which the indebtedness relates.

We may finance the acquisition or origination of certain real estate-related investments with repurchase agreements and warehouse lines of credit. With repurchase agreements, we may borrow against the loans, mortgage-backed securities and other investments we own. Under these agreements, we may sell loans and other investments to a counterparty and agree to repurchase the same assets from the counterparty at a price equal to the original sales price plus an interest factor. Repurchase agreements economically resemble short-term, variable-rate financings and usually require the maintenance of specific loan-to-collateral value ratios. If the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement declines, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the loan-to-collateral value ratio. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets. We may also rely on warehouse credit facilities for capital needed to fund our investments. These facilities are typically lines of credit from commercial and investment banks that we can draw from to fund our investments. Warehouse facilities are typically collateralized loans made to investors who invest in securities and loans and, in return for financing, pledge their securities and loans to the warehouse lender. Third-party custodians, usually banks, typically hold the securities and loans funded with the warehouse facility borrowings, including the securities, loans, notes, mortgages and other important loan documentation, for the benefit of the investor who is deemed to own the securities and loans and, if there is a default under the warehouse credit facility, for the benefit of the warehouse lender. Warehouse facilities, bank credit facilities and repurchase agreements generally include a recourse component, meaning that lenders would retain a general claim against us as an entity. Further, such borrowings may also provide the lender with the ability to make margin calls and may limit the length of time that any given asset may be used as eligible collateral.

The form of our indebtedness may be long-term or short-term, fixed or floating rate or in the form of a revolving credit facility. KBS Capital Advisors will seek to obtain financing on our behalf on the most favorable terms available. For a discussion of the risks associated with the use of debt, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Financing Strategy.”

Except with respect to the borrowing limits contained in our charter, we may reevaluate and change our debt policy in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we would consider when reevaluating or changing our debt policy include: then-current economic conditions, the relative cost and availability of debt and equity capital, any investment opportunities, the ability of our properties and other investments to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to book value in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.

Our charter provides that we will not borrow from our advisor or its affiliates to purchase properties or make other investments unless a majority of our board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves the transaction as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable and no less favorable to us than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties. We anticipate that our board of directors and conflicts committee will make this determination by (i) seeking to secure borrowings from third party lenders and comparing the terms offered by such third party lenders to the terms of proposed borrowings from our advisor or its affiliates, and (ii) reviewing publicly available disclosure to determine borrowing terms secured by other similarly-situated real estate investment companies from third party lenders and comparing such terms to the terms of proposed borrowings from our advisor or its affiliates.

 

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Operating Policies

Credit Risk Management. We may be exposed to various levels of credit and special hazard risk depending on the nature of our real estate investments and the nature and level of credit enhancements supporting those investments. Our advisor and our executive officers will review and monitor credit risk and other risks of loss associated with each investment. In addition, we will seek to diversify our portfolio of assets to avoid undue geographic, industry and certain other types of concentrations. Our board of directors will monitor our overall portfolio risk and levels of provision for loss.

Interest Rate Risk Management. To the extent consistent with maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we will follow an interest rate risk management policy intended to mitigate the negative effects of major interest rate changes. We intend to minimize our interest rate risk from borrowings by attempting to structure the key terms of our borrowings to generally correspond to the interest rate term of our assets and through interest rate hedging activities.

Hedging Activities. We may engage in hedging transactions to protect our investment portfolio from interest rate fluctuations and other changes in market conditions. These transactions may include interest rate swaps, the purchase or sale of interest rate collars, caps or floors, options, mortgage derivatives and other hedging instruments. These instruments may be used to hedge as much of the interest rate risk as we determine is in the best interest of our stockholders, given the cost of such hedges and the need to maintain our qualification as a REIT. We may from time to time enter into interest rate swap agreements to offset the potential adverse effects of rising interest rates under certain debt agreements. We may elect to bear a level of interest rate risk that could otherwise be hedged when we believe, based on all relevant facts, that bearing such risk is advisable.

Equity Capital Policies. Our board of directors may increase the number of authorized shares of capital stock without stockholder approval. After you purchase shares in this offering, our board may elect to: (i) sell additional shares in this or future offerings; (ii) issue equity interests in private offerings; (iii) issue shares to our advisor, or its successors or assigns, in payment of an outstanding fee obligation; or (iv) issue shares of our common stock to sellers of assets we acquire in connection with an exchange of limited partnership interests of our Operating Partnership. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after your purchase in this offering, whether in a follow-on offering, through our dividend reinvestment plan or otherwise, your percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional issuances and the value of our investments, you may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of your shares.

Disposition Policies

The period that we will hold our investments in real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments will vary depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. Our advisor will develop a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we make. KBS Capital Advisors will continually perform a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to hold the asset and generate a strong return for you. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions have maximized its value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Charter-imposed Investment Limitations

Our charter places the following limitations on us with respect to the manner in which we may invest our funds or issue securities:

 

   

incur debt such that it would cause our liabilities to exceed 75% of the aggregate cost of tangible assets owned by us, unless approved by a majority of the conflicts committee;

 

   

invest more than 10% of our total assets in unimproved property or mortgage loans on unimproved property, which we define as property not acquired for the purpose of producing rental or other operating income or on which there is no development or construction in progress or planned to commence within one year;

 

   

make or invest in mortgage loans unless an appraisal is available concerning the underlying property, except for those mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency;

 

   

make or invest in mortgage loans, including construction loans, on any one property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans on such property would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised

 

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value of such property as determined by appraisal, unless substantial justification exists for exceeding such limit because of the presence of other underwriting criteria;

 

   

make an investment if the related acquisition and origination fees and expenses are not reasonable or exceed 6% of the contract purchase price for the asset or, in the case of a loan we originate, 6% of the funds advanced, provided that in either case the investment may be made if a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves such fees and expenses and determines that the transaction is commercially competitive, fair and reasonable to us;

 

   

acquire equity securities unless a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) not otherwise interested in the transaction approves such investment as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable, provided that investments in equity securities in “publicly traded entities” that are otherwise approved by a majority of the board of directors (including a majority of the members of the conflicts committee) shall be deemed fair, competitive and commercially reasonable if we acquire the equity securities through a trade that is effected in a recognized securities market (a “publicly traded entity” shall mean any entity having securities listed on a national securities exchange or included for quotation on an inter–dealer quotation system) and provided further that this limitation does not apply to (i) acquisitions effected through the purchase of all of the equity securities of an existing entity, (ii) the investment in wholly owned subsidiaries of ours or (iii) investments in asset-backed securities;

 

   

invest in real estate contracts of sale, otherwise known as land sale contracts, unless the contract is in recordable form and is appropriately recorded in the chain of title;

 

   

invest in commodities or commodity futures contracts, except for futures contracts when used solely for the purpose of hedging in connection with our ordinary business of investing in real estate assets and mortgages;

 

   

issue equity securities on a deferred payment basis or other similar arrangement;

 

   

issue debt securities in the absence of adequate cash flow to cover debt service unless the historical debt service coverage (in the most recently completed fiscal year), as adjusted for known changes, is sufficient to service that higher level of debt as determined by the board of directors or a duly authorized executive officer;

 

   

issue equity securities that are assessable after we have received the consideration for which our board of directors authorized their issuance; or

 

   

issue equity securities redeemable solely at the option of the holder, which restriction has no effect on our share redemption program or the ability of our Operating Partnership to issue redeemable partnership interests.

In addition, our charter includes many other investment limitations in connection with conflict-of-interest transactions, which limitations are described above under “Conflicts of Interest.” Our charter also includes restrictions on roll-up transactions, which are described under “Description of Shares” below.

Investment Limitations to Avoid Registration as an Investment Company

We intend to conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries will be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. Under the relevant provisions of Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, an investment company is any issuer that:

 

   

pursuant to Section 3(a)(1)(A), is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities (the “primarily engaged test”); or

 

   

pursuant to Section 3(a)(1)(C), is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” having a value exceeding 40% of the value of such issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the “40% test”). “Investment securities” excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7).

We believe that neither we nor our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company

 

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based on the following analysis. With respect to the 40% test, most of the entities through which we and our Operating Partnership own our assets are majority-owned subsidiaries that will not themselves be investment companies and will not be relying on the exceptions from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) (relating to private investment companies).

With respect to the primarily engaged test, we and our Operating Partnership are holding companies and do not intend to invest or trade in securities ourselves. Rather, through the majority-owned subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership, we and our Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real estate and real estate-related assets.

If any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership fail to meet the 40% test, we believe they will usually, if not always, be able to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act for an exception from the definition of an investment company. (Otherwise, they should be able to rely on the exceptions for private investment companies pursuant to Section 3(c)(1) and Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.) As reflected in no-action letters, the SEC staff’s position on Section 3(c)(5)(C) generally requires that an issuer maintain at least 55% of its assets in “mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate,” or qualifying assets; at least 80% of its assets in qualifying assets plus real estate-related assets; and no more than 20% of the value of its assets in other than qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, which we refer to as miscellaneous assets. To constitute a qualifying asset under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria based on no-action letters. We expect that any of the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) will invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying assets, and approximately an additional 25% of its assets in other types of real estate-related assets. If any subsidiary relies on Section 3(c)(5)(C), we expect to rely on guidance published by the SEC staff or on our analyses of guidance published with respect to types of assets to determine which assets are qualifying real estate assets and real estate-related assets.

Pursuant to the language of Section 3(c)(5)(C), we will treat an investment in real property as a qualifying real estate asset. The SEC staff, according to published guidance, takes the view that certain mortgage loans, participations, mezzanine loans and other types of real estate-related loans in which we intend to invest are qualifying real estate assets. Thus, we intend to treat these investments as qualifying real estate assets. The SEC staff has not published guidance with respect to the treatment of commercial mortgage backed securities for purposes of the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption. Unless we receive further guidance from the SEC or its staff with respect to residential or commercial mortgage backed securities, we intend to treat residential or commercial mortgage backed securities as a real estate-related asset.

If any subsidiary relies on Section 3(c)(5)(C), we expect to limit the investments that the subsidiary makes, directly or indirectly, in assets that are not qualifying assets and in assets that are not real estate-related assets. In 2011, the SEC issued a concept release indicating that the SEC and its staff were reviewing interpretive issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) and soliciting views on the application of Section 3(c)(5)(C) to companies engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage related instruments. To the extent that the SEC or its staff provides guidance regarding any of the matters bearing upon the exceptions we and our subsidiaries rely on from registration as an investment company, we may be required to adjust our strategy accordingly. Any guidance from the SEC or its staff could further inhibit our ability to pursue the strategies we have chosen.

 

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INVESTMENTS IN REAL PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE-RELATED ASSETS

As of September 30, 2016, we owned 11 office properties, one office campus consisting of nine office buildings, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 25 acres of undeveloped land, one office portfolio consisting of three office properties, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings, one retail property, two apartment properties, two investments in undeveloped land encompassing an aggregate of 1,670 acres and two investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.

Real Estate Investments

As of September 30, 2016, we owned 11 office properties, one office campus consisting of nine office buildings, one office portfolio consisting of four office buildings and 25 acres of undeveloped land, one office portfolio consisting of three office properties, one office/flex/industrial portfolio consisting of 21 buildings and one retail property encompassing, in the aggregate, approximately 5.5 million rentable square feet. As of September 30, 2016, these properties were 87% occupied. In addition, we owned two apartment properties, containing 383 units and encompassing approximately 0.3 million rentable square feet, which were 90% occupied. The Company also owned two investments in undeveloped land encompassing an aggregate of 1,670 acres. The following table provides summary information regarding our properties as of September 30, 2016:

 

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 Property

     Location of Property            

   Date
Acquired or
    Foreclosed on    
             Property Type               Rentable
    Square Feet    
     Total
Real Estate
at Cost
    (in thousands)    
         Occupancy              Ownership %      

 Northridge Center I & II
Atlanta, GA

     03/25/2011         Office         188,944        $ 9,711          91.8%         100.0%   

 Iron Point Business Park
Folsom, CA

     06/21/2011         Office         211,887          22,300          97.0%         100.0%   

 Richardson Portfolio
Richardson, TX

     11/23/2011        

 

Office/

Undeveloped Land

  

  

     569,980          42,528          87.5%         90.0%   

 Park Highlands
North Las Vegas, NV

     12/30/2011         Undeveloped Land         —          33,284            N/A           (1)      

 Bellevue Technology Center
Bellevue, WA

     07/31/2012         Office         330,508          85,966          98.2%         100.0%   

 Powers Ferry Landing East
Atlanta, GA

     09/24/2012         Office         149,324          9,758          94.9%         100.0%   

 1800 West Loop
Houston, TX

     12/04/2012         Office         400,101          73,985          87.1%         100.0%   

 West Loop I & II
Houston, TX

     12/07/2012         Office         313,873          40,699          86.0%         100.0%   

 Burbank Collection
Burbank, CA

     12/12/2012         Retail         39,508          15,129          40.9%         90.0%   

 Austin Suburban Portfolio
Austin, TX

     03/28/2013         Office         517,974          79,987          82.1%         100.0%   

 Westmoor Center
Westminster, CO

     06/12/2013         Office         612,890          80,969          82.7%         100.0%   

 Central Building
Seattle, WA

     07/10/2013         Office         191,705          35,871          94.3%         100.0%   

 50 Congress Street
Boston, MA

     07/11/2013         Office         179,872          53,405          93.2%         100.0%   

 1180 Raymond
Newark, NJ

     08/20/2013         Apartment         268,688          45,873          89.3%         100.0%   

 Park Highlands II
North Las Vegas, NV

     12/10/2013         Undeveloped Land         —          23,065            N/A           100.0%   

 Maitland Promenade II
Orlando, FL

     12/18/2013         Office         230,366          32,186          93.8%         100.0%   

 Plaza Buildings
Bellevue, WA

     01/14/2014         Office         490,994          199,031          84.9%         100.0%   

 424 Bedford
Brooklyn, NY

     01/31/2014         Apartment         49,220          34,268          95.5%         90.0%   

 Richardson Land II
Richardson, TX

     09/04/2014         Undeveloped Land         —          3,422            N/A           90.0%   

 Westpark Portfolio
Redmond, WA

     05/10/2016         Office/Flex/Industrial         778,472          127,353          80.2%         100.0%   

 353 Sacramento
San Francisco, CA

     07/11/2016         Office         284,751          174,229          86.3%         100.0%   
        

 

 

    

 

 

       
           5,809,057        $         1,223,019          
        

 

 

    

 

 

       

 

(1) On September 7, 2016, our subsidiary that owns a portion of Park Highlands, sold 820 units of 10% Class A non-voting preferred membership units for $0.8 million to accredited investors.

As of September 30, 2016, there were no tenants occupying 10% or more of our total rentable square footage. As of September 30, 2016, our real estate portfolio’s highest tenant industry concentrations (greater than 10% of annualized base rent) were as follows:

 

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  Industry

              Number of             
Tenants
   

Annualized

Base Rent (1)

(in thousands)

 

Percentage of

Annualized

Base Rent

  Computer System Design & Programming

    56          $                    11,502     11.0%

  Finance

    55          11,236     10.7%
   

 

 

 

    $                    22,738     21.7%
   

 

 

 

(1) Annualized base rent represents annualized contractual base rental income as of September 30, 2016, adjusted to straight-line any contractual tenant concessions (including free rent), rent increases and rent decreases from the lease’s inception through the balance of the lease term.

The following table reflects lease expirations of our owned properties, excluding apartment leases, as of September 30, 2016:

 

        Year of Expiration        

       Number of Leases    
Expiring
         Annualized Base Rent    
(in thousands) (1)
         % of Portfolio    
Annualized Base
Rent Expiring
         Leased Rentable    
Square Feet

Expiring
         % of Portfolio    
Rentable Square
Feet Expiring
 

Month-to-Month

     17        $ 1,050          1.0%         91,419          1.9%   

2016

     44          5,443          5.2%         239,034          5.0%   

2017

     137          16,232          15.5%         735,196          15.4%   

2018

     124          17,620          16.8%         742,750          15.6%   

2019

     104          14,557          13.9%         715,550          15.0%   

2020

     81          13,751          13.1%         621,779          13.1%   

2021

     71          11,624          11.1%         532,081          11.2%   

2022

     21          6,797          6.5%         292,206          6.1%   

2023

     18          5,725          5.4%         226,009          4.8%   

2024

             3,108          3.0%         131,113          2.8%   

2025

     12          4,344          4.1%         210,241          4.4%   

Thereafter

     15          4,584          4.4%         224,032          4.7%   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     653        $ 104,835          100%         4,761,410          100%   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(1) Annualized base rent represents annualized contractual base rental income as of September 30, 2016, adjusted to straight-line any contractual tenant concessions (including free rent), rent increases and rent decreases from the lease’s inception through the balance of the lease term.

Borrowings

We have financed the majority of our real estate and real estate-related investments with a combination of the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and debt. We used debt financing to increase the amount available for investment and to potentially increase overall investment yields to us and our stockholders. As of September 30, 2016, the weighted-average interest rate on our debt was 3.2%.

We borrow funds at both fixed and variable rates. As of September 30, 2016, we had $290.6 million and $657.4 million of fixed and variable rate debt outstanding, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates of our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt as of September 30, 2016 were 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The weighted-average interest rate represents the actual interest rate in effect as of September 30, 2016, using interest rate indices as of September 30, 2016, where applicable.

Additionally, in March 2016, we, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, issued 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels (approximately $259.0 million as of September 30, 2016) in 4.25% bonds to investors in Israel pursuant to a public offering registered in Israel. The bonds have a seven year term and require principal installment payments equal to 20% of the face value of the bonds payable on March 1st of each year from 2019 to 2023. We have used, and expect to continue to use, the proceeds from the issuance of these bonds to make additional investments.

The following is a schedule of maturities, including principal amortization payments, for all of our notes and bonds payable outstanding as of September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

 

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October 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016

    $                        1,598 

2017

   484,509 

2018

   90,244 

2019

   53,686 

2020

   134,311 

2021

   52,676 

2022

   73,803 

2023

   52,050 

2024

   270 

2025

   290 

Thereafter

   4,595 
  

 

    $                    948,032 
  

 

 

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SELECTED INFORMATION REGARDING OUR OPERATIONS

Selected Financial Data

The following table presents selected historical consolidated financial information for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011; and balance sheet information as of December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011. The selected historical consolidated financial information presented below has been derived from our consolidated financial statements. Because the information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical consolidated financial statements, including the related notes thereto, you should read it in conjunction with our historical financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for the year ended December 31, 2015, which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference. The amounts in the table are in thousands except per share data.

 

     As of December 31,  
         2015              2014              2013              2012              2011      

Balance sheet data

              

Total real estate and real estate-related investments, net

   $ 850,364        $ 882,510        $ 660,385        $ 394,356        $ 166,354    

Total assets

     1,004,214          1,016,313          771,184          537,085          257,326    

Total notes and bond payable, net

     547,323          524,062          252,466          32,908          62,066    

Total liabilities

     585,565          556,266          278,925          43,782          65,491    

Redeemable common stock

     9,859          9,911          17,573          9,651          5,291    

Total equity

     408,790          450,136          474,686          483,652          186,544    
     For the Years Ended December 31,  
         2015              2014              2013              2012              2011      

Operating data

              

Total revenues

   $ 112,128        $ 106,154        $ 68,496        $ 18,880        $ 3,901    

Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders

     2,444          (23,176)         150          (8,840)         (7,400)   

Income (loss) from continuing operations per common share - basic and diluted

   $ 0.04        $ (0.39)       $ —        $ (0.25)       $ (0.65)   

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders

     2,444          (23,194)         11,493          (9,762)         (7,581)   

Net income (loss) per common share - basic and diluted

   $ 0.04        $ (0.39)       $ 0.20        $ (0.28)       $ (0.66)   

Other data

              

Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities

   $ 27,056        $ 11,450        $ 24,630        $ (1,028)       $ (3,507)   

Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

     1,992          (285,814)         (289,875)         (242,074)         (154,405)   

Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities

     (25,083)         235,461          197,281          282,683          220,649    

Distributions declared

   $ 22,280        $ 15,696        $ 25,679        $ 12,885        $ 6,405    

Distributions declared per common share (1)

     0.38          0.26          0.44          0.40          0.30    

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted

     59,656,667          59,714,540          58,359,568          35,458,656          11,432,823    

 

(1) Prior to 2014, our board of directors declared distributions from time to time based on our income, cash flow and investing and financing activities. During 2014 and 2015, our board of directors declared distributions on a quarterly basis based on our income, cash flow and investing and financing activities. Investors could choose to receive cash distributions or purchase additional shares under the dividend reinvestment plan.

 

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Share Redemptions

Below is a summary of common stock redemptions pursuant to our Eighth Amended Share Redemption Program for each quarter during 2015 and the first, second and third quarters of 2016. We intend to amend and restate our share redemption program prior to commencement of this offering, as described in “Description of Shares—Share Redemption Program.”

 

For the Quarter

Ended:

   Number of Shares
Requested for
Redemption
     Number of Shares
Redeemed
     Percentage of
Shares Requested for
Redemption Redeemed
    Percentage of
Shares Requested for
Redemption Redeemed
Pro Rata (1)
    Average Price
Paid per Share
 

March 31, 2015

     98,183         98,183         100     100   $ 11.84   

June 30, 2015

     340,298         340,298         100     100     12.11   

September 30, 2015

     1,531,151         1,531,151         100     100     12.24   

December 31, 2015

     769,500         493,114         64     64     12.32   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Average 2015

     684,783         615,687         90     90   $ 12.22   

March 31, 2016

     1,304,425         256,061         20     18   $ 13.32   

June 30, 2016

     1,598,342         268,624         17     14     13.36   

September 30, 2016

     1,829,458         1,829,458         100     100     13.37   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Average 2016

     1,577,409         784,714         50     49 %   $ 13.36   

 

 

(1) Represents redemptions other than those redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death, “qualifying disability” or “determination of incompetence.”

Distribution Information

Distributions declared, distributions paid and cash flows provided by operations were as follows during the year ended December 31, 2015 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

     Distribution
Declared
    Distributions
Declared Per
Share
    Distributions Paid     Cash Flows
Provided by
Operations
 

Period

       Cash     Reinvested     Total    

First Quarter 2015

    $             5,547        $             0.092        $             2,087        $             3,460        $             5,547        $             2,792    

Second Quarter 2015

     5,620         0.093         2,145         3,475         5,620         9,363    

 

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Third Quarter 2015

     5,585         0.095         2,251         3,334         5,585         9,629   

Fourth Quarter 2015

     5,528         0.095         2,224         3,304         5,528         5,272   

First Quarter 2016

     5,472         0.093         2,271         3,201         5,472         1,139   

Second Quarter 2016

     5,469         0.093         2,309         3,160         5,469         11,429   

Third Quarter 2016

     5,527         0.094         2,368         3,159         5,527         6,500   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
    $         38,748        $         0.655        $         15,655        $         23,093        $         38,748        $         46,124   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

For the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid aggregate distributions of $22.3 million, including $8.7 million of distributions paid in cash and $13.6 million of distributions reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan. Our net income attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $2.4 million and cash flow provided by operations was $27.1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we paid aggregate distributions of $16.5 million, including $7.0 million of distributions paid in cash and $9.5 million of distributions reinvested through our dividend reinvestment plan. Our net loss attributable to common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $21.8 million and cash flow provided by operations was $19.1 million. We funded our cumulative distributions during the year ended December 31, 2015 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016 with current and prior period cash flows provided by operations. To the extent that we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations or gains from asset sales, we will have fewer funds available for investment in real estate-related loans, opportunistic real estate, real estate-related debt securities and other real estate-related investments, the overall return to our stockholders may be reduced and subsequent investors may experience dilution.

Funds from Operations, Modified Funds from Operations and Adjusted Modified Funds from Operations

We believe that funds from operations (“FFO”) is a beneficial indicator of the performance of an equity REIT. We compute FFO in accordance with the current National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) definition. FFO represents net income, excluding gains and losses from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), impairment losses on real estate assets, depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. We believe FFO facilitates comparisons of operating performance between periods and among other REITs. However, our computation of FFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition differently than we do. Our management believes that historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provides a more complete understanding of our performance relative to our competitors and provides a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities.

Changes in accounting rules have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of non-operating and non-cash items included in the calculation of FFO. Items such as acquisition fees and expenses, which had previously been capitalized prior to 2009, are currently expensed and accounted for as operating expenses. As a result, our management also uses modified funds from operations (“MFFO”) as an indicator of our ongoing performance as well as our dividend sustainability. MFFO excludes from FFO: acquisition fees and expenses; adjustments related to contingent purchase price obligations; amounts relating to straight-line rents and amortization of above- and below-market intangible lease assets and liabilities; accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on debt investments; amortization of closing costs relating to debt investments; impairments of real estate-related investments; mark-to-market adjustments included in net income; and gains or losses included in net income for the extinguishment or sale of debt or hedges. We compute MFFO in accordance with the definition of MFFO included in the practice guideline issued by the Investment Program Association (“IPA”) in November 2010 as interpreted by management. Our computation of MFFO may not be comparable to other REITs that do not compute MFFO in accordance with the current IPA definition or that interpret the current IPA definition differently than we do.

 

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In addition, our management uses an adjusted MFFO (“Adjusted MFFO”) as an indicator of our ongoing performance as well as our dividend sustainability. Adjusted MFFO provides adjustments to reduce MFFO related to operating expenses that are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land.

We believe that MFFO and Adjusted MFFO are helpful as measures of ongoing operating performance because they exclude costs that management considers more reflective of investing activities and other non-operating items included in FFO. Management believes that excluding acquisition costs from MFFO and Adjusted MFFO provides investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with management’s analysis of the operating performance of the portfolio over time, including periods after our acquisition stage. MFFO and Adjusted MFFO also exclude non-cash items such as straight-line rental revenue. Additionally, we believe that MFFO and Adjusted MFFO provide investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with the performance indicators and analysis used by management, in addition to net income and cash flows from operating activities as defined by GAAP, to evaluate the sustainability of our operating performance. MFFO provides comparability in evaluating the operating performance of our portfolio with other non-traded REITs which typically have limited lives with short and defined acquisition periods and targeted exit strategies. MFFO, or an equivalent measure, is routinely reported by non-traded REITs, and we believe often used by analysts and investors for comparison purposes.

FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO are non-GAAP financial measures and do not represent net income as defined by GAAP. Net income as defined by GAAP is the most relevant measure in determining our operating performance because FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO include adjustments that investors may deem subjective, such as adding back expenses such as depreciation and amortization and the other items described above. Accordingly, FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO should not be considered as alternatives to net income as an indicator of our current and historical operating performance. In addition, FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO do not represent cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered an indication of our liquidity. We believe FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, in addition to net income and cash flows from operating activities as defined by GAAP, are meaningful supplemental performance measures.

Although MFFO includes other adjustments, the exclusion of straight-line rent, the amortization of above- and below-market leases, the amortization of discounts and closing costs, acquisition fees and expenses, mark-to-market foreign currency transaction adjustments and prepayment fees related to the extinguishment of debt are the most significant adjustments for the periods presented. We have excluded these items based on the following economic considerations:

 

   

Adjustments for straight-line rent. These are adjustments to rental revenue as required by GAAP to recognize contractual lease payments on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease. We have excluded these adjustments in our calculation of MFFO to more appropriately reflect the current economic impact of our in-place leases, while also providing investors with a useful supplemental metric that addresses core operating performance by removing rent we expect to receive in a future period or rent that was received in a prior period;

 

   

Amortization of above- and below-market leases. Similar to depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and lease related costs that are excluded from FFO, GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of intangible lease assets and liabilities diminishes predictably over time and requires that these charges be recognized currently in revenue. Since market lease rates in the aggregate have historically risen or fallen with local market conditions, management believes that by excluding these charges, MFFO provides useful supplemental information on the realized economics of the real estate;

 

   

Amortization of discounts and closing costs. Discounts and closing costs related to debt investments are amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest income. This application results in income recognition that is different than the underlying contractual terms of the debt investments. We have excluded the amortization of discounts and closing costs related to our debt investments in our calculation of MFFO to more appropriately reflect the economic impact of our debt investments, as discounts will not be economically recognized until the loan is repaid and closing costs are essentially the same as acquisition fees and expenses on real estate (discussed below). We believe excluding these items provides investors with a useful supplemental metric that directly addresses core operating performance;

 

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Acquisition fees and expenses. Acquisition fees and expenses related to the acquisition of real estate are expensed. Although these amounts reduce net income, we exclude them from MFFO to more appropriately present the ongoing operating performance of our real estate investments on a comparative basis. Additionally, acquisition costs have been funded from the proceeds from our now terminated initial public offering and debt financings and not from our operations. We believe this exclusion is useful to investors as it allows investors to more accurately evaluate the sustainability of our operating performance;

 

   

Mark-to-market foreign currency transaction adjustments. The U.S. dollar is our functional currency. Transactions denominated in currency other than our functional currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction. After initial recognition, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are remeasured at each reporting date into the foreign currency at the exchange rate on that date. These amounts can increase or reduce net income. We exclude them from MFFO to more appropriately present the ongoing operating performance of our real estate investments on a comparative basis; and

 

   

Prepayment fees related to the extinguishment of debt. Prepayment fees related to the extinguishment of debt are generally included in interest expense. Although these amounts reduce net income, we exclude them from MFFO to more appropriately present the ongoing operating performance of our real estate investments on a comparative basis, as we do not believe that the infrequent payment of such fees is reflective of the ongoing operations of our portfolio of real estate investments.

Adjusted MFFO includes adjustments to reduce MFFO related to real estate taxes, property insurance and financing costs which are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land. We have included adjustments for the costs incurred necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, as these costs are recurring operating costs that are capitalized in accordance with GAAP and not reflected in our net income (loss), FFO and MFFO.

Our calculation of FFO, which we believe is consistent with the calculation of FFO as defined by NAREIT, is presented in the following table, along with our calculations of MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (in thousands). No conclusions or comparisons should be made from the presentation of these periods.

 

     For the Nine
Months Ended
    September 30,     
             For the Year Ended December  31,          
             2016                      2015                      2014                      2013          

Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders

   $ (21,804)       $ 2,444          $ (23,194)         $ 11,493      

Depreciation of real estate assets

     21,512         24,143            20,278            10,003      

Depreciation of real estate assets - discontinued operations

             —            —            250      

Amortization of lease-related costs

     15,924         20,596            26,785            18,674      

Amortization of lease-related costs - discontinued operations

             —            —            807      

Impairment charges on real estate

             —            579            1,433      

Gain on sale of real estate, net

             (13,665)           (55)           (13,108)     

Gain on foreclosure of real estate loan receivable, net

             —            —            (7,473)     

Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entity (1)

     (371)         3,218            (657)           (89)     

Adjustments for investment in unconsolidated entity (2)

     5,930         7,599            5,312            —      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

FFO attributable to common stockholders (3)

     21,191         44,335            29,048            21,990      

Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market leases

     (3,395)         (5,144)           (9,731)           (4,556)     

Amortization of discounts and closing costs

             (428)           (605)           (806)     

Real estate acquisition fees to affiliate

     2,964         —            2,231            2,784      

Real estate acquisition fees and expenses

     542         —            2,177            1,218      

 

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Amortization of net premium/discount on bond and notes payable

     28         25            (1)           (92)     

Mark-to-market foreign currency transaction loss, net

     4,602         —            —            —      

Prepayment fees related to the extinguishment of debt

     —           250            332            119      

Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entity (1)

     (11)         (52)           (135)           12      

Adjustments for investment in unconsolidated entity (2)

     (3,381)         (4,821)           (3,388)           146      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

MFFO attributable to common stockholders (3)

     22,540         34,165            19,928            20,815      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other capitalized operating expenses (4)

     (1,787)         (2,658)           (2,942)           (3,390)     

Adjustments for noncontrolling interests - consolidated entity (1)

     61         262            314            314      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Adjusted MFFO attributable to common stockholders (3)

   $             20,814       $         31,769          $         17,300          $       17,739      
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(1) Reflects adjustments to eliminate the noncontrolling interest holders’ share of the adjustments to convert our net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders to FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO.

(2) Reflects adjustments to add back our noncontrolling interest share of the adjustments to convert our net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders to FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO for our equity investment in an unconsolidated joint venture.

(3) FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO include $3.9 million of gain from condemnation agreements for the year ended December 31, 2015.

(4) Reflects real estate taxes, property insurance and financing costs that are capitalized with respect to certain of our investments in undeveloped land. During the time in which we are incurring costs necessary to bring these investments to their intended use, certain normal recurring operating costs are capitalized in accordance with GAAP and not reflected in our net income (loss), FFO and MFFO.

FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO may also be used to fund all or a portion of certain capitalizable items that are excluded from FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO, such as tenant improvements, building improvements and deferred leasing costs. We expect FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO to improve in future periods to the extent that we continue to lease up vacant space and acquire additional assets. We expect FFO, MFFO and Adjusted MFFO to decrease as a result of dispositions.

Related Party Transactions

The table below provides information regarding fees and expenses paid or payable to our advisor and its affiliates in connection with their services provided to us pursuant to the terms of the agreements with them in effect at such times. The table includes amounts incurred and payable for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (amounts in thousands). We intend to amend the fees we pay to our advisor and its affiliates prior to the commencement of this offering to those described in “Management Compensation.”

 

     Incurred     Payable as of  
    

 

Nine Months
Ended
September 30,
2016

    Year Ended
December 31,
2015
    September 30,
2016
    December 31,
2015
 

Form of Compensation

        

Acquisition and Development Stage

        

Acquisition and origination fees

   $ 2,964            $ —        $ —        $ —     

Operational Stage

        

Asset management fees

     6,932              8,348          —          —     

Reimbursable operating expenses (1)

     170              178          51          59     

Operational and Liquidation/Listing Stage

        

Disposition fee

     279              276          —          —     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
   $ 10,345            $ 8,802        $ 51        $ 59     
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1) We will reimburse the expenses incurred by our advisor or its affiliates in connection with their provision of services to us, including our allocable share of our advisor’s overhead, such as rent, employee costs, utilities, accounting software and cybersecurity related expenses and IT costs. Our advisor may seek reimbursement for employee costs under the advisory agreement. We have reimbursed our advisor for our allocable portion of the salaries, benefits and overhead of internal audit department personnel providing services to us. These amounts totaled $114,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $153,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, and were the only employee costs reimbursed under our advisory agreement for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2015. We will not reimburse our advisor or its affiliates for employee costs in connection with services for which our advisor or its affiliates receive acquisition and origination fees or disposition fees (other than reimbursement of travel and communication expenses) or for the salaries and benefits our advisor or its affiliates may pay to our executive officers.

 

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NET ASSET VALUE CALCULATION AND VALUATION PROCEDURES

Valuation Procedures

Prior to the commencement of this offering, our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, will adopt valuation procedures, that may be amended from time to time, that contain a comprehensive set of methodologies to be used in connection with the calculation of our NAV. The following describes our current expectation with regard to our valuation procecures. As a public company, we are required to issue financial statements generally based on historical cost in accordance with GAAP as applicable to our financial statements. To calculate our NAV for the purpose of establishing a purchase and redemption price for our shares, we will adopt a model, as explained below, which adjusts the value of certain of our assets from historical cost to fair value. As a result, our NAV may differ from the amount reported as stockholder’s equity on the face of our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. When the fair value of our assets is calculated for the purposes of determining our NAV per share, the calculation is done using the fair value methodologies detailed within the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification under Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. However, our valuation procedures and our NAV are not subject to GAAP and will not be subject to independent audit. Our NAV may differ from equity reflected on our audited financial statements, even if we are required to adopt a fair value basis of accounting for GAAP financial statement purposes in the future. Furthermore, no rule or regulation requires that we calculate NAV in a certain way. Although we believe our NAV calculation methodologies are consistent with standard industry principles, there is no established practice among public REITs, whether listed or not, for calculating NAV in order to establish a purchase and redemption price. As a result, other public REITs may use different methodologies or assumptions to determine NAV.

Independent Valuation Firm

With the approval of our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, we intend to engage [    ], an independent valuation firm (the “Independent Valuation Firm”), to serve as our independent valuation firm with respect to the valuation of our real property portfolio. [    ] is engaged in the business of valuing commercial real estate properties and is not affiliated with us or our advisor. The compensation we pay to the Independent Valuation Firm will not be based on the estimated values of our real property portfolio. Our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may replace the Independent Valuation Firm. We will promptly disclose any changes to the identity or role of the Independent Valuation Firm in this prospectus and in reports we publicly file with the SEC.

The Independent Valuation Firm discharges its responsibilities in accordance with our real property valuation procedures described below and under the oversight of our board of directors. Our board of directors is not involved in the day-to-day valuation of the real property portfolio, but periodically receives and reviews such information about the valuation of the real property portfolio as it deems necessary to exercise its oversight responsibility. While our Independent Valuation Firm is responsible for providing our real property valuations on a quarterly basis, our Independent Valuation Firm is not responsible for and does not prepare our daily NAV.

At this time, the Independent Valuation Firm is engaged solely to provide our real property portfolio valuation on a quarterly basis and to help us manage the property appraisal process, but it may be engaged to provide additional services, including providing an independent valuation or appraisal of any of our other assets or liabilities (contingent or otherwise), in the future. Our Independent Valuation Firm and its affiliates may from time to time in the future perform other commercial real estate and financial advisory services for our advisor and its related parties, or in transactions related to the properties that are the subjects of the valuations being performed for us, or otherwise, so long as such other services do not adversely affect the independence of the Independent Valuation Firm or, if different, the applicable appraiser as certified in the applicable appraisal report.

Real Property Portfolio Valuation

Quarterly Valuation Process

The real property portfolio valuation, which is the largest component of our NAV calculation, is provided to us by the Independent Valuation Firm on the last business day of each quarter. The foundation for this valuation is periodic appraisals, as discussed further below. On each quarterly portfolio valuation date, Independent Valuation Firm will adjust a real property’s valuation from the last quarter valuation, as necessary, based on known events that have a material impact on the most recent value (adjustments for non-material events may also be made). For example, an unexpected termination or renewal of a material lease, a material change in vacancies, an unanticipated structural or

 

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environmental event at a property or material capital market events, among others, may cause the value of a property to change materially. Furthermore, the value of our properties is determined on an unencumbered basis. The effect of property-level debt on our NAV is discussed further below.

Using information derived from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, the property’s most recent appraisal, information from management and other information derived through the Independent Valuation Firm’s database, industry data and other sources, the Independent Valuation Firm determines the appropriate adjustment to be made to the estimated value of the property based on material events, which may include a change to underlying property fundamentals or cash flows or a change in overall market conditions. The Independent Valuation Firm collects all reasonably available material information that it deems relevant in valuing our real estate portfolio. The Independent Valuation Firm relies in part on property-level information provided by our advisor, including (i) historical and projected operating revenues and expenses of the property; (ii) lease agreements on the property; and (iii) information regarding recent or planned capital expenditures. Upon becoming aware of the occurrence of a material event impacting property-level information, the advisor promptly notifies the Independent Valuation Firm. Any adjustment to the valuation of a property is performed on the next quarterly valuation date after a determination that a material change with respect to such property has occurred and the financial effects of such change are quantifiable by the Independent Valuation Firm. As discussed further below, our advisor may decide to adjust the valuation of a property for purposes of our daily NAV calculation in between quarterly valuation dates if it determines appropriate. Any such adjustments are estimates of the market impact of material events to the appraised value of the property, based on assumptions and judgments that may or may not prove to be correct, and may also be based on limited information readily available at that time. As part of the oversight by our board of directors, on a periodic basis the Independent Valuation Firm provides our board of directors with reports on its valuation activity.

The primary methodology used to value properties is the income approach, whereby value is derived by determining the present value of an asset’s stream of future cash flows (for example, discounted cash flow analysis). Consistent with industry practices, the income approach incorporates subjective judgments regarding comparable rental and operating expense data, the capitalization or discount rate, and projections of future rent and expenses based on appropriate evidence. Other methodologies that may also be used to value properties include sales comparisons and replacement cost approaches. Because the property valuations involve significant professional judgment in the application of both observable and unobservable attributes, the calculated value of our real property assets may differ from their actual realizable value or future appraised value. Our real estate portfolio valuation may not reflect the liquidation value or net realizable value of our properties because the valuations performed by the Independent Valuation Firm involve subjective judgments and do not reflect transaction costs associated with property dispositions. However, as discussed below, in some circumstances such as when an asset is anticipated to be acquired or disposed, we may apply a probability-weighted analysis to factor in a portion of potential transaction costs in our NAV calculation.

Each individual appraisal report for our assets (discussed further below) is addressed solely to us to assist the Independent Valuation Firm in providing our real property portfolio valuation. Our Independent Valuation Firm’s valuation reports are not addressed to the public and may not be relied upon by any other person to establish an estimated value of our common stock and will not constitute a recommendation to any person to purchase or sell any shares of our common stock. In preparing its valuation reports, our Independent Valuation Firm does not solicit third-party indications of interest for our common stock in connection with possible purchases thereof or the acquisition of all or any part of our company.

In conducting its investigation and analyses, our Independent Valuation Firm takes into account customary and accepted financial and commercial procedures and considerations as it deems relevant, which may include, without limitation, the review of documents, materials and information relevant to valuing the property that are provided by us or our advisor. Although our Independent Valuation Firm may review information supplied or otherwise made available by us or our advisor for reasonableness, it assumes and relies upon the accuracy and completeness of all such information and of all information supplied or otherwise made available to it by any other party and does not undertake any duty or responsibility to verify independently any of such information. With respect to operating or financial forecasts and other information and data to be provided to or otherwise to be reviewed by or discussed with our Independent Valuation Firm, our Independent Valuation Firm assumes that such forecasts and other information and data were reasonably prepared in good faith on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and judgments of our management, board of directors and advisor, and relies upon us to advise our Independent Valuation Firm promptly if any material information previously provided becomes inaccurate or was required to be updated during the period of its review.

 

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In performing its analyses, our Independent Valuation Firm makes numerous other assumptions with respect to industry performance, general business, economic and regulatory conditions and other matters, many of which are beyond its control and our control, as well as certain factual matters. For example, unless specifically informed to the contrary, our Independent Valuation Firm assumes that we have clear and marketable title to each real estate property valued, that no title defects exist, that improvements were made in accordance with law, that no hazardous materials are present or were present previously, that no deed restrictions exist, and that no changes to zoning ordinances or regulations governing use, density or shape are pending or being considered. Furthermore, our Independent Valuation Firm’s analysis, opinions and conclusions are necessarily based upon market, economic, financial and other circumstances and conditions existing at or prior to the valuation, and any material change in such circumstances and conditions may affect our Independent Valuation Firm’s analysis, opinions and conclusions. Our Independent Valuation Firm’s appraisal reports may contain other assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth in the respective appraisal reports that qualify the analysis, opinions and conclusions set forth therein.

The analyses performed by our Independent Valuation Firm do not address the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, the prices at which our real estate properties may actually be sold could differ from our Independent Valuation Firm’s analyses.

Potential Daily Adjustments to Real Estate Portfolio Valuation

As described above, the Independent Valuation Firm provides us with the real property portfolio valuation on a quarterly basis. Accordingly, rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be immediately reflected in our real property valuation provided by the Independent Valuation Firm. For this reason, our advisor may adjust the valuation of a property for purposes of our daily NAV calculation in between quarterly valuation dates. Prior to doing so, our advisor will make every reasonable effort to coordinate with the Independent Valuation Firm to mitigate the possibility of differences of opinion with respect to the adjustment. Our advisor would seek to make any such adjustments usuing valuation methodologies and principles consistent with those used by the Independent Valuation Firm described above. However, it is possible that in the subsequent quarterly real property portfolio valuation provided by the Independent Valuation Firm, the Independent Valuation Firm does not include the same adjustment. Further, even with the possibility of adjustments by our advisor, rapidly changing market conditions or material events may not be immediately reflected in our daily NAV. The resulting potential disparity in our NAV may inure to the benefit of redeeming stockholders or non-redeeming stockholders and new purchasers of our common stock, depending on whether our published NAV per share for such class is higher or lower than the adjusted value of our NAV after material events have been considered. Any such adjustments are estimates of the market impact of material events to the appraised value of the property, based on assumptions and judgments that may or may not prove to be correct, and may also be based on limited information readily available at that time. As part of the oversight by our board of directors, on a periodic basis the advisor provides our board of directors with reports on its valuation activity.

Property Appraisals

Periodic real property appraisals serve as the foundation of the Independent Valuation Firm’s daily real property portfolio valuation. The overarching principle of these appraisals is to produce valuations that represent fair and accurate estimates of the unencumbered values of our real estate or the prices that would be received for our real properties in arm’s-length transactions between market participants before considering underlying debt. The valuation of our real properties determined by the Independent Valuation Firm may not always reflect the value at which we would agree to buy or sell such assets and the value at which we would buy or sell such assets could materially differ from the Independent Valuation Firm’s estimate of fair value. Further, we do not undertake to disclose the value at which we would be willing to buy or sell our real properties to any prospective or existing investor.

We obtain ongoing appraisals pursuant to schedules prepared by the Independent Valuation Firm and our advisor that are designed to conduct appraisals on each of our properties throughout any given calendar year. In order to provide a smooth and orderly appraisal process, we seek to have approximately 1/4th of the portfolio appraised each quarter, although we may have more or less appraised in a quarter. In no event will a calendar year pass without having each and every property valued by appraisal unless such asset is bought or sold in such calendar year. The acquisition price of newly acquired properties may serve as our appraised value for up to the first 12 months after the date of the acquisition, and thereafter will be part of the appraisal cycle described above such that they are appraised at least every calendar year.

Appraisals are performed in accordance with the Code of Ethics and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practices, or USPAP, the real estate appraisal industry standards created by The Appraisal Foundation. Each appraisal must be reviewed, approved and signed by an individual with the professional designation of MAI (Member of

 

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the Appraisal Institute). The Independent Valuation Firm will conduct appraisals of its own for the majority of our properties. In addition, we may engage other independent valuation firms (“Appraisal Firms”) to provide appraisals for our properties, in which case the Independent Valuation Firm will remain involved with the appraisal process. The Appraisal Firms will be chosen from a list of firms pre-approved by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, based on their qualifications. The Independent Valuation Firm will confirm the reasonableness of the appraisal before reflecting any valuation change in its valuation of our real property portfolio. Real estate appraisals are reported on a free-and-clear basis (for example, no mortgage), irrespective of any property-level financing that may be in place. Such property-level financings ultimately are factored in and do reduce our NAV in a manner described in more detail below.

Portfolio Assets, Joint Ventures and Developments

Properties purchased or operated as a portfolio or held in a joint venture that acquires properties over time may be valued as a single asset, which may result in a different value than if they were valued as individual assets. Investments in joint ventures that hold properties are valued by the Independent Valuation Firm in a manner that is consistent with the procedures described above and approved by our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, with the agreed approach taking into account the size of our investment in the joint venture, the assets owned by the joint venture, the terms of the joint venture including any promotional interests, minority discount and control, if applicable, and other relevant factors. Development assets, if any, will be valued at cost plus capital expenditures and will join the appraisal cycle upon the earlier of stabilization or 24 months from substantial completion.

Valuation of Real Estate-Related Assets

Real estate-related assets that we own or may acquire include, among other things, debt and equity interests backed principally by real estate, such as mortgage loans, participations in mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and publicly traded common and preferred stock of real estate companies. In general, the value of real estate-related assets is determined in accordance with GAAP and adjusted upon the occurrence of a material event, or in the case of liquid securities, each business day, as applicable, thereafter, according to the procedures specified below. Pursuant to our valuation procedures, our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, approves the pricing sources of our real estate-related assets. In general, these sources are third parties other than our advisor. However, we may utilize our advisor as a pricing source if the asset is immaterial or there are no other pricing sources reasonably available, and provided that our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, must approve the initial valuation performed by our advisor and any subsequent material adjustments made by our advisor. The third-party pricing source may, under certain circumstances, be our Independent Valuation Firm, subject to its acceptance of the additional engagement.

Mortgage Loans, Participations in Mortgage Loans and Mezzanine Loans

Individual investments in mortgages, mortgage participations and mezzanine loans are generally included in our determination of NAV at an amount determined in accordance with GAAP and adjusted as necessary to reflect impairments.

Private Real Estate-Related Assets

Investments in privately placed debt instruments and securities of real estate-related operating businesses (other than joint ventures), such as real estate development or management companies, are valued at cost and thereafter are revalued as determined in good faith by the pricing source. In evaluating the value of our interests in certain commingled investment vehicles (such as private real estate funds), values periodically assigned to such interests by the respective issuers or broker-dealers may be relied upon.

Publicly Traded Real Estate-Related Assets

Publicly traded debt and equity real estate-related securities (such as REIT bonds) that are not restricted as to salability or transferability are valued daily on the basis of publicly available information. Generally, to the extent the information is available, such securities are valued at the last trade of such securities that was executed at or prior to closing on the valuation day or, in the absence of such trade, the mean of the last “bid” and “ask” prices. The value of publicly traded debt and equity real estate-related securities that are restricted as to salability or transferability may be adjusted by the pricing source for a liquidity discount. In determining the amount of such discount, consideration will be given to the nature and length of such restriction and the relative volatility of the market price of the security.

 

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Valuation of Liquid Non-Real Estate-Related Assets

Liquid non-real estate-related assets include credit rated government and corporate debt securities, publicly traded equity securities and cash and cash equivalents. Liquid non-real estate-related assets are valued daily on the basis of publicly available information.

Valuation of Real Estate-Related Liabilities

Our real estate-related liabilities consist of financing for our portfolio of assets. These liabilities are usually included in our determination of NAV in accordance with GAAP. Costs and expenses incurred to secure the financing are amortized over the life of the applicable loan. Unless costs can be specifically identified, we allocate the financing costs and expenses incurred with obtaining multiple loans that are not directly related to any single loan among the applicable loans, generally pro rata based on the amount of proceeds from each loan.

There are some circumstances where liabilities may be included in our determination of NAV using an alternative methodology to GAAP. For example, if a loan amount exceeds the value of the underlying real property and the loan is otherwise a non-recourse loan, we will assume an equity value of zero for purposes of the combined real property and the loan in the determination of our NAV. Another example would be if a loan restructure or modification has caused the legal liability of the loan to significantly deviate from the carrying value according to GAAP, we would recognize the legal liability rather than the GAAP determination of the liability.

NAV and NAV per Share Calculation

We are offering to the public four classes of shares of our common stock, Class T, T-I, W and I shares. Our NAV is calculated for each of these classes and our Class A shares after the end of each business day that the New York Stock Exchange is open for unrestricted trading by our advisor.

At the end of each such trading day, before taking into consideration accrued dividends or class-specific expense accruals, any change in the aggregate company NAV (whether an increase or decrease) is allocated among each class of shares based on each class’s relative percentage of the previous aggregate company NAV. Changes in the aggregate company NAV reflect factors including, but not limited to, unrealized/realized gains (losses) on the value of our real property portfolio, real estate-related assets and liabilities, and daily accruals for income and expenses (including accruals for performance based fees, if any, asset management, the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee) and distributions to investors.

Our most significant source of net income is property income. We accrue estimated income and expenses on a daily basis based on annual budgets as adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in the business throughout the year. For the first month following a property acquisition, we calculate and accrue portfolio income with respect to such property based on the performance of the property before the acquisition and the contractual arrangements in place at the time of the acquisition, as identified and reviewed through our due diligence and underwriting process in connection with the acquisition. For the purpose of calculating our NAV, all organization and offering costs reduce NAV as part of our estimated income and expense accrual. On a periodic basis, our income and expense accruals are adjusted based on information derived from actual operating results.

Our liabilities are included as part of our NAV calculation generally based on GAAP. Our liabilities include, without limitation, property-level mortgages, accrued distributions, the fees payable to our advisor and our dealer manager, accounts payable, accrued company-level operating expenses, any company or portfolio-level financing arrangements and other liabilities.

Following the calculation and allocation of changes in the aggregate company NAV as described above, NAV for each class is adjusted for accrued dividends, the distribution fee and the dealer manager fee, to determine the current day’s NAV. Selling commissions, which are effectively paid by purchasers of shares in the primary offering at the time of purchase, because the purchase price of such shares is equal to the NAV per share plus the selling commission, have no effect on the NAV of any class.

NAV per share for each class is calculated by dividing such class’s NAV at the end of each trading day by the number of shares outstanding for that class on such day.

 

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Probability-Weighted Adjustments

In certain circumstances, such as in an acquisition or disposition process, we may be aware of a contingency or contingencies that could impact the value of our assets, liabilities, income or expenses for purposes of our NAV calculation. For example, we may be party to an agreement to sell a property at a value different from that used in our current NAV calculation. The same agreement may require the buyer to assume a related mortgage loan with a fair value that is different from that used in our current NAV calculation. The transaction may also involve costs for brokers, transfer taxes, and other items upon a successful closing. To the extent such contingencies may affect the value of a property, the Independent Valuation Firm may take such contingencies into account when determining the value of such property for purposes of our NAV calculation. Similarly, we may adjust the other components of our NAV (such as the carrying value of our liabilities or expense accruals) for purposes of our NAV calculation. These adjustments may be made either in whole or in part over a period of time, and both the Independent Valuation Firm and we may take into account (a) the estimated probability of the contingencies occurring and (b) the estimated impact to NAV if the contingencies were to occur when determining the timing and magnitude of any adjustments to NAV.

Oversight by our Board of Directors

All parties engaged by us in the calculation of our NAV, including our advisor, are subject to the oversight of our board of directors. As part of this process, our advisor reviews the estimates of the values of our real property portfolio and real estate-related assets for consistency with our valuation guidelines and the overall reasonableness of the valuation conclusions, and informs our board of directors of its conclusions. Although our Independent Valuation Firm or other pricing sources may consider any comments received from us or our advisor in making their individual valuations, the final estimated values of our real property portfolio and real estate-related assets are determined by the Independent Valuation Firm or other pricing sources.

Our Independent Valuation Firm is available to meet with our board of directors to review valuation information, as well as our valuation guidelines and the operation and results of the valuation process generally. Our board of directors has the right to engage additional valuation firms and pricing sources to review the valuation process or valuations, if deemed appropriate.

Review of and Changes to Our Valuation Procedures

At least once each calendar year our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, reviews the appropriateness of our valuation procedures. With respect to the valuation of our properties, the Independent Valuation Firm provides the board of directors with periodic valuation reports. From time to time our board of directors, including a majority of our independent directors, may adopt changes to the valuation procedures if it (1) determines that such changes are likely to result in a more accurate reflection of NAV or a more efficient or less costly procedure for the determination of NAV without having a material adverse effect on the accuracy of such determination or (2) otherwise reasonably believes a change is appropriate for the determination of NAV. We will publicly announce material changes to our valuation procedures or the identity or role of the Independent Valuation Firm.

Limitations on the Calculation of NAV

The largest component of our NAV consists of real property investments and, as with any real estate valuation protocol, each property valuation is based on a number of judgments, assumptions or opinions about future events that may or may not prove to be correct. The use of different judgments, assumptions or opinions would likely result in a different estimate of the value of our real property investments. Although the methodologies contained in the valuation procedures are designed to operate reliably within a wide variety of circumstances, it is possible that in certain unanticipated situations or after the occurrence of certain extraordinary events (such as a terrorist attack or an act of nature), our ability to implement and coordinate our NAV procedures may be impaired or delayed, including in circumstances where there is a delay in accessing or receiving information from vendors or other reporting agents. Further, the NAV per share should not be viewed as being determinative of the value of our common stock that may be received in a sale to a third party or the value at which our stock would trade on a national stock exchange. Our board of directors may suspend this offering and the share redemption program if it determines that the calculation of NAV may be materially incorrect or there is a condition that restricts the valuation of a material portion of our assets.

 

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Our Current and Historical NAV Calculations

Prior to the commencement of this offering, we will commence calculating our daily NAV and set forth below the components of (i) our most recent quarter-end NAV calculation calculated in accordance with the procedures and (ii) our previous most recent NAV calculation, which may be calculated with different procedures than those set forth above.

 

     As of
[    ], 2017
     As of
[    ], 2016 (1)
 

Real estate properties

     $                        [     ]          $                        [     ]    

Cash

     [    ]          [    ]    

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (3)

     [    ]          [    ]    

Other assets

     [    ]          [    ]    

Mortgage debt (4)

     ([    ])          ([    ])    

Advisor participation fee potential liability

     ([    ])          ([    ])    

Other liabilities

     ([    ])          ([    ])    

Non-controlling interest

     ([    ])          ([    ])    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Aggregate Company NAV

     $                        [     ]          [    ]    

Total shares outstanding

     [    ]          [    ]    

NAV per share

     $                        [     ]          $                        [     ]    
  (1) The [    ], 2016 estimated value per share was based upon the recommendation and valuation of our advisor in valuation process prior to our adoption of our daily NAV procedures. We engaged [    ], to provide appraisals of the our real estate properties and our advisor performed valuations of our real estate-related investment, cash, other assets, mortgage debt and other liabilities. For more information relating to the [    ], 2016 estimated value per share and the assumptions and methodologies used by [    ] and our advisor, see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on [    ].

When the fair value of our real estate assets is calculated for the purposes of determining our NAV per share, the calculation is done using the fair value methodologies detailed within the FASB Accounting Standards Codification under Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”). However, our valuation procedures and our NAV are not subject to GAAP and will not be subject to independent audit. In the determination of our NAV, the value of certain of our assets and liabilities are generally determined based on their carrying amounts under GAAP; however, those principles are generally based upon historic cost and therefore may not be determined in accordance with ASC Topic 820. Readers should refer to our audited financial statements for our net book value determined in accordance with GAAP from which one can derive our net book value per share by dividing our stockholders’ equity by shares of our common stock outstanding as of the date of measurement.

Our valuation procedures, which address specifically each category of our assets and liabilities and are applied separately from the preparation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP, involve adjustments from historical cost. There are certain factors which cause NAV to be different from net book value on a GAAP basis. Most significantly, the valuation of our real estate assets, which is the largest component of our NAV calculation, will be provided to us by the Independent Valuation Firm on a quarterly basis. For GAAP purposes, these assets are generally recorded at depreciated or amortized cost. We generally do not undertake to mark to market our debt investments or real estate-related liabilities, but rather these assets and liabilities are usually included in our determination of NAV at amounts determined in accordance with GAAP, which amounts have been and could in the future be materially different from the amount of these assets and liabilities if we were to undertake to mark to market our debt. Also for NAV purposes, we mark-to-market our hedging instruments on a frequency that management determines to be practicable under the circumstances and currently we seek to mark-to-market our hedging instruments on a weekly basis. However, our NAV policies and procedures allow for that frequency to change to be more or less frequent. Other examples that will cause our NAV to differ from our GAAP net book value include the straight-lining of rent, which results in a receivable for GAAP purposes that is not included in the determination of our NAV, and, for purposes of determining our NAV, the assumption of a value of zero in certain instances where the balance of a loan exceeds the value of the underlying real estate properties, where GAAP net book value would reflect a negative equity value for such real estate properties, even if such loans are non-recourse. Third party appraisers may value our individual real estate assets using appraisal standards that deviate from fair value standards under GAAP. The use of such appraisal standards may cause our NAV to deviate from GAAP fair value principles. We did not develop our valuation procedures with the intention of complying with fair value concepts under GAAP and, therefore, there could be differences between our fair values and the fair values derived from the principal market or most advantageous market concepts of establishing fair value under GAAP.

 

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We include no discounts to our NAV for the illiquid nature of our shares, including the limitations on your ability to redeem shares under our share redemption program and our ability to suspend or terminate our share redemption program at any time. Our NAV generally does not consider exit costs (e.g. selling costs and commissions related to the sale of a property) that would likely be incurred if our assets and liabilities were liquidated or sold. While we may use market pricing concepts to value individual components of our NAV, our per share NAV is not derived from the market pricing information of open-end real estate funds listed on stock exchanges.

Please note that our NAV is not a representation, warranty or guarantee that: (1) we would fully realize our NAV upon a sale of our assets; (2) shares of our common stock would trade at our per share NAV on a national securities exchange; and (3) a stockholder would be able to realize the per share NAV if such stockholder attempted to sell his or her shares to a third party.

The [    ], 2017 valuation for our real properties was provided by the Independent Valuation Firm in accordance with our valuation procedures and determined starting with the appraised value. The aggregate real property valuation of $[    ] compares to a GAAP basis of real properties (before accumulated amortization and depreciation and the impact of intangible lease liabilities) of $[    ], representing an increase of approximately $[    ] million or [    ]%. Certain key assumptions that were used by our Independent Valuation Firm in the discounted cash flow analysis are set forth in the following table.

[                             ]

A change in the rates used would impact the calculation of the value of our real properties. For example, assuming all other factors remain constant, an increase in the weighted-average annual discount rate/IRR and the exit capitalization rate of 0.5% would reduce the value of our real properties by approximately [    ]% and [    ]%, respectively.

On any day, our share sales and redemptions are made based on the day’s applicable per share NAV carried out to four decimal places. On each business day, our NAV per share for each class is (1) posted on our website, www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, and (2) made available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, (888) 310-9352. In addition, on at least a monthly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC our NAV per share for each share class for each business day during the prior month. On at least a quarterly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC the principal valuation components of our NAV.

 

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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

General

The following is a summary of certain material federal income tax consequences relating to our qualification and taxation as a REIT and the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock that you, as a potential stockholder, may consider relevant. Because this section is a general summary, it does not address all of the potential tax issues that may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances. This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code; current, temporary and proposed Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder; current administrative interpretations and practices of the IRS; and judicial decisions now in effect, all of which are subject to change (possibly with retroactive effect) or to different interpretations.

We can provide no assurance that the tax treatment described in this summary will not be challenged by the IRS or will be sustained by a court if challenged by the IRS.

This summary of certain federal income tax consequences applies to you only if you acquire and hold our common stock as a “capital asset” (generally, property held for investment within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code). This summary is also based upon the assumption that our operation and the operation of our subsidiaries and other lower-tier and affiliated entities will in each case be in accordance with the applicable organizational documents or partnership agreements. This summary does not consider all of the rules which may affect the U.S. tax treatment of your investment in our common stock in light of your particular circumstances. For example, except to the extent discussed under the headings “—Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock—Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” and “—Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock—Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders,” special rules not discussed here may apply to you if you are:

 

  (1) a broker-dealer or a dealer in securities or currencies;

 

  (2) an S corporation;

 

  (3) a partnership or other pass-through entity;

 

  (4) a bank, thrift or other financial institution;

 

  (5) a regulated investment company or a REIT;

 

  (6) an insurance company;

 

  (7) a tax-exempt organization;

 

  (8) subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;

 

  (9) holding our common stock as part of a hedge, straddle, conversion, integrated or other risk reduction or constructive sale transaction;

 

  (10) holding our common stock through a partnership or other pass-through entity;

 

  (11) holding our common stock through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise received our common stock as compensation;

 

  (12) a non-U.S. corporation, non-U.S. trust, non-U.S. estate, or an individual who is not a resident or citizen of the United States;

 

  (13) a U.S. person whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar; or

 

  (14) a U.S. expatriate.

If a partnership, including any entity that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, holds our common stock, the federal income tax treatment of the partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership that will hold our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the federal income tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of

 

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our common stock by the partnership.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review. No assurance can be given as to whether, when or in what form the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to us and our stockholders may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes to the federal tax laws and interpretations of federal tax laws could adversely affect an investment in shares of our common stock.

This summary generally does not discuss any alternative minimum tax considerations or any state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations.

THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON STOCK DEPENDS IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. THIS SUMMARY OF CERTAIN MATERIAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TAX ADVICE. YOU ARE ADVISED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND FOREIGN INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR COMMON STOCK.

Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT

We elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. We believe that we have been organized and operated, and intend to continue to operate, in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT.

REIT Qualification

This section of the prospectus discusses the laws governing the tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. These laws are highly technical and complex.

In connection with our offering, DLA Piper LLP (US) has delivered an opinion to the effect that, commencing with our taxable year which ended on December 31, 2010, we have been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and our proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.

Investors should be aware that the opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US) was expressed as of the date issued, and was based on various assumptions relating to our organization and operation and is conditioned upon representations and covenants made by us regarding our organization, assets and the conduct of our business operations. While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by DLA Piper LLP (US) or by us that we will so qualify for any particular year. DLA Piper LLP (US) will have no obligation to advise us or the holders of our common stock of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed in the opinion, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS or any court, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such opinions. We have not obtained an advance ruling from the IRS regarding any matter discussed in this prospectus.

Qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels and diversity of share ownership, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, the compliance with which will not be reviewed by DLA Piper LLP (US). Our ability to qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets directly or indirectly owned by us. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination. While we intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable year will satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.

Taxation of REITs in General

As indicated above, qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below under “—Requirements for Qualification— General.” While we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the future. See “—Failure to Qualify” below.

 

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We may own an equity interest in one or more entities that will elect to be treated as REITs, which we refer to as a Subsidiary REIT. Each Subsidiary REIT will be subject to, and must satisfy, the same requirements that we must satisfy in order to qualify as a REIT. Discussions of our qualification under the REIT rules, the anticipated satisfaction of the REIT requirements, and the consequences of a failure to so qualify, also apply to any Subsidiary REITs.

Provided that we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on our REIT taxable income that is distributed to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” at the corporate and stockholder levels that has historically resulted from investment in a corporation. Rather, income generated by a REIT generally is taxed only at the stockholder level upon a distribution of dividends by the REIT.

Most U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are taxed on corporate dividends at a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 20% (the same as long-term capital gains). With limited exceptions, however, dividends from us or from other entities that are taxed as REITs are generally not eligible for this rate and will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income. The highest marginal non-corporate U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to ordinary income is currently 39.6%. See “—Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on Distributions on Our Common Stock.”

Net operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes of a REIT generally do not pass through to the stockholders of the REIT, subject to special rules for certain items such as capital gains recognized by REITs.

As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to income tax. However, we are subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:

 

  (1) We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any taxable income, including undistributed net capital gains, that we do not distribute to stockholders during, or within a specified time period after, the calendar year in which the income is earned;

 

  (2) We may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax preference, including any deductions of net operating losses;

 

  (3) If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See “—Prohibited Transactions” and “—Foreclosure Property” below;

 

  (4) If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as “foreclosure property,” we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a sale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or operation of the property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable federal corporate income tax rate (currently 35%);

 

  (5) If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as a REIT because other requirements are met, we will be subject to a 100% tax on portion of our profits attributable to the amount of gross income that falls short of the prescribed thresholds;

 

  (6) In the event of a failure of the asset tests (other than certain de minimis failures), as described below under “—Asset Tests,” as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we dispose of the assets or otherwise comply with such asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in which we identify such failure and we file a schedule with the IRS describing the assets that caused such failure, we may nevertheless be able to maintain our qualification as a REIT but would be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the non-qualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy such asset tests;

 

  (7) In the event of a failure to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, where the violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, we may be able to nevertheless maintain our REIT qualification but would then be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure;

 

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  (8) If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year; and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of (a) the amounts actually distributed, plus (b) retained amounts on which income tax is paid at the corporate level;

 

  (9) We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet recordkeeping requirements intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of our stockholders, as described below in “—Requirements for Qualification— General”;

 

  (10) A 100% tax may be imposed on certain items of income and expense that are directly or constructively paid between a REIT and a TRS if and to the extent that the IRS successfully adjusts the reported amounts of these items to conform to an arm’s length pricing standard;

 

  (11) If we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT (i.e., a corporation taxable under subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code) in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets in the hands of the subchapter C corporation, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate income tax rate then applicable if we subsequently recognize the built-in gain on a disposition of any such assets during the ten-year period following the acquisition from the subchapter C corporation, unless the subchapter C corporation elects to treat the original transfer of the assets to us as a taxable sale;

 

  (12) The earnings of our lower-tier entities that are subchapter C corporations, if any, including domestic TRSs, are subject to federal corporate income tax; and

 

  (13) If we own a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC, we will be taxable at the highest corporate rate on the portion of any excess inclusion income that we derive from the REMIC residual interests equal to the percentage of our stock that is held in record name by “disqualified organizations.” Similar rules apply to a REIT that owns an equity interest in a taxable mortgage pool. To the extent that we own a REMIC residual interest or a taxable mortgage pool through a TRS, we will not be subject to this tax (although the TRS will be subject to tax on its income). For a discussion of “excess inclusion income,” see “—Taxable Mortgage Pools.” A “disqualified organization” includes:

 

  ¡  

the United States;

 

  ¡  

any state or political subdivision of the United States;

 

  ¡  

any foreign government;

 

  ¡  

any international organization;

 

  ¡  

any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing;

 

  ¡  

any other tax-exempt organization, other than a farmer’s cooperative described in section 521 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt both from income taxation and from taxation under the unrelated business taxable income provisions of the Internal Revenue Code; and

 

  ¡  

any rural electrical or telephone cooperative.

We do not currently hold REMIC residual interests or interests in taxable mortgage pools, but may do so in the future.

In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes, including payroll taxes and state and local income, property and other taxes on assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.

Requirements for Qualification—General

The Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:

 

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  (1) that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;

 

  (2) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;

 

  (3) that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the special Internal Revenue Code provisions applicable to REITs;

 

  (4) that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;

 

  (5) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;

 

  (6) in which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer “individuals” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include specified tax-exempt entities);

 

  (7) that properly elects to be taxed as a REIT and such election has not been terminated or revoked; and

 

  (8) which meets other tests described below regarding the nature of its income and assets, its distributions, and certain other matters.

The Internal Revenue Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Our charter provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of our shares, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the share ownership requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above. For purposes of condition (6), an “individual” generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefit plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes, but does not include a qualified pension plan or profit sharing trust. We were not required to satisfy conditions (5) and (6) for the first taxable year for which we elected to be taxed as a REIT. To monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we generally are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our shares. To do so, we must demand written statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our stock in which the record holders are to disclose the actual owners of the shares (i.e., the persons required to include in gross income the dividends paid by us). A list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand must be maintained as part of our records. Failure to comply with these recordkeeping requirements could subject us to monetary penalties. If we satisfy these requirements and have no reason to know that condition (6) above is not satisfied, we will be deemed to have satisfied such condition. A stockholder that fails or refuses to comply with the demand is required by Treasury Regulations to submit a statement with its tax return disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other information.

In addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We satisfy this requirement.

Finally, at the end of any year, a REIT cannot have any earnings and profits accumulated by it or a predecessor during a taxable year in which it was not a REIT. We do not have any earnings and profits accumulated by a C corporation.

The Internal Revenue Code provides relief from violations of the REIT gross income requirements, as described below under “—Income Tests,” in cases where a violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and other requirements are met, including the payment of a penalty tax that is based upon the magnitude of the violation. In addition, similar relief is available in the case of certain violations of the REIT asset requirements (see “—Asset Tests” below) and other REIT requirements (see “—Failure to Qualify” below), again provided that the violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and other conditions are met, including the payment of a penalty tax. If we were to fail to satisfy any of the various REIT requirements, there can be no assurance that these relief provisions would be available to enable us to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Even if such relief provisions were available, the amount of any resultant penalty tax could be substantial.

 

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Effect of Subsidiary Entities

Ownership of Partnership Interests. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership, the REIT is deemed to own its proportionate share of the partnership’s assets, and to earn its proportionate share of the partnership’s income, for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, as described below. In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership are deemed to retain the same character in the hands of the REIT. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of partnerships in which we own an equity interest (including our interest in our operating partnership) are treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements. Our proportionate share is generally determined, for these purposes, based upon our percentage interest in the partnership’s equity capital; however, for purposes of the 10% value-based asset test described below, the percentage interest also takes into account certain debt securities issued by the partnership and held by us. Consequently, to the extent that we directly or indirectly hold a preferred or other equity interest in a partnership, the partnership’s assets and operations may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, even if we have no control, or only limited influence, over the partnership. A summary of certain rules governing the federal income taxation of partnerships and their partners is provided below in “—Tax Aspects of Investments in Partnerships.”

Disregarded Subsidiaries. If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” that subsidiary is disregarded for federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT itself, including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs, as described below. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS as described below, that is wholly owned by a REIT, or by other disregarded subsidiaries owned by the REIT, or by a combination of the two. Other entities that are wholly owned by us, including single member limited liability companies, are also generally disregarded as separate entities for federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred to as “pass-through subsidiaries.”

In the event that one of our disregarded subsidiaries ceases to be wholly owned for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another of our disregarded subsidiaries-the subsidiary’s separate existence would no longer be disregarded for federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income requirements applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the securities of another corporation. See “—Asset Tests” and “—Income Tests.”

Taxable Subsidiaries. A REIT may jointly elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly owned, to treat the subsidiary corporation as a TRS. A corporation in which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of its stock, by voting power or value, will automatically be treated as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation, unlike a disregarded subsidiary as discussed above, is not ignored for federal income tax purposes. A TRS is subject to corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow generated by us and our subsidiaries in the aggregate and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

A REIT is not treated as holding the assets of a taxable subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the taxable subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by the taxable subsidiary is an asset in the hands of the parent REIT, and the REIT recognizes as income the dividends, if any, that it receives from the taxable subsidiary. The value of the TRS securities held by the REIT will be used to compute the REIT’s compliance with the asset tests, as discussed in more detail below. Because we will not include the assets and income of TRSs in determining our compliance with the REIT income and asset requirements described below, such entities may be used by the parent REIT to indirectly undertake certain activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude it from doing directly (or through pass-through subsidiaries), such as providing certain services to tenants or conducting activities that give rise to certain categories of non-qualifying income, such as management fees, or sales of assets that may be considered inventory or dealer property. Not more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s gross assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. This limitation has been reduced to 20% commencing in 2018.

In general, a TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any lodging facilities or health care facilities, or provide rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated. A TRS may, however, provide rights to a brand name under which a lodging facility or health care facility is operated if: (i) such rights are provided to an “eligible independent contractor” (as described below) to operate or manage a lodging facility or health care facility; (ii) such rights are held by the TRS as a franchisee, licensee, or in a similar capacity; and (iii) such lodging facility or health care facility is either owned by the TRS or leased to the TRS by its parent REIT. A TRS is not

 

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considered to operate or manage a lodging facility” or health care facility solely because the TRS directly or indirectly possesses a license, permit, or similar instrument enabling it to do so.

Subsidiary REITs. As discussed above, we may indirectly or directly own interests in one or more Subsidiary REITs. We intend that any such Subsidiary REIT will be organized and will operate in a manner to permit it to qualify for taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes from and after the effective date of its REIT election. Provided that a Subsidiary REIT meets the requirements for qualification as a REIT, for purposes of determining our qualification as a REIT, stock of the subsidiary that we own will be treated as a qualifying asset, and dividends that we receive will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross asset and income tests that apply to us as described below. See “—Income Tests” and “—Asset Tests”, below. However, if any of these Subsidiary REITs were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) the Subsidiary REIT would become subject to corporate income tax as a regular C corporation, as described herein, see “—Failure to Qualify” below, and (ii) our interest in such Subsidiary REIT, and any income derived from it, could be treated as non-qualifying items for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests, which could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.

Income Tests

In order to maintain qualification as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements annually. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in “prohibited transactions,” must be derived from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including “rents from real property”; dividends received from other REITs; interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property; income derived from a REMIC in proportion to the real estate assets held by the REMIC, unless at least 95% of the REMIC’s assets are real estate assets, in which case all of the income derived from the REMIC; certain income from qualified temporary investments; and gains from the sale of real estate assets. Second, at least 95% of our gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, must be derived from some combination of income that qualifies under the 75% income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real property. Income and gain from “hedging transactions,” as defined in “—Hedging Transactions,” that we enter into to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets, including certain CRE equity and debt investments or to hedge certain foreign currency risks and that are clearly and timely identified as hedges will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests.

Generally, rents received by us will qualify as “rents from real property” for purposes of the gross income requirements described above, provided that certain requirements are met. If rent is partly attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property, the portion of the total rent that is attributable to the personal property will not qualify as “rents from real property” unless it constitutes 15% or less of the total rent received under the lease. Also, in order to be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of any person, but may be based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as “rents from real property,” the REIT generally must not furnish or render services to the tenants of such property, other than through an “independent contractor” from which the REIT derives no revenue or through a TRS. We and our affiliates are permitted, however, to perform services that are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we and our affiliates may directly or indirectly provide non-customary services to tenants of properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payment for such services does not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property. For this purpose, the amount received by the REIT for such service, which is treated as non-qualifying income, is deemed to be at least 150% of the REIT’s direct cost of providing the service. Also, rental income will not qualify as rents from real property to the extent that we directly or constructively hold a 10% or greater interest, as measured by vote or value, in the equity of a lessee.

In order for the rent that we receive to constitute “rents from real property,” the leases must be respected as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint ventures or some other type of arrangement. The determination of whether leases are true leases depends on an analysis of all the surrounding facts and circumstances. We intend that any leases into which we enter will be treated as true leases. If our leases are characterized as service contracts or partnership agreements, rather than as true leases, part or all of the payments that we receive from leases may not be considered rent or may not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as “rents from real property.” In that case, we might not be able to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income test and, as a result, could lose our REIT status unless we qualify for relief, as described above.

 

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Interest income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test (as described above) to the extent that the obligation is secured by a mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we have a binding commitment to acquire or originate the mortgage loan, the interest income will generally be apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. However, ancillary personal property that secures a mortgage loan will be treated as real property for purposes of the 75% gross income test (and for purposes of the REIT asset tests as described below) if the value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the combined value of the real and personal property. Even if a loan is not secured by real property or is undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test.

To the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property securing the loan, or a shared appreciation provision, income attributable to the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests provided that the property is not inventory or dealer property in the hands of the borrower or the REIT.

To the extent that a REIT derives interest income from a mortgage loan or income from the rental of real property where all or a portion of the amount of interest or rental income payable is contingent, such income generally will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon the gross receipts or sales, and not the net income or profits, of the borrower or lessee. This limitation does not apply, however, where the borrower or lessee leases substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants or subtenants, to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower or lessee, as the case may be, would qualify as rents from real property had it been earned directly by a REIT.

We may originate and acquire mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real property. IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the revenue procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests described below, and interest derived from it will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although the revenue procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Our mezzanine loans might not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor. However, we expect to make and acquire mezzanine loans in a manner that will enable us to satisfy the REIT gross income and asset tests, even if the loans to not meet all of the requirements to qualify for the safe harbor.

We may hold certain participation interests in mortgage loans and mezzanine loans. A participation interest is an interest created in an underlying loan by virtue of a participation or similar agreement, to which the originator of the loan is a party, along with one or more participants. The borrower on the underlying loan is typically not a party to the participation agreement. The performance of a participant’s investment depends upon the performance of the underlying loan, and if the underlying borrower defaults, the participant typically has no recourse against the originator of the loan. The originator often retains a senior position in the underlying loan, and grants junior participations, which will be a first loss position in the event of a default by the borrower. We may acquire participations in CRE debt which we believe qualify for purposes of the REIT asset tests described below, and that interest derived from such investments will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test. The appropriate treatment of participation interests for federal income tax purposes is not entirely certain, however, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of participation interests.

We may acquire CMBS, and expect that the CMBS will be treated either as interests in a grantor trust or as regular interests in REMICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that all interest income, original issue discount and market discount from our CMBS will be qualifying income for the 95% gross income test. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. The interest, original issue discount and market discount on such mortgage loans would be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation is secured by real property. In the case of CMBS treated as interests in a REMIC, income derived from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. If less than 95% of the assets of the REMIC are real estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some REMIC securitizations include embedded interest swap or cap contracts or other derivative instruments that potentially could

 

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produce non-qualifying income for the holder of the related REMIC securities.

We believe that substantially all of our income from our mortgage related securities generally will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. However, to the extent that we own non-REMIC collateralized mortgage obligations or other debt instruments secured by mortgage loans (rather than by real property), or secured by non-real estate assets, or debt securities that are not secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property, the interest income received with respect to such securities generally will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not for the 75% gross income test. In addition, the amount of a mortgage loan that we own may exceed the value of the real property and ancillary personal property) securing the loan. In that case, income from the loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but the interest attributable to the amount of the loan that exceeds the sum of the value of the real property and ancillary personal property securing the loan will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test.

Revenue Procedure 2014-51 discusses a modification of a mortgage loan or an interest therein which is held by a REIT if the modification was occasioned by a default on the loan, or the modification satisfies both of the following conditions: (a) based on all the facts and circumstances, the REIT or servicer of the loan (the “pre-modified loan”) reasonably believes that there is a significant risk of default of the pre-modified loan upon maturity of the loan or at an earlier date, and (b) based on all the facts and circumstances, the REIT or servicer reasonably believes that the modified loan presents a substantially reduced risk of default, as compared with the pre-modified loan. Revenue Procedure 2014-51provides that a REIT may generally treat a modification of a mortgage loan described therein as not being a new commitment to make or purchase a loan for purposes of apportioning interest on that loan between interest with respect to real property or other interest, where the REIT’s acquisition of the loan pre-dated the loan becoming distressed. The modification will also not be treated as a prohibited transaction. Further, with respect to the REIT asset test, the IRS will not challenge the REIT’s treatment of a loan as being in part a “real estate asset” if the REIT treats the loan as being a real estate asset in an amount equal to the lesser of (a) the value of the loan as determined under Treasury Regulations Section 1.856-3(a), or (b) the loan value of the real property securing the loan as determined under Treasury Regulations Section 1.856-5(c) and Revenue Procedure 2014-51. We will consider IRS Revenue Procedure 2014-51 and its potential impact on our REIT qualification when acquiring mortgage loans at a discount on the secondary market.

We may receive distributions from TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs. These distributions will be classified as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions will generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. Any dividends we received from a REIT will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests.

We may receive various fees in connection with our operations. The fees will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in consideration for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by the borrower’s income and profits. Other fees generally are not qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test.

Any income or gain that we derive from instruments which hedge certain risks, such as the risk of changes in interest rates with respect to debt incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets or certain foreign currency risks, will not be treated as income for purposes of calculating the 75% or 95% gross income test, provided that specified requirements are met. Such requirements include the instrument being properly identified as a hedge, along with the risk that it hedges, within prescribed time periods. See “—Hedging Transactions” below.

If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for the year if we are entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These relief provisions will be generally available if our failure to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we attach to our tax return a schedule of the sources of our income, and any incorrect information on the schedule was not due to fraud with intent to evade tax. It is not possible to state whether we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these relief provisions are inapplicable, we will not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under “—Taxation of REITs in General,” even where these relief provisions apply, a tax would be imposed upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross income test, adjusted to reflect the profitability of such gross income.

Pursuant to The Housing and Economic Recovery Tax Act of 2008, the Secretary of the Treasury has been granted broad authority to determine whether particular items of gain or income qualify or not under the 75% and 95% gross income tests or are to be excluded altogether from the measure of gross income for such purposes.

 

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Asset Tests

At the close of each calendar quarter, we must satisfy four tests relating to the nature of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by some combination of “real estate assets,” cash, cash items and U.S. government securities. For this purpose, real estate assets include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, ancillary personal property leased in connection with real property, stock of other corporations that qualify as REITs, certain kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans, debt instruments issued by public REITs and, under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased with new capital. Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% asset test are subject to the additional asset tests described below.

Second, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.

Third, we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to securities of TRSs, and the 10% value test does not apply to “straight debt” and certain other securities, as described below.

Fourth, the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs held by a REIT may not exceed 25% of the value of the REIT’s total assets (and 20% for tax years after 2017).

Fifth, for taxable years beginning after 2015, not more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of debt instruments of publicly offered REITs.

For taxable years beginning after 2015, to the extent rent attributable to personal property is treated as rents from real property, the personal property will be treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test. Similarly, for taxable years beginning after 2015, debt obligation secured by a mortgage on both real and personal property will be treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test, and interest thereon will be treated as interest on an obligation secured by real property, if the fair market value of the personal property does not exceed 15% of the fair market value of all property securing the debt. Thus, there would be no apportionment for purposes of the asset tests or the gross income tests if the fair market value of personal property securing the loan does not exceed 15% of the fair market value of all property securing the loan.

Notwithstanding the general rule that a REIT is treated as owning its share of the underlying assets of a subsidiary partnership for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests, if a REIT holds indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to, and may cause a violation of, the asset tests, unless it is a qualifying mortgage asset or otherwise satisfies the rules for “straight debt” or one of the other exceptions to the 10% value test.

Certain securities will not cause a violation of the 10% value test described above. Such securities include instruments that constitute “straight debt.” A security does not qualify as “straight debt” where a REIT (or a controlled TRS of the REIT) owns other securities of the issuer of that security which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the value of those other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the total value of that issuer’s outstanding securities. In addition to straight debt, the following securities will not violate the 10% value test: (i) any loan made to an individual or an estate; (ii) certain rental agreements in which one or more payments are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons related to the REIT); (iii) any obligation to pay rents from real property; (iv) securities issued by governmental entities that are not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a non-governmental entity; (v) any security issued by another REIT; and (vi) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the partnership’s income is such that the partnership would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above under “—Income Tests.” In applying the 10% value test, a debt security issued by a partnership is not taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT’s proportionate interest in that partnership.

Any interests that we hold in a REMIC are generally treated as qualifying real estate assets and income we derive from interests in REMICs is generally treated as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT income tests described above. If less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC are real estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC, and of our income derived from the interest, qualifies for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests. Where a REIT holds a “residual interest” in a REMIC from which it derives “excess inclusion income,” the REIT will be required to either distribute the excess inclusion income or pay a tax on it (or a combination of the two), even though the income may not be received in cash by the REIT. To the extent that distributed excess inclusion income is allocable to a particular stockholder, the income: (i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder; (ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax; and (iii) would result in the

 

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application of federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate of 30% (and any otherwise available rate reductions under income tax treaties would not apply), to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders.

We may hold certain mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 discussed above pursuant to which certain loans secured by a first priority security interest in equity interests in a pass-through entity that directly or indirectly owns real property will be treated as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the 75% asset test, in which case such loans may be subject to the 10% vote or value test. In addition such mezzanine loans may not qualify as “straight debt” securities or for one of the other exclusions from the definition of “securities” for purposes of the 10% value test. We intend to make any such investments in such a manner as not to fail the asset tests described above, but there can be no assurance we will be successful in this regard.

We may hold certain participation interests in mortgage loans and mezzanine loans. Participation interests are interests in underlying loans created by virtue of participations or similar agreements to which the originators of the loans are parties, along with one or more participants. The borrower on the underlying loan is typically not a party to the participation agreement. The performance of this investment depends upon the performance of the underlying loan and, if the underlying borrower defaults, the participant typically has no recourse against the originator of the loan. The originator often retains a senior position in the underlying loan and grants junior participations which absorb losses first in the event of a default by the borrower. We generally expect to treat our participation interests in mortgage loans and mezzanine loans that qualify for safe harbor under Revenue Procedure 2003-65 as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and interest that we derive from such investments as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test discussed above. The appropriate treatment of participation interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not entirely certain, however, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of our participation interests. In the event of a determination that such participation interests do not qualify as real estate assets, or that the income that we derive from such participation interests does not qualify as mortgage interest for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests, we could be subject to a penalty tax, or could fail to qualify as a REIT.

After initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our qualification as a REIT for failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by reason of changes in asset values. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests because we acquire assets during a quarter, we can cure this failure by disposing of sufficient non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. If we fail the 5% asset test, or the 10% vote or value asset tests at the end of any quarter and such failure is not cured within 30 days thereafter, we may dispose of sufficient assets (generally within six months after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of the failure to satisfy these asset tests occurred) to cure such a violation that does not exceed the lesser of 1% of our assets at the end of the relevant quarter or $10 million. If we fail any of the other asset tests or our failure of the 5% and 10% asset tests is in excess of the de minimis amount described above, as long as such failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, we are permitted to avoid disqualification as a REIT, after the 30 day cure period, by taking prescribed steps including the disposition of sufficient assets to meet the asset test (generally within six months after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of the failure to satisfy the REIT asset test occurred) and paying a tax equal to the greater of: (i) $50,000; or (ii) the highest corporate income tax rate (currently 35%) multiplied by the net income generated by the non-qualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset test.

We generally expect to acquire CRE securities that will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. However, to the extent that we own non-REMIC collateralized mortgage obligations or other securities which do not qualify as “real estate” for REIT purposes, those securities will not be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.

We intend to monitor compliance on an ongoing basis. Independent appraisals will not be obtained, however, to support our conclusions as to the value of our assets or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover, values of some assets, including instruments issued in securitization transactions, may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that we do not comply with one or more of the asset tests.

Annual Distribution Requirements

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to:

 

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  (a) the sum of:

 

  (1) 90% of our “REIT taxable income” (computed without regard to its deduction for dividends paid and net capital gains), and

 

  (2) 90% of our net income, if any, (after tax) from foreclosure property (as described below), minus

 

  (b) the sum of specified items of non-cash income.

These distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration. Distributions that we declare in October, November or December of any year payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any of these months will be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of the year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.

In order for distributions to be counted for this purpose and to give rise to a tax deduction by us, they must not be “preferential dividends.” A dividend is not a preferential dividend if it is pro rata among all outstanding shares of stock within a particular class, and is in accordance with the preferences among different classes of stock as set forth in our organizational documents. In December, 2015, the preferential dividend rules were repealed with respect to publicly offered REITs by legislation (the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act) that is effective retroactively as of January 1, 2015. A REIT is publicly offered if it is required to file annual and periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. We believe that we are, and are likely to remain, a publicly offered REIT, in which case the restrictions on preferential dividends will not apply to us.

To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax at the regular corporate tax rates on the retained portion. We may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we could elect to have our stockholders include their proportionate share of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income and receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax paid by us. Our stockholders would then increase the adjusted basis of their stock by the difference between the designated amounts included in their long-term capital gains and the tax deemed paid with respect to their shares.

To the extent that a REIT has available net operating losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that it must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the character, in the hands of stockholders, of any distributions that are actually made by the REIT, which are generally taxable to stockholders to the extent that the REIT has current or accumulated earnings and profits.

If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year; and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (a) the amounts actually distributed and (b) the amounts of income retained on which we have paid corporate income tax. We intend to make timely distributions so that we are not subject to the 4% excise tax.

It is possible that, from time-to-time, we may not have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between the actual receipt of cash and our inclusion of items in income for federal income tax purposes. Potential sources of non-cash taxable income include real estate and securities that have been financed pursuant to arrangements which require some or all of available cash flows to be used to service borrowings, loans or mortgage-backed securities we hold that have been issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable economic interest in advance of its receipt in cash, and distressed loans on which we may be required to accrue taxable interest income even though the borrower is unable to make current payments in cash. Certain modifications of the terms of distressed indebtedness that we hold could also give rise to non-cash taxable income. In the event that such timing differences occur, it might be necessary to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings to meet the distribution requirements or to pay dividends in the form of taxable in-kind distributions of property. See “—Cash/Income Differences” below.

We may be able to cure a failure to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. In this case, we may be able to avoid losing our REIT status or being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency

 

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dividends. However, we will be required to pay interest and possibly a penalty based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.

Sale-Leaseback Transactions

Some of our investments may utilize sale-leaseback structures. We normally intend to treat these transactions as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, depending on the terms of any specific transaction, the IRS might take the position that the transaction is not a true lease but is more properly treated in some other manner. If such recharacterization were successful, we would not be entitled to claim the depreciation deductions available to an owner of the property. In addition, the recharacterization of one or more of these transactions might cause us to fail to satisfy the Asset Tests or the Income Tests described above based upon the asset we would be treated as holding or the income we would be treated as having earned, and such failure could result in our failing to qualify as a REIT. Alternatively, the amount or timing of income inclusion or the loss of depreciation deductions resulting from the recharacterization might cause us to fail to meet the distribution requirement described above for one or more taxable years absent the availability of the deficiency dividend procedure, or might result in a larger portion of our dividends being treated as taxable income to our stockholders.

Recordkeeping Requirements

We must maintain certain records in order to qualify as a REIT. In addition, to avoid a monetary penalty, we must request, on an annual basis, information from our stockholders that is designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding stock. We intend to comply with these requirements.

Failure to Qualify

If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. In addition, there are relief provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described in “—Income Tests” and “—Asset Tests.”

If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT would not be deductible by us, nor would they be required to be made. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders taxed as individuals may be eligible for a reduced rate applicable to “qualified dividends” and, subject to limitations of the Internal Revenue Code, corporate stockholders may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we would be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we would be entitled to this statutory relief.

Prohibited Transactions

Net income derived from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business, by a REIT, by a lower-tier partnership in which the REIT holds an equity interest or by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to the REIT. Whether property is held “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends, however, on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any particular property in which we hold a direct or indirect interest will not be treated as property held for sale to customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that would prevent such treatment. A safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction and to the application of the 100% prohibited transactions tax is available if the following requirements are met:

 

   

the REIT has held the property for not less than two years;

 

   

the aggregate expenditures made by the REIT, or any partner of the REIT, during the two-year period preceding the date of the sale that are includable in the basis of the property do not exceed 30% of the selling price of the property;

 

   

property sales by the REIT do not exceed at least one of the following thresholds: (i) seven sales in the current year; (ii) sales in the current year do not exceed 10% of the REIT’s assets as of the beginning of the

 

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year (as measured by either fair market value or tax basis); or (iii) sales in the current year do not exceed 20% of the REIT’s assets as of the beginning of the year and sales over a three-year period do not exceed, on average, 10% per annum of the REIT’s assets, in each case as measured by either fair market value or tax basis (for taxable years beginning after December 18, 2015, clauses (ii) and (iii) are liberalized to permit a REIT to sell properties with an aggregate adjusted basis (or fair market value) of up to 20% of the aggregate bases in (or fair market value of) the REIT’s assets as long as the 10% standard is satisfied on average over the three-year period comprised of the taxable year at issue and the two immediately preceding taxable years);

 

   

in the case of property not acquired through foreclosure or lease termination, the REIT has held the property for at least two years for the production of rental income; and

 

   

if the REIT has made more than seven sales of non-foreclosure property during the taxable year, substantially all of the marketing and development expenditures with respect to the property are made through an independent contractor from whom the REIT derives no income.

We will attempt to comply with the terms of the safe-harbor provisions in the federal income tax laws prescribing when a property sale will not be characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot assure you, however, that we can comply with the safe-harbor provisions or that we will avoid owning property that may be characterized as property that we hold “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.” The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be taxed to the corporation at regular corporate income tax rates. No assurance can be given, however, that the IRS will respect a transaction by which a property is contributed to a TRS, and even if the contribution transaction is respected, the TRS may incur a significant tax liability as a result of any such sales.

Foreclosure Property

Foreclosure property is real property (including interests in real property as described below) and any personal property incident to such real property: (i) that is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REIT having bid in the property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was a default (or default was imminent) on a lease of the property or on a mortgage loan held by the REIT and secured by the property; (ii) for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated; and (iii) for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. REITs generally are subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property in the hands of the selling REIT. We do not anticipate that we will receive any income from foreclosure property that is not qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, but, if we do receive any such income, we intend to make an election to treat the related property as foreclosure property or to otherwise determine that the receipt of such non-qualifying income will not adversely affect our status as a REIT.

Foreign Investments

To the extent that we directly or indirectly hold or acquire any investments and, accordingly, pay taxes, in foreign countries, such foreign taxes may not be passed through to, or used by, our stockholders, as a foreign tax credit or otherwise. Any foreign investments may also generate foreign currency gains and losses. Certain foreign currency gains may be excluded from gross income for purposes of one or both of the gross income tests described above.

Hedging Transactions

We expect to enter into hedging transactions, from time-to-time, with respect to our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase these items, and futures and forward contracts. To the extent that we enter into an interest rate swap or cap contract, option, futures contract, forward rate agreement, or any similar financial instrument to hedge our indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry “real estate assets,” including mortgage loans, or to hedge certain foreign currency risks, any periodic income or gain from the disposition of that contract are disregarded for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided that we meet certain requirements as described below. For taxable years beginning after 2015, income from

 

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hedging transactions entered into to hedge existing hedging positions after a portion of the hedged indebtedness or property is disposed of will also be disregarded in applying the gross income tests. We are required to identify clearly any such hedging transaction before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into and satisfy other identification requirements. To the extent that we hedge for other purposes, or to the extent that a portion of our loans are not secured by “real estate assets” (as described under “—Asset Tests”) or in other situations, the income from those transactions will likely be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. Moreover, our position in a hedging contract or other derivative instrument, to the extent that it has positive value, may not be treated favorably for purposes of the REIT asset tests.

We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT. We may conduct some or all of our hedging activities through a TRS or other corporate entity, the income from which may be subject to federal income tax, rather than by participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of either or both of the REIT gross income tests, or that our hedging activities will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.

Taxable Mortgage Pools

An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage pool, or TMP, under the Internal Revenue Code if: (i) substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations; (ii) more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgages or interests in real estate mortgages as of specified testing dates; (iii) the entity has issued debt obligations (liabilities) that have two or more maturities; and (iv) the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations (liabilities) “bear a relationship” to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets. Under regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise “substantially all” of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a TMP.

Where an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a TMP, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal income tax purposes. Special rules apply, however, in the case of a TMP that is a REIT, a portion of a REIT or a disregarded subsidiary of a REIT. In that event, the TMP is not treated as a corporation that is subject to corporate income tax, and the TMP classification does not directly affect the tax status of the REIT. These special rules will not apply to us to the extent that we hold all of our assets through our operating partnership. However, we may be able to rely on these special rules to the extent that we create a subsidiary REIT which in turn owns all of the equity of a TMP.

A portion of the REIT’s income from the TMP arrangement, which might be non-cash accrued income, could be treated as “excess inclusion income.” Pursuant to guidance issued by the IRS, the REIT’s excess inclusion income, including any excess inclusion income from a residual interest in a REMIC, must be allocated among its stockholders in proportion to dividends paid. The REIT is required to notify stockholders of the amount of “excess inclusion income” allocated to them. A stockholder’s share of excess inclusion income cannot be offset by any losses or deductions otherwise available to the stockholder, is subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax and results in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders.

Under the IRS guidance, to the extent that excess inclusion income is allocated to a tax-exempt stockholder of a REIT that is not subject to unrelated business income tax (such as a government entity or charitable remainder trust), the REIT will be subject to tax on this income at the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%). In that case, the REIT could reduce distributions to such stockholders by the amount of such tax paid by it that is attributable to such stockholder’s ownership. Treasury Regulations provide that such a reduction in distributions does not give rise to a preferential dividend that could adversely affect the REIT’s compliance with its distribution requirements. See “—Annual Distribution Requirements.” The manner in which excess inclusion income is calculated, or would be allocated to stockholders, including allocations among shares of different classes of stock, is not clear under current law. As required by the IRS guidance, we intend to make such determinations using a reasonable method. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully consider the tax consequences described above, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.

If a subsidiary partnership of ours (not wholly owned by us directly or indirectly through one or more disregarded entities), such as our operating partnership, were a TMP or owned a TMP, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the TMP would be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes and would potentially be

 

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subject to corporate income tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our REIT income and asset test calculations and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements, e.g., by causing us to be treated as owning more than 10% of the securities of a C corporation. We intend, however, to structure any investments in mortgage securitizations in a way that does not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.

Cash/Income Differences

Our operating partnership may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their principal amount. The amount of such discount will generally be treated as a “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. It is also possible that certain debt instruments may provide for payment -in-kind, or “PIK Interest” which could give rise to original issue discount (“OID”) for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, we may acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt are “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, if the debt is considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, the modified debt in our hands may be considered to have been issued with original issue discount to the extent the fair market value of the modified debt is less than the principal amount of the outstanding debt. In the event that the debt is not considered to be “publicly traded” for federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it. Also, certain loans that we originate and certain previously modified debt that we acquire may be considered to have been issued with the original issue discount of the time it was modified.

In general, our operating partnership will be required to accrue OID on a debt instrument as taxable income in accordance with applicable federal income tax rules even though no cash payments may be received on such debt instrument. With respect to market discount, although generally our operating partnership is not required to accrue the discount annually as taxable income (absent an election to do so), interest payments with respect to any debt incurred to purchase the investment may not be deductible and a portion of any gain realized on our operating partnership’s disposition of the debt instrument may be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain.

Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by our operating partnership are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event that a borrower with respect to a particular debt instrument acquired by our operating partnership encounters financial difficulty rendering it unable to pay stated interest as due, our operating partnership may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income.

Due to each of these potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that our operating partnership may recognize and allocate to us substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. In that event, we may need to borrow funds or take other action to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements for the taxable year in which this “phantom income” is recognized. See “—Annual Distribution Requirements.”

Tax Aspects of Investments in Partnerships

We will hold investments through entities, including our operating partnership, that are classified as partnerships for federal income tax purposes. In general, partnerships are “pass-through” entities that are not subject to federal income tax. Rather, partners are allocated their proportionate shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of a partnership, and are potentially subject to tax on these items, without regard to whether the partners receive a distribution from the partnership. We will include in our income our proportionate share of these partnership items from subsidiary partnerships for purposes of the various REIT income tests and in the computation of our REIT taxable income. Moreover, for purposes of the REIT asset tests, we will include our proportionate share of assets held by subsidiary partnerships. See “—Effect of Subsidiary Entities—Ownership of Partnership Interests.” Consequently, to the extent that we hold an equity interest in a partnership, the partnership’s assets and operations may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, even if we may have no control, or only limited influence, over the partnership.

Entity Classification

Investments in partnerships involve special tax considerations, including the possibility of a challenge by the IRS of the status of any partnerships as a partnership, as opposed to an association taxable as a corporation, for federal income tax purposes (for example, if the IRS were to assert that a subsidiary partnership is a TMP). See “—Taxable Mortgage Pools.” If any of these entities were treated as an association for federal income tax purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation and therefore could be subject to an entity-level tax on its income. In such a situation, the character of our assets and items of gross income would change and could preclude us from satisfying the REIT asset

 

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tests or the gross income tests as discussed in “—Asset Tests” and “—Income Tests,” and in turn could prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See “—Failure to Qualify” above for a discussion of the effect of our failure to meet these tests for a taxable year. In addition, any change in the status of any of these partnerships for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which case we could have taxable income that is subject to the REIT distribution requirements without receiving any cash.

Tax Allocations with Respect to Partnership Properties

Under the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated for tax purposes in a manner such that the contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, the unrealized gain or unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of the unrealized gain or unrealized loss is generally equal to the difference between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a “book-tax difference”). Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners.

To the extent that any of our partnerships acquire appreciated (or depreciated) properties by way of capital contributions from its partners, allocations of income, gain loss and deduction would need to be made in a manner consistent with these requirements. Where a partner contributes cash to a partnership at a time that the partnership holds appreciated (or depreciated) property, the Treasury Regulations provide for a similar allocation of any existing book-tax difference to the other (i.e., non-contributing) partners. These rules may apply to the contribution by us to our operating partnerships of the cash proceeds received in offerings of our stock. As a result, we could be allocated greater or lesser amounts of depreciation and taxable income in respect of a partnership’s properties than would be the case if all of the partnership’s assets (including any contributed assets) had a tax basis equal to their fair market values at the time of any contributions to that partnership. This could cause us to recognize, over a period of time, taxable income in excess of cash flow from the partnership, which might adversely affect our ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirements discussed above.

Under the Internal Revenue Code, a partnership that is not treated as a corporation under the publicly traded partnership rules generally is not subject to U.S. federal income tax; instead, each partner is allocated its distributive share of the partnership’s items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit and is required to take such items into account in determining the partner’s income. However, a recent law change enacted under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, requires the partnership to pay the hypothetical increase in partner-level taxes (including interest and penalties) resulting from an adjustment of partnership tax items on audit or in other tax proceedings, unless the partnership elects an alternative method under which the taxes resulting from the adjustment (and interest and penalties) are assessed at the partner level. Many uncertainties remain as to the application of these rules. However, it is possible, that partnerships in which we invest may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, interest and penalties in the event of a U.S. federal income tax audit as a result of these law changes.

State, Local and Foreign Taxes

We may be subject to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in which we and our subsidiaries transact business, own property or reside. The state, local or foreign tax treatment of us may not conform to the federal income tax treatment discussed above. Any foreign taxes incurred by us would not pass through to stockholders to be credited against their United States federal income tax liability. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the application and effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our common stock.

Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock

The following is a summary of certain additional federal income tax considerations with respect to the ownership of our common stock.

Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders

As used herein, the term “U.S. stockholder” means a holder of our common stock that for federal income tax purposes is:

 

   

an individual who is a citizen or resident of the U.S.;

 

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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S., any of its states or the District of Columbia;

 

   

an estate whose income is subject to federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

 

   

a trust if: (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust; or (ii) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes holds our common stock, the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership that will hold our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock by the partnership.

Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on Distributions on Our Common Stock. As long as we qualify as a REIT, a taxable U.S. stockholder generally must take into account as ordinary income distributions made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits that we do not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain.

Dividends paid to corporate U.S. stockholders will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations. In addition, dividends paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not qualify for the reduced tax rate (which is currently a maximum of 20%) for “qualified dividend income.” Our ordinary dividends generally will be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income, which currently is a maximum marginal rate of 39.6% for shareholders taxed at individual rates. However, the reduced tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary dividends to the extent attributable: (i) to dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such as TRSs; and (ii) to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distributed less than 100% of our taxable income in a prior tax year).

A U.S. stockholder generally will take into account as long-term capital gain any distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends without regard to the period for which the U.S. stockholder has held its common stock. See “—Capital Gains and Losses.” A corporate U.S. stockholder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.

We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain that we receive in a taxable year. In that case, to the extent that we designate such amount in a timely notice to stockholders, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of its undistributed long-term capital gain. The U.S. stockholder would receive a credit for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. The U.S. stockholder would increase the basis in its stock by the amount of its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain, minus its share of the tax we paid.

To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distribution will not be taxable to a U.S. stockholder to the extent that it does not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. stockholder’s common stock. Instead, such distribution will reduce the adjusted tax basis of such stock. To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in its common stock, such stockholder will recognize long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the common stock has been held for one year or less, assuming the common stock is a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. stockholder. In addition, if we declare a distribution in October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month, such distribution shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the distribution during January of the following calendar year.

Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of a REIT’s net operating losses or capital losses. Instead, the REIT would carry over such losses for potential offset against its future income. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any “passive activity losses,” such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner to offset income they derive from our common stock. In addition, taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common stock generally may be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations (although any capital gains so treated will not qualify for the lower 20% tax rate applicable to capital gains of U.S. stockholders who are taxed at individual rates). We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of our distributions attributable to

 

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that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and capital gain.

Participants in our DRP will be treated for tax purposes as having received a distribution equal to the amount of cash that they would have otherwise been entitled to receive, even though they will not receive cash distributions to pay any resultant tax liability.

Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Our Common Stock. In general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. However, a U.S. stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of common stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any actual or deemed distributions from us that such U.S. stockholder previously has characterized as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of the common stock may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder purchases other shares of our common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.

If an investor recognizes a loss upon a disposition of our stock in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of Treasury Regulations involving “reportable transactions” could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. These regulations, though directed towards “tax shelters,” are written quite broadly, and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. The Internal Revenue Code imposes significant penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. You should consult your tax advisors concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our stock, or transactions that we might undertake directly or indirectly. Moreover, we and other participants in the transactions in which we are involved (including their advisors) might be subject to disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these regulations.

Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on a Redemption of Common Stock. A redemption of our common stock will be treated under Section 302 of the Internal Revenue Code as a distribution that is taxable as dividend income (to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits), unless the redemption satisfies certain tests set forth in Section 302(b) of the Internal Revenue Code enabling the redemption to be treated as sale of our common stock (in which case the redemption will be treated in the same manner as a sale described above in “—Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Our Common Stock”). The redemption will satisfy such tests if it: (i) is “substantially disproportionate” with respect to the holder’s interest in our stock; (ii) results in a “complete termination” of the holder’s interest in all our classes of stock; or (iii) is “not essentially equivalent to a dividend” with respect to the holder, all within the meaning of Section 302(b) of the Internal Revenue Code. In determining whether any of these tests have been met, stock considered to be owned by the holder by reason of certain constructive ownership rules set forth in the Internal Revenue Code, as well as stock actually owned, generally must be taken into account. Because the determination as to whether any of the three alternative tests of Section 302(b) of the Internal Revenue Code described above will be satisfied with respect to any particular holder of our common stock depends upon the facts and circumstances at the time that the determination must be made, prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors to determine such tax treatment. If a redemption of our common stock does not meet any of the three tests described above, the redemption proceeds will be treated as a dividend, as described above “—Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on Distributions on Our Common Stock.” Stockholders should consult with their tax advisors regarding the taxation of any particular redemption of our shares.

Capital Gains and Losses. A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate currently is 39.6%. However, the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to U.S. stockholders taxed at individual rates is 20%. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of “Section 1250 property,” or depreciable real property, is 25% computed on the lesser of the total amount of the gain or the accumulated Section 1250 depreciation. With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our non-corporate stockholders at a 20% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses eligible to be carried back three years and forward five years.

 

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Medicare Tax. Certain U.S. stockholders who are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends, interest and certain other investment income, including capital gains from the sale or other disposition of our common stock.

Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding. We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during each calendar year, and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the rate of 28% with respect to distributions unless such holder:

 

   

is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or

 

   

provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.

A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholder’s income tax liability.

Brokers that are required to report the gross proceeds from a sale of shares on Form 1099-B will also be required to report the customer’s adjusted basis in the shares and whether any gain or loss with respect to the shares is long-term or short-term. In some cases, there may be alternative methods of determining the basis in shares that are disposed of, in which case your broker will apply a default method of its choosing if you do not indicate which method you choose to have applied. You should consult with your own tax advisor regarding the new reporting requirements and your election options.

Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders

Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and IRAs, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income. Dividend distributions from a REIT to a tax-exempt stockholder generally do not constitute unrelated business taxable income, provided that the tax-exempt entity does not otherwise use the shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its investment in our common stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute unrelated business taxable income pursuant to the “debt-financed property” rules. In addition, dividends that are attributable to excess inclusion income, with respect to the REMIC residual interests or taxable mortgage pools, will constitute unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most tax-exempt stockholders. See “—Taxable Mortgage Pools.” Furthermore, social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of the federal income tax laws are subject to different unrelated business taxable income rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as unrelated business taxable income. Finally, in certain circumstances, a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our stock could be required to treat a percentage of the dividends that it receives from us as unrelated business taxable income. Such percentage is equal to the gross income that we derive from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust holding more than 10% of our stock only if:

 

   

the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust would be required to treat as unrelated business taxable income is at least 5%;

 

   

we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no more than 50% of our stock be owned by five or fewer individuals, which modification allows the beneficiaries of the pension trust to be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the pension trust in lieu of treating the pension trust as an individual for this purpose (see “—Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT—Requirements for Qualification— General”); and

 

   

either: (i) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock; or (ii) a group of pension trusts each individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our stock.

 

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Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders

The term “non-U.S. stockholder” means a holder of our common stock that is neither a U.S. stockholder nor an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. The rules governing federal income taxation of non-U.S. stockholders are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. Non-U.S. stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, local and non U.S. income tax laws on the ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.

Ordinary Dividends. A non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of a “United States real property interest”, or a USRPI, and that we do not designate as a capital gain dividend or retained capital gain will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay such distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply to such distribution unless an applicable tax treaty or other exemption reduces or eliminates the tax. Any dividends that are attributable to excess inclusion income will be subject to the 30% withholding tax, without reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty. See above under “Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT—Taxable Mortgage Pools.” If a distribution is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to such distribution, and a non-U.S. stockholder that is a corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax with respect to the distribution. We plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any such distribution paid to a non-U.S. stockholder unless either:

 

   

a lower treaty rate or other exemption applies and the non-U.S. stockholder furnishes to us an IRS Form W-8BEN-E or Form W-8BEN (as applicable) evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate; or

 

   

the non-U.S. stockholder furnishes to us an IRS Form W-8ECI claiming that the distribution is effectively connected income.

Capital Gain Dividends. For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder will generally incur tax on distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of a USRPI under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA. A USRPI includes certain interests in real property and stock in “United States real property holding corporations” but does not include interests solely as a creditor and, accordingly, does not include a debt instrument that does not provide for contingent payments based on the value of or income from real property interests. Under FIRPTA, a non-U.S. stockholder is taxed on distributions attributable to gain from sales of USRPIs as if such gain were effectively connected with a U.S. business of the non-U.S. stockholder. A non-U.S. stockholder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal capital gains rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of a nonresident alien individual. A non-U.S. corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution. There is a special 35% withholding rate for distributions to non-US stockholders attributable to the REIT’s gains from dispositions of USRPIs. A non-U.S. stockholder may receive a credit against its tax liability for the amount we withhold.

Capital gain dividends that are attributable to our sale of USRPIs would be treated as ordinary dividends rather than as gain from the sale of a USRPI, if: (i) our common stock is “regularly traded” on an established securities market in the United States; and (ii) the non-U.S. stockholder did not own more than 10% of our common stock at any time during the one-year period prior to the distribution. Such distributions would be subject to withholding tax on such capital gain distributions in the same manner as they are subject to withholding tax on ordinary dividends. Our stock is not regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States and there is no assurance that it ever will be.

The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 creates a new exemption from FIRPTA for foreign pension funds and subsidiary entities that meet certain requirements, as well as for certain publicly traded foreign entities that are “qualified collective investment vehicles” from countries having tax treaties with the United States and which meet a number of other requirements.

Capital gain dividends that are not attributable to our sale of USRPIs (e.g., distributions of gains from sales of debt instruments that are not USRPIs), generally will not be taxable to non-U.S. stockholders or subject to withholding tax.

Non-Dividend Distributions. A non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our

 

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current and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of such distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its common stock. Instead, the excess portion of such distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of such shares. A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted basis of its common stock, if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as we would withhold on an ordinary dividend. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may claim a refund of amounts that we withhold if we later determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated earnings and profits.

We may be required to withhold 15% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits if our stock is a USRPI. Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that we do not do so, we may withhold at a rate of 15% on any portion of a distribution not subject to withholding at a rate of 30%.

Dispositions of Our Common Stock. A non-U.S. stockholder generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain realized upon a disposition of our common stock as long as we: (i) are not a “United States real property holding corporation” during a specified testing period and certain procedural requirements are satisfied; or (ii) are a domestically controlled qualified investment entity. A “United States real property holding corporation” is a U.S. corporation that at any time during the applicable testing period owned USRPIs that exceed in value 50% of the value of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States and other assets used in the corporation’s trade or business. No assurance can be provided that we will not be a “United States real property holding corporation.” However, we believe that we are and will be a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, although we cannot assure you that we will be a domestically controlled qualified investment entity in the future. Even if we were a “United States real property holding corporation” and we were not a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, a non-U.S. stockholder that owned, actually or constructively, 10% or less of our common stock at all times during a specified testing period would not incur tax under FIRPTA if our common stock is “regularly traded” on an established securities market. Our stock is not regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States, and there is no assurance that it ever will be.

As noted above under “—Capital Gain Dividends”, certain foreign pension funds and publicly traded qualified collective investment vehicles are exempt from FIRPTA with respect to capital gain dividends that we pay, and these entities would likewise be exempt from FIRPTA upon a sale of our common stock.

If the gain on the sale of our common stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a non-U.S. stockholder would be taxed in the same manner as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax or, a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. stockholder will incur tax on gain not subject to FIRPTA if: (i) the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain; or (ii) the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a “tax home” in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains.

FATCA

U.S. tax legislation enacted in 2010, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, and subsequent IRS guidance regarding the implementation of FATCA, provides that 30% withholding tax will be imposed on distributions and the gross proceeds from a sale of shares (for such payments made after December 31, 2018) to a foreign entity if such entity fails to satisfy certain due diligence, disclosure and reporting rules. In the event of noncompliance with the FATCA requirements, as set forth in Treasury Regulations, withholding at a rate of 30% on distributions in respect of our stock and gross proceeds from the sale of our stock held by or through such foreign entities would be imposed. Non-U.S. persons that are otherwise eligible for an exemption from, or a reduction of, U.S. withholding tax with respect to such distributions and sale proceeds would be required to seek a refund from the IRS to obtain the benefit of such exemption or reduction. We will not pay any additional amounts in respect of any amounts withheld (under FATCA or otherwise). Additional requirements and conditions may be imposed pursuant to an intergovernmental agreement between the United States and the foreign entity’s home jurisdiction. Prospective investors are urged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to an investment in our stock.

 

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Legislative or Other Actions Affecting REITs

The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review. No assurance can be given as to whether, when or in what form the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to us and our stockholders may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes to the federal tax laws and interpretations of federal tax laws could adversely affect an investment in shares of our common stock.

 

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ERISA CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a summary of some considerations associated with an investment in our shares by a qualified employee pension benefit plan or an individual retirement account (IRA). This summary is based on provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and the Internal Revenue Code, each as amended through the date of this prospectus, and the relevant regulations, opinions and other authority issued by the Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Service. We cannot assure you that there will not be adverse tax or labor decisions or legislative, regulatory or administrative changes that would significantly modify the statements expressed herein. Any such changes may apply to transactions entered into prior to the date of their enactment.

Each fiduciary of an employee pension benefit plan subject to ERISA (such as a profit sharing, Section 401(k) or pension plan) or any other retirement plan or account subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, such as an IRA, seeking to invest plan assets in our shares must consider, taking into account the facts and circumstances of each such plan or IRA (Benefit Plan), among other matters:

 

   

whether the investment is consistent with the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code;

 

   

whether, under the facts and circumstances pertaining to the Benefit Plan in question, the fiduciary’s responsibility to the plan has been satisfied;

 

   

whether the investment will produce an unacceptable amount of “unrelated business taxable income” (“UBTI”) to the Benefit Plan (see “Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock — Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders”); and

 

   

the need to value the assets of the Benefit Plan annually.

Under ERISA, a plan fiduciary’s responsibilities include the following duties:

 

   

to act solely in the interest of plan participants and beneficiaries and for the exclusive purpose of providing benefits to them, as well as defraying reasonable expenses of plan administration;

 

   

to invest plan assets prudently;

 

   

to diversify the investments of the plan, unless it is clearly prudent not to do so;

 

   

to ensure sufficient liquidity for the plan;

 

   

to ensure that plan investments are made in accordance with plan documents; and

 

   

to consider whether an investment would constitute or give rise to a prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code.

ERISA also requires that, with certain exceptions, the assets of an employee benefit plan be held in trust and that the trustee, or a duly authorized named fiduciary or investment manager, have exclusive authority and discretion to manage and control the assets of the plan.

Prohibited Transactions

Generally, both ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code prohibit Benefit Plans from engaging in certain transactions involving plan assets with specified parties, such as sales or exchanges or leasing of property, loans or other extensions of credit, furnishing goods or services, or transfers to, or use of, plan assets. The specified parties are referred to as “parties-in-interest” under ERISA and as “disqualified persons” under the Internal Revenue Code. These definitions generally include both parties owning threshold percentage interests in an investment entity and “persons providing services” to the Benefit Plan, as well as employer sponsors of the Benefit Plan, fiduciaries and other individuals or entities affiliated with the foregoing. For this purpose, a person generally is a fiduciary with respect to a Benefit Plan if, among other things, the person has discretionary authority or control with respect to plan assets or provides investment advice for a fee with respect to plan assets. Thus, if we are deemed to hold plan assets, our management could be characterized as fiduciaries with respect to such assets, and each would be deemed to be a party-in-interest under ERISA and a disqualified person under the Internal Revenue Code with respect to investing Benefit Plans. Whether or not we are deemed to hold plan assets, if we or our affiliates are affiliated with a Benefit Plan investor, we might be a disqualified person or party-in-interest with respect to such Benefit Plan investor, resulting in a prohibited transaction merely upon investment by such Benefit Plan in our shares.

 

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Plan Asset Considerations

In order to determine whether an investment in our shares by a Benefit Plan creates or gives rise to the potential for either prohibited transactions or a commingling of assets as referred to above, a fiduciary must consider whether an investment in our shares will cause our assets to be treated as assets of the investing Benefit Plan. Regulations promulgated by the Department of Labor, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA, provide guidelines as to whether, and under what circumstances, the underlying assets of an entity will be deemed to constitute assets of a Benefit Plan when the plan invests in that entity (Plan Assets Regulation). Under the Plan Assets Regulation, the assets of an entity in which a Benefit Plan makes an equity investment will generally be deemed to be assets of the Benefit Plan, unless one of the exceptions to this general rule applies.

In the event that our underlying assets were treated as the assets of investing Benefit Plans, our management would be treated as fiduciaries with respect to each Benefit Plan stockholder and an investment in our shares might constitute an ineffective delegation of fiduciary responsibility to KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor, and expose the fiduciary of the Benefit Plan to co-fiduciary liability under ERISA for any breach by KBS Capital Advisors of the fiduciary duties mandated under ERISA. Further, if our assets are deemed to be “plan assets,” an investment by an IRA in our shares might be deemed to result in an impermissible commingling of IRA assets with other property.

If KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates were treated as fiduciaries with respect to Benefit Plan stockholders, the prohibited transaction restrictions of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code would apply to any transaction involving our assets. These restrictions could, for example, require that we avoid transactions with persons that are affiliated with or related to us or our affiliates or require that we restructure our activities in order to obtain an administrative exemption from the prohibited transaction restrictions. Alternatively, we might have to provide Benefit Plan stockholders with the opportunity to sell their shares to us or we might dissolve.

If a prohibited transaction were to occur, the Internal Revenue Code imposes an excise tax equal to 15% of the amount involved and authorizes the Internal Revenue Service to impose an additional 100% excise tax if the prohibited transaction is not “corrected” in a timely manner. These taxes would be imposed on any disqualified person who participates in the prohibited transaction. In addition, KBS Capital Advisors and possibly other fiduciaries of Benefit Plan stockholders subject to ERISA who permitted the prohibited transaction to occur or who otherwise breached their fiduciary responsibilities (or a non-fiduciary participating in a prohibited transaction) could be required to restore to the Benefit Plan any profits they realized as a result of the transaction or breach and make good to the Benefit Plan any losses incurred by the Benefit Plan as a result of the transaction or breach. With respect to an IRA that invests in our shares, the occurrence of a prohibited transaction involving the individual who established the IRA, or his or her beneficiary, would cause the IRA to lose its tax-exempt status under Section 408(e)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code.

The Plan Assets Regulation provides that the underlying assets of an entity such as a REIT will be treated as assets of a Benefit Plan investing therein unless the entity satisfies one of the exceptions to the general rule. We believe that we will satisfy one or more of the exceptions.

Exception for “Publicly-Offered Securities.” If a Benefit Plan acquires “publicly-offered securities,” the assets of the issuer of the securities will not be deemed to be “plan assets” under the Plan Assets Regulation. A publicly-offered security must be:

 

   

sold as part of a public offering registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and be part of a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within a specified time period;

 

   

part of a class of securities that is owned by 100 or more persons who are independent of the issuer and one another; and

 

   

“freely transferable.”

Each class of our shares is being sold as part of an offering of securities to the public pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 and each class will be registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within the specified period. In addition, we anticipate having in excess of 100 independent stockholders in each class; however, having 100 independent stockholders is not a condition to our selling shares in this offering.

Whether a security is “freely transferable” depends upon the particular facts and circumstances. The Plan Assets Regulation provides several examples of restrictions on transferability that, absent unusual circumstances, will not prevent the rights of ownership in question from being considered “freely transferable” if the minimum investment is

 

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$10,000 or less. Where the minimum investment in a public offering of securities is $10,000 or less, the presence of the following restrictions on transfer will not ordinarily affect a determination that such securities are “freely transferable”:

 

   

any restriction on, or prohibition against, any transfer or assignment that would either result in a termination or reclassification of the entity for federal or state tax purposes or that would violate any state or federal statute, regulation, court order, judicial decree or rule of law;

 

   

any requirement that not less than a minimum number of shares or units of such security be transferred or assigned by any investor, provided that such requirement does not prevent transfer of all of the then remaining shares or units held by an investor;

 

   

any prohibition against transfer or assignment of such security or rights in respect thereof to an ineligible or unsuitable investor; and

 

   

any requirement that reasonable transfer or administrative fees be paid in connection with a transfer or assignment.

We have been structured with the intent to satisfy the “freely transferable” requirement set forth in the Plan Assets Regulation with respect to our shares, although there is no assurance that our shares will meet such requirement. Our shares are subject to certain restrictions on transfer intended to ensure that we continue to qualify for federal income tax treatment as a REIT and to comply with state securities laws and regulations with respect to investor suitability. The minimum initial investment in Class T shares and W shares is $4,000, which is less than $10,000. Thus, the restrictions on transfer of these classes of shares should not prevent these classes of shares from being deemed “freely transferable.” The minimum initial investment in Class T-I shares is $500,000 and the minimum initial investment in Class I shares is $1,000,000, with certain exceptions. However, each share of each of these classes has a value substantially below $10,000 and, after they are purchased, such shares can be sold or otherwise disposed of in a block of any number of shares, subject to a $4,000 minimum. Because the Class T-I and I shares may be sold in amounts less than $10,000 after the initial purchase, and because there are no restrictions on who may purchase such shares after the initial purchase (subject to state securities laws and regulations), we believe the restrictions on these shares should also be disregarded in determining whether such shares are “freely transferable.” Although there can be no assurance that the freely transferable requirement will be met with respect to these classes of shares, we believe that these classes of shares should be treated as “freely transferable.”

If each class of our common stock is held by 100 or more independent stockholders, and assuming that no other facts and circumstances other than those referred to in the preceding paragraphs exist that restrict transferability of shares of our common stock and the offering takes place as described in this prospectus, we believe that shares of each class of our common stock should constitute “publicly-offered securities” and, accordingly, we believe that our underlying assets should not be considered “plan assets” under the Plan Assets Regulation.

Exception for Insignificant Participation by Benefit Plan Investors. The Plan Assets Regulation provides that the assets of an entity will not be deemed to be the assets of a Benefit Plan if equity participation in the entity by employee benefit plans, including Benefit Plans, is not significant. The Plan Assets Regulation provides that equity participation in an entity by Benefit Plan investors is “significant” if at any time 25% or more of the value of any class of equity interest is held by Benefit Plan investors. The term “Benefit Plan investors” is defined for this purpose under ERISA Section 3(42) and includes any employee benefit plan subject to Part 4 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA, any plan subject Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code, and any entity whose underlying assets include plan assets by reasons of a plan’s investment in such entity. In calculating the value of a class of equity interests, the value of any equity interests held by us or any of our affiliates must be excluded. It is not clear whether we will qualify for this exception since we do expect to have equity participation by “Benefit Plan investors” that may be in excess of 25% of one or more classes of our shares, which would be deemed to be significant, as defined above.

Other Prohibited Transactions

Regardless of whether the shares qualify for the “publicly-offered securities” exception of the Plan Assets Regulation, a prohibited transaction could occur if we, KBS Capital Advisors, any selected broker-dealer or any of their affiliates is a fiduciary (within the meaning of Section 3(21) of ERISA) with respect to any Benefit Plan purchasing our shares. Accordingly, unless an administrative or statutory exemption applies, shares should not be purchased by a Benefit Plan with respect to which any of the above persons is a fiduciary. A person is a fiduciary with respect to a Benefit Plan under Section 3(21) of ERISA if, among other things, the person has discretionary authority or control with respect to the Benefit Plan or “plan assets” or provides investment advice for a fee with respect to “plan assets.”

 

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Under a regulation issued by the Department of Labor, a person shall be deemed to be providing investment advice if that person renders advice as to the advisability of investing in our shares and that person regularly provides investment advice to the Benefit Plan pursuant to a mutual agreement or understanding (written or otherwise) (i) that the advice will serve as the primary basis for investment decisions and (ii) that the advice will be individualized for the Benefit Plan based on its particular needs.

The Department of Labor has recently issued a final regulation that will revise the above definition of fiduciary in the context of investment advice. The final regulation broadens the definition of fiduciary and is accompanied by new and revised prohibited transaction exemptions relating to investments by IRAs and Benefit Plans. The revised definition of fiduciary will become applicable for investment transactions on and after April 10, 2017, but generally should not apply to purchases of our shares before that date. The final regulation and the accompanying exemptions are complex, and Plan fiduciaries and the beneficial owners of IRAs are urged to consult with their own advisors regarding this development.

Annual Valuation

A fiduciary of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA is required to determine annually the fair market value of each asset of the plan as of the end of the plan’s fiscal year and to file a report reflecting that value with the Department of Labor. When the fair market value of any particular asset is not available, the fiduciary is required to make a good faith determination of that asset’s fair market value, assuming an orderly liquidation at the time the determination is made. In addition, a trustee or custodian of an IRA must provide an IRA participant with a statement of the value of the IRA each year. Failure to satisfy these requirements may result in penalties, damages or other sanctions.

Unless and until our shares are listed on a national securities exchange, we do not expect that a public market for our shares will develop. To date, neither the Internal Revenue Service nor the Department of Labor has promulgated regulations specifying how a plan fiduciary or IRA custodian should determine the fair market value of shares when the fair market value of such shares is not determined in the marketplace.

To assist fiduciaries in fulfilling their valuation and annual reporting responsibilities with respect to the ownership of shares of our common stock, we intend to provide reports of the estimated value of our stock annually to those fiduciaries (including IRA trustees and custodians) who identify themselves to us and request the reports. These reports will be based upon determinations of the NAV of our shares in accordance with our valuation procedures. However,    because the redemption of our common stock may be limited as to timing and as to the amount of shares that can be redeemed, you may not be able to realize the current NAV per share for your common stock at any time. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that such determinations of current net asset value per share will satisfy the applicable annual valuation requirements under ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code.

The foregoing requirements of ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code are complex and subject to change. Plan fiduciaries and the beneficial owners of IRAs are urged to consult with their own advisors regarding an investment in our shares.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

Prior to commencing this offering, we will rename our unclassified shares of common stock as “Class A” shares and classify four new classes of common stock: Class T, T-I, W and I shares. In this draft prospectus, we describe our charter as it will be amended and supplemented prior to the commencement of this offering. Our charter authorizes the issuance of 1,010,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which (a) 1,000,000,000 shares are designated as common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, comprised of 200,000,000 of each of our Class A, T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, and (b) 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. In addition, our board of directors may amend our charter to increase or decrease the amount of our authorized shares. As of September 30, 2016, 57,050,299 shares of our common stock are issued and outstanding, and no shares of preferred stock are issued and outstanding.

Common Stock

The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote, including the election of our directors. Our charter does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of our directors. Therefore, the holders of a majority of our outstanding common shares can elect our entire board of directors. Unless applicable law requires otherwise, and except as our charter may provide with respect to any series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future, the holders of our common stock possess exclusive voting power.

Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive such distributions as declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds, subject to any preferential rights of any preferred stock that we issue in the future. In any liquidation, each outstanding share of common stock entitles its holder to share (based on the percentage of shares held) in the assets that remain after we pay our liabilities and any preferential distributions owed to preferred stockholders. Holders of shares of our common stock do not have preemptive rights, which means that you will not have an automatic option to purchase any new shares that we issue, nor do holders of our shares of common stock have any preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights. Our common stock is non-assessable by us upon our receipt of the consideration for which our board of directors authorized its issuance.

Our board of directors has authorized the issuance of shares of our capital stock without certificates. We expect that, until our shares are listed on a national securities exchange, we will not issue shares in certificated form. Information regarding restrictions on the transferability of our shares that, under Maryland law, would otherwise have been required to appear on our share certificates will instead be furnished to stockholders upon request and without charge. These requests should be delivered or mailed to:

 

   

Regular mail: KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., c/o DST Systems, Inc., PO Box 219015, Kansas City, MO 64121-9015.

 

   

Overnight mail: KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 W. 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105.

 

   

Telephone: (866) 584-1381.

We maintain a stock ledger that contains the name and address of each stockholder and the number of shares that the stockholder holds. With respect to uncertificated stock, we will continue to treat the stockholder registered on our stock ledger as the owner of the shares until the new owner delivers a properly executed form to us, which form we will provide to any registered holder upon request.

 

      Class T      Class T-I    Class W    Class I

Selling Commission

     3.50%       1.50%    None    None

Dealer Manager Fee

     0.60%       0.30%    0.60%    0.10%

Distribution Fee

     0.50%       0.25%    None    None

Class A Shares

Substantially all of our outstanding Class A shares were sold by us in a prior public primary offering or to Class A stockholders pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. No Class A shares will be issued in this offering.

Class T Shares

 

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Each Class T share issued in the primary offering is subject to a selling commission of up to 3.5% of the public offering price for such Class T share. In addition, subject to certain FINRA limitations, we pay our dealer manager (i) a distribution fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.50% of the amount of our NAV per share for the Class T shares for such day and (ii) a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60% of our NAV per share for the Class T shares for such day, in each case, on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations. You must make an initial investment of at least $4,000 to purchase Class T shares in this primary offering.

Class T-I Shares

Each Class T-I share issued in the primary offering is subject to a selling commission of up to 1.5% of the public offering price for such Class T-I share. In addition, subject to certain FINRA limitations, we pay our dealer manager (i) a distribution fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.25% of the amount of our NAV per share for the Class T-I shares for such day and (ii) a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.30% of our NAV per share for the Class T-I shares for such day, in each case, on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations. You must make an initial investment of at least $500,000 to purchase Class T-I shares in this primary offering, provided that the minimum initial investment amount for Class T-I shares may be reduced in the discretion of our board of directors and by our advisor with respect to investments by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members and officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates.

Class W Shares

No selling commissions are currently paid for sales of any Class W shares, and we do not pay our dealer manager distribution fees with respect to the Class W shares. Subject to certain FINRA limitations, we pay our dealer manager a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60% of our NAV per share for the Class W shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations. You must make an initial investment of at least $4,000 to purchase Class W shares in this primary offering.

Class I Shares

No selling commissions are currently paid for sales of any Class I shares, and we do not pay our dealer manager distribution fees with respect to the Class I shares. Subject to certain FINRA limitations, we pay our dealer manager a dealer manager fee that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.10% of our NAV per share for the Class I shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations. You must make an initial investment of at least $1,000,000 to purchase Class I shares in this primary offering, provided that the minimum initial investment amount for Class I shares may be reduced in the discretion of our board of directors and by our advisor with respect to investments by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members and officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates.

Rights Upon Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, or any liquidating distribution of our assets, then such assets, or the proceeds thereof, will be distributed among the holders of Class A, T, T-I, W and I shares ratably in proportion to the respective NAV for each class until the NAV for each class has been paid. Each holder of shares of a particular class of common stock will be entitled to receive, ratably with each other holder of shares of such class, that portion of such aggregate assets available for distribution as the number of outstanding shares of such class held by such holder bears to the total number of shares of such class then outstanding. If there are remaining assets available for distribution to our common stockholders after each class has received its NAV (which is not likely because NAV would be adjusted upward prior to the liquidating distribution), then any such excess will be distributed to holders of our Class A, T, T-I, W and I shares ratably in proportion to the respective NAV for each class.

Preferred Stock

Our charter authorizes our board of directors to designate and issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock without approval of our common stockholders. Our board of directors may determine the relative rights, preferences and privileges of each class or series of preferred stock so issued, which may be more beneficial than the rights, preferences and privileges attributable to our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control. Our board of directors has no present plans to issue preferred stock but may do so at any time in the future without stockholder approval.

 

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Meetings and Special Voting Requirements

An annual meeting of our stockholders will be held each year, at least 30 days after delivery of our annual report. Special meetings of stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our directors, a majority of our independent directors, our chief executive officer, our president or upon the written request of stockholders holding at least 10% of the shares of common stock entitled to be cast on any issue proposed to be considered at the special meeting. Upon receipt of a written request of common stockholders holding at least 10% of the shares entitled to be cast stating the purpose of the special meeting, our secretary will provide all of our stockholders written notice of the meeting and the purpose of such meeting. The meeting must be held not less than 15 days or more than 60 days after the distribution of the notice of the meeting. The presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at any stockholder meeting constitutes a quorum. Unless otherwise provided by the Maryland General Corporation Law or our charter, the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast is necessary to take stockholder action. With respect to the election of directors, each candidate nominated for election to the board of directors must receive a majority of the votes present, in person or by proxy, in order to be elected. Therefore, if a nominee receives fewer “for” votes than “withhold” votes in an election, then the nominee will not be elected.

Our charter provides that the concurrence of the board is not required in order for the common stockholders to amend the charter, dissolve the corporation or remove directors. However, we have been advised that the Maryland General Corporation Law does require board approval in order to amend our charter or dissolve. Without the approval of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote on the matter, the board of directors may not:

 

   

amend the charter to adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the common stockholders;

 

   

amend charter provisions relating to director qualifications, fiduciary duties, liability and indemnification, conflicts of interest, investment policies or investment restrictions;

 

   

cause our liquidation or dissolution after our initial investment;

 

   

sell all or substantially all of our assets other than in the ordinary course of business; or

 

   

cause our merger or reorganization.

The term of our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors will end after one year but may be renewed for an unlimited number of successive one-year periods upon the mutual consent of KBS Capital Advisors and us. Our independent directors annually review our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors. While the stockholders do not have the ability to vote to replace KBS Capital Advisors or to select a new advisor, stockholders do have the ability, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on such matter, to remove a director from our board.

Advance Notice for Stockholder Nominations for Directors and Proposals of New Business

In order for a stockholder to nominate a director or propose new business at the annual stockholders’ meeting, our bylaws generally require that the stockholder give notice of the nomination or proposal not less than 90 days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the mailing of the notice for the preceding year’s annual stockholders’ meeting, unless such nomination or proposal is made pursuant to the company’s notice of the meeting or by or at the direction of our board of directors. Our bylaws contain a similar notice requirement in connection with nominations for directors at a special meeting of stockholders called for the purpose of electing one or more directors. Failure to comply with the notice provisions will make stockholders unable to nominate directors or propose new business.

Restriction on Ownership of Shares

Ownership Limit

To maintain our REIT qualification, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (including certain entities treated as individuals under the Internal Revenue Code) during the last half of each taxable year. In addition, at least 100 persons who are independent of us and each other must beneficially own our outstanding shares for at least 335 days per 12-month taxable year or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Each of the two requirements specified in the two preceding sentences shall not apply to any period prior to the second year for which we elect to be taxed as a REIT. We may prohibit certain acquisitions and transfers of shares so as to ensure our continued qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, we cannot assure you that this prohibition will be effective.

To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter prohibits any person or group of persons from acquiring, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of more than 9.8% of our aggregate outstanding shares unless exempted by

 

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our board of directors. Our board of directors may waive this ownership limit with respect to a particular person if the board receives evidence that ownership in excess of the limit will not jeopardize our REIT status. For purposes of this provision, we treat corporations, partnerships and other entities as single persons.

Any attempted transfer of our shares that, if effective, would result in a violation of our ownership limit or would result in our shares being owned by fewer than 100 persons will be null and void and will cause the number of shares causing the violation to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries. The prohibited transferee will not acquire any rights in the shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the attempted transfer. We will designate a trustee of the trust that will not be affiliated with us or the prohibited transferee. We will also name one or more charitable organizations as a beneficiary of the share trust.

Shares held in trust will remain issued and outstanding shares and will be entitled to the same rights and privileges as all other shares of the same class or series. The prohibited transferee will not benefit economically from any of the shares held in trust, will not have any rights to dividends or distributions and will not have the right to vote or any other rights attributable to the shares held in the trust. The trustee will receive all dividends and distributions on the shares held in trust and will hold such dividends or distributions in trust for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary. The trustee may vote any shares held in trust.

Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that any of our shares have been transferred to the trust for the charitable beneficiary, the trustee will sell those shares to a person designated by the trustee whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above restrictions. Upon the sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited transferee and to the charitable beneficiary as follows. The prohibited transferee will receive the lesser of (i) the price paid by the prohibited transferee for the shares or, if the prohibited transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction), the market price (as defined in our charter) of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust and (ii) the price received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the prohibited transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If, prior to our discovery that shares have been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the prohibited transferee, then (i) the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and (ii) to the extent that the prohibited transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount he was entitled to receive, the excess shall be paid to the trustee upon demand.

In addition, shares held in the trust for the charitable beneficiary will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift) and (ii) the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited transferee.

Any person who acquires or attempts to acquire shares in violation of the foregoing restrictions or who would have owned the shares that were transferred to any such trust must give us immediate written notice of such event, and any person who proposes or attempts to acquire or receive shares in violation of the foregoing restrictions must give us at least 15 days’ written notice prior to such transaction. In both cases, such persons shall provide to us such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such transfer on our status as a REIT.

The foregoing restrictions will continue to apply until our board of directors determines it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. The ownership limit does not apply to any underwriter in an offering of our shares or to a person or persons exempted from the ownership limit by our board of directors based upon appropriate assurances that our qualification as a REIT would not be jeopardized.

Within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, every owner of 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock will be asked to deliver to us a statement setting forth the number of shares owned directly or indirectly by such person and a description of how such person holds the shares. Each such owner shall also provide us with such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of his or her beneficial ownership on our status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with our ownership limit.

These restrictions could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or change in control of our company that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

 

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Suitability Standards and Minimum Purchase Requirements

State securities laws and our charter require that purchasers of our common stock meet standards regarding (i) net worth or income and (ii) minimum purchase amounts. These standards are described above at “Suitability Standards” immediately following the cover page of this prospectus and below at “Plan of Distribution — Minimum Purchase Requirements.” Subsequent purchasers, i.e., potential purchasers of your shares, must also meet the net worth or income standards, and unless you are transferring all of your shares, you may not transfer your shares in a manner that causes you or your transferee to own fewer than the number of shares required to meet the minimum purchase requirements, except for the following transfers without consideration: transfers by gift, transfers by inheritance, intrafamily transfers, family dissolutions, transfers to affiliates and transfers by operation of law. These suitability and minimum purchase requirements are applicable until our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, and these requirements may make it more difficult for you to sell your shares.

Distributions

Prior to the commencement of this offering, we intend to modify our distribution policy to pay distributions monthly in arrears and have daily record dates. Therefore, new investors will be entitled to distributions immediately upon the purchase of their shares. However, we reserve the right to adjust the periods during which distributions accrue and are paid. Our distribution policy is not to pay distributions from sources other than cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings. However, our organizational documents do not restrict us from paying distributions from any source and do not restrict the amount of distributions we may pay from any source, including proceeds from this offering or the proceeds from the issuance of securities in the future, other third party borrowings, advances from our advisor or sponsors or from our advisor’s deferral of its fees under the advisory agreement. Distributions paid from sources other than current or accumulated earnings and profits may constitute a return of capital. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our taxable income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders. In these situations we may make distributions in excess of our cash flow from operations, investment activities and strategic financings to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement described below.

We expect that the board of directors will set the rate of distributions at a level that will be reasonably consistent and sustainable over time. However, we have not established a minimum distribution level, and our charter does not require that we make distributions to our stockholders. In determining the appropriate level of a distribution, our board of directors considers a number of factors, including the current and anticipated market conditions, current and anticipated future performance and make-up of our investments, our overall financial projections and expected future cash needs. We can give no assurance that the board of directors will continue to set distributions at current levels and our distribution levels may change from time to time. Depending on the distribution level relative to cash flow generated from our portfolio, if our distributions exceed cash flow generated from our operations, it may cause a decrease in our NAV if not offset by other effects.

In connection with a distribution to our stockholders, our board intends to authorize distributions of using daily record dates. Accordingly, your distributions will begin to accrue on the date and time that you become a record owner of our common stock, subject to our board of directors declaring a distribution for record owners as of such date and time. We accrue the amount of declared distributions as our liability on a daily basis, and such liability is accounted for in determining the NAV.

Distributions are made on all classes of our common stock at the same time. The per share amount of distributions on each class of our shares differs because of different allocations of class-specific expenses. The per share amount of distributions on our share classes shall be determined based on the relative NAV per share of each class (if the NAV per share of our classes differs), and then adjusted to reflect class-specific expenses. In the future, our board of directors may choose other methods to determine distributions for each class of our shares.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. See “Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT — Annual Distribution Requirements.” In general, we anticipate making distributions to our stockholders of at least 100% of our REIT taxable income so that none of our income is subject to federal income tax. Our board of directors may authorize distributions in excess of those required for us to maintain REIT status depending on our financial condition and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

 

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Inspection of Books and Records

As a part of our books and records, we maintain at our principal office an alphabetical list of the names of our common stockholders, along with their addresses and telephone numbers and the number of shares of common stock held by each of them. We update this stockholder list at least quarterly and it is available for inspection at our principal office by a common stockholder or his or her designated agent upon request of the stockholder. We will also mail this list to any common stockholder within 10 days of receipt of his or her request. We may impose a reasonable charge for expenses incurred in reproducing such list. Stockholders, however, may not sell or use this list for commercial purposes. The purposes for which stockholders may request this list include matters relating to their voting rights.

If our advisor or our board of directors neglects or refuses to exhibit, produce or mail a copy of the stockholder list as requested, our advisor and/ or board, as the case may be, shall be liable to the common stockholder requesting the list for the costs, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by that stockholder for compelling the production of the stockholder list and any actual damages suffered by any common stockholder for the neglect or refusal to produce the list. It shall be a defense that the actual purpose and reason for the requests for inspection or for a copy of the stockholder list is not for a proper purpose but is instead for the purpose of securing such list of stockholders or other information for the purpose of selling such list or copies thereof, or of using the same for a commercial purpose other than in the interest of the applicant as a stockholder relative to the affairs of our company. We may require that the stockholder requesting the stockholder list represent that the request is not for a commercial purpose unrelated to the stockholder’s interest in our company. The remedies provided by our charter to stockholders requesting copies of the stockholder list are in addition to, and do not in any way limit, other remedies available to stockholders under federal law, or the law of any state.

Business Combinations

Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or the interested stockholder’s affiliate are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. For this purpose, the term “business combination” includes mergers, consolidations, share exchanges, asset transfers and issuances or reclassifications of equity securities. An “interested stockholder” is defined for this purpose as: (i) any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation’s shares; or (ii) an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting shares of the corporation. A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.

After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least: (i) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares of the corporation; and (ii) two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting shares of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder or its affiliate with whom the business combination is to be effected, or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.

These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the Maryland General Corporation Law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.

None of these provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law will apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by the board of directors of the corporation prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. We have opted out of these provisions by resolution of our board of directors. However, our board of directors may, by resolution, opt in to the business combination statute in the future.

Control Share Acquisitions

The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquirer, an officer of the corporation or an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation are excluded from the vote on whether to accord voting rights to the control shares. “Control shares” are voting shares that, if aggregated with all other shares owned by the acquirer or with respect

 

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to which the acquirer has the right to vote or to direct the voting of, other than solely by virtue of revocable proxy, would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:

 

   

one-tenth or more but less than one-third;

 

   

one-third or more but less than a majority; or

 

   

a majority or more of all voting power.

Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. Except as otherwise specified in the statute, a “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of control shares.

Once a person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition has undertaken to pay expenses and has satisfied other required conditions, the person may compel the board of directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of the demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.

If voting rights are not approved for the control shares at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an “acquiring person statement” for the control shares as required by the statute, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares for their fair value, except for control shares for which voting rights have previously been approved. Fair value is to be determined for this purpose without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, and is to be determined as of the date of the last control share acquisition or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights for control shares are considered and not approved.

If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquirer becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of these appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid in the control share acquisition. Some of the limitations and restrictions otherwise applicable to the exercise of dissenters’ rights do not apply in the context of a control share acquisition.

The control share acquisition statute does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.

Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of our stock. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.

Subtitle 8

Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:

 

   

a classified board,

 

   

a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director,

 

   

a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors,

 

   

a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred, and

 

   

a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders.

We have added provisions to our charter that prohibit us, until such time that our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, from electing to be subject to the provisions under Subtitle 8. Through provisions in our bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships. Our bylaws may be amended by our stockholders or the board of directors.

Tender Offers by Stockholders

 

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Our charter provides that any tender offer made by a stockholder, including any “mini-tender” offer, must comply with certain notice and disclosure requirements. These procedural requirements with respect to tender offers apply to any widespread solicitation for shares of our stock at firm prices for a limited time period.

In order for one of our stockholders to conduct a tender offer to another stockholder, our charter requires that the stockholder comply with Regulation 14D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and provide the Company notice of such tender offer at least 10 business days before initiating the tender offer. Pursuant to our charter, Regulation 14D would require any stockholder initiating a tender offer to provide:

 

   

Specific disclosure to stockholders focusing on the terms of the offer and information about the bidder;

 

   

The ability to allow stockholders to withdraw tendered shares while the offer remains open;

 

   

The right to have tendered shares accepted on a pro rata basis throughout the term of the offer if the offer is for less than all of our shares; and

 

   

That all stockholders of the subject class of shares be treated equally.

In addition to the foregoing, there are certain ramifications to stockholders should they attempt to conduct a noncompliant tender offer. If any stockholder initiates a tender offer without complying with the provisions set forth above, in our sole discretion, we shall have the right to redeem such noncompliant stockholder’s shares and any shares acquired in such tender offer. The noncomplying stockholder shall also be responsible for all of our expenses in connection with that stockholder’s noncompliance.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan pursuant to which you may elect to have your cash distributions attributable to the class of shares owned automatically reinvested in additional shares of the same class. The following discussion summarizes the principal terms of this plan. Appendix B to this prospectus contains the full text of our dividend reinvestment plan.

Eligibility

All of our common stockholders are eligible to participate in our dividend reinvestment plan; however, we may elect to deny your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan if you reside in a jurisdiction or foreign country where, in our judgment, the burden or expense of compliance with applicable securities laws makes your participation impracticable or inadvisable.

At any time prior to the listing of our shares on a national stock exchange, you must cease participation in our dividend reinvestment plan if you no longer meet the suitability standards or cannot make the other investor representations set forth in the then-current prospectus or in the subscription agreement. Participants must agree to notify us promptly when they no longer meet these standards. See the “Suitability Standards” section of this prospectus (immediately following the cover page) and the form of subscription agreement attached hereto as Appendix A.

Election to Participate

You may elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan by completing the subscription agreement or other approved enrollment form available from the dealer manager or a participating broker-dealer. Your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan will begin with the next distribution made after receipt of your enrollment form. You can choose to have all or a portion of your distributions reinvested through the dividend reinvestment plan. You may also change the percentage of your distributions that will be reinvested at any time by completing a new enrollment form or other form provided for that purpose. You must make any election to increase your level of participation through your participating broker-dealer or the dealer manager.

Stock Purchases

Shares will be purchased under the dividend reinvestment plan on the distribution payment dates. The purchase of fractional shares is a permissible and likely result of the reinvestment of distributions under the dividend reinvestment plan. The per share purchase price for shares purchased pursuant to the dividend reinvestment plan will be equal to our NAV per share applicable to the class of shares purchased, calculated as of the distribution date.

 

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Account Statements

You or your designee will receive a confirmation of your purchases under the dividend reinvestment plan monthly. Your confirmation will disclose the following information:

 

   

each distribution reinvested for your account during the period;

 

   

the date of the reinvestment;

 

   

the number and price of the shares purchased by you; and

 

   

the total number of shares in your account.

In addition, within 90 days after the end of each calendar year, we will provide you with an individualized report on your investment, including the purchase dates, purchase price, number of shares owned and the amount of distributions made in the prior year. We will also provide to all participants in the plan, without charge, all supplements to and updated versions of this prospectus, as required under applicable securities laws.

Fees and Commissions and Use of Proceeds

Stockholders do not pay selling commissions when purchasing shares pursuant to the dividend reinvestment plan. Because the applicable class-specific dealer manager fees and/or distribution fees are paid based on the NAV of all outstanding Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, and allocated to all holders of Class T, T-I, W and I shares, respectively, they reduce the NAV and/or distributions with respect to all such shares, including shares issued under the dividend reinvestment plan. We expect to use the proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan (1) to make investments in accordance with our investment strategy and policies; (2) to provide liquidity to our stockholders and (3) for other general corporate purposes (which may include repayment of our debt or any other corporate purposes we deem appropriate). We cannot predict with any certainty how much, if any, dividend reinvestment plan proceeds will be available for specific purposes.

Voting

You may vote all shares, including fractional shares, that you acquire through the dividend reinvestment plan.

Tax Consequences of Participation

Stockholders subject to federal income taxation who elect to participate in our dividend reinvestment plan will incur a tax liability for distributions allocated to them even though they have elected not to receive their distributions in cash but rather to have their distributions reinvested pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. Specifically, dividend reinvestment plan participants will be treated as if they received the distribution and then applied such distribution to purchase shares in our dividend reinvestment plan. To the extent that a stockholder purchases shares through our dividend reinvestment plan at a discount to fair market value, the stockholder will be treated for tax purposes as receiving an additional distribution equal to the amount of such discount. A participant will be taxed on the amount of such distribution as ordinary income to the extent such distribution is from current or accumulated earnings and profits, unless we have designated all or a portion of the distribution as a capital gain dividend or as a “qualified dividend.” In such case, such designated portion of the distribution will be taxed as a capital gain. To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital, reducing the tax basis in your common stock, and any distribution in excess of such basis will be taxable as a gain realized from the sale of your common stock. Any income with respect to the dividend reinvestment plan is expected to be included in a participant’s net investment income for purposes of the new Medicare tax discussed in “Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Termination of Participation

Once enrolled, you may continue to purchase shares under our dividend reinvestment plan until we have sold all of the shares registered in this offering, have terminated this offering or have terminated the dividend reinvestment plan. You may terminate your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan at any time by providing us with written notice. For your termination to be effective for a particular distribution, we must have received your notice of termination at least 10 business days prior to the last day of the fiscal period to which the distribution relates. Any transfer of your shares will effect a termination of the participation of those shares in the dividend reinvestment plan. We will terminate your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan to the extent that a reinvestment of your distributions would cause you to violate the ownership limit contained in our charter, unless you have obtained an exemption from the ownership limit from our board of directors.

 

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Amendment or Termination of Plan

We may amend or terminate the dividend reinvestment plan for any reason at any time upon 10 days’ notice to the participants. We may provide notice by including such information (a) in a Current Report on Form 8-K or in our annual or quarterly reports, all publicly filed with the SEC or (b) in a separate mailing to the participants.

Share Redemption Program

We expect that there will be no regular secondary trading market for shares of our common stock. While you should view your investment as long term with limited liquidity, we have adopted a share redemption program, whereby stockholders may request that we redeem all or any portion of their shares in accordance with the procedures and subject to certain conditions and limitations described below. Because the volume limitations described below are based, in part, on the NAV of each class as of the last day of the quarter preceding the redemption request, the availability of redemptions in any quarter will be dependent upon, among other things, the success of this offering.

Due to the illiquid nature of investments in real property, we may not have sufficient liquid resources to fund redemption requests. In addition, we have established limitations on the amount of funds we may use for redemptions during any calendar quarter. See “—Redemption Limitations” below. Further, our board of directors has the right to modify, suspend or terminate the share redemption program if it deems such action to be in the best interest of our stockholders.

You may request that we redeem shares of our common stock through your financial advisor or directly with our transfer agent. We will generally adhere to the following procedures relating to the redeeming of shares of our common stock:

 

   

Under our share redemption program, on each day the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading (a business day), stockholders may request that we redeem all or any portion of their shares. Redemption requests received in good order by our transfer agent or a fund intermediary on a business day and before the close of business (4:00 p.m. Eastern time) on that day will be effected at a redemption price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being redeemed calculated after the close of business on that day.

 

   

Redemption requests received in good order by our transfer agent or a fund intermediary on a business day, but after the close of business on that day, will be effected at our NAV per share for the class of shares being redeemed calculated after the close of business on the next business day.

 

   

The redemption price per share on any business day will be our NAV per share for the class of shares being redeemed, less any applicable short-term trading discounts. In addition, there may be a delay between your redemption decision and the execution date caused by time necessary for you to put a redemption request in “good order,” which means, for these purposes, that all required information has been completed and all proper signatures have been provided. As a result of this process, you will not know the redemption price at the time you submit your redemption request. The price at which your redemption is executed could be higher or lower than our NAV per share at the time you submit your redemption request. Although a stockholder will not know at the time he or she requests the redemption of shares the exact price at which such redemption request will be processed, the stockholder may cancel the redemption request before it has been processed by notifying a customer service representative available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [    ]. The line is open on each business day between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. (Eastern time). Redemption requests received in good order before 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on a business day must be cancelled before 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the same day. Redemption requests received in good order after 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on a business day, or at any time on a day that is not a business day, must be cancelled before 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on the next business day. If the redemption request is not cancelled before the applicable time described above, the stockholder will be contractually bound to redemption of the shares and will not be permitted to cancel the request prior to the payment of redemption proceeds.

 

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Redemption requests may generally be made by phone at [    ] or in writing by submitting a completed redemption form, which we will provide to you at no charge, to:

 

For regular mail:    For overnight deliveries:
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.    KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.
c/o DST Systems, Inc.    c/o DST Systems, Inc.
PO Box 219015    430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9015    Kansas City, Missouri 64105

Corporate investors and other non-individual entities must have an appropriate certification on file authorizing redemptions. A signature guarantee may be required.

With respect to retirement accounts or other investment accounts registered through custodians, trustees or fiduciaries, redemption requests can only be made by the authorized custodian, trustee or fiduciary, as applicable. Redemption requests with respect to such accounts or in connection with the death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence of a stockholder must be made in writing.

 

   

For processed redemptions, stockholders may request that redemption proceeds are paid by mailed check provided that the amount is less than $100,000 and the check is mailed to an address on file with the transfer agent for at least 30 days.

 

   

Processed redemptions of more than $100,000 will be paid only via ACH or wire transfer. For this reason, stockholders who own more than $100,000 of our common stock must provide bank instructions for their brokerage account or designated U.S. bank account. Stockholders who own less than $100,000 of our common stock may also receive redemption proceeds via ACH or wire transfer, provided the payment amount is at least $5,000. For all redemptions paid via wire transfer, the funds will be wired to the account on file with the transfer agent or, upon instructions made with a medallion signature guarantee, to another financial institution provided that the stockholder has made the necessary funds transfer arrangements. The customer service representative can provide detailed instructions on establishing funding arrangements and designating your bank or brokerage account on file. Funds will be sent only to U.S. financial institutions (ACH network members).

 

   

A medallion signature guarantee will be required in certain circumstances. The medallion signature process protects stockholders by verifying the authenticity of a signature and limiting unauthorized fraudulent transactions. A medallion signature guarantee may be obtained from a domestic bank or trust company, broker-dealer, clearing agency, savings association or other financial institution which participates in a medallion program recognized by the Securities Transfer Association. The three recognized medallion programs are the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program (STAMP), the Stock Exchanges Medallion Program (SEMP) and the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Medallion Signature Program (NYSE MSP). Signature guarantees from financial institutions which are not participating in any of these medallion programs will not be accepted. A notary public cannot provide signature guarantees. We reserve the right to amend, waive or discontinue this policy at any time and establish other criteria for verifying the authenticity of any redemption or transaction request. We may require a medallion signature guarantee if, among other reasons: (1) the amount of the redemption request is over $100,000; (2) you wish to have redemption proceeds transferred to an account other than the designated bank or brokerage account on file for at least 30 days or sent to an address other than your address of record for the past 30 days; or (3) our transfer agent cannot confirm your identity or suspects fraudulent activity.

Minimum Account Redemptions

In the event that any stockholder fails to maintain the minimum balance of $4,000 of shares of our common stock, we may redeem all of the shares held by that stockholder at the redemption price in effect on the date we determine that the stockholder has failed to meet the minimum balance, less any applicable short-term trading discounts unless waived. Minimum account redemptions will apply even in the event that the failure to meet the minimum balance is caused solely by a decline in our NAV. Minimum account redemptions are subject to the short-term trading discount discussed below to the extent the redeemed shares were purchased within 365 days of redemption.

 

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Available Liquidity

We may, in our advisor’s discretion, after taking the interests of our company as a whole and the interests of our remaining stockholders into consideration, use proceeds from any available sources at our disposal to satisfy redemption requests, subject to the limitation on the amount of funds we may use described below under “—Redemption Limitations.” Potential sources of funding redemptions include, but are not limited to, cash on hand, cash available from borrowings, cash from the sale of shares of our common stock and cash from liquidations of investments, to the extent that such funds are not otherwise dedicated to a particular use, such as working capital, cash distributions to stockholders, purchases of real property, debt-related or other investments. Our board of directors has no obligation to use other sources to redeem shares of our common stock in any circumstances.

Payment of Redemption Proceeds

Under normal market conditions, we will pay redemption proceeds, less any applicable short-term trading discounts and any applicable tax or other withholding required by law, by the third business day following receipt by our transfer agent or a fund intermediary of a redemption request in good order. Because our NAV per share for each class of common stock will be calculated at the close of each business day, the redemption price may fluctuate between the date we receive the redemption request and the date on which redemption proceeds are paid. As a result, the redemption price that a stockholder will receive may be different from the redemption price on the day the redemption proceeds are paid.

Redemption Limitations

Our share redemption program imposes a quarterly cap on the aggregate “net redemptions” of our shares equal to the amount of shares with a value (based on the redemption price per share on the day the redemption is effected) of up to 5% of the aggregate NAV of the outstanding shares as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter. Here, we use the term “net redemptions” to mean, for any quarter, the excess of our share redemptions (capital outflows) over the share purchases net of sales commissions (capital inflows) in this offering (including purchases made pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan). Measuring redemptions on a net basis will allow us to provide our stockholders with more liquidity during quarters when we are experiencing inflows of capital. On any business day during a calendar quarter, the maximum amount available for redemptions will be equal to (1) 5% of the NAV of our outstanding shares, calculated as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter, plus (2) proceeds from sales of new shares in this offering (including reinvestment of distributions but net of sales commissions) since the beginning of the current calendar quarter, less (3) proceeds paid to redeem shares since the beginning of the current calendar quarter through the prior business day. The quarterly cap will be monitored each business day by us based on reports from our transfer agent, which will provide daily updated information on the proceeds from sales of new shares and the redemption proceeds paid by us. If the quarterly cap is reached during a given day, redemptions will be satisfied pro rata on that day and we will no longer redeem shares for the remainder of the quarter, regardless of additional share purchases by investors for the remainder of such quarter.

For each future quarter, our board of directors reserves the right to choose whether the quarterly cap will be applied to “gross redemptions,” meaning, for any class and any quarter, amounts paid to redeem shares of such class since the beginning of such calendar quarter, or “net redemptions.” In order for the board of directors to change the application of the quarterly cap from net redemptions to gross redemptions or vice versa, we will notify stockholders through a prospectus supplement and/or a special or periodic report filed with the SEC, as well as in a press release or on our website, at least 10 days before the first business day of the quarter for which the new test will apply.

In addition, for each future quarter, our board of directors reserves the right to choose whether the quarterly cap and the “net redemptions” test will be applied to our shares on a class-specific basis rather than on the aggregate basis described above. If our board of directors chooses to have the quarterly cap and the “net redemptions” test apply on a class-specific basis, then “net redemptions” of our share classes will mean, for any class and any quarter, the excess of our share redemptions (capital outflows) of such class over the share purchases net of sales commissions (capital inflows) of such class in this offering (which includes purchases through our dividend reinvestment plan). Further, the quarterly cap will mean a quarterly cap on the “net redemptions” of each of our share classes equal to the amount of shares of such class with an aggregate value (based on the redemption price per share on the day the redemption is effected) of up to 5% of the NAV of the outstanding shares of such class as of the last day of the previous calendar quarter. In order for the board of directors to change the application of the quarterly cap and the “net redemptions” test from being applied to our shares on an aggregate basis among our share classes, taken together, to a class-specific basis, or vice versa, we will notify stockholders through a prospectus supplement and/or a special or periodic report filed with the SEC, as well as in a press release or on our website, at least 10 days before the first business day of the quarter for which the new test will apply.

 

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On the first business day during any quarter in which we have reached that quarter’s quarterly cap, we will promptly publicly disclose such fact through a filing with the SEC and a posting to our website in order to notify stockholders of such class that the quarterly cap has been reached and when redemptions will resume. Unless our board of directors determines to modify, suspend or terminate our share redemption program, our share redemption program with respect to such class of shares will automatically and without stockholder notification resume normal operation on the first day of the calendar quarter following the quarter in which the quarterly cap was reached. After the quarterly cap has been reached in a quarter, any unsatisfied portion of a redemption request must be resubmitted at the start of the next quarter or upon recommencement of the share redemption program, as applicable.

Even when redemption requests do not exceed the quarterly cap, we may not have a sufficient amount of liquid assets to satisfy redemption requests because our assets will consist primarily of properties and types of real estate-related assets that cannot be readily liquidated on short notice.

Our board of directors may modify, suspend or terminate our share redemption program if it deems such action to be in the best interest of our stockholders. Events that may cause our board of directors to decide to modify, suspend or terminate the share redemption program include, but are not limited to, unavailability of sufficient liquidity to fund redemption requests, adverse developments in financial markets, regulatory changes, changes in law or if our board of directors becomes aware of undisclosed material information that it believes should be publicly disclosed before shares are redeemed. Accordingly, stockholders cannot be assured that all of the shares in their redemption requests will be redeemed. Any suspension or termination of, or material modification to, the share redemption program will be disclosed to stockholders. If the share redemption program is suspended by our board of directors other than as a result of reaching the quarterly cap, our board of directors must affirmatively authorize the recommencement of the program before stockholder requests will be considered again. The start of a new calendar quarter will not automatically trigger the recommencement of the share redemption program. We will provide notice to stockholders of any recommencement of the share redemption program following such a suspension due to action of our board of directors.

If the full amount of shares of any class of our common stock requested to be redeemed as of any given date cannot be redeemed due to the quarterly cap or lack of readily available funds, available funds will be allocated pro rata taking into consideration the total number of shares requested to be redeemed and the NAV of our classes of common stock on that date, subject to the quarterly cap. With respect to any pro rata treatment, redemption requests following the death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence of a stockholder will be considered first, as a group, with any remaining available funds allocated pro rata among all other redemption requests.

All unsatisfied redemption requests (including the unsatisfied portion of any request not satisfied in full) due to any of the limitations described above must be resubmitted at the start of the next quarter or upon recommencement of the share redemption program, as applicable. At the start of the next quarter, or when normal operation of the program otherwise recommences, available funds will be allocated pro rata based on the total number of shares subject to pending redemption requests, subject to the quarterly cap (with priority given to redemption requests following the death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence of a stockholder, as described above).

To avoid certain issues related to our ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirements and utilize the deficiency dividend procedure (see “Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT—Annual Distribution Requirement”), we have implemented procedures designed to track our stockholders’ percentage interests in our common stock in order to identify any dividend equivalent redemptions and will decline to effect a redemption to the extent that we believe that it would constitute a dividend equivalent redemption. See “Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of Holders of Our Common Stock—Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on a Redemption of Common Stock.”

Short-Term Trading Discounts

There is no minimum holding period for shares of our common stock and stockholders can request that we redeem their shares at any time. However, subject to limited exceptions, shares redeemed within 365 days of the date of purchase will be redeemed at NAV per share for the class of shares being redeemed less a short-term trading discount equal to 2% of the gross proceeds otherwise payable with respect to the redemption. This short-term trading discount will also generally apply to minimum account redemptions that occur during the 365 day period following the purchase of the shares. The short-term trading discount will inure indirectly to the benefit of our remaining stockholders and is intended to offset the trading costs, market impact and other costs associated with short-term trading in our common stock. We may, from time to time, waive the short-term trading discount in the following circumstances:

 

   

redemptions resulting from death, qualifying disability or determination of incompetence;

 

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in the event that a stockholder’s shares are redeemed because the stockholder has failed to maintain the $4,000 minimum account balance; or

 

   

with respect to shares purchased through our dividend reinvestment plan.

In addition, the short-term trading discount may not apply to transactions initiated by the trustee or adviser to a donor-advised charitable gift fund, collective trust fund, common trust fund, fund of fund(s) or other institutional accounts, strategy funds or programs if we determine, in our sole discretion, such account, fund or program has an investment strategy or policy that is reasonably likely to control short-term trading. Further, shares of our common stock may be sold to certain employer sponsored plans, bank or trust company accounts and accounts of certain financial institutions or intermediaries for which we may not apply the redemption discount to underlying stockholders, often because of administrative or systems limitations.

Other

When you make a request to have shares redeemed, you should note the following:

 

   

any short-term trading discount will be applied on a first in-first out basis unless otherwise specified by the stockholder or the stockholder’s representative; for this purpose, shares held for the longest period of time will be treated as being redeemed first and shares held for the shortest period of time as being redeemed last;

 

   

if you are requesting that some but not all of your shares be redeemed, keep your balance above $4,000 to avoid minimum account redemption, if applicable;

 

   

you will not receive interest on amounts represented by uncashed redemption checks; and

 

   

under applicable anti-money laundering regulations and other federal regulations, redemption requests may be suspended, restricted or canceled and the proceeds may be withheld.

Internal Revenue Service regulations require us to determine and disclose on Form 1099-B the adjusted cost basis for shares of our stock sold or redeemed. Although there are several available methods for determining the adjusted cost basis, unless you elect otherwise, which you may do by calling our customer service number at [    ], we will utilize the first-in-first-out method. The tax treatment of stockholders whose shares of our common stock are redeemed by us under the share redemption program will depend on the specific circumstances of the stockholder, and each stockholder should consult his or her own tax adviser regarding the tax consequences of redemptions.

All shares of our common stock requested to be repurchased must be beneficially owned by the stockholder of record making the request or his or her estate, heir or beneficiary, or the party requesting the repurchase must be authorized to do so by the stockholder of record of the shares or his or her estate, heir or beneficiary, and such shares of common stock must be fully transferable and not subject to any liens or encumbrances. In certain cases, we may ask the requesting party to provide evidence satisfactory to us that the shares requested for repurchase are not subject to any liens or encumbrances. If we determine that a lien exists against the shares, we will not be obligated to redeem any shares subject to the lien.

As set forth above, we will redeem shares upon the death of a stockholder who is a natural person, subject to the conditions and limitations described above, including shares held by such stockholder through a revocable grantor trust or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from the estate of the stockholder, the recipient of the shares through bequest or inheritance, or, in the case of a revocable grantor trust, the trustee of such trust, who shall have the sole ability to request redemption on behalf of the trust. Such a written request must be accompanied by a certified copy of the official death certificate of the stockholder. If spouses are joint registered holders of shares, the request to redeem the shares may be made if either of the registered holders dies. If the stockholder is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of redemption upon death does not apply.

Furthermore, as set forth above, we will redeem shares held by a stockholder who is a natural person who is deemed to have a qualifying disability or a determination of incomptence, subject to the conditions and limitations described above and below, including shares held by such stockholder through a revocable grantor trust, or an IRA or other retirement or profit-sharing plan, after receiving written notice from such stockholder. If spouses are joint registered holders of shares, the request to redeem the shares may be made if either of the registered holders acquires a qualifying disability or is determined incompetent. If the stockholder is not a natural person, such as certain trusts or a partnership, corporation or other similar entity, the right of redemption upon disability or a determination of incompetence does not apply.

 

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In order for a disability to entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms described above (a “qualifying disability”), (i) the stockholder would have to receive a determination of disability based upon a physical or mental condition or impairment arising after the date the stockholder acquired the shares to be redeemed, and (ii) such determination of disability would have to be made by the governmental agency responsible for reviewing the disability retirement benefits that the stockholder could be eligible to receive (the “applicable governmental agency”). The “applicable governmental agencies” would be limited to the following: (i) if the stockholder paid Social Security taxes and, therefore, could be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits, then the applicable governmental agency would be the Social Security Administration or the agency charged with responsibility for administering Social Security disability benefits at that time if other than the Social Security Administration; (ii) if the stockholder did not pay Social Security benefits and, therefore, could not be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits, but the stockholder could be eligible to receive disability benefits under the Civil Service Retirement System (“CSRS”), then the applicable governmental agency would be the U.S. Office of Personnel Management or the agency charged with responsibility for administering CSRS benefits at that time if other than the Office of Personnel Management; or (iii) if the stockholder did not pay Social Security taxes and therefore could not be eligible to receive Social Security benefits but suffered a disability that resulted in the stockholder’s discharge from military service under conditions that were other than dishonorable and, therefore, could be eligible to receive military disability benefits, then the applicable governmental agency would be the Department of Veterans Affairs or the agency charged with the responsibility for administering military disability benefits at that time if other than the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Disability determinations by governmental agencies for purposes other than those listed above, including but not limited to worker’s compensation insurance, administration or enforcement of the Rehabilitation Act or Americans with Disabilities Act, or waiver of insurance premiums would not entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms described above. Redemption requests following an award by the applicable governmental agency of disability benefits would have to be accompanied by: (i) the investor’s initial application for disability benefits and (ii) a Social Security Administration Notice of Award, a U.S. Office of Personnel Management determination of disability under CSRS, a Department of Veterans Affairs record of disability-related discharge or such other documentation issued by the applicable governmental agency that we would deem acceptable and would demonstrate an award of the disability benefits.

We understand that the following disabilities do not entitle a worker to Social Security disability benefits:

 

   

disabilities occurring after the legal retirement age; and

 

   

disabilities that do not render a worker incapable of performing substantial gainful activity.

Therefore, such disabilities would not qualify for the special redemption terms, except in the limited circumstances when the investor would be awarded disability benefits by the other “applicable governmental agencies” described above.

In order for a determination of incompetence or incapacitation (a “determination of incompetence”) to entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms, a state or federal court located in the United States must declare, determine or find the stockholder to be (i) mentally incompetent to enter into a contract, to prepare a will or to make medical decisions or (ii) mentally incapacitated. In both cases such determination must be made by the court after the date the stockholder acquired the shares to be redeemed. A determination of incompetence or incapacitation by any other person or entity, or for any purpose other than those listed above, will not entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms. Redemption requests following a “determination of incompetence” must be accompanied by the court order, determination or certificate declaring the stockholder incompetent or incapacitated.

Registrar and Transfer Agent

We have engaged DST Systems, Inc. to serve as the registrar and transfer agent for our common stock.

Restrictions on Roll-Up Transactions

A Roll-up Transaction is a transaction involving the acquisition, merger, conversion or consolidation, directly or indirectly, of us and the issuance of securities of an entity that is created or would survive after the successful completion of a Roll-up Transaction, which we refer to as a Roll-up Entity. This term does not include:

 

   

a transaction involving our securities that have been for at least 12 months listed on a national securities exchange; or

 

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a transaction involving only our conversion into a trust or association if, as a consequence of the transaction, there will be no significant adverse change in the voting rights of our common stockholders, the term of our existence, the compensation to our advisor or our investment objectives.

In connection with any proposed Roll-up Transaction, an appraisal of all our assets will be obtained from a competent independent appraiser. Our assets will be appraised on a consistent basis, and the appraisal will be based on an evaluation of all relevant information and will indicate the value of our assets as of a date immediately preceding the announcement of the proposed Roll-up Transaction. If the appraisal will be included in a prospectus used to offer the securities of a Roll-Up Entity, the appraisal will be filed with the SEC and, if applicable, the states in which registration of such securities is sought, as an exhibit to the registration statement for the offering. The appraisal will assume an orderly liquidation of assets over a 12-month period. The terms of the engagement of the independent appraiser will clearly state that the engagement is for our benefit and the benefit of our stockholders. A summary of the appraisal, indicating all material assumptions underlying the appraisal, will be included in a report to our stockholders in connection with any proposed Roll-up Transaction.

In connection with a proposed Roll-up Transaction, the person sponsoring the Roll-up Transaction must offer to our common stockholders who vote “no” on the proposal the choice of:

 

  (1) accepting the securities of the Roll-up Entity offered in the proposed Roll-up Transaction; or

 

  (2) one of the following:

 

  (A) remaining as common stockholders of us and preserving their interests in us on the same terms and conditions as existed previously; or

 

  (B) receiving cash in an amount equal to the stockholders’ pro rata share of the appraised value of our net assets.

We are prohibited from participating in any proposed Roll-up Transaction:

 

   

that would result in our common stockholders having democracy rights in a Roll-up Entity that are less than those provided in our charter and bylaws with respect to the election and removal of directors and the other voting rights of our common stockholders, annual reports, annual and special meetings of common stockholders, the amendment of our charter and our dissolution;

 

   

that includes provisions that would operate to materially impede or frustrate the accumulation of shares by any purchaser of the securities of the Roll-up Entity, except to the minimum extent necessary to preserve the tax status of the Roll-up Entity, or that would limit the ability of an investor to exercise the voting rights of its securities of the Roll-up Entity on the basis of the number of shares of common stock that such investor had held in us;

 

   

in which investors’ rights of access to the records of the Roll-up Entity would be less than those provided in our charter and described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Shares — Meetings and Special Voting Requirements;” or

 

   

in which any of the costs of the Roll-up Transaction would be borne by us if the Roll-up Transaction would not be approved by our common stockholders.

 

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THE OPERATING PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

General

KBS Strategic Opportunity Limited Partnership, which we refer to as the Operating Partnership, is a Delaware limited partnership. We expect to own substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through the Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and, as of the date of this prospectus, our wholly owned subsidiary, KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings LLC, is the sole limited partner of the Operating Partnership. As the sole general partner, we have the exclusive power to manage and conduct the business of the Operating Partnership.

As we accept subscriptions for shares in this offering, we will transfer substantially all of the net proceeds of the offering to our Operating Partnership as a capital contribution in exchange for units of limited partnership interest that will be held by our wholly owned subsidiary, KBS Strategic Opportunity Holdings; however, we will be deemed to have made capital contributions in the amount of the gross offering proceeds received from investors. The Operating Partnership will be deemed to have simultaneously paid the selling commissions and other costs associated with the offering.

As a result of this structure, we are considered an UPREIT, or an umbrella partnership real estate investment trust. An UPREIT is a structure that REITs often use to acquire real property from sellers on a tax-deferred basis because the sellers can generally accept partnership units and defer taxable gain otherwise required to be recognized by them upon the disposition of their properties. Such sellers may also desire to achieve diversity in their investment and other benefits afforded to stockholders in a REIT. For purposes of satisfying the asset and income tests for qualification as a REIT, the REIT’s proportionate share of the assets and income of the Operating Partnership will be deemed to be assets and income of the REIT.

If we ever decide to acquire properties in exchange for units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, we expect to amend and restate the partnership agreement to provide substantially as set forth below.

Capital Contributions

We would expect the partnership agreement to require us to contribute the proceeds of any offering of our shares of stock to the Operating Partnership as an additional capital contribution. If we did contribute additional capital to the Operating Partnership, we would receive additional partnership units and our percentage interest in the Operating Partnership would be increased on a proportionate basis based upon the amount of such additional capital contributions and the value of the Operating Partnership at the time of such contributions. We also expect that the partnership agreement would allow us to cause the Operating Partnership to issue partnership interests for less than their fair market value if we conclude in good faith that such issuance is in the best interest of the Operating Partnership and us. The Operating Partnership would also be able to issue preferred partnership interests in connection with acquisitions of property or otherwise. These preferred partnership interests could have priority over common partnership interests with respect to distributions from the Operating Partnership, including priority over the partnership interests that we would own as a limited partner. If the Operating Partnership would require additional funds at any time in excess of capital contributions made by us or from borrowing, we could borrow funds from a financial institution or other lender and lend such funds to the Operating Partnership on the same terms and conditions as are applicable to our borrowing of such funds.

Operations

We would expect the partnership agreement to provide that, so long as we remain qualified as a REIT, the Operating Partnership would be operated in a manner that would enable us to satisfy the requirements for being classified as a REIT for tax purposes. We would also have the power to take actions to ensure that the Operating Partnership would not be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code. Classification as a publicly traded partnership could result in the Operating Partnership being taxed as a corporation, rather than as a partnership.

Distributions and Allocations of Profits and Losses

The partnership agreement would provide that the Operating Partnership would distribute cash flow from operations to its partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests on at least a monthly basis in amounts that we determine. The effect of these distributions would be that a holder of one unit of limited partnership interest in our Operating Partnership would receive the same amount of annual cash flow distributions as the amount of annual

 

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distributions paid to the holder of one of our shares of common stock.

Similarly, the partnership agreement would provide that the Operating Partnership would allocate taxable income to its partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests. Subject to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code and the corresponding Treasury regulations, the effect of these allocations would be that a holder of one unit of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership would be allocated taxable income for each taxable year in an amount equal to the amount of taxable income to be recognized by a holder of one of our shares of common stock. Losses, if any, would generally be allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests in the Operating Partnership. Losses could not be passed through to our stockholders.

Upon liquidation of the Operating Partnership, after payment of, or adequate provision for, debts and obligations of the Operating Partnership, including partner loans, any remaining assets of the Operating Partnership would be distributed to its partners in accordance with their respective positive capital account balances.

Rights, Obligations and Powers of the General Partner

We would expect to be the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. As sole general partner, we generally would have complete and exclusive discretion to manage and control the Operating Partnership’s business and to make all decisions affecting its assets. Under an amended and restated partnership agreement, we would also expect to have the authority to:

 

   

acquire, purchase, own, manage and dispose of loans, securities, real property and any other assets;

 

   

construct buildings and make other improvements on owned or leased properties;

 

   

authorize, issue, sell, redeem or otherwise purchase any debt or other securities;

 

   

borrow or loan money;

 

   

originate loans;

 

   

make or revoke any tax election;

 

   

maintain insurance coverage in amounts and types as we determine is necessary;

 

   

retain employees or other service providers;

 

   

form or acquire interests in joint ventures; and

 

   

merge, consolidate or combine the Operating Partnership with another entity.

Under an amended and restated partnership agreement, we expect that the Operating Partnership would continue to pay all of the administrative and operating costs and expenses it incurs in acquiring or originating and operating and managing investments. The Operating Partnership would also pay all of our administrative costs and expenses and such expenses would be treated as expenses of the Operating Partnership. Such expenses would include:

 

   

all expenses relating to our organization and continuity of existence;

 

   

all expenses relating to the public offering and registration of our securities;

 

   

all expenses associated with the preparation and filing of our periodic reports under federal, state or local laws or regulations;

 

   

all expenses associated with our compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations; and

 

   

all of our other operating or administrative costs incurred in the ordinary course of business.

The only costs and expenses we could incur that the Operating Partnership would not reimburse would be costs and expenses relating to assets we may own outside of the Operating Partnership.  We would pay the expenses relating to such assets directly.

Exchange Rights

We expect that an amended and restated partnership agreement would also provide for exchange rights. We expect the limited partners of the Operating Partnership would have the right to cause the Operating Partnership to redeem their units of limited partnership interest for cash equal to the value of an equivalent number of our shares, or, at our option, we could purchase their units of limited partnership interest for cash or by issuing one share of our common

 

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stock for each unit redeemed. Limited partners, however, would not be able to exercise this exchange right if and to the extent that the delivery of our shares upon such exercise would:

 

   

result in any person owning shares in excess of the ownership limit in our charter (unless exempted by our board of directors);

 

   

result in our shares being owned by fewer than 100 persons;

 

   

result in our shares being “closely held” within the meaning of Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code; or

 

   

cause us to own 10% or more of the ownership interests in a tenant within the meaning of Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Furthermore, limited partners could exercise their exchange rights only after their units of limited partnership interest had been outstanding for one year. A limited partner could not deliver more than two exchange notices each calendar year and would not be able to exercise an exchange right for less than 1,000 units of limited partnership interest, unless such limited partner held less than 1,000 units. In that case, he would be required to exercise his exchange right for all of his units.

Change in General Partner

We expect that we generally would not be able to withdraw as the general partner of the Operating Partnership or transfer our general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (unless we transferred our interest to a wholly owned subsidiary). The principal exception to this would be if we merged with another entity and (i) the holders of a majority of partnership units (including those we held) approved the transaction; (ii) the limited partners received or had the right to receive an amount of cash, securities or other property equal in value to the amount they would have received if they had exercised their exchange rights immediately before such transaction; (iii) we were the surviving entity and our stockholders did not receive cash, securities or other property in the transaction; or (iv) the successor entity contributed substantially all of its assets to the Operating Partnership in return for an interest in the Operating Partnership and agreed to assume all obligations of the general partner of the Operating Partnership. If we voluntarily sought protection under bankruptcy or state insolvency laws, or if we were involuntarily placed under such protection for more than 90 days, we would be deemed to be automatically removed as the general partner. Otherwise, the limited partners would not have the right to remove us as general partner.

Transferability of Interests

With certain exceptions, the limited partners would not be able to transfer their interests in the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, without our written consent as the general partner.

Amendment of Limited Partnership Agreement

We expect amendments to the amended and restated partnership agreement would require the consent of the holders of a majority of the partnership units including the partnership units we and our affiliates held. Additionally, we, as general partner, would be required to approve any amendment. We expect that certain amendments would have to be approved by a majority of the units held by third-party limited partners.

 

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

General

We are offering up to $1,000,000,000 in shares of our common stock in this offering through, including $750,000,000 in shares of our common stock initially allocated to be offered in the primary share offering and $250,000,000 in shares of our common stock initially allocated to be offered pursuant to the dividend reinvestment plan. Prior to the conclusion of this offering, if any of the shares of our common stock initially allocated to the dividend reinvestment plan remain after meeting anticipated obligations under the dividend reinvestment plan, we may decide to sell some or all of such shares of common stock to the public in the primary share offering. Similarly, prior to the conclusion of this offering, if the shares of our common stock initially allocated to the dividend reinvestment plan have been purchased and we anticipate additional demand for shares of common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan, we may choose to reallocate some or all of the shares of our common stock allocated to be offered in the primary share offering to the dividend reinvestment plan.

This offering is being conducted on a “best efforts” basis through KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, our dealer manager. Because this is a “best efforts” offering, KBS Capital Markets Group must use only its best efforts to sell the shares and has no firm commitment or obligation to purchase any of our shares. KBS Capital Markets Group is owned and controlled by our sponsor. For additional information about our dealer manager, including information related to its affiliation with us and our advisor, see “Management–Other Affiliates–Dealer Manager,” “Conflicts of Interest–Affiliated Dealer Manager” and “–Certain Conflict Resolution Measures.”

We are offering to the public four classes of shares of our common stock, Class T, T-I, W and I shares. We are offering a maximum of $750,000,000 in any combination of purchases of Class T, T-I, W and I shares in our primary offering. All investors must meet the suitability standards discussed in the section of this prospectus entitled “Suitability Standards.” The share classes have different selling commissions and ongoing fees and expenses. Certain classes of shares have discounts available to certain categories of purchasers as described below. When deciding which class of shares to buy, you should consider, among other things, whether you are eligible to purchase one or more classes of shares, the amount of your investment, the length of time you intend to hold the shares, the selling commission and fees attributable to each class of shares and whether you qualify for any selling commission discounts described below.

Class T and Class T-I shares are available through brokerage and transactional-based accounts. Class W and Class I shares are available for purchase in this offering only (1) through fee-based programs, also known as wrap accounts, (2) through participating broker-dealers that have alternative fee arrangements with their clients, (3) through certain registered investment advisers, (4) through bank trust departments who charge fiduciary fees on the shares or any other organization or person authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity for its clients or customers for a fee, (5) by endowments, foundations, pension funds and other institutional investors or (6) by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates and their immediate family members, and, if approved by our board of directors or our advisor, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers. The classes have different minimum purchase requirements, as described further below.

Our agreement with the dealer manager may be terminated by either party upon 60 days’ written notice. This offering commenced on [    ], the initial effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

We expect our dealer manager to authorize other broker-dealers that are members of FINRA, which we refer to as “participating broker-dealers,” to sell our shares. The participating broker-dealers are not obligated to obtain any subscriptions on our behalf, and we cannot assure you that any shares of common stock will be sold. Although we expect that most sales will be made through participating broker-dealers, in certain situations our dealer manager may make sales without a participating broker-dealer. In addition, we may make issuer direct sales with respect to shares purchased in this offering by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of our advisor and its affiliates; this will not have any effect on the price they pay for their shares.

Purchase of Shares

Shares are sold at NAV per share of the class of share being purchased, plus applicable selling commissions. Each class of shares may have a different NAV per share because certain fees are charged differently with respect to each class. See “Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures—NAV and NAV Per Share Calculation” for more information about the calculation of NAV per share.

 

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In order to purchase shares, you must (1) complete a subscription eligibility form to be provided to us by your financial advisor and direct your financial advisor to purchase shares in this offering and (2) pay for the shares at the time your purchase order is settled. Certain participating broker-dealers may require supplementary disclosure materials or additional forms or documentation. You should consult with your financial advisor when purchasing shares. Shares of our common stock purchased by a fiduciary or custodial account will be registered in the name of the fiduciary account and not in the name of the beneficial owner. We generally adhere to the following procedures relating to purchases of shares of our common stock in this offering:

 

   

As soon as practicable after the close of the New York Stock Exchange (generally, 4:00 p.m. Eastern time), which we refer to as the “close of business,” on each business day, our advisor determines our NAV per share for that day for each share class. As promptly as practicable following the close of business on each business day, we (i) post our NAV per share for such day for each share class on our website, www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com, and (ii) make our NAV per share for each share class available on our toll-free, automated telephone line, [    ]. In addition, on at least a monthly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC our NAV per share for each share class for each business day during the prior month. On at least a quarterly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC the principal valuation components of our NAV.

 

   

On each business day, our transfer agent collects and processes purchase orders. In order to help ensure that you have had an opportunity to review the terms as well as the risks of investing in this offering, we may not accept an initial purchase order until at least five business days after you receive a final prospectus. Notwithstanding, we can reject purchase orders for any reason, even if a prospective investor meets the minimum suitability requirements outlined in our prospectus. Each accepted purchase order will be executed at a price equal to our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased determined after the purchase order is received in good order by our transfer agent or a fund intermediary, plus any applicable selling commissions. For example, if a purchase order is received in good order after the close of business (4:00 p.m. Eastern time) on a business day, the purchase will be executed at our NAV per share for the class of shares being purchased determined after the close of business on the next business day, plus any applicable selling commissions. In addition, there may be a delay between your purchase decision and the execution date caused by time necessary for you and your participating broker-dealer to put a purchase order in “good order,” which means, for these purposes, that all required information has been completed, all proper signatures have been provided, and funds for payment have been provided. As a result of this process, the price per share at which your order is executed may be different than the price per share on the date you submitted your purchase order.

 

   

You will receive a confirmation statement of each new transaction in your account promptly after your purchase order is processed. The confirmation statement will disclose the price at which the order was executed and will include information on how to obtain information we have filed with the SEC and made publicly available on our website at www.kbsstrategicopportunityreit.com and our toll-free, automated telephone line at [    ], including our daily NAV per share.

You will not know at the time you place an order to purchase shares of our common stock precisely the price at which your order will be executed. The NAV per share at which your purchase price is based could be higher or lower than our NAV per share at the time you submit your purchase order. However, you will have available through our latest prospectus information regarding the methodology pursuant to which our NAV is determined, and, accordingly, the method upon which the price of shares of our common stock is determined on the business day that your purchase order is processed. In addition, on at least a monthly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC our NAV per share for each share class for each business day during the prior month. On at least a quarterly basis, we disclose in a prospectus or prospectus supplement filed with the SEC the principal valuation components of our NAV. You also have information available through our website and our toll-free telephone line about the NAV per share for each share class upon which the price for our common stock was based on the business day immediately preceding the day that you submit your purchase order. Although under normal circumstances we would not anticipate that our NAV will vary significantly from one day to the next, there can be no assurance that will be the case.

In contrast to securities traded on an exchange or over-the-counter, where the price often fluctuates as a result of, among other things, the supply and demand of securities in the trading market, our NAV is calculated once daily using our valuation procedures, and the price at which we sell new shares and redeem outstanding shares that day does not change depending on the level of demand by investors or the volume of requests for redemption on that day. We

 

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generally sell as many shares as orders are received from investors, subject to acceptance as discussed below, each day at the same price (NAV per share of the applicable class of shares, without premium or discount, plus applicable selling commissions) regardless of when orders are received during the day. If, however, we become aware of facts or circumstances that are likely to materially affect our NAV on any particular day, we may decline to accept orders from investors until we have disclosed publicly such information.

If you place an order to buy shares and your payment is not received and collected, your purchase may be canceled and you could be liable for any losses or fees we have incurred.

We may reject for any reason or for no reason, or cancel as permitted or required by law, any purchase orders. For example, we may reject any purchase orders from market timers or investors that, in our opinion, may be disruptive to our operations. We may stop offering shares completely or may offer shares only on a limited basis for a period of time or permanently. If your subscription is rejected, your purchase payment will be returned to you without interest.

If you participate in our dividend reinvestment plan, the cash distributions attributable to the class of shares that you purchase in our primary offering will be automatically invested in additional shares of the same class. Shares are offered pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan at NAV per share applicable to that class, calculated as of the distribution date.

Pursuant to this prospectus, we will offer to the public all of the shares that we have registered. We intend to conduct a continuous offering that will not have a predetermined duration, subject to continued compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and applicable state laws. From time to time, we intend to file new registration statements on Form S-11 with the SEC to register additional shares of common stock so that we may continuously offer shares of common stock pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. In certain states, the registration of our offering may continue for only one year following the initial clearance by applicable state authorities, after which we intend to renew the offering period for additional one-year periods (or longer, if permitted by the laws of each particular state). We reserve the right to terminate this offering at any time.

Frequent Trading Policies

We may reject for any reason, or cancel as permitted or required by law, any subscriptions for shares of our common stock.

For example, we may reject any subscriptions from market timers or investors that, in our opinion, may be disruptive to our operations. Frequent purchases and sales of our shares can harm stockholders in various ways, including reducing the returns to long-term stockholders by increasing our costs, disrupting portfolio management strategies and diluting the value of the shares of long-term stockholders. Among other things, the following activities may be considered by us to be frequent trading:

 

   

any stockholder who redeems their shares of our common stock within 30 calendar days of the purchase of such shares;

 

   

transactions deemed harmful or excessive by us (including but not limited to patterns of purchases and redemptions), in our sole discretion; and

 

   

transactions initiated by financial advisors, among multiple stockholder accounts, that in the aggregate are deemed harmful or excessive.

Underwriting Compensation

We have entered into a dealer manager agreement with our dealer manager which sets forth the compensation arrangements between us and the dealer manager in connection with this offering. We will not pay referral or similar fees to any accountant, attorneys or other persons in connection with the distribution of shares of our common stock.

Summary

The following table shows the selling commissions payable at the time you subscribe for shares in the primary offering, which selling commissions are subject to the provisions for a reduction with respect to certain volume discounts and sales through certain distribution channels as described below:

 

    

Maximum up-front selling commission

as a % of the public

offering price for such class(1)

 

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Class T shares

   3.5%

Class T-I shares

   1.5%

Class W shares

   None

Class I shares

   None

 

 

(1)

This presents the commission before rounding. For each purchase, the total per share purchase price will be calculated by adding the applicable selling commission to the NAV per share and rounding to four decimal places; the actual selling commission per share that we pay will be the total per share purchase price less the NAV per share.

The following table shows the fees we will pay the dealer manager with respect to each class of shares on an annualized basis as a percentage of our NAV per share for such class.

 

          Class T           Class  T-I           Class W           Class I  

Dealer Manager Fee(1)

    0.60%        0.30%        0.60%        0.10%   

Distribution Fee(2)

    0.50%        0.25%        None        None   

 

 

(1)

The dealer manager fee accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60% of our NAV per share for each of our Class T and Class W shares, an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.30% of our NAV per share for our Class T-I shares and an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.10% of our NAV per share for our Class I shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations under applicable FINRA rules.

 

(2) 

The distribution fee accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.50% of our NAV per share for Class T shares and an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.25% of our NAV per share for Class T-I shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year, subject to certain limitations under applicable FINRA rules.

Selling Commissions—Class T and Class T-I Shares

Subject to the provisions for a reduction of the selling commission described below, we pay the dealer manager selling commissions on Class T shares and Class T-I shares sold in the primary offering of up to 3.5% and 1.5% of the public offering price per Class T and Class T-I share, respectively, sold in the primary offering. The selling commission expressed as a percentage of the public offering price per share may be higher or lower than such amounts due to rounding. Except as provided below, our dealer manager reallows all of its selling commissions attributable to a participating broker-dealer. Further, selling commissions may be reduced or waived in connection with volume or other discounts or for sales to certain categories of purchasers.

We are offering volume discounts to purchasers who purchase $150,000 or more in Class T shares from the same broker-dealer, whether in a single purchase or as the result of multiple purchases. The dealer manager and any participating broker-dealers and their registered representatives will be responsible for the proper implementation of any applicable volume discounts. Any reduction in the amount of the selling commissions as a result of volume discounts received may be credited to the qualifying purchasers in the form of the issuance of additional shares. The net offering proceeds we receive will not be affected by any reduction of selling commissions.

The following table illustrates the various discount levels that may be offered to purchasers of Class T shares purchased in the primary offering:

 

Your Investment

 

Commission as a % of Public Offering

Price Per Class T Share(1)

Up to $149,999.99   3.50%
$150,000 to $499,999.99   3.00%
$500,000 to $999,999.99   2.50%
$1,000,000 and up   2.00%

 

 

(1) 

This presents the commission before rounding. For each purchase, the total per share purchase price will be calculated by adding the applicable selling commission to the NAV per share and rounding to four decimal places; the actual selling commission per share that we pay will be the total per share purchase price less the NAV per share.

 

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Neither our dealer manager nor its affiliates will compensate any person engaged as an investment adviser by a potential investor as an inducement for such investment adviser to advise favorably for an investment in us.

For an example of how the volume discount is calculated, assuming Class T NAV per share of $[    ] and no volume discount per share, if an investor purchases $950,000 of Class T shares, the investor would pay $[    ] per share and purchase [    ] shares. With the volume discount, the investor would pay $[    ] per share and purchase [    ] Class T shares.

If you qualify for a volume discount as the result of multiple purchases of our Class T shares, you will receive the benefit of the applicable volume discount for the individual purchase which qualified you for the volume discount, but you will not be entitled to the benefit for prior purchases. Additionally, once you qualify for a volume discount, you will receive the benefit for subsequent purchases through the same participating broker-dealer. For this purpose, if you purchase Class T shares issued and sold in this offering you will receive the benefit of such Class T share purchases in connection with qualifying for volume discounts in our subsequent offerings through the same participating broker-dealer.

Your ability to receive a discount or fee waiver based on combining orders or otherwise may depend on the financial advisor or broker-dealer through which you purchase your Class T shares. An investor qualifying for a discount will receive a higher percentage return on his or her investment than investors who do not qualify for such discount. Accordingly, you should consult with your financial advisor about the ability to receive such discounts or fee waivers before purchasing Class T shares.

To qualify for a volume discount as a result of multiple purchases of our Class T shares, a stockholder must mark the “Additional Investment” space on the subscription agreement. We are not responsible for failing to combine purchases if a stockholder fails to mark the “Additional Investment” space. Once a stockholder qualifies for a volume discount, such stockholder will be eligible to receive the benefit of such discount for subsequent purchases of shares in the primary offering. If a subsequent purchase entitles an investor to an increased reduction in sales commissions and/or the dealer manager fee, the volume discount will apply only to the current and future investments.

For purposes of qualifying for a volume discount as the result of multiple purchases of shares, only an individual or entity with the same social security number or taxpayer identification number, as applicable may combine their purchases as a “single purchaser”; provided that, purchases by an individual investor and his or her spouse living in the same household may also be combined as a “single purchaser” for purposes of determining the applicable volume discount.

In the event a person wishes to have his or her order combined with others as a “single purchaser,” that person must request such treatment in writing at the time of subscription setting forth the basis for the discount and identifying the orders to be combined. Any request will be subject to our verification that the orders to be combined are made by a single purchaser. If the subscription agreements for the combined orders of a single purchaser are submitted at the same time, then the commissions payable and discounted share price will be allocated pro rata among the combined orders on the basis of the respective amounts being combined. Otherwise, the volume discount provisions will apply only to the order that qualifies the single purchaser for the volume discount and the subsequent orders of that single purchaser.

Shares purchased through our distribution reinvestment plan will not be eligible for a volume discount nor will such shares count toward the threshold limits listed above that qualify an investor for the different discount levels.

Volume discounts for California residents will be available in accordance with the foregoing table of uniform discount levels. However, with respect to California residents, no discounts will be allowed for combined purchases by an individual investor and his or her spouse living in the same household.

Selling Commissions—Class W and Class I shares

We do not pay selling commissions on Class W and Class I shares.

 

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Selling Commissions—Dividend Reinvestment Plan Shares

We do not pay selling commissions on shares sold pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan.

Dealer Manager Fee—Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I Shares

We pay the dealer manager a dealer manager fee for coordinating our marketing and distribution efforts. Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, the dealer manager fee accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.60% of our NAV per share for each of our Class T and Class W shares, in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.30% of our NAV per share for our Class T-I shares, and in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.10% of our NAV per share for our Class I shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year. We will cease paying the dealer manager fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding. The dealer manager may reallow a portion of the dealer manager fee to participating broker-dealers. The dealer manager fee is payable monthly in arrears. The dealer manager fee is payable with respect to all Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I shares, including Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan.

Distribution Fee—Class T and Class T-I Shares

Subject to FINRA limitations on underwriting compensation, we pay the dealer manager a distribution fee with respect to our Class T and Class T-I shares that accrues daily in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.50% of the amount of our NAV per share for our Class T shares and in an amount equal to 1/365th of 0.25% of the amount of our NAV per share for our Class T-I shares for such day on a continuous basis from year to year as additional compensation for selling shares in this offering and for ongoing stockholder services. We will cease paying the distribution fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding. The dealer manager may reallow the distribution fee to participating broker-dealers and servicing broker-dealers. The distribution fee is payable monthly in arrears. The distribution fee is payable with respect to all Class T and Class T-I shares, including Class T and Class T-I shares issued under our dividend reinvestment plan. We do not pay the distribution fee on Class W and Class I shares.

Limits on Undewrting Compensation

Underwriting compensation includes selling commissions, dealer manager fees and distribution fees being paid in connection with an offering as well as other items of value paid in connection with an offering, including amounts not paid or reimbursed by us that are viewed by FINRA as underwriting compensation. We describe in the table below the underwriting compensation expected to be paid in connection with this offering. In order to show the maximum amount of compensation that may be paid in connection with this offering, the following table assumes that we sell all of the shares offered hereby, that all shares sold are Class T shares, that no shares are reallocated between the primary offering and the dividend reinvestment plan and that all Class T shares are sold with the highest possible selling commissions. Except for wholesaling compensation expenses, which are solely the responsibility of our dealer manager and its affiliates, we will reimburse or pay directly our dealer manager and their affiliates for the costs listed below, subject to reimbursement by our advisor and its affiliates as described below.

 

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Dealer Manager and Participating Broker-Dealer Compensation

 

   

    Total Compensation    

      

      % of Primary Offering    

Gross Proceeds

Selling commissions

  $26,250,000      3.5%

Dealer manager fee(1)

  [               ]     

Distribution fee(1)

  [               ]     

Other underwriting compensation:

  [               ]     

Expense reimbursements for retail activities (2)(3)

  [               ]     

Expense reimbursements for wholesaling activities (3)(4)

  [               ]     

Legal fees allocable to our dealer manager (3)

  [               ]     

Promotional items (3)

  [               ]     

Total

   $                             75,000,000      10.0%
 

 

    

 

 

 

* Less than 0.1%

(1) The dealer manager fee and distribution fee are an ongoing fees that are not paid at the time of purchase.

(2) These fees will consist primarily of reimbursements for attendance and sponsorship fees payable to participating broker-dealers hosting a retail seminar and the travel, meals and lodging costs of representatives of participating broker-dealers to attend bona fide training and education meetings hosted by us.

(3) We reimburse KBS Capital Markets Group or its affiliates for these expenses other than wholesaling compensation expenses noted in footnote 4 below. In some cases, these payments serve to reimburse our dealer manager for amounts it has paid to participating broker-dealers for the items noted.

(4) These fees will consist primarily of (i) the travel, meals and lodging costs incurred by registered persons associated with our dealer manager to attend (a) retail conferences sponsored by participating broker-dealers, other meetings with participating broker-dealers and industry conferences, and (b) bona fide training and education meetings hosted by us, (ii) wholesaling compensation expenses (which expenses we are not reimbursing our dealer manager), and (iii) reimbursement of the portion of a dual employee’s salary paid by KBS Capital Markets Group attributable to time spent planning and coordinating bona fide training and education meetings on our behalf.

Under the rules of FINRA, total underwriting compensation in this offering, including selling commissions, the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee, may not exceed 10% of the gross offering proceeds from the primary offering. Accordingly, the dealer manager fee and distribution fee that are payable to our dealer manager with respect to this offering (i.e., pursuant to the registration statement for this offering) will cease when, following the completion of this offering, total underwriting compensation in such offering equals 10% of the gross proceeds from the primary portion of this offering. We consider the portion of the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee accruing with respect to Class T, T-I, Class W and Class I shares issued during the term of this offering, and not issued pursuant to a prior public offering, as underwriting compensation with respect to this offering. In addition, we will cease paying the dealer manager fee and the distribution fee on the earlier to occur of the following: (i) a listing of the class of such shares on a national securities exchange or (ii) such shares no longer being outstanding, for example (without limitation) upon their redemption or other repurchase by us, upon our dissolution, or upon a merger or other extraordinary transaction in which we are a party and in which the shares are exchanged for cash or other securities. In addition to the limits on underwriting compensation, FINRA and many states also limit our total organization and offering expenses to 15% of gross offering proceeds.

 

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We will pay directly or reimburse our dealer manager for all items of underwriting compensation discussed in this prospectus for this primary offering, as amended and supplemented, to the extent that this prospectus, as amended and supplemented, indicates such items will be paid by us. We also pay directly or reimburse our dealer manager for bona fide invoiced due diligence expenses of broker-dealers. We estimate these expenses will be approximately $[    ]. However, no reimbursements made by us to our advisor or our dealer manager may cause total organization and offering expenses incurred by us (including selling commissions, dealer manager fees, the distribution fee and all other items of organization and offering expenses) to exceed 15% of the aggregate gross proceeds from this primary offering and the offering under our distribution reinvestment plan as of the date of reimbursement. We also pay organization and other offering expenses directly. Prior to the termination of the primary offering, we will be responsible for the payment of all organization and other offering expenses we incur directly and the reimbursement of organization and other offering expenses our advisor and dealer manager incur on our behalf in connection with this offering subject to the 15% limit on reimbursements discussed above.

To the extent permitted by law and our charter, we will indemnify the participating broker-dealers and our dealer manager against some civil liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933 and liabilities arising from breaches of our representations and warranties contained in the dealer manager agreement. See “Management—Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents.”

Suitability Standards

Our sponsor, those selling shares on our behalf and participating broker-dealers and registered investment advisors recommending the purchase of shares in this offering have the responsibility to make every reasonable effort to determine that your purchase of shares in this offering is a suitable and appropriate investment for you based on information provided by you regarding your financial situation and investment objectives. In making this determination, these persons have the responsibility to ascertain that you:

 

   

meet the minimum income and net worth standards set forth under “Suitability Standards” immediately following the cover page of this prospectus;

 

   

can reasonably benefit from an investment in our shares based on your overall investment objectives and portfolio structure;

 

   

are able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on your overall financial situation;

 

   

are in a financial position appropriate to enable you to realize to a significant extent the benefits described in this prospectus of an investment in our shares; and

 

   

have apparent understanding of:

 

   

the fundamental risks of the investment;

 

   

the risk that you may lose your entire investment;

 

   

the lack of liquidity of our shares;

 

   

the restrictions on transferability of our shares; and

 

   

the tax consequences of your investment.

Relevant information for this purpose will include at least your age, investment objectives, investment experience, income, net worth, financial situation and other investments as well as any other pertinent factors. Our sponsor, those selling shares on our behalf and participating broker-dealers and registered investment advisors recommending the purchase of shares in this offering must maintain, for a six-year period, records of the information used to determine that an investment in shares is suitable and appropriate for you.

Until our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, subsequent purchasers, i.e., potential purchasers of your shares, must also meet the net worth or income standards.

Minimum Purchase Requirements

The minimum initial purchase is $4,000 for Class T and W shares, $500,000 for Class T-I shares and $1,000,000 for Class I shares, provided that the minimum initial investment amount for Class T-I and Class I shares may be reduced in the discretion of our board of directors and by our advisor with respect to investments by our executive officers and directors and their immediate family members and officers and employees of our advisor, our sponsor or other affiliates. If you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement, any additional purchase must be in

 

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amounts of at least $100. The investment minimum for subsequent purchases does not apply to shares purchased pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan.

With respect to purchases of our Class T and W shares only, if you own 400 shares in any other KBS-sponsored public program, you may invest less than the minimum amount set forth above, but in no event less than $100, unless you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program. If you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program and you own the minimum investment in shares from a KBS-sponsored public program, then there is no minimum investment in our Class T and W shares.

In order to satisfy this minimum purchase requirement, unless otherwise prohibited by state law, a husband and wife may jointly contribute funds from their separate IRAs, provided that each such contribution is made in increments of $100. You should note that an investment in our shares will not, in itself, create a retirement plan and that, in order to create a retirement plan, you must comply with all applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

Unless you are transferring all of your shares, you may not transfer your shares in a manner that causes you or your transferee to own fewer than $4,000 in shares, except for the following transfers without consideration: transfers by gift, transfers by inheritance, intrafamily transfers, family dissolutions, transfers to affiliates and transfers by operation of law. Unless we revise them, these minimum investment requirements are applicable until our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, and these requirements may make it more difficult for you to sell your shares.

Investments by Qualified Accounts

Funds from qualified accounts will be accepted if received in installments that together meet the minimum or subsequent investment amount, as applicable, so long as the total subscription amount was indicated on the subscription agreement and all funds are received within a 90-day period.

Initial Investment Reimbursement

If an investor purchases shares in our primary offering net of commissions through a registered investment advisor with whom the investor has agreed to pay compensation for investment advisory services or other financial or investment advice and if in connection with such purchase the investor must also pay a broker-dealer for custodial or other services relating to holding the shares in the investor’s account, we will reduce the aggregate purchase price of the investor’s shares by the amount of the annual custodial or other fees paid to the broker-dealer in an amount up to $250. Each investor will receive only one reduction in purchase price for such fees and this reduction in the purchase price of our shares is only available for the investor’s initial investment in our common stock. The investor must include the “Request for Broker Dealer Custodial Fee Reimbursement Form” with his or her subscription agreement to have the purchase price of the investor’s initial investment in shares reduced by the amount of his or her annual custodial fee.

 

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QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to the effects of interest rate changes as a result of borrowings used to maintain liquidity, fund distributions and to fund the refinancing of our real estate investment portfolio and operations. We may also be exposed to the effects of changes in interest rates as a result of the acquisition and origination of mortgage, mezzanine, bridge and other loans and the acquisition of real estate securities. We are also exposed to the effects of foreign currency changes in Israel with respect to the 4.25% bonds issued to Israeli investors in March 2016. Our profitability and the value of our investment portfolio may be adversely affected during any period as a result of interest rate changes and foreign currency changes. Our interest rate risk management objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings, prepayment penalties and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. We may manage interest rate risk by maintaining a ratio of fixed rate, long-term debt such that floating rate exposure is kept at an acceptable level. In addition, we may utilize a variety of financial instruments, including interest rate caps, floors, and swap agreements, in order to limit the effects of changes in interest rates on our operations. In order to limit the effects of changes in foreign currency on our operations, we may utilize a variety of foreign currency hedging strategies such as cross currency swaps, forward contracts, puts or calls. When we use these types of derivatives to hedge the risk of interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities, we may be subject to certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedge position will reduce the funds available for payments to holders of our common stock and that the losses may exceed the amount we invested in the instruments. Additionally, certain of these strategies may cause us to fund a margin account periodically to offset changes in foreign currency rates which may also reduce the funds available for payments to holders of our common stock. As of September 30, 2016, we had entered into four foreign currency collars to hedge against a change in the exchange rate of the Israeli new Shekel versus the U.S. dollar. The foreign currency collars expire in August 2017 and have an aggregate U.S. dollar notional amount of $250.0 million. The foreign currency collars consist of purchased call options to buy Israeli new Shekels ranging from 3.6686 to 3.7245 and sold put options to sell the Israeli new Shekels ranging from 3.7695 to 3.826. The foreign currency collars are intended to permit us to exchange, on the settlement date of the collars and net of the effect of the collars, $250.0 million for an amount of Israeli new Shekels ranging from 923.1 million to 948.4 million.

As of September 30, 2016, we held 0.3 million Israeli new Shekels and 21.8 million Israeli new Shekels in cash and restricted cash, respectively. In addition, as of September 30, 2016, we had bonds outstanding and the related interest payable in the amounts of 970.2 million Israeli new Shekels and 3.4 million Israeli new Shekels, respectively. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the possibility that our financial results could be better or worse than planned because of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Based solely on the remeasurement for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, if foreign currency exchange rates were to increase or decrease by 10%, our net income would increase or decrease by approximately $23.0 million and $28.1 million for the same period, respectively. The foreign currency transaction income or loss as a result of the change in foreign currency exchange rates does not take into account any gains or losses on our foreign currency collars as a result of such change, which would reduce our foreign currency exposure.

We borrow funds at a combination of fixed and variable rates. Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt unless such instruments mature or are otherwise terminated. However, interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. As of September 30, 2016, the fair value of our KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures was $250.2 million and the outstanding principal balance was $259.0 million. As of September 30, 2016, excluding the KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures, the fair value of our fixed rate debt was $34.4 million and the outstanding principal balance of our fixed rate debt was $31.6 million. The fair value estimate of our KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. Series A Debentures was calculated using the quoted bond price as of September 30, 2016 on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange of 96.62 Israeli new Shekels. The fair value estimate of our fixed rate debt was calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing rates we would expect to pay for debt of a similar type and remaining maturity if the loans were originated as of September 30, 2016. As we expect to hold our fixed rate instruments to maturity and the amounts due under such instruments would be limited to the outstanding principal balance and any accrued and unpaid interest, we do not expect that fluctuations in interest rates, and the resulting changes in fair value of our fixed rate instruments, would have a significant impact on our operations.

 

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Conversely, movements in interest rates on variable rate debt and loans receivable would change our future earnings and cash flows, but would not significantly affect the fair value of those instruments. However, changes in required risk premiums would result in changes in the fair value of floating rate instruments. As of September 30, 2016, we were exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on $657.4 million of variable rate debt outstanding. Based on interest rates as of September 30, 2016, if interest rates were 100 basis points higher during the 12 months ending September 30, 2017, interest expense on our variable rate debt would increase by $6.6 million. As of September 30, 2016, one-month LIBOR was 0.53111% and if the LIBOR index was reduced to 0% during the 12 months ending September 30, 2017, interest expense on our variable rate debt would decrease by $3.4 million.

The weighted-average interest rates of our fixed rate debt and variable rate debt as of September 30, 2016 were 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The weighted-average interest rates represent the actual interest rate in effect as of September 30, 2016 (consisting of the contractual interest rate and contractual floor rates), using interest rate indices as of September 30, 2016, where applicable.

 

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SUPPLEMENTAL SALES MATERIAL

In addition to this prospectus, we may utilize additional sales materials in connection with the offering of the shares, although only when accompanied by or preceded by the delivery of this prospectus. The supplemental sales material will not contain all of the information material to an investment decision and should only be reviewed after reading this prospectus. These supplemental sales materials may include:

 

   

investor sales promotion brochures;

 

   

cover letters transmitting the prospectus;

 

   

brochures containing a summary description of the offering;

 

   

fact sheets describing the general nature of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and our investment objectives;

 

   

asset flyers describing our recent acquisitions or originations;

 

   

broker updates;

 

   

online investor presentations;

 

   

web site material;

 

   

electronic media presentations; and

 

   

client seminars and seminar advertisements and invitations.

All of the foregoing material will be prepared by our advisor or its affiliates with the exception of the third-party article reprints. In certain jurisdictions, some or all of such sales material may not be available. In addition, the sales material may contain certain quotes from various publications without obtaining the consent of the author or the publication for use of the quoted material in the sales material.

We are offering shares only by means of this prospectus. Although the information contained in our supplemental sales materials will not conflict with any of the information contained in this prospectus, the supplemental materials do not purport to be complete and should not be considered a part of or as incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

L EGAL MATTERS

The validity of the shares of our common stock being offered hereby has been passed upon for us by DLA Piper LLP (US), Raleigh, North Carolina. DLA Piper LLP (US) has also reviewed the statements relating to certain federal income tax matters that are likely to be material to U.S. holders of our common stock under the caption “Federal Income Tax Considerations” and has passed upon our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. appearing in its Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2015 (including the schedule appearing therein) have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The statement of revenue over certain operating expenses of the Westpark Portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2015, incorporated by reference in this prospectus from KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed with the SEC on July 21, 2016 has been audited by Squar Milner LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in their report thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statement is incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The statement of revenue over certain operating expenses of 353 Sacramento for the year ended December 31, 2015, incorporated by reference in this prospectus from KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed with the SEC on August 11, 2016 has been audited by Squar Milner LLP, independent auditors, as set forth

 

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in their report thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statement is incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

We have elected to “incorporate by reference” certain information into this prospectus. By incorporating by reference, we are disclosing important information to you by referring you to documents we have filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for information incorporated by reference that is superseded by information contained in this prospectus. You can access documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus at the website maintained for us, other KBS-sponsored programs and our advisor and its affiliates at www.kbsreits.com (URL for documents: https://kbs-cmg.com/offerings/kbs-strategic-opportunity-reit/). There is additional information about us and our affiliates at our website, but unless specifically incorporated by reference herein as described in the paragraphs below, the contents of that site are not incorporated by reference in or otherwise a part of this prospectus.

The following documents filed with the SEC are incorporated by reference in this prospectus (Commission File

No. 333-             ), except for any document or portion thereof deemed to be “furnished” and not filed in accordance with

SEC rules:

 

   

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016;

   

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the six months ended June 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 12, 2016;

   

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016 filed with the SEC on May 11, 2016;

   

Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2016;

   

Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 17, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 17, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 16, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on August 31, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 12, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on August 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on July 21, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 8, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 17, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 6, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 25, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 21, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 19, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 19, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2016;

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 9, 2016; and

   

Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 4, 2016.

We hereby undertake to provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request of that person, a copy of any document incorporated herein by reference (or incorporated into the documents that this prospectus incorporates by reference). To receive a free copy of

 

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any of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, other than exhibits, unless they are specifically incorporated by reference in those documents, call or write us at:

KBS Capital Markets Group LLC

800 Newport Center Drive, Suite 700

Newport Beach, California 92660

Telephone: (866) 527-4264

Fax: (949) 417-6501

www.kbs-cmg.com

The information relating to us contained in this prospectus does not purport to be comprehensive and should be read together with the information contained in the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed a registration statement on Form S-11 with the SEC with respect to the shares of our common stock to be issued in this offering. This prospectus is a part of that registration statement and, as permitted by SEC rules, does not include all of the information you can find in the registration statement or the exhibits to the registration statement. For additional information relating to us, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or document are necessarily summaries of such contract or document and in each instance, if we have filed the contract or document as an exhibit to the registration statement, we refer you to the copy of the contract or document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements certified by an independent public accounting firm. The registration statement is, and any of these future filings with the SEC will be, available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s web site at http://www.sec.gov. You may read and copy any filed document at the SEC’s public reference room in Washington, D.C. at 100 F. Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. Please call the SEC at (800) SEC-0330 for further information about the public reference room.

 

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Investor Instructions

  

LOGO

Please follow these instructions carefully. Failure to do so could result in the rejection of your subscription.

 

 1. SUBSCRIPTION AMOUNT

PLEASE NOTE: Money Orders, Traveler’s Checks, Starter Checks, Foreign Checks, Counter Checks, Third-Party Checks or Cash cannot be accepted.

This subscription agreement is for Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I shares. Please consult with your financial advisor regarding the account type and commissions structure of your investment and indicate the class of shares for which you are eligible and in which you want to invest and the subscription amount. The prospectus of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., as amended and supplemented as of the date hereof (the “Prospectus”), contains information regarding the different share classes.

A minimum initial investment of $4,000 is required for purchases of Class T and Class W shares. A minimum initial investment of $500,000 is required for purchases of Class T-I shares. A minimum initial investment of $1,000,000 is required for purchases of Class I shares. With respect to purchases of our Class T and Class W shares only, if you own 400 shares in any other KBS-sponsored public program, you may invest less than $4,000, but in no event less than $100, unless you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program. If you are investing distributions from a KBS-sponsored public program and you own the minimum investment in shares from a KBS-sponsored public program, then there is no minimum investment in Class T and Class W shares. This does not affect the suitability standards applicable to investors in this offering. You should make your check payable to “KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.”

 

 2. ACCOUNT TYPE

Please check the appropriate box to indicate the account type of the subscription and provide the requested documents, if applicable.

 

 3. ACCOUNT INFORMATION

PLEASE NOTE: You must include a permanent street address even if your mailing address is a P.O. Box. If the investment is to be held by joint owners, you must provide the requested investor information for each joint owner.

Enter the name(s), mailing address(es), telephone number(s), and date(s) of birth of the registered owner(s) of the investment. Partnerships, corporations and other organizations should include the name of an individual to whom correspondence should be addressed. Non-resident aliens must also supply IRS Form W-8BEN.

All investors must complete the space provided for taxpayer identification number or social security number. By signing in Section 7, you are certifying that the taxpayer identification number or social security number you have provided in Section 3 of the Subscription Agreement is correct.

Please print the exact name(s) in which the shares of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. to be acquired are to be registered. Include the trust/entity name, if applicable. If the account is an Individual Retirement Account (“IRA”) or custodial held account, include the names and taxpayer identification numbers of both the investor and the custodian or administrator.

You may elect to have your account documents, such as investor and proxy statements, tax forms, annual reports and other investor communications made available to you electronically, by signing in this section. If you elect this option, you: (i) must provide a valid e-mail address in Section 3 of the Subscription Agreement; (ii) agree that you have the appropriate hardware and software to receive e-mail notifications and view PDF documents; (iii) understand you may incur certain costs associated with downloading and printing investor documents; and (iv) understand that electronic delivery also involves risks related to system or network outages that could impair your timely receipt of or access to your documents. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. may choose to send one or more items to you in paper form despite your consent to electronic delivery. You may also request a paper copy of any particular investor document. Your consent will be effective until you revoke it by either changing your delivery preference online at www.kbsreits.com and logging into the site using the “Investor Login” option or by contacting KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. at (866) 584-1381, option 2.

 

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 4. CUSTODIAN/THIRD PARTY ADMINISTRATOR INFORMATION

Information about custodial services is available through your broker or by calling KBS Investor Services at (866) 584-1381, option 2.

Complete Section 4 if the registered owner of the investment will be a Custodian Plan. The Custodian/Administrator of the plan must sign page four of the Subscription Agreement.

 

 5. DISTRIBUTION INFORMATION

PLEASE NOTE: If you elect to participate in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan, the company requests that if at any time you fail to meet the minimum income and net worth standards or cannot make the other investor representations or warranties set forth in the Prospectus or the Subscription Agreement relating to such investment, you will promptly notify KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. in writing of that fact.

Complete Section 5 to enroll in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan, to elect to receive distributions by direct deposit and/or to elect to receive distributions by check. If you elect direct deposit into your checking or savings account (not available for brokerage accounts), you must attach a voided check with this completed Subscription Agreement. You can choose to have all or a portion of your distributions reinvested through the Distribution Reinvestment Plan. You must indicate the percentage of your distribution to be applied to each option selected and the sum of the allocations must equal 100%. If you do not complete Section 5, distributions will be paid to the registered owner at the address in Section 3, or for custodial held accounts, to the address listed in Section 4 of the Subscription Agreement. Custodial account distributions to a third party require custodian approval.

 

 6. BROKER-DEALER AND REGISTERED REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION

PLEASE NOTE: The Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Adviser must complete Section 6 of the Subscription Agreement. To be listed as agent/firm of record, a selling agreement must be executed between KBS Capital Markets Group and the broker dealer/ RIA. All fields are mandatory.

 

 7. SUBSCRIBER SIGNATURES

Please separately initial each of the representations in paragraphs (a) through (f) of Section 7. If you are a resident of Alabama, Michigan or Oregon, California, Iowa, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Tennessee or Vermont, you must initial paragraph (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q), (r), (s), (t) or (u) of Section 7, respectively. Except in the case of fiduciary accounts, you may not grant any person a power of attorney to make such representations on your behalf.

Please refer to the Prospectus under “Suitability Standards” to verify that you meet the minimum suitability standards that are imposed by the state of your primary residence.

By signing the Subscription Agreement, you agree to provide the information in Section 7 and confirm that this information is true and correct. If we are unable to verify your identity or that of another person authorized to act on your behalf or if we believe we have identified potential criminal activity, we reserve the right to take action as we deem appropriate, including, but not limited to, closing your account or refusing to open your account.

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT – Investor Instructions
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 8. FINANCIAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURES

PLEASE NOTE: The Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Advisor must sign Section 8 to complete the subscription.

Required Representations: By signing Section 8, the registered representative of the Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Advisor confirms on behalf of the Broker-Dealer that he or she has:

 

 

reasonable grounds to believe that the information and representations concerning the investor identified herein are true, correct and complete in all respects;

 

discussed the investor’s prospective purchase of shares with such investor;

 

advised the investor of all pertinent facts with regard to the lack of liquidity and marketability of the shares and other fundamental risks related to the investment in the shares, the restrictions on the transfer of the shares and the risk that the investor could lose his or her entire investment in the shares;

 

delivered to the investor the Prospectus required to be delivered in connection with this subscription;

 

reasonable grounds to believe that the investor is purchasing these shares for the account referenced in Section 3; and

 

reasonable grounds to believe that the purchase of shares is a suitable investment for such investor, such investor meets the suitability standards applicable to the investor set forth in the Prospectus and that such investor is in a financial position to enable the investor to realize the benefits of such an investment and to suffer any loss that may occur with respect thereto.

In addition, the registered representative of the Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Advisor represents that he or she and the Broker-Dealer, (1) are duly licensed and may lawfully offer and sell the shares in the state where the investment was made and in the state designated as the investor’s legal residence in Section 3 of the Subscription Agreement; and (2) agree to maintain records of the information used to determine that an investment in shares is suitable and appropriate for the investor for a period of six years.

The Subscription Agreement, together with a check for the full purchase price, should be delivered or mailed by your Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Advisor, as applicable, to:

 

 

Regular Mail    Overnight Delivery
KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.    KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.
c/o DST Systems, Inc.    c/o DST Systems, Inc.
PO Box 219015    430 W. 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64121-9015    Kansas City, MO 64105

(866) 584-1381, option 2

 

Payments may be wired to: (Subscription Agreements may be faxed or sent to the DST Systems address above.)

UMB Bank, N.A. ABA# 101000695    Account name:
1010 Grand, 4th Floor    KBS Capital Advisors LLC, as Trustee for
Mail stop: 1020409    KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.
Kansas City, MO 64106    Account #: 1111111

 

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Subscription Agreement

  

LOGO  

 

 1. SUBSCRIPTION AMOUNT

This subscription agreement is for Class T, Class T-I, Class W and Class I shares. Please consult with your financial advisor regarding the account type and commissions structure of your investment and indicate the class of shares for which you are eligible and in which you want to invest and the subscription amount. The prospectus of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., as amended and supplemented as of the date hereof (the “Prospectus”), contains information regarding the different share classes.

                      Amount of Subscription:                 Amount of Subscription:

State of Sale:

 

            

   

¨

  

Class T shares:

        

¨

  

Class T-I shares:

    

¨  Purchase Qualifies for Volume Discount.

    

(Fund 1111)

   Not for sales by RIAs.       

(Fund 1111)

  

¨  Shares are being purchased net of commissions.

 

¨

  

Class W shares: 

        

¨

  

Class I shares:

    
    

(Fund 1111)

         

(Fund 1111)

  

* Minimum investment is $4,000 for Class T and Class W shares, $500,000 for Class T-I shares and $1,000,000 for Class I shares.

* Money Orders, Traveler’s Checks, Starter Checks, Foreign Checks, Counter Checks, Third-Party Checks or Cash cannot be accepted.

 

 2. ACCOUNT TYPE (Check ONE box only)

 

¨

  

Individual (If applicable, attach TOD form)

  

¨

 

S-Corporation2

   

¨

 

401K

¨

  

Joint Tenant1 (If applicable, attach TOD form)

  

¨

 

C-Corporation2

   

¨

 

Traditional (Individual) IRA

¨

  

Tenants in Common1

  

¨

 

Partnership2

   

¨

 

Simple IRA

¨

  

Community Property1

  

¨

 

Pension Plan2

   

¨

 

SEP IRA

¨

  

UGMA: State of 

 

LOGO

    

¨

 

Profit Sharing Plan2

   

¨

 

ROTH IRA

¨

  

UTMA: State of

 

 

LOGO

    

¨

 

KEOGH Plan2

   

¨

 

Beneficial IRA as Beneficiary for:

¨

  

Trust2,3

      

¨

 

Other2 

              
                       (Name of Deceased Owner)

(1) All parties must sign. (2) Please attach pages of trust/plan document (or corporate/entity resolution) which lists the name of trust/plan/entity, trustees/officers or authorized signatories, signatures and date. (3) The Certification of Investment Powers for Trust Accounts form may be completed in lieu of providing trust documents. You may request a copy of this form by calling (866) 584-1381, option 2.

 

 3. ACCOUNT INFORMATION (SSN OR TIN REQUIRED)

 

Investor/Trustee 1 Name  

    
           

SSN/TIN

       

DOB 

       
           

Investor/Trustee 2 Name

    
           

SSN/TIN

       

DOB 

       

 

  

 

LOGO  Please complete if registration of shares is different than above:

 

           
   Account Registration              
             
   Taxable ID              
                     

 

Legal Address

          City       
             
          State             Zip Code        
             

Mailing Address  

          City       
             

(If same as above,

please write “same”)

          State             Zip Code        
             

 

Phone (Day)

    
  

Phone (Evening)

    
  

E-mail

    

¨ Check here if you are subject to backup withholding

     Please attach a copy of the withholding notice.

¨ US Citizen    ¨ US Citizen residing outside the US

 

¨ Foreign citizen, country

    

A U.S. Social Security number or Taxpayer Identification Number is required for all entities and authorized signers to open an account. Nonresident Aliens must supply a completed and signed original IRS Form W-8BEN.

Sign here if you would like to receive investor communications electronically

Electronic delivery of investor communications is optional.

 

       
Signature of Investor     Date

Your signature above authorizes KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. to make certain investor communications available on its website at www.kbsreits.com and notify you via e-mail when such documents are available. Investor communications that may be delivered electronically include account statements, tax forms, annual reports, proxy statements and other investor communications. By electing electronic delivery, you: (i) agree that you have provided a valid e-mail address in this Section 3; (ii) agree that you have the appropriate hardware and software to receive e-mail notifications and view PDF documents; (iii) understand you may incur certain costs associated with downloading and printing investor documents; and (iv) understand that electronic delivery also involves risks related to system or network outages that could impair your timely receipt of or access to your documents. KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. may choose to send one or more items to you in paper form despite your consent to electronic delivery. You may also request a paper copy of any particular investor document. Your consent will be effective until you revoke it by either changing your delivery preference online at www.kbsreits.com, and logging into the site using the “Investor Login” option or by contacting KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. at (866) 584-1381, option 2.

 

 

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 4. CUSTODIAN/THIRD PARTY ADMINISTRATOR INFORMATION

 

Custodian/Administrator Name

   
          

Custodian/Administrator Address 1

   
          

Custodian/Administrator Address 2

   
          

Custodian/Administrator City

     

  State  

     

  Zip Code  

    
          

Custodian/Administrator Phone No. 

   
          

Custodian/Administrator Tax ID

   

 

Investor’s Account No. with Custodian/Administrator  

    

By executing this Subscription Agreement, the Custodian/Administrator certifies to the Company that the shares purchased pursuant to this Subscription Agreement are held for the benefit of the investor named in section 3 of this Subscription Agreement (the “Beneficial Owner”). The Custodian/Administrator agrees to notify the Company promptly, but in any event within 30 days of any change in the names of the Beneficial Owner or the number of shares for which the Custodian/Administrator holds shares. The Custodian/Administrator confirms that the Company is entitled to rely on these representations for purposes of determining the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at each annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Company until delivery by the Custodian/Administrator to the Company of a written statement revoking such representations (provided, however, that any such revocation delivered after the record date or the closing of the stock transfer books of the Company in respect of any annual or special meeting of stockholders, but on or prior to the date of such annual or special meeting of stockholders shall not be effective until after the holding of such annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Company). Each Beneficial Owner (and not the Custodian/Administrator) will then be deemed the holder of record for the shares of common stock for purposes of determining the stockholders holding common stock entitled to notice of or to vote at each annual or special meeting of stockholders.

 

 5. DISTRIBUTION INFORMATION (CHOOSE ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS)

If you select more than one option you must indicate the percentage of your distribution to be applied to each option and the sum of the allocations must equal 100%. Without custodial approval, cash distributions will be paid directly to the custodian for all custodial accounts.

 

 

% of distribution

¨ I elect to participate in the Distribution Reinvestment Plan, as described in the Prospectus.

   
 

¨ Send distributions via check to investor’s home address (not available without custodial approval, if applicable)

   
 

¨ Send distributions via check to alternate payee listed below (not available without custodial approval, if applicable)

   

 

Name

   
          

Address

   
          

City

     

  State  

     

  Zip Code  

    
          

Account No.  

   
          

 

¨

 

Direct Deposit (Attach Voided Check) I authorize KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., or its agent (collectively, “KBS”) to deposit my distributions in the checking or savings (not available for brokerage accounts) account identified below. This authority will remain in force until I notify KBS in writing to cancel it. In the event that KBS deposits funds erroneously into my account, KBS is authorized to debit my account for an amount not to exceed the amount of the erroneous deposit (not available without custodial approval, if applicable)

 

% of distribution

     
   

Financial Institution Name  

     

    ¨  Checking        

 

¨  Savings

 

ABA/Routing No.  

     

  Account No.  

    

 

 6. BROKER-DEALER AND REGISTERED REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION

Selling Agreement must be executed with KBS Capital Markets Group to be listed as agent/firm of record.

 

Broker-Dealer Name

    
      

Representative Name    

      

  Rep. No.  

   

 

Representative’s Company Name  

      

  Branch ID  

   
      

Representative’s Address

    

 

Rep’s City

        

State

        

  Zip Code  

   
          

Rep’s Phone No.  

        

Fax No.

      

 

Rep’s E-mail Address    

   

REGISTERED INVESTMENT ADVISER (RIA): All sales of shares of common stock must be made through a Broker-Dealer. If an RIA has introduced a sale, the sale must be conducted through (i) the RIA in its capacity as a Registered Representative, if applicable; (ii) a Registered Representative of a Broker-Dealer that is affiliated with the RIA, if applicable; or (iii) if neither (i) or (ii) is applicable, an unaffiliated Broker-Dealer.

Continued on next page

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT – Subscription Agreement

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Table of Contents

 7. SUBSCRIBER SIGNATURES

TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER CONFIRMATION (REQUIRED): The investor signing below, under penalties of perjury, certifies that (i) the number shown on this Subscription Agreement is his or her correct Taxpayer Identification Number (or he or she is waiting for a number to be issued to him or her), (ii) he or she is not subject to backup withholding either because he or she has not been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) that he or she is subject to backup withholding as a result of a failure to report all interest or distributions, or the IRS has notified him or her that he or she is no longer subject to backup withholding and (iii) he or she is a U.S. Citizen unless otherwise indicated in Section 3. NOTE: CLAUSE (ii) IN THIS CERTIFICATION SHOULD BE CROSSED OUT IF THE WITHHOLDING BOX HAS BEEN CHECKED IN THE INVESTOR INFORMATION SECTION.

Please separately initial each of the representations below, if applicable. Except in the case of fiduciary accounts, you may not grant any person a power of attorney to make such representations on your behalf. For the purposes of this Section 7, net worth in all cases should be calculated excluding the value of an investor’s home, home furnishings and automobiles and liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investor’s net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable investments. In order to induce KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. to accept this subscription, I hereby represent and warrant to you as follows:

 

 

       

                       Joint

Owner            Owner

        Initials      Initials

(a)

 

I have received the final Prospectus of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

LOGO

(b)

 

I have (i) a minimum net worth (exclusive of home, home furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000 or (ii) a minimum net worth (as previously described) of at least $70,000 and a minimum annual gross income of at least $70,000, and, if applicable, I meet the higher net worth and gross income requirements imposed by my state of primary residence as set forth under “Suitability Standards” in the Prospectus.

  LOGO

(c)

 

I acknowledge that this is a long term investment and there is no public market for the shares purchased. Thus, my investment in these shares is not liquid.

  LOGO

(d)

 

I am purchasing the shares for the account referenced in this Subscription Agreement.

  LOGO

(e)

 

I acknowledge I will not be admitted as a stockholder until my investment has been accepted. The acceptance process includes, but is not limited to, reviewing this Subscription Agreement for completeness and signatures, conducting an Anti-Money Laundering check as required by the USA Patriot Act and payment of the full purchase price of the shares.

  LOGO

(f)

 

I acknowledge that after the end of each business day I can access KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.’s NAV per share for each class of shares through the KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. website at https://kbs-cmg.com/offerings/kbs-strategic-opportunity-reit/ or its toll-free number at [            ]. I further acknowledge that I have received KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.’s NAV per share from one or more of these sources prior to completing this form.

  LOGO

(g)

 

If I am an Alabama, Michigan or Oregon resident, I acknowledge that I have a liquid net worth of at least 10 times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and its affiliates.

 

LOGO

(h)

 

If I am a California resident, I acknowledge that I have (i) either (a) a net worth of at least $350,000 or (b) a gross annual income of at least $70,000 and a net worth of at least $150,000, and (ii) a net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

LOGO

(i)

 

If I am an Iowa resident, I acknowledge that (i) I have either (a) an annual gross income of at least $100,000 and a net worth of at least $100,000, or (b) a net worth of at least $350,000, and (ii) unless I am an accredited investor as defined in Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, my aggregate investment in this offering and in the securities of other non-publicly traded real estate investment trusts does not exceed 10% of my net worth.

 

LOGO

(j)

 

If I am an Idaho resident, I acknowledge that I have (i) either (a) a liquid net worth of at least $300,000 or (b) a gross annual income of at least $85,000 and a liquid net worth of at least $85,000, and (ii) a liquid net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

LOGO

(k)

 

If I am a Kansas resident, I acknowledge it is recommended by the office of the Kansas Securities Commissioner that Kansas investors have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their aggregate investment in this and other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

LOGO

(l)

 

If I am a Kentucky resident, I acknowledge that I have a liquid net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and other KBS-sponsored publicly registered non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

LOGO

(m)

 

If I am a Maine resident, I acknowledge that it is recommended by the Maine Office of Securities that Maine investors have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their aggregate investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and similar direct participation investments.

 

LOGO

(n)

 

If I am a Massachusetts resident, I acknowledge that I have (i) either (a) a net worth of at least $300,000 or (b) a gross annual income of at least $90,000 and a net worth of at least $90,000 and (ii) a liquid net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and other illiquid direct participation programs.

 

LOGO

(o)

 

If I am a Nebraska resident, I acknowledge that I have either (i) a net worth of at least $350,000 or (ii) a gross annual income of at least $100,000 and a net worth of at least $100,000. In addition, I acknowledge that I have a net worth of at least ten times my aggregate investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and in the securities of other non-publicly traded real estate investment trusts. Investors who are accredited investors as defined in Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are not subject to the foregoing investment concentration restriction.

 

LOGO

(p)

 

If I am a New Jersey resident, I acknowledge that I have either (i) a liquid net worth of at least $100,000 and an annual gross income of at least $85,000 or (ii) a liquid net worth of at least $350,000. In addition, my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., its affiliates, and other non-publicly traded direct investment programs (including real estate investment trusts, business development companies, oil and gas programs, equipment leasing programs and commodity pools, but excluding unregistered, federally and state exempt private offerings) may not exceed 10% of my liquid net worth.

 

LOGO

(q)

 

If I am a New Mexico resident, I acknowledge that I may not invest more than 10% of my liquid net worth in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., its affiliates and other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

LOGO

(r)

 

If I am a North Dakota resident, I acknowledge that I have a net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

LOGO

(s)

 

If I am an Ohio resident, I acknowledge that I have a liquid net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., its affiliates and other non-traded real estate investment trusts.

 

LOGO

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT – Subscription Agreement

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 7. SUBSCRIBER SIGNATURES (CONTINUED)

 

(t)

 

If I am a Tennessee resident, I acknowledge that I have a liquid net worth of at least ten times my investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. I also acknowledge it is recommended by the Tennessee Securities Division that Tennessee investors have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. and in similar direct participation program investments.

       
             

(u)

 

If I am a Vermont resident, I acknowledge that accredited investors, as defined in 17 C.F.R. § 230.501, may invest freely in this offering. Non-accredited investors must have a liquid net worth of at least ten times their investment in KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

       
     

    

     

The Internal Revenue Service does not require your consent to any provision of this document other than the certifications required to avoid backup withholding. If custodial held account, Administrator or Custodian must sign.

 

LOGO

 

         

LOGO

 

     
Signature of Investor             Date            

Signature of Joint Investor or,

for Custodial Held Accounts, of Custodian or Administrator

            Date        

Investors will receive confirmations of their purchases upon acceptance of their subscriptions.

 

 8. FINANCIAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURES

The investor’s financial advisor must sign below to complete the order. The financial advisor hereby warrants that he/she is duly licensed and may lawfully offer and sell the shares of common stock in the state where the sale was made and in the state designated as the investor’s legal residence. The financial advisor agrees to maintain records of the information used to determine that an investment in the shares is suitable and appropriate for the investor for a period of six years. The undersigned confirms by their signatures that they (i) have reasonable grounds to believe that the information and representations concerning the investor identified in this Subscription Agreement are true, correct and complete in all respects; (ii) discussed such investor’s prospective purchase of shares with such investor; (iii) advised such investor of all pertinent facts with regard to the lack of liquidity and marketability of the shares and other fundamental risks related to the investment in the shares, the restrictions on the transfer of the shares and the risk that the investor could lose his or her entire investment in the shares; (iv) delivered to such investor the Prospectus required to be delivered in connection with this subscription; (v) have reasonable grounds to believe that the investor is purchasing these shares for his or her own account; and (vi) have reasonable grounds to believe that the purchase of shares is a suitable investment for such investor, that such investor meets the suitability standards applicable to such investor set forth in the Prospectus, and that such investor is in a financial position to enable such investor to realize the benefits of such an investment and to suffer any loss that may occur with respect thereto. I understand this Subscription Agreement is for KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

    

                 
Signature of Financial Representative             Date            

Branch Manager Signature

(If required by Broker/Dealer)

            Date        

The Subscription Agreement, together with a check for the full purchase price, should be delivered or mailed by your Broker-Dealer or Registered Investment Advisor, as applicable, to:

 

 

Regular Mail

  

 

Overnight Delivery

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

  

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

c/o DST Systems, Inc.

  

 

c/o DST Systems, Inc.

 

PO Box 219015

  

 

430 W. 7th Street

 

Kansas City, MO 64121-9015                     (866) 584-1381, option 2                    Kansas City, MO 64105

 

 

  Payments may be wired to: (Subscription Agreements may be faxed or sent to the DST Systems address above.)

 

UMB Bank, N.A. ABA# 101000695

  

 

Account name:

 

1010 Grand, 4th Floor

  

 

KBS Capital Advisors LLC, as Trustee for

 

Mail stop: 1020409

  

 

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc.

 

Kansas City, MO 64106

  

 

Account #: 1111111

 

DOCUMENT FAX ACCEPTABLE - FAX FORM TO (877) 805-1116

 

 10/16

  

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT – Subscription Agreement

     10000-A    

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Table of Contents

APPENDIX B

FORM OF SIXTH AMENDED AND RESTATED DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN

KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), has adopted a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “DRP”), the terms and conditions of which are set forth below. Capitalized terms shall have the same meaning as set forth in the Company’s charter unless otherwise defined herein.

1.        Participants. “Participants” are holders of the Company’s shares of Common Stock who elect to participate in the DRP.

2.        Dividend Reinvestment. The Company will apply that portion (as designated by a Participant) of the dividends and other distributions (“Distributions”) declared and paid in respect of a Participant’s shares of Common Stock to the purchase of additional shares of the same class of Common Stock for such Participant to which such Distributions are attributable. Such shares will be sold through the broker-dealer and/or dealer manager through whom the Company sold the underlying shares to which the Distributions relate unless the Participant makes a new election through a different distribution channel. The Company will not pay selling commissions on shares of Common Stock purchased in the DRP.

3.        Procedures for Participation. Qualifying stockholders may elect to become a Participant by completing and executing the Subscription Agreement, an enrollment form or any other Company-approved authorization form as may be available from the dealer manager or participating broker-dealers. To increase their participation, Participants must complete a new enrollment form and make the election through the dealer manager or the Participant’s broker-dealer, as applicable. Participation in the DRP will begin with the next Distribution payable after receipt of a Participant’s subscription, enrollment or authorization. Shares will be purchased under the DRP on the date that the Company makes a Distribution.

4.        Suitability. Each Participant agrees that if such Participant fails to meet the then current suitability requirements for making an investment in the Company or cannot make the other representations or warranties as set forth in the Company’s most recent applicable prospectus or subscription agreement, enrollment form or other authorization form, such Participant will promptly so notify the Company in writing.

5.         Purchase of Shares. Participants will acquire shares under this DRP from the Company at a price equal to the net asset value per share applicable to the class of shares purchased by the Participant, calculated as of the distribution date in accordance with the Company’s valuation policies and procedures. Shares to be distributed by the Company in connection with the DRP will be supplied from shares that are or will be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission for use in the DRP. Participants in the DRP may purchase fractional shares so that 100% of the Distributions will be used to acquire shares. However, a Participant will not be able to acquire shares under the DRP to the extent such purchase would cause it to exceed limits set forth in the Company’s charter, as amended.

6.        Taxation of Distributions. The reinvestment of Distributions in the DRP does not relieve Participants of any taxes that may be payable as a result of those Distributions and their reinvestment pursuant to the terms of this DRP.

7.        Share Certificates. The shares issuable under the DRP shall be uncertificated until the board of directors determines otherwise.

8.        Voting of DRP Shares. In connection with any matter requiring the vote of the Company’s stockholders, each Participant will be entitled to vote all shares acquired by the Participant through the DRP.

9.        Reports. Within 90 days after the end of the calendar year, the Company shall provide each Participant with (i) an individualized report on the Participant’s investment, including the purchase date(s), purchase price and number of shares owned, as well as the amount of Distributions received during the prior year; and (ii) all material information regarding the DRP and the effect of reinvesting dividends, including the tax consequences thereof. The Company shall provide such information reasonably requested by the dealer manager or a participating broker-dealer, in order for the dealer manager or participating broker-dealer to meet its obligations to deliver written notification to Participants of the information required by Rule 10b-10(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

10.        Termination by Participant. A Participant may terminate participation in the DRP at any time by delivering to the Company a written notice. To be effective for any Distribution, such notice must be received by the Company at

 

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least ten business days prior to the last day of the month to which the Distribution relates. Any transfer of shares by a Participant will terminate participation in the DRP with respect to the transferred shares. Upon termination of DRP participation, Distributions will be distributed to the stockholder in cash.

11.        Amendment or Termination of DRP by the Company. The Company may amend or terminate the DRP for any reason upon ten days’ notice to the Participants. The Company may provide notice by including such information (a) in a Current Report on Form 8-K or in its annual or quarterly reports, all publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or (b) in a separate mailing to the participants.

12.        Liability of the Company. The Company shall not be liable for any act done in good faith, or for any good faith omission to act.

13.        Governing Law. The DRP shall be governed by the laws of the State of Maryland.

 

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We have not authorized any dealer, salesperson or other individual to give any information or to make any representations that are not contained in this prospectus. If any such information or statements are given or made, you should not rely upon such information or representation. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell any securities other than those to which this prospectus relates, or an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, to any person in any jurisdiction where such an offer or solicitation would be unlawful. This prospectus speaks as of the date set forth below. You should not assume that the delivery of this prospectus or that any sale made pursuant to this prospectus implies that the information contained in this prospectus will remain fully accurate and correct as of any time subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

     Page  

Suitability Standards

     i   

Important Information about this Prospectus

     iii   

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

     iv   

Explanatory Note

     iv   

Prospectus Summary

     1   

Risk Factors

     26   

Estimated Use of Proceeds

     67   

Management

     69   

Management Compensation

     85   

Stock Ownership

     91   

Conflicts of Interest

     92   

Investment Objectives and Criteria

     101   

Investments in Real Properties and Real Estate-Related Assets

     115   

Selected Information Regarding our Operations

     119   

Net Asset Value Calculation and Valuation Procedures

     125   

Federal Income Tax Considerations

     133   

ERISA Considerations

     156   

Description of Shares

     160   

The Operating Partnership Agreement

     176   

Plan of Distribution

     179   

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

     188   

Supplemental Sales Material

     190   

Legal Matters

     190   

Experts

     190   

Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference

     191   

Where You Can Find More Information

     192   

Appendix A — Form of Subscription Agreement with Instructions

     A-1   

Appendix B — Form of Amended and Restated Dividend Reinvestment Plan

     B-1   

 

 

Our shares are not FDIC insured, may lose value and are not bank guaranteed. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 26, to read about risks you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

 

 

 

 

LOGO

 

 

 

KBS STRATEGIC

OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.

 

 

Maximum Offering of

$1,000,000,000 Shares

of Common Stock

 

 

 

 

 

PROSPECTUS

 

 

 

 

 

KBS CAPITAL MARKETS

GROUP LLC

 

 

[            ], 2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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PART II. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 31. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following table sets forth the estimated costs and expenses payable by KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. (the “Company”) in connection with the distribution of the securities being registered other than underwriting compensation.

 

Item

           Amount          

SEC registration fee

   $         115,900   

FINRA filing fee

     150,500   

Legal fees and expenses

     *   

Expense reimbursements for retail conferences, bona fide training and education meetings and industry conferences

     *   

Blue sky fees and expenses

     *   

Accounting fees and expenses

     *   

Sales and advertising expenses

     *   

Issuer costs regarding bona fide training and education meetings and retail seminars

     *   

Printing

     *   

Postage and delivery of materials

     *   

Transfer agent, escrow fees and review and processing of subscription agreements

     *   

Due diligence expenses (retailing)

     *   

Legal fees — underwriter portion

     *   

Telephone

     *   

Promotional items

     *   

Expense reimbursement for broker-dealer technology and other costs

     *   

Miscellaneous expenses

     *   
  

 

 

 

Total

   $ *   
  

 

 

 

 

                                                

* To be filed by amendment.

Item 32. Sales to Special Parties

None.

 

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Item 33. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Item 34. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Subject to the significant conditions set forth below, the Company has included in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the Company and its stockholders for money damages. In addition to the limitations set forth below, under Maryland law such exculpation is not permitted for any liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action.

Subject to the significant conditions set forth below, the charter also provides that the Company shall indemnify a director, officer or the advisor or any of its affiliates against any and all losses or liabilities reasonably incurred by them (other than when sued by or in right of the Company) in connection with or by reason of any act or omission performed or omitted to be performed on behalf of the Company in such capacity.

Under the Company’s charter, the Company shall not indemnify a director, the advisor or any of the advisor’s affiliates (each an “Indemnitee”) for any liability or loss suffered by an Indemnitee, nor shall it exculpate an Indemnitee, unless all of the following conditions are met: (i) an Indemnitee has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in the best interests of the Company; (ii) the Indemnitee was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Company; (iii) such liability or loss was not the result of (A) negligence or misconduct by the Indemnitee, excluding an Independent Director, or (B) gross negligence or willful misconduct by an Independent Director; and (iv) such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of the Company’s net assets and not from its common stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Indemnitee shall not be indemnified by the Company for any losses, liability or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by such party unless one or more of the following conditions are met: (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular Indemnitee; (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular Indemnitee; and (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular Indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which securities of the Company were offered or sold as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.

The charter provides that the advancement of Company funds to an Indemnitee for legal expenses and other costs incurred as a result of any legal action for which indemnification is being sought is permissible only if (in addition to the procedures required by Maryland law) all of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the legal action relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on behalf of the Company; (ii) the legal action is initiated by a third party who is not a common stockholder or the legal action is initiated by a common stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such and a court of competent jurisdiction specifically approves such advancement; and (iii) the Indemnitee undertakes to repay the advanced funds to the Company, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if the Indemnitee is found not to be entitled to indemnification.

It is the position of the SEC that indemnification of directors and officers for liabilities arising under the Securities Act is against public policy and is unenforceable pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Act.

The Company has also purchased and maintains insurance on behalf of all of its directors and executive officers against liability asserted against or incurred by them in their official capacities with the Company, whether or not the Company is required or has the power to indemnify them against the same liability.

Item 35. Treatment of Proceeds from Stock Being Registered

Not applicable.

 

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Table of Contents

Item 36. Financial Statements and Exhibits

(a) Financial Statements. The following financial statements are filed as part of this registration statement or incorporated into this registration statement by reference:

 

    The consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016 filed with the SEC on May 11, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
    The consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 12, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
    The consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016 filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
    The consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
    The financial statements of the Westpark Portfolio and the related pro forma financial statements of the Company contained in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on July 21, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
    The financial statements of 353 Sacramento and the related pro forma financial statements of the Company contained in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on August 11, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.

(b) Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed as part of this registration statement:

 

Ex.        Description

1.1    Form of Dealer Manager Agreement, including Form of Selected Dealer Agreement*
3.1    Second Articles of Amendment and Restatement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 4, 2010
3.2    Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2016
3.3    Form of Articles of Amendment*
3.4    Form of Articles Supplementary*
4.1    Statement regarding restrictions on transferability of shares of common stock (to appear on stock certificate or to be sent upon request and without charge to stockholders issued shares without certificates), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, Commission File No. 333-156633
4.2    Form of Subscription Agreement, included as Appendix A to prospectus
4.3    Form of Dividend Reinvestment Plan, included as Appendix B to prospectus
5.1    Opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US) re legality*
8.1    Opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US) re tax matters*
10.1    Advisory Agreement by and between the Company and KBS Capital Advisors LLC, dated October 8, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016
10.2    Form of Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement by and between the Company and KBS Capital Advisors LLC *

 

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10.3    Underwriting Agreement, dated March 3, 2016, by and among KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd and Poalim I.B.I Underwriting and Issuing Ltd. and Leumi Partners Underwriting, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 4, 2016
10.4    Deed of Trust, between KBS SOR (BVI) Holdings, Ltd. and Reznik Paz Nevo Trusts Ltd. , incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2016
10.5    Agreement of Purchase and Sale between Calwest Industrial Properties, LLC and KBS Capital Advisors, LLC, dated April 13, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016
10.6    Assignment and Assumption of Purchase Agreement between KBS Capital Advisors LLC and KBS SOR Westpark Portfolio, LLC, dated April 21, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016
10.7    Purchase and Sale Agreement between Pacific EIH Sacramento LLC and KBS Capital Advisors LLC, dated April 28, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016
10.8    Assignment and Assumption of Purchase Agreement between KBS Capital Advisors LLC and KBS SOR 353 Sacramento Street, LLC, dated May 9, 2016, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016
21.1    Subsidiaries of the Company*
23.1    Consent of DLA Piper LLP (US) (included in Exhibits 5.1 and 8.1)*
23.2    Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
23.3    Consent of Squar Milner LLP
24.1    Power of Attorney (included on signature page of registration statement)
99.1    Eighth Amended and Restated Share Redemption Program, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 10, 2015
99.2    Form of Share Redemption Program*

*To be filed by amendment.

Item 37. Undertakings

(a) The Company undertakes to file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement (i) to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Act”); (ii) to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of this Registration Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the Registration Statement; notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and (iii) to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such information in the Registration Statement.

(b) The Company undertakes (i) that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new Registration Statement relating to the securities offered therein and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof, (ii) to remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(c) The Company undertakes that, for the purpose of determining liability under the Act to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or

 

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prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(d) For the purpose of determining liability of the Company under the Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the Company undertakes that in a primary offering of securities pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the Company will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: (i) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the Company relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424, (ii) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the Company or used or referred to by the Company, (iii) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the Company or its securities provided by or on behalf of the Company, and (iv) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the Company to the purchaser.

(e) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Company has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Company of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Company in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Company will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-11 and has duly caused this post-effective amendment to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Newport Beach, State of California, on November 28, 2016.

 

    KBS STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY REIT, INC.  
        By:       /s/ Keith D. Hall
        Keith D. Hall
        Chief Executive Officer

We, the undersigned officers and directors of KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc., hereby severally constitute Keith D. Hall, Peter McMillan III, and Jeffrey K. Waldvogel, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the registration statement filed herewith and any and all amendments to said registration statement, including any registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b), and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable KBS Strategic Opportunity REIT, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, and all requirements of the SEC, hereby ratifying and confirming our signature as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said registration statement and any and all amendments thereto.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

 

     Name   Title   Date
  

  /s/ Keith D. Hall

  Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)   November 28, 2016
     Keith D. Hall    
  

  /s/ Peter McMillan III

  Chairman of the Board, President and Director   November 28, 2016
     Peter McMillan III    
  

  /s/ Jeffrey K. Waldvogel

  Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer (Principal Executive Officer)   November 28, 2016
     Jeffrey K. Waldvogel    
  

  /s/ Michael L. Meyer

  Director   November 28, 2016
     Michael L. Meyer    
  

  /s/ William M. Petak

  Director   November 28, 2016
     William M. Petak    
  

  /s/ Eric J. Smith

  Director   November 28, 2016
     Eric J. Smith